Chemical Engineering Department

University of Technology

Dr. Ali Al-Shathr

First stage
2020/2021
 [Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]

Chapter – one
Preliminaries
Numbers: Page (1)
1) N = set of natural numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4……}
2) I = set of integers
I= {……., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…}
Note that: ܰ ⊂ ‫ܫ‬
3) A = set of rational numbers
‫݌‬
= ൜‫ݔ‬: ‫ = ݔ‬, ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊ݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݎܽݍ&݌݁ݎ‬, ܽ݊݀‫ ≠ ݍ‬0ൠ
‫ݍ‬
ଷ ସ ିଶ ି଻ ଽ
Ex: , , , , … … …
ଶ ହ ଽ ଼ ଶ
Note that: ‫ܣ ⊂ܫ‬
4) B = set of irrational numbers
= {X: X is not a rational number}
Ex: √2, √3, −√7 … …
5) R= set of real numbers
= set of all rational and irrational numbers
Note that:ܴ = ‫ܤ ∪ ܣ‬
Note: the set of real numbers is represented by a line called a line of numbers
ଷ ଵ
… ………..-7 -6 -5 -4 -3− -2 -1 0 1 √2 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 …………
ଶ ଷ
Note that: ܰ ⊂ ܴ,‫ܴ ⊂ܫ‬,‫ܴ ⊂ ܣ‬,‫ܴ ⊂ ܤ‬
ࡾ࢛࢒ࢋ࢙ࢌ࢕࢘ࡵ࢔ࢋ࢛ࢗࢇ࢏࢚࢏ࢋ࢙
‫݂ܽܫ‬, ܾ, ܽ݊݀ܿܽ‫ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽ݁ݎ݁ݎ‬, ‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݊:
૚)ࢇ < ܾ → ܽ + ܿ < ܾ + ܿ
૛)ࢇ < ܾ → ܽ − ܿ < ܾ − ܿ
૜)ࢇ < ܾܽ݊݀ܿ > 0 → ܽܿ < ܾܿ
૝)ࢇ < ܾܽ݊݀ܿ < 0 → ܾܿ < ܽܿ
ࡿ࢖ࢋࢉ࢏ࢇ࢒ࢉࢇ࢙ࢋ: ࢇ < ܾ→ −ܾ < −ܽ
૚
૞)ࢇ > 0 → ࢇ > 0
૚ ૚
૟)ࡵࢌࢇࢇ࢔ࢊ࢈ࢇ࢘ࢋ࢈࢕࢚ࢎ࢖࢕࢙࢏࢚࢏࢜ࢋ࢕࢘࢈࢕࢚ࢎ࢔ࢋࢍࢇ࢚࢏࢜ࢋ, ࢚ࢎࢋ࢔ࢇ < ܾ → ࢈ < ࢇ
Set ⇛ Elements
∪ ⇒ ‫݊݋݅݊ݑ‬
∩⇒ ݅݊‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݏݎ݁ݐ‬
∅ ⇒ ݁݉ ‫ݐ݁ݏݕݐ݌‬
ܶℎ݁‫ݐ݂݋݃݊݅ݐݏ݅ݏ݊݋ܿܣݐ݁ݏ‬ℎ݁݊ܽ‫ݏݏ݈݁)ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ݎ݋(ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽݎݑݐ‬
‫ݐ‬ℎܽ݊8, ‫ݓ‬ℎ݅ܿℎܾܿܽ݊݁݁‫ݏܽ݀݁ݏݏ݁ݎ݌ݔ‬
‫{ = ܣ‬1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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ܶℎ݁݁݊‫ݏܽ݊݁ݐݐ݅ݎݓݏ݅ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐ݂݊݅݋ݐ݁ݏ݁ݎ݅ݐ‬
{0, ∓1, ∓2, ∓3, … … }
‫ݐ݋݊ܣ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݈݁ݑݎܽݏ݁ܿܽݎܾ݊݅݁ݏ݋݈ܿ݊݁݋ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏܾܽ݁݅ݎܿݏ݁݀݋ݐݕܽݓݎ‬ℎܽ‫ݏ݁ݐܽݎ݁݊݁݃ݐ‬
݈݈ܽ‫ݐ‬ℎ݈݁݁݁݉ ݁݊‫ݐ݂݋ݏݐ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݁ݏ‬.
ܶℎ݁‫݀݊ܽݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݊ܽݏ݅ݔ|ݔ{ = ܣݐ݁ݏ‬0 < ‫ < ݔ‬8}, ݅‫ݐݏ‬ℎ݁‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌݂݋ݐ݁ݏ‬
݅݊‫ݐݏݏ݈݁ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐ‬ℎܽ݊8.
Intervals
The set of values that a variable χ may take on is called the domain of χ.
The domains of the variables in many applications of calculus are intervals like
those shows below. Page (4)

‫ݔܧ‬: ܵ‫ݐ݁ݒ݈݋‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݀݊ܽݏ݁݅ݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬ℎ‫ݐ ݓ݋‬ℎ݁݅‫ݐ݊݋ݏݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏݎ‬ℎ݁‫݈݈݁݊݅ܽ݁ݎ‬.

௫ ଺
ܽ) 2‫ ݔ‬− 1 < ‫ ݔ‬+ 3,ܾ) − ଷ < 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1,ܿ) ௫ିଵ ≥ 5.

ܵ‫݈݋‬: ܽ) 2‫ ݔ‬− 1 < ‫ ݔ‬+ 3 (+1) ⇒ 2‫ ݔ < ݔ‬+ 4

(−‫ < ݔ ⇒ )ݔ‬4, ‫ݐ݋ݏ‬ℎ݁‫ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ‬ℎ݁‫(݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁݌݋‬−∞, 4) 0 1 4 x

௫
ܾ) − < 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 (3) ⇒ −‫ < ݔ‬6‫ ݔ‬+ 3 (+‫ ⇒ )ݔ‬0 < 7‫ ݔ‬+ 3 (−3)
ଷ
ଷ ଷ
−3 < 7‫ ÷(ݔ‬7) ⇒ − < ‫ݔ‬, ‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ‬ℎ݁‫(݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁݌݋‬− , ∞)
଻ ଻

ଷ
− 0 1‫ݔ‬
଻

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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 ‫‪[Mathematic I‬‬ ‫]‪Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi‬‬

‫଺‬
‫ݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁‪ܿ)ܶℎ‬‬ ‫≥‬ ‫‪ > 1,‬ݔ݂݅ݕ݈݊݋݈݀݋‪5ܾܿܽ݊݁ℎ‬‬
‫‪௫ିଵ‬‬

‫଺‬
‫݁ݏ݅ݓݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋݁ݏݑܾܽܿ݁‬ ‫‪݁.‬ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊ݎ݋݂݀݁݊݅݁݀݊ݑݏ݅‬
‫‪௫ିଵ‬‬

‫‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ܾݕ݈݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉݁ݓ݂݅݀݁ݒݎ݁ݏ݁ݎ݌ܾ݈݈݁݅ݓݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݀݊ܽ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ݏ݅)‪ − 1‬ݔ( ‪݁,‬ݎ݋݂݁ݎ݁‪ܶℎ‬‬

