GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
MEANING OF DATA TRANSMISSION
-process of sending digital or analog data
-over a communication medium to one or more
-computing, network, communication or electronic devices
TYPES OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
1.
2.
3.
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
USES OF DATA TRANSMISSION METHODS
Simplex:
-Microphone to computer
-Sensor to computer
-Computer to printer
-Computer to speaker
-Computer to monitor
-Webcam to computer
Duplex:
-Telephone call
-Voice over IP
-Computer to printer
-Instant messaging
-Broadband connections
-Video conferencing
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
TYPES OF DATA TRANSMISSION
1. Serial Transmission
- one bit sent at a time / bits sent sequentially
-over a single wire
-synchronous or asynchronous
Used in: USB / SATA / PCI Express / WiFi
Asynchronous Serial Transmission:
-Data bits can be sent at any point in time
- The time between sending and receiving data bits is not constant
Synchronous Serial Transmission:
- Data bits are transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock.
-data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent
-the transmitter and receiver time is synced
Benefits of Serial Transmission
-Serial data transmission more reliable over distance
-Less likely for the data to be skewed/out of Synchronization
-Less interference as only a single wire
-It is a cheaper connection as only single wire needed
2. Parallel Transmission
-several bits / a byte sent at a time
-using many / multiple wires
-synchronous
-used for transferring data in Integrated Circuits / CPU Buses / RAM
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
Benefits of Parallel Transmission
-faster rate of sending bits since multiple sent at once
Use of Integrated Circuits for Data Transmission
-ICs are used for sending data internally
-They use parallel transmission
-Multiple bits are sent simultaneously
Use of Universal Serial Bus (USB) for Data Transmission
-USBs are used for sending data externally, to and from peripherals
-They use asynchronous serial transmission
-Only one bit is sent at once in a sequential manner
Reasons for using a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
-automatically detects the hardware/installs drivers
-plug only goes in one way/can’t connect incorrectly
-supports different data transmission speeds/a range of data transmission speeds
-has become the industry standard/universally used
-backwards compatible (with earlier versions of USB ports)
ERROR CHECKING USING PARITY BIT
-in order to check if the data has been transmitted correctly, we add a parity bit at data’s end
-we count the total number of 1s in our data
-a system using Even Parity would have even number of 1s in the data
-a system using Odd Parity would have odd number of 1s in the data
Parity 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
-total 7 bits in our data and the left most is left for the parity bit
-if even parity is to be used then number of 1s must be even
-since they are 3 (odd), we add 1 as the parity bit
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
-if odd parity is to be used then number of 1s must be odd
-since they are 3 (odd), we add a 0 as the parity bit
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
Example 1
Byte sent:
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Byte received:
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
-number of 1s in sender’s byte was 4 (even) and the parity was 0
-number of 1s in the receiver’s byte was 3 (odd) and the parity was still 0
-we know that an error has occurred in transmission
-since we received odd number of 1s with an Even parity in place
Example 2
Byte sent:
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Byte received:
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
-number of 1s in sender’s byte was 3 (odd) and the parity was 1
-number of 1s in the receiver’s byte was 2 (even) and the parity was still 1
-we know that an error has occurred in transmission
-since we sent odd number of 1s but received an even number of 1s with an odd parity
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
Example 3
-Register Y has transmitted the data correctly
-Count the number of 1s in each register
-Register X has an even parity while the number of 1s is 3 (odd)
-Register Z has an odd parity while the number of 1s is 4 (even)
Issue with this method
-changing any bit could have led to the transmission error
-it’s not always possible to identify which bit caused the error
-to deal with this issue, we introduce Parity Block method
-Parity block arranges the bytes in form of rows and columns
-we count the 1s in both directions and cross-check them against the parity bit
-it helps us to identify the exact bit that caused the error
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.1 Data Transmission
ERROR CHECKING USING PARITY BLOCK
-bytes of data are represented in a table format
-we have a parity byte row that checks the parity of all bits in column order
-we have parity bit column that checks the parity of all bits in row order
-Even parity is being used between sender and receiver. How do we identify the error?
-byte 8 has a parity bit of 0 whereas the number of 1s is 3 (odd)
-if we want to pinpoint the bit which caused the error, we will cross check with each column
-bit 2 has a parity byte of 1 and the number of 1s is 3 (odd) hence correct
-bit 3 has a parity byte of 0 and the number of 1s is 4 (odd) hence correct
-bit 4 has a parity byte of 1 and the number of 1s is 5 (odd) hence correct
-bit 5 has a parity byte of 0 and the number of 1s is 5 (odd) hence incorrect
-the intersection of byte 8 (row) and bit 5 (column) pinpoints the bit that caused the error
[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