‫)‪ − 1‬ݔ(ݕܾݏ݁݀݅ݏ‬
‫଺‬ ‫‪ଵଵ‬‬
‫≥‬ ‫⇒ )‪(÷ 5‬ݔ‪ − 5 (+5) ⇒ 11 ≥ 5‬ݔ‪ − 1) ⇒ 6 ≥ 5‬ݔ( ‪5‬‬ ‫≥‬ ‫ݔ‬
‫‪௫ିଵ‬‬ ‫‪ହ‬‬

‫‪ଵଵ‬‬
‫‪݈ܽቀ1,‬ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁݌݋_݂݈ܽ‪ℎ݁ℎ‬ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ݁‪ܶℎ‬‬ ‫‪ቃ.‬‬
‫‪ହ‬‬

‫‪ଵଵ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ହ‬‬

‫)‪࡭࢈࢙࢕࢒࢛࢚ࢋࢂࢇ࢒࢛ࢋ Page (5‬‬

‫ݏ݂ܽ݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݅ ‪|,‬ݔ|ݕܾ݀݁ݐ݋݊݁݀ ‪,‬ݔݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݂݊ܽ݋݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈݋ݏܾܽ݁‪ܶℎ‬‬

‫‪ ≥ 0ቅ‬ݔ ݔ ‪| = ቄ‬ݔ|‬
‫‪ < 0‬ݔ ݔ‪−‬‬

‫|ܽ| =‪: |3| = 3, |0| = 0, |−5| = 5, ห−|ܽ|ห‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪݁: |−ܽ| ≠ −|ܽ|, |−3| = 3, −|3| = −3‬ݐ݋ܰ‬

‫|ܾ| ‪ℎܽ݊|ܽ| +‬ݐݏݏ݈݁ݏ݅|ܾ ‪ℎ݁݊|ܽ +‬ݐ ‪݅݃݊,‬ݏ݊݅ݎ݂݂ܾ݁݅݀&݂ܽ݅ ∗‬

‫‪|−3 + 5| = |2| = 2 < |−3| + |5| = 8‬‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫|ܾ| ‪|ܽ| +‬ݏ݈ܽݑݍ݁|ܾ ‪|ܽ +‬ݏ݁ݏܽܿݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋݈݈ܽ݊݅ ∗‬

‫‪|3 + 5| = |8| = |3| + |5| = 8‬‬

‫|‪|−3 − 5| = |−8| = 8 = |−3| + | − 5‬‬

‫‪,‬ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈݋ݏܾܽ‪ℎ‬ݐ݅ݓ݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݒ݈݋ܵ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬ ‫‪ − 3| = 7‬ݔ‪|2‬‬

‫‪ − 3 = ±7‬ݔ‪5, 2‬ݕݐݎ݁݌݋ݎ݌ݕܾ ∶݈݋ܵ‬

‫‪ − 3 = 7‬ݔ‪2‬‬ ‫‪ − 3 = −7‬ݔ‪2‬‬

‫‪ = 10‬ݔ‪2‬‬ ‫‪ = −4‬ݔ‪2‬‬

‫‪ = −2‬ݔ‪ = 5‬ݔ‬

‫‪ = −2‬ݔ& ‪ = 5‬ݔ݁ݎܽ‪ − 3| = 7‬ݔ‪݂|2‬݋݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ݁‪ܶℎ‬‬

‫‪ଶ‬‬
‫‪, ቚ5 − ௫ቚ< 1‬ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈݋ݏܾܽ‪ℎ‬ݐ݅ݓݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݒ݈݋ܵ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪ଶ‬‬
‫‪6,‬ݕݐݎ݁݌݋ݎ݌ݕܾ ‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬ ‫‪−1<5−௫<1‬‬ ‫)‪(−5‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪−6 < −‬‬ ‫‪< −4൬× − ൰‬‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫>‪3‬‬ ‫‪>2‬‬ ‫)ݏ݈ܽܿ݋ݎ݌݅ܿ݁ݎ(‬
‫ݔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫‪< ,‬ݔ <‬ ‫‪݈ܽ൬ , ൰‬ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁݌݋݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3 2‬‬

‫‪݈݈݁ܽ݅݊݁:‬ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݋ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ݓ݋‪ℎ‬ݏ݀݊ܽݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݒ݈݋ܵ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪ − 3| ≥ 1‬ݔ‪) |2‬ܤ‪ − 3| ≤ 1,‬ݔ‪) |2‬ܣ‬

‫‪ − 3| ≤ 1‬ݔ‪) |2‬ܣ ‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫ݕݐݎ݁݌݋ݎ݌ݕܤ‬8, − 1 ≤ 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 ≤ 1 (+3)

2 ≤ 2‫ ≤ ݔ‬4 (÷ 2)

1 ≤ ‫ ≤ݔ‬2

ܶℎ݁‫ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ‬ℎ݈݁ܿ‫[݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݀݁ݏ݋‬1,2] 1 2 x

‫| )ܤ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 3| ≥ 1

‫ݕݐݎ݁݌݋ݎ݌ݕܤ‬9, 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 ≥ 1‫ݎ݋‬2‫ ݔ‬− 3 ≤ −1 (÷ 2)

3 1 3 1 3
‫ݔ‬− ≥ ‫ ݔݎ݋‬− ≤ − ൬+ ൰
2 2 2 2 2

‫ ≥ ݔ‬2‫ ≤ ݔݎ݋‬1

ܶℎ݁‫(ݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ‬−∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞). 1 2 x

Coordinates for the plane:Page (9)

Cartesian coordinate: Two number lines, one of them horizontal (called x-axis) and the
other vertical (called y-axis). The point where the lines cross is the origin. Each line is
assumed to represent the real number.

With the axes in place, we assign a pair (a,b) of real number to each point P in the plane .
The number a is the number at the foot of the perpendicular from P to the x-axis (called x-
coordinate of P).
The number b is the number at the foot of the perpendicular from P to the y-axis (called y-
coordinate of P).

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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The Slope of a line:

Increments – When a particle moves from one position in the plane to another , the net
changes in the particle's coordinates are calculated by subtracting the coordinates of the
starting point ( x1 , y1 ) from the coordinates of the stopping point (x2 , y2 ) ,
i.e. Δx = x2 –x1 , Δy = y2 – y1 .
Slopes of nonvertical lines:
Let L be a nonvertical line in the plane,
Let P1(x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) are two points on L.
∆௬ ௬ ି௬
Then the slope m is: ݉ = ∆௫ = ௫మି௫భ , ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ ≠ ݔ∆݁ݎ‬0
మ భ
- A line that goes uphill as x increases has a positive slope. A line that goes downhill as x
increases has a negative slope.
- A horizontal line has slope zero because Δy = 0.
- The slope of a vertical line is undefined because Δx = 0.
- Parallel lines have same slope.
- If neither of two perpendicular lines L1 and L2 is vertical, their slopes m1 and m2 are related by
the equation: m1. m2 = -1.

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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Angles of Inclination: The angle of inclination of a line that crosses the x-axis is the smallest
angle we get when we measure counter clock from the x-axis around the point of
intersection.
The slope of a line is the tangent of the line angle of inclination.
݉ = tan ∅‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ݐݏ݅∅݁ݎ‬ℎ݈݁ܽ݊݃݁‫݊݋݅ݐ݈݂ܽ݊݅ܿ݊݅݋‬.
- The angle of inclination of a horizontal line is taken to be 0°. The angle of inclination of a
vertical line is 90°.
- Parallel lines have equal angle of inclination.

௬ି௬
݉ = ௫ି௫భ ⇒ ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଵ = ݉ (‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଵ)
భ

∴ ‫ݕ = ݕ‬ଵ + ݉ (‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଵ)‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݊݅݋݌‬− ‫݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݁݌݋݈ݏ‬

ଷ
‫ݔܧ‬: ܹ ‫ݐݎ݋݂݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݊ܽ݁ݐ݅ݎ‬ℎ݈݁݅݊݁‫ݐ‬ℎ‫݃ݑ݋ݎ‬ℎ‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫(ݐ݊݅݋݌‬2,3)‫ݐ݅ݓ‬ℎ‫݁݌݋݈ݏ‬− ଶ.

ଷ
ܵ‫݈݋‬: ‫ݔ‬ଵ = 2 ,‫ݕ‬ଵ = 3 , &݉ = − ଶ

ଷ
‫ݕ = ݕ‬ଵ + ݉ (‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଵ) ⇒ ‫ = ݕ‬3 − ଶ (‫ ݔ‬− 2)

ଷ
‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ‫ݔ‬+ 6

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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‫‪ = 6 .‬ݕݐܽݏ݅ݔܽ ‪ −‬ݕ݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐܿ݁ݏݎ݁ݐ݈݊݅݁݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ݏ‪ = 6‬ݕ ‪ = 0,‬ݔ݊݁‪ℎ‬ݓ‬

‫‪݃ℎ (−2, −1) & (3,4).‬ݑ݋ݎ‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݁݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐݎ݋݂݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݊ܽ݁ݐ݅ݎ ܹ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪ିଵିସ‬‬ ‫‪ିହ‬‬
‫‪݈:݉ = ିଶିଷ = ିହ = 1‬݋ܵ‬

‫)‪ℎ (3,4‬ݐ݅ݓ)‪ℎ (−2, −1‬ݐ݅ݓ‬

‫)‪ଵ‬ݔ ‪ −‬ݔ( ݉ ‪ଵ +‬ݕ = ݕ)‪ଵ‬ݔ ‪ −‬ݔ( ݉ ‪ଵ +‬ݕ = ݕ‬

‫)‪ − 3‬ݔ( ∙ ‪ = 4 + 1‬ݕ‪ − (−2)൯‬ݔ‪ = −1 + 1 ∙ ൫‬ݕ‬

‫‪ − 3‬ݔ ‪ = 4 +‬ݕ‪ + 2‬ݔ ‪ = −1 +‬ݕ‬

‫‪ + 1‬ݔ = ݕ‪ + 1‬ݔ = ݕ‬

‫ݐ݈ݑݏ݁ݎ݁ ݉ܽݏ‬

‫)‪ − 0‬ݔ( ݉ ‪ = ܾ +‬ݕ‬

‫‪݊.‬݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݐ݌݁ܿݎ݁ݐ݊݅ ‪݁−‬݌݋݈ݏ݁‪ℎ‬ݐܾ ‪ +‬ݔ ݉ = ݕ‬

‫‪݃ℎ‬ݑ݋ݎ‪ℎ‬ݐݏݏܽ݌ݔ ݉ = ݕ ⇒݋ݎ݁ݖ = )ܾ(ݐ݌݁ܿݎ݁ݐ݂݊݅ܫ‬

‫‪݊).‬݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݎܽ݁݊݅ܮ(݊݅݃݅ݎ݋݁‪ℎ‬ݐ‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫ ݔܣ‬+ ‫ݐ݋ܾݐ݋݊ܤ&ܣ(ܿ = ݕܤ‬ℎ 0)‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݃݁݊݁‫݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݎ݈݈ܽ݁݊݅ܽݎ‬

‫ݔܧ‬: ‫ݐ݀݊݅ܨ‬ℎ݁‫ ݕ݀݊ܽ݁݌݋݈ݏ‬− ݅݊‫ݐ݂݋ݐ݌݁ܿݎ݁ݐ‬ℎ݈݁݅݊݁8‫ ݔ‬+ 5‫ = ݕ‬20

ܵ‫݈݋‬: 8‫ ݔ‬+ 5‫ = ݕ‬20

5‫ = ݕ‬−8‫ ݔ‬+ 20
଼
‫ = ݕ‬− ହ‫ݔ‬+ 4

଼
ܶℎ݁‫ = ݉ݏ݅݁݌݋݈ݏ‬− ହ .‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫ ݕ‬− ݅݊‫ = ܾݏ݅ݐ݌݁ܿݎ݁ݐ‬4

Functions;Domain and Range:

Functions: Function is any rule that assigns to each element in one set some element from
another set: y = f(x)
The inputs make up the domain of the function, and the outputs make up the function's range.
The variable (x) is called independent variable of the function, and the variable (y) whose
value depends on (x) is called the dependent variable of the function.
We must keep two restrictions in mind when we define functions:
1. We never divide by zero.
2. We will deal with real – valued functions only.

‫ݐ݈݁ݑݎܽݏܻ݅ݐ݁ݏܽ݋ݐܦݐ݁ݏܽ ݉݋ݎ݂݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ‬ℎܽ‫ݐ݊݁ ݈݉݁݁)݈݁݃݊݅ݏ(݁ݑݍ݅݊ݑܽݏ݊݃݅ݏݏܽݐ‬

݂(‫ܿܽ݁݋ݐܻ ∈ )ݔ‬ℎ݈݁݁݉ ݁݊‫ܦ ∈ ݔݐ‬.

ܶℎ݁‫ݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒݐݑ݌݈ܾ݊݅݁݅ݏݏ݋݌݈݈݂ܽ݋ݐ݁ݏ‬ℎ݁݀‫ݐ݂݋݊݅ܽ ݉݋‬ℎ݂݁‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬. ܶℎ݁‫݂݋ݐ݁ݏ‬

݈݈ܽ‫ݐݏ݁݅ݎܽݒݔݏܽ)ݔ(݂݂݋ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ‬ℎ‫݃ݑ݋ݎ‬ℎ‫ݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅ܦݐݑ݋‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݂݋݁݃݊ܽݎ‬ℎ݂݁‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬.

ܶℎ݁‫ݐ݊݅ݐ݊݁ ݈݉݁݁ݕݎ݁ݒ݁݁݀ݑ݈ܿ݊݅ݐ݋݊ݕܽ ݉݁݃݊ܽݎ‬ℎ݁‫ܻݐ݁ݏ‬.

Input f Output f(x)

(Domain) (Range)

‫ݔܧ‬: ݂݅݊݀‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݀‫ݐ݂݋݁݃݊ܽݎ&݊݅ܽ ݉݋‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:

ଵ
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬௫ , ‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬, ‫√ = ݕ‬4 − ‫ݔ‬, &‫√ = ݕ‬1 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ

ܵ‫݈݋‬:‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ⇒⇒ ݀‫(ݎ݋}݈ܽ݁ݎݏ݅ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݋‬−∞, ∞)

‫ ≥ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ‬0}‫[ݎ݋‬0, ∞)‫ݔ‬: 0, 1, 2, −1, −2

‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ: 0, 1, 4, 1, 4

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‫‪ଵ‬‬
‫)∞ ‪(−∞, 0) ∪ (0,‬ݎ݋}‪ ≠ 0‬ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀ ⇒⇒ ‪ = ௫‬ݕ‬

‫‪ ∶ 0,‬ݔ)∞ ‪(−∞, 0) ∪ (0,‬ݎ݋} ‪ ≠ 0‬ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒ ݁݃݊ܽݎ‬ ‫‪1,‬‬ ‫‪2,‬‬ ‫‪− 1,‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫= ݕ‬ ‫‪?,‬‬ ‫‪1,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪−1,‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)∞ ‪[0,‬ݎ݋}‪ ≥ 0‬ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀ ⇒⇒ ݔ√ = ݕ‬

‫)∞ ‪[0,‬ݎ݋}‪ ≥ 0‬ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ‬

‫]‪(−∞, 4‬ݎ݋}‪ ≤ 4‬ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀ ⇒ ‪ ≤ 4‬ݔ ⇒ ‪ ≥ 0‬ݔ ‪ ⇒ 4 −‬ݔ ‪ = √4 −‬ݕ‬

‫)∞ ‪[0,‬ݎ݋}‪ ≥ 0‬ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ‬

‫‪≤ 1‬ݔ‬
‫{ ‪ଶ ≤ 1‬ݔ ⇒ ‪ଶ ≥ 0‬ݔ ‪ଶ ⇒ 1 −‬ݔ ‪ = √1 −‬ݕ‬
‫‪ ≥ −1‬ݔ ⇒ ‪ ≤ 1‬ݔ‪−‬‬

‫]‪[−1,1‬ݎ݋}‪ ≥ −1‬ݔݎ݋‪≤ 1‬ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀‬

‫]‪ܽ݊݃݁⇒ [0,1‬ݎ‬

‫‪:‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݃݊݅ݕ݂݅ݐ݊݁݀ܫ‬
‫‪݉ ܾܽ݊݀,‬ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿݎ݋݂ ‪ + ܾ,‬ݔ ݉ = )ݔ(݂ ݉ݎ݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ ‪:‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎܽ݁݊݅ܮ‪−‬‬

‫‪݊.‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݈݈݈ܽ݁݊݅ܽ݀݁ܽܿݏ݅‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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−ܲ‫ݔ = )ݔ(݂݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ ∶ ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݁ݓ݋‬௔ , ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿܽݏ݅ܽ݁ݎ‬, ݅‫ݎ݁ݓ݋݌݈݈ܽ݀݁ܽܿݏ‬

݂‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬. ܶℎ݁‫ݎ݁݀݅ݏ݊݋ܿ݋ݐݏ݁ݏܽܿݐ݊ܽݐݎ݋݌ ݈݉݅ܽݎ݁ݒ݁ݏ݁ݎܽ݁ݎ‬.

ܽ)ܽ = ݊, ܽ‫ݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌‬.

݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬௡ ݂‫ = ݊ݎ݋‬1,2,3,4,5, …

ܾ)ܽ = −1‫ = ܽݎ݋‬−2

ଵ ଵ
݂(‫ିݔ = )ݔ‬ଵ = ௫ &݃(‫ିݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ = ௫మ

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‫ݐ݋ܤ‬ℎ݂‫ ≠ ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂݂݀݁݊݅݁݀݁ݎܽݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬0 (‫)݋ݎ݁ݖݕܾ݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ݎ݁ݒ݁݊݊ܽܿݑ݋ݕ‬.

ଵ ଵ ଶ ଷ
ܿ)ܽ = ଶ , ଷ , ଷ , & ଶ

݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଵ⁄ଶ = √‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݐ݋݋ݎ݁ݎܽݑݍݏݔ‬

݃(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଵ⁄ଷ = √‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݐ݋݋ݎܾ݁ݑܿݔ‬.

య

ଶ
ܰ‫݁ݐ݋‬: ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ⁄ଷ = ൫‫ݔ‬ଵ⁄ଷ൯
ଷ
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ⁄ଶ = ൫‫ݔ‬ଵ⁄ଶ൯

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‫݂݈݅ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋݌ܽݏ݅݌݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ ∶ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋ܲ‬

‫‪ + ܽ଴‬ݔ‪௡ିଵ + ⋯ + ܽଵ‬ݔ‪௡ + ܽ௡ିଵ‬ݔ ‪) = ܽ௡‬ݔ(݌‬

‫ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋݈ܿܽ݁ݎ݁ݎܽ ‪ܽ଴, ܽଵ, ܽଶ, … , ܽ௡‬ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݀݊ܽݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊݋݊ܽݏ݅݊݁ݎ݁‪ܹ ℎ‬‬

‫‪݉ ݈݅ܽ).‬݋݊ݕ݈݋݌݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋ݏݐ݂݂݊݁݅ܿ݅݁݋ܿ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿ(‬

‫‪ܽ௡ ≠ 0ܽ݊݀݊ > 0,‬ݐ݂݂݊݁݅ܿ݅݁݋݈ܿ݃݊݅݀ܽ݁݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂ܫ ‪݉ ܽ݅݊(−∞, ∞).‬݋݀݁ݒܽ‪ℎ‬ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋݌݈݈ܣ‬

‫‪݉ ݈݅ܽ.‬݋݊ݕ݈݋݌݂݋݁݁ݎ݃݁݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅݊݊݁‪ℎ‬ݐ‬

‫‪݊.‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݐܽݎ݀ܽݑݍ ⇒ ܿ ‪ +‬ݔܾ ‪ଶ +‬ݔܽ = )ݔ(݌ ⇒ ‪݁݁2‬ݎ݂݃݁݀݋ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋ܲ‬

‫‪݊.‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܾܿ݅ݑܿ ⇒ ݀ ‪ +‬ݔܿ ‪ଶ +‬ݔܾ ‪ଷ +‬ݔܽ = )ݔ(݌ ⇒ ‪݁݁3‬ݎ݂݃݁݀݋ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋ܲ‬

‫ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݁݃ܽ݃݊݅ݏݑݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݋݊ݕ݈݋݌ ݉݋ݎ݂݀݁ݐܿݑݎݐݏ݊݋ܿ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݕ݊ܣ ‪:‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݁݃ܣ‬

‫ݏ݈݁݅)ݏݐ݋݋ݎ݃݊݅݇ܽݐ݀݊ܽ ‪݊,‬݋݅ݏ݅ݒ݅݀ ‪݊,‬݋݅ݐ݈ܽܿ݅݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ ‪݊,‬݋݅ݐܿܽݎݐܾݑݏ ‪݊,‬݋݅ݐ݅݀݀ܽ(݊݋݅ݐܽݎ݁݌݋‬

‫‪.‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݂݁݃ܽ݋ݏݏ݈ܽܿ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݅‪ℎ‬ݐ݅ݓ‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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ࢀ࢘࢏ࢍ࢕࢔࢕࢓ ࢋ࢚࢘࢏ࢉࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙: ‫݁݊݅ݏ‬, ܿ‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁݊݅ݏ݋‬, … ..

ࡱ࢞࢖࢕࢔ࢋ࢔࢚࢏ࢇ࢒ࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙ ∶ ݂‫ݐ݂݋ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬ℎ݂݁‫ܽ = )ݔ(݂ ݉ݎ݋‬௫, ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݁ݎ‬ℎܾ݁ܽ‫ > ܽ݁ݏ‬0

݅‫ ≠ ܽ݀݊ܽݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ܽݏ‬1, ܽ‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܽ݅ݐ݊݁݊݋݌ݔ݈݈݁݀݁ܽܿ݁ݎ‬. ‫݈ܽ݅ݐ݊݁݊݋݌ݔ݈݈݁ܣ‬

݂‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬ℎܽ‫(݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁ݒ‬−∞, ∞)ܽ݊݀‫(݁݃݊ܽݎ‬0, ∞).

ࡸ࢕ࢍࢇ࢘࢏࢚ࢎ࢓ ࢏ࢉࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙: ܴℎ݁‫ݐ݁ݎܽ݁ݏ‬ℎ݂݁‫ = )ݔ(݂ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ‬log ୟ ‫ݔ‬, ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݁ݎ‬ℎ݁

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‫‪݊݁݊ −‬݋݌ݔ݁݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݏݎ݁ݒ݊݅݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݎܽݕ݁‪. ܶℎ‬ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ܽݏ݅ ‪݁ܽ ≠ 1,‬ݏܾܽ‬

‫‪(−∞, ∞).‬ݏ݅݁݃݊ܽݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݀݊ܽ)∞ ‪(0,‬ݏ݅݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݏܽܿ‪݊݁ܽܿℎ‬ܫ ‪.‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܽ݅ݐ‬

‫݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁݀ݑ݈ܿ݊݅ݕ݁‪ܽ݅ܿ. ܶℎ‬ݎܾ݈݁݃ܽݐ݋݊݁ݎܽݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݏ݁‪ࢀ࢘ࢇ࢔࢙ࢉࢋ࢔ࢊࢋ࢔࢚ࢇ࢒ࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙: ܶℎ‬‬

‫݀݊ܽ ‪,‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ ݉‪ℎ‬ݐ݅ݎܽ݃݋݈݀݊ܽ ‪݈݅ܽ,‬ݐ݊݁݊݋݌ݔ݁ ‪݅ܿ,‬ݎݐ݁ ݉݋݊݋݃݅ݎݐ݁ݏݎ݁ݒ݊݅ ‪݅ܿ,‬ݎݐ݁ ݉݋݊݋݃݅ݎݐ‬

‫‪).‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܿ݅݋ܾݎ݁݌ݕ‪ℎ݁ℎ‬ݐݏܽ‪ܿℎ‬ݑݏ(݈݈݁ݓݏܽݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ݕ݊ܽ ݉‬

‫‪ࡵ࢔ࢉ࢘ࢋࢇ࢙࢏࢔ࢍ࢜ࢋ࢙࢛࢙࢘ࡰࢋࢉ࢘ࢋࢇ࢙࢏࢔ࢍࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙:‬‬

‫ݕܽݏ݁ݓ ‪,‬ݐ‪݅݃ℎ‬ݎ݋ݐݐ݂݈݁ ݉݋ݎ݂݁ݒ݋ ݉ݑ݋ݕݏܽݏ݁ݏ݅ݎݎ݋ݏܾ ݈݉݅ܿ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂ܽ݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂ܫ‬

‫ ݉݋ݎ݂݁ݒ݋ ݉ݑ݋ݕݏܽݏ݈݈݂ܽݎ݋ݏ݀݊݁ܿݏ݁݀‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂ܫ ‪݅݊݃.‬ݏܽ݁ݎܿ݊݅ݏ݅݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐ‬

‫‪݅݊݃.‬ݏܽ݁ݎܿ݁݀ݏ݅݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪,‬ݐ‪݅݃ℎ‬ݎ݋ݐݐ݂݈݁‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫‪ࡱ࢜ࢋ࢔ࢇ࢔ࢊ࢕ࢊࢊࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔:‬‬

‫݊ܽݏ݅)ݔ(݂ = ݕ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ‬

‫)ݔ(݂ = )ݔ‪݂݂݅(−‬ݔ݂݋݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒ݁‬

‫)ݔ(݂‪) = −‬ݔ‪݂݂݅(−‬ݔ݂݋݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݀݀݋‬

‫‪݉ ܽ݅݊.‬݋݀ݏ ‪݊,‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݅ݔݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݋݂‬

‫‪݅݊݃:‬ݓ݋݈݈݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݀݀݋݀݊ܽ݊݁ݒ݁݁ݖ݅݃݋ܴܿ݁ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪ + 1‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂& ‪ଶ + 1,‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ‪ଷ,‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ‪ଶ,‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ‪,‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂‬

‫ݏ݅ݔܽ ‪ −‬ݕݐݑ݋ܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂‪ଶ‬ݔ = ‪)ଶ‬ݔ‪݊ ∶ (−‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒܧ‪ଶ‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬

‫‪݅݃݅݊.‬ݎ݋݁‪ℎ‬ݐݐݑ݋ܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂‪ଷ‬ݔ‪)ଷ = −‬ݔ‪݊: (−‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܱ݀݀‪ଷ‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂‬

‫‪ −‬ݕݐݑ݋ܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂‪ଶ + 1‬ݔ = ‪)ଶ + 1‬ݔ‪݊ ∶ (−‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒܧ‪ଶ + 1‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂‬

‫ݏ݅ݔܽ‬

‫݊݁ݒ݁ݐ݋݊ ⇒ ‪ + 1‬ݔ ≠ ‪ + 1‬ݔ‪ + 1 ⇒ −‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂‬

‫‪.‬ݐݏ݋݈ݏ݅ݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ݁‪݀݀, ܶℎ‬݋ݐ݋݊ ⇒ )‪ + 1‬ݔ(‪ + 1 ≠ −‬ݔ‪−‬‬

‫‪݅݃݅݊.‬ݎ݋݁‪ℎ‬ݐݐݑ݋ܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ‪,‬ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂ݔ‪) = −‬ݔ‪݊: (−‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܱ݀݀ݔ = )ݔ(݂‬

‫‪ࡿ࢛࢓ ࢙, ࡰ࢏ࢌࢌࢋ࢘ࢋ࢔ࢉࢋ࢙, ࡼ࢘࢕ࢊ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙, ࢇ࢔ࢊࡽ࢛࢕࢚࢏ࢋ࢔࢚࢙:‬‬

‫‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ܾ݂݋ݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ݐݏ݃݊݋݈ܾ݁ݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐݔݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݋݂݊݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪,‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݎ݂݂ܽ݃݀݊ܽܫ‬

‫ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐݕܾݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂݁݊݅݁݀݁ݓ ‪(݃)൯,‬ܦ ∩ )݂(ܦ ∈ ݔݎ݋݂ ‪,‬ݏ݅ݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐ‪݂ܽ݊݀݃൫‬‬

‫)ݔ(݃ ‪) +‬ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݃ ‪(݂ +‬‬

‫)ݔ(݃ ‪) −‬ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݃ ‪(݂ −‬‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫‪).‬ݔ(݃)ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݂݃(‬

‫ݕܾ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݁݊݅݁݀݋ݏ݈ܽ݊ܽܿ݁ݓ ‪) ≠ 0,‬ݔ(݃‪ℎ݅ܿℎ‬ݓݐܽ)݃(ܦ ∩ )݂(ܦ݂݋ݐ݊݅݋݌ݕ݊ܽݐܣ‬

‫‪௙‬‬ ‫)‪௙(௫‬‬
‫݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ‬ ‫‪) ≠ 0).‬ݔ(݃݁ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݓ( )‪) = ௚(௫‬ݔ(‪ቀ௚ቁ‬‬

‫݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪,‬ݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽ݁ݎܽݏ݂݅ܿܫ ‪:‬ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿݕܾ݈݀݁݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ܾ݉݁݋ݏ݈ܽ݊ܽܿݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑܨ‬

‫‪).‬ݔ(݂ܿ = )ݔ()݂ܿ(ݕܾ݂݂݋݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݅ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݂݅ܿ‬

‫ݔ ‪) = √1 −‬ݔ(݃݀݊ܽݔ√ = )ݔ(݂ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐݕܾ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪: ܶℎ‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪(݃) = (−∞, 1].‬ܦ݀݊ܽ)∞ ‪(݂) = [0,‬ܦݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁ݒܽ‪ℎ‬‬

‫‪[0, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 1] = [0,1].‬ݏݐ݊݅݋݌݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݎܽݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁ݏ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݋ݐ݊݋ ݉ ݉݋ܿݏݐ݊݅݋݌݁‪ܶℎ‬‬

‫∶ ࢙࢔࢕࢏࢚ࢉ࢔࢛ࡲࢋ࢚࢏࢙࢕࢖ ࢓࢕࡯‬

‫ݏ݅)‪݂݊ ○ ݃( f composed with g‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ ݉݋ܿ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪,‬ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݎ݂݂ܽ݃݀݊ܽܫ‬

‫‪)൯.‬ݔ(݃‪) = ݂൫‬ݔ()݃ ○݂(ݕܾ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫‪ℎ݅ܿℎ‬ݓݎ݋݂݂݃݋݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݅ݔݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋ݏݐݏ݅ݏ݊݋ܿ݃ ○ ݂݂݋݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ܶℎ‬‬

‫‪݂݂.‬݋݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݊݅ݏ݈݁݅)ݔ(݃‬

‫ݏ݁ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ ݉݋ܿݎ݋݂ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݃݊݅݀݊݅ܨ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫)ݔ()݂ ○ ݃( )ܾ)ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( )݂ܽ݀݊݅ ‪ + 1,‬ݔ = )ݔ(݃݀݊ܽݔ√ = )ݔ(݂݂ܫ‬

‫‪).‬ݔ()݃ ○ ݃( )݀)ݔ()݂ ○ ݂( )ܿ‬

‫→ ‪ + 1 ≥ 0‬ݔ)∞ ‪݉ ܽ݅݊ → [−1,‬݋ܦ → ‪ + 1‬ݔ√ = )ݔ(݃‪)൯= ඥ‬ݔ(݃‪) = ݂൫‬ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( )ܽ‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬

‫‪ ≥ −1‬ݔ‬

‫)∞ ‪݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0,‬݋ܦ‪ + 1‬ݔ√ = ‪) + 1‬ݔ(݂ =‪)൯‬ݔ(݂‪) = ݃൫‬ݔ()݂ ○ ݃( )ܾ‬

‫)∞ ‪݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0,‬݋ܦ‪ଵ⁄ସ‬ݔ = ݔ√ ‪) = ඥ‬ݔ(݂‪)൯= ඥ‬ݔ(݂‪) = ݂൫‬ݔ()݂ ○ ݂( )ܿ‬

‫)∞ ‪݉ ܽ݅݊→ (−∞,‬݋ܦ‪ + 2‬ݔ = ‪ + 1) + 1‬ݔ( = ‪) + 1‬ݔ(݃ =‪)൯‬ݔ(݃‪) = ݃൫‬ݔ()݃ ○ ݃( )݀‬

‫?݊݅ܽ ݉݋݀݁‪ℎ‬ݐ& )ݔ()݃ ○ ݂(݂݀݊݅ ‪ ,‬ݔ√ = )ݔ(݃& ‪ଶ‬ݔ = )ݔ(݂݂ܫ ‪:‬ݔܧ‬

‫‪ଶ‬‬
‫)∞ ‪(−∞.‬ݐ݋݊‪݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0, ∞),‬݋ܦ‪,‬ݔ = ‪൯‬ݔ√‪) = ൫‬ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( ‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬

‫‪ࡿࢎ࢏ࢌ࢚࢏࢔ࢍࢇࡳ࢘ࢇ࢖ࢎ࢕ࢌࢇࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔:‬‬

‫‪:‬ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂ݐ݂݅‪ܵℎ‬‬

‫݇ ‪) +‬ݔ(݂ = ݕݏݐ݂݅‪ℎ‬ݏ݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎܸ݁ )‪1‬‬

‫‪݂݅݇ > 0.‬ݏݐ݅݊ݑ݇݌ݑ݂݂݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݂݅‪ܽ)ܵℎ‬‬
‫‪݂݅݇ < 0.‬ݏݐ݅݊ݑ|݇|݊ݓ݋݂݂݀݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݂݅‪ܾ)ܵℎ‬‬

‫)‪ + ℎ‬ݔ(݂ = ݕݏݐ݂݅‪ℎ‬ݏ݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋ܪ)‪2‬‬

‫‪݂݅ℎ > 0‬ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݈݂݂݁݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݂݅‪ܽ)ܵℎ‬‬
‫‪݂݅ℎ < 0‬ݏݐ݅݊ݑ|‪|ℎ‬ݐ‪݅݃ℎ‬ݎ݂݂݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݂݅‪ܾ)ܵℎ‬‬

‫ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿ݁ݎܽ‪∗∗∗ ݇& ℎ‬‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫‪ࡿࢉࢇ࢒࢏࢔ࢍࢇ࢔ࢊࡾࢋࢌ࢒ࢋࢉ࢚࢏࢔ࢍࢇࢍ࢘ࢇ࢖ࢎ࢕ࢌࢇࢌ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔:‬‬

‫ݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ ‪,‬ݐ݅ݏݏ݁ݎ݌ ݉݋ܿݎ݋‪ܿℎ‬ݐ݁ݎݐݏ݋ݐݏ݅)ݔ(݂ = ݕ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂ܽ݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݁ܽܿݏ݋ܶ‬

‫݁‪ℎ‬ݐݎ݋ ‪݂݊,‬݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݃݊݅ݕ݈݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ݕܾ݀݁‪ℎ‬ݏ݈݅݌ ݉݋ܿܿܽݏ݅ݏ݅‪. ܶℎ‬ݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋‪ℎ‬ݎ݋‬

‫݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݏ݋ݎܿܽݏ݊݋݅ݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁ ‪ܿ.‬ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋ܿ݁ݐܽ݅ݎ݌݋ݎ݌݌ܽ݊ܽݕܾ ‪,‬ݔ݈ܾ݁ܽ݅ݎܽݒݐ݊݁݀݊݁݌݁݀݊݅‬

‫‪݁ܿ = −1.‬ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݓݏ݁ݏ݈ܽܿܽ݅ܿ݁݌ݏ݁ݎܽݏ݁ݔܽ݁ݐܽ݊݅݀ݎ݋݋ܿ‬

‫‪ܿ > 1‬ݎ݋ܨ ‪1.‬‬

‫‪݂ܿ.‬݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ݂݂݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݁‪ܿℎ‬ݐ݁ݎݐܵ)ݔ(݂ܿ = ݕ)ܽ‬
‫‪ଵ‬‬
‫‪݂ܿ.‬݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ݂݂݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݁ݏݏ݁ݎ݌ ݉݋ܥ)ݔ(݂ ‪ = ௖‬ݕ)ܾ‬

‫‪݂ܿ.‬݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋‪݂݂ℎ‬݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݁ݏݏ݁ݎ݌ ݉݋ܥ)ݔܿ(݂ = ݕ)ܿ‬

‫‪௫‬‬
‫‪݂ܿ.‬݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊݋ݖ݅ݎ݋‪݂݂ℎ‬݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏ݁‪ܿℎ‬ݐ݁ݎݐܵ‪ = ݂ቀ௖ቁ‬ݕ)݀‬

‫‪ܿ = −1‬ݎ݋ܨ ‪2.‬‬

‫‪.‬ݏ݅ݔܽ ‪ −‬ݔ݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݏ݋ݎ݂݂ܿܽ݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁)ݔ(݂‪ = −‬ݕ)ܽ‬

‫‪.‬ݏ݅ݔܽ ‪ −‬ݕ݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݏ݋ݎ݂݂ܿܽ݋‪ℎ‬݌ܽݎ݃݁‪ℎ‬ݐݏݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁)ݔ(݂‪ = −‬ݕ)ܾ‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫ߠݎ = ܵ‬
‫‪ࢀ࢘࢏ࢍ࢕࢔࢕࢓ ࢋ࢚࢘࢏ࢉࡲ࢛࢔ࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢙:‬‬
‫‪݈ܿ݁.‬ݎ݅ܿܽ ݉݋ݎ݂ܿݎ݂ܽ݋‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݃݊݁݁‪ℎ‬ݐ‪:‬ݏ݁ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݓ‬
‫‪݁:‬ݎݑݏܽ݁ ܯܴ݊ܽ݅݀ܽ‬
‫‪݈ܿ݁.‬ݎ݂݅ܿܽ݋ݏݑ݅݀ܽݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪:‬ݎ‬
‫ݐݐܽܤܥܣ݈݁݃݊ܽ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݁‪ܶℎ‬‬
‫‪ܽ݀݅ܽ݊.‬ݎ ‪ܿ,‬ݎܽ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݃݊݅ܿݑ݀݋ݎ݌݈݁݃݊ܽ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ‪ߠ:‬‬
‫݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ݉݋ݎ݂ݏݐݑܿܤܥܣݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐܿݎܽ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݂݋‪ℎ‬ݐ݈݃݊݁‬
‫‪= 180°‬ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎߨ‬

‫ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݊݋݅ݏݎ݁ݒ݊݋ܥ‬
‫ߨ‬
‫= ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀‪1‬‬ ‫ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ)‪(≈ 0.02‬‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫ߨ‬
‫ݕܾݕ݈݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ ∶ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݋ݐݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁ܦ‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫ߨ‬
‫× ‪ܾ݁݁45‬ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݊݅‪݈݁, 45°‬݌ ݉ܽݔ݁ݎ݋ܨ‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫ߨ‬
‫‪ܽ݀.‬ݎ =‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫= ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ‪1‬‬ ‫ݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀)‪(≈ 57‬‬
‫ߨ‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫ݕܾݕ݈݌݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ ‪:‬ݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀݋ݐݏܴ݊ܽ݅݀ܽ‬
‫ߨ‬
‫ߨ‬
‫‪݈݁,‬݌ ݉ܽݔ݁ݎ݋ܨ‬ ‫݁݁ݎ݃݁݀݊݅‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ߨ 180‬‬
‫×‬ ‫‪݁݁.‬ݎ݃݁݀‪= 30°‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ߨ‬

‫)‪Chapter one (Preliminaries‬‬

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‫ݏ݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ ⇒݁ݏ݅ݓ݇ܿ݋݈ܿݎ݁ݐ݊ݑ݋ܿ݀݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉ݏ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬.

‫ݏ݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊ ⇒݁ݏ݅ݓ݇ܿ݋݈ܿ݀݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉ݏ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬.

ܶℎ݁‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݋݊݋݃݅ݎݐܿ݅ݏܽܤݔ݅ݏ‬:

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௬ ௥
‫ ∶ ݁݊݅ݏ‬sin ߠ = ௥ ܿ‫ ∶ݐ݊ܽܿ݁ݏ݋‬csc ߠ = ௬

௫ ௥
ܿ‫ ∶ ݁݊݅ݏ݋‬cos ߠ = ௥ ‫ ∶ݐ݊ܽܿ݁ݏ‬sec ߠ = ௫

௬ ௫
‫ ∶ݐ݊݁݃݊ܽݐ‬tan ߠ = ௫ ܿ‫ ∶ݐ݊݁݃݊ܽݐ݋‬cot ߠ = ௬

ୱ୧୬ ఏ
tan ߠ = ୡ୭ୱఏ cot ߠ = 1/ tan ߠ

ଵ ଵ
sec ߠ = ୡ୭ୱఏ csc ߠ = ୱ୧୬ ఏ

ߨ 3ߨ
− tan ߠ& sec ߠ ܽ‫ = ݔ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݋݊݁ݎ‬0‫ = ߠ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݋݊ݎ݋‬± ,± ,…
2 2
− cot ߠ & csc ߠܽ‫ = ݕ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݋݊݁ݎ‬0‫ = ߠ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݋݊ݎ݋‬0, ±ߨ, ±2ߨ, …

1 ߨ 1 ߨ √3
sin ߨ/4 = sin = sin =
√2 6 2 3 2

1 ߨ √3 ߨ 1
cos ߨ/4 = cos = cos =
√2 6 2 3 2

ߨ 1 ߨ
tan ߨ/4 = 1 tan = tan = √3
6 √3 3

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3 ߨ
‫ݔܧ‬: ‫݂ܫ‬tan ߠ = & 0 < ߠ< , ݂݅݊݀‫ݐ‬ℎ݂݁݅‫ݐ݋݁ݒ‬ℎ݁‫ߠ݂݋ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݋݊݋݃݅ݎݐݎ‬.
2 2
ଷ
‫݈݋ݏ‬: tan ߠ = ଶ

‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫݃݅ݎ‬ℎ‫݂݋݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐݐ‬ℎ݁݅݃ℎ‫ݐ‬3 (‫݁ݏܾܽ݀݊ܽ)݁ݐ݅ݏ݋݌݌݋‬2 (݆ܽ݀ܽܿ݁݊‫)ݐ‬

ଶ ଷ
ℎ‫√ = ݁ݏݑ݊݁ݐ݋݌ݕ‬2ଶ + 3ଶ = √13 , ‫݋ݏ‬cos ߠ = , sin ߠ =
√ଵଷ √ଵଷ

√ଵଷ √ଵଷ ଶ
sec ߠ = , csc ߠ = , cot ߠ = ଷ
ଶ ଷ

ܲ݁‫݌ܽݎܩ݀݊ܽݕݐ݅ܿ݅݀݋݅ݎ‬ℎ‫ݐ݂݋ݏ‬ℎ݁‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݋݊݋݃݅ݎݐ‬:

cos(ߠ + 2ߨ) = cos ߠsin(θ + 2π) = sin θ tan(θ + 2π) = tan θ

sec(ߠ + 2ߨ) = sec ߠcsc(θ + 2π) = csc θ cot(θ + 2π) = cot θ

cos(ߠ − 2ߨ) = cos ߠsin(θ − 2π) = sin θ

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ܲ݁‫ߨ݀݋݅ݎ‬: tan(‫ ݔ‬+ ߨ) = tan ‫ݔ‬

‫ܱ݀݀ & ݊݁ݒܧ‬:
cot(‫ ݔ‬+ ߨ) = cot ‫ݔ‬
‫ܱ݀݀݊݁ݒܧ‬
ܲ݁‫݀݋݅ݎ‬2ߨ: sin(‫ ݔ‬+ 2ߨ) = sin ‫ݔ‬
cos(−‫ = )ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬sin(−‫ = )ݔ‬− sin ‫ݔ‬
cos(‫ ݔ‬+ 2ߨ) = cos ‫ݔ‬
sec(−‫ = )ݔ‬sec ‫ݔ‬tan(−‫ = )ݔ‬− tan ‫ݔ‬
sec(‫ ݔ‬+ 2ߨ) = sec ‫ݔ‬
csc(−‫ = )ݔ‬− csc ‫ݔ‬
csc(‫ ݔ‬+ 2ߨ) = csc ‫ݔ‬
cot(−‫ = )ݔ‬− cot ‫ݔ‬
ࡵࢊࢋ࢔࢚࢏࢚࢏ࢋ࢙:

‫ݎ = ݔ‬cos ߠ, ‫ݎ = ݕ‬sin ߠ

‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݎ‬ଶ cos ଶ ߠ + ‫ݎ‬ଶ sinଶ ߠ

‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݎ‬ଶ(cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ) , ∴ cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1

& 1 + tanଶ ߠ = sec ଶ ߠ1 + cot ଶ ߠ = csc ଶ ߠ

ࡿ࢛࢓ &‫ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݁ܿ݊݁ݎ݂݂݁݅ܦ‬:

cos(‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = )ܤ‬cos ‫ ܣ‬cos ‫ ܤ‬− sin ‫ ܣ‬sin ‫ܤ‬

sin(‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = )ܤ‬sin ‫ ܣ‬cos ‫ ܤ‬+ cos ‫ ܣ‬sin ‫ܤ‬

cos(‫ ܣ‬− ‫ = )ܤ‬cos ‫ ܣ‬cos ‫ ܤ‬+ sin ‫ ܣ‬sin ‫ܤ‬

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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 [Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]

sin(‫ ܣ‬− ‫ = )ܤ‬sin ‫ ܣ‬cos ‫ ܤ‬− cos ‫ ܣ‬sin ‫ܤ‬

‫݈ܾ݁ݑ݋ܦ‬− ‫ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݈݁݃݊ܣ‬:

cos 2ߠ = cos ଶ ߠ − sinଶ ߠ

sin 2ߠ = 2 sin ߠ cos ߠ

cosଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1 cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1

cosଶ ߠ − sinଶ ߠ = cos 2ߠ∓ cosଶ ߠ ± sinଶ ߠ = ∓ cos 2ߠ

2 cosଶ ߠ = 1 + cos 2ߠ 2 sinଶ ߠ = 1 − cos 2ߠ

ࡴ ࢇ࢒ࢌ − ࡭࢔ࢍ࢒ࢋࢌ࢕࢘࢓ ࢛࢒ࢇ࢙:

ଵାୡ୭ୱଶఏ ଵିୡ୭ୱଶఏ
cos ଶ ߠ = sinଶ ߠ =
ଶ ଶ

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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 [Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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 [Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]

Chapter one (Preliminaries)

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Mathematic 𝐈
1. Revision
Domain and Range, Functions and Graphs, Even and Odd
functions, How to shift graph, Inverse functions, and
Trigonometric functions.
(4 hrs)
2. Limits and Continuity
Properties, limits involving infinity, Limits of exponential
functions
(4 hrs)
3. Transcendental functions
Logarithmic and Exponential functions, Inverse trigonometric
functions, Hyperbolic functions, Inverse hyperbola trigonometric
functions.
(4hrs)
4. Derivatives
Definition, second and higher order derivative, Implicit
differentiation, The chain rule, Derivative of inverse trigonometric
functions, Derivative of hyperbolic functions, Derivative of inverse
hyperbolic functions, Derivative of exponential and logarithmic
functions, Hospitals' rule, Partial derivative, Improper Integrals
(conv and dity). (10hrs)
5. Integration
Indefinite integration, Integration of trigonometric functions,
Integration of inverse trigonometric functions, integration of
logarithmic and exponential functions, Integration of hyperbolic
functions, Integration methods, (Substitution, by part, Power
trigonometric functions, Trigonometric substitution, By partial
function). (14hrs)
6. Definite Integration and Applications
Area between two curves, Length of curves, Surface area, Volumes
(8hrs)
7. Complex Algebra
Definitions, Graphing in complex number (Arc and Diagram),
Polar form of complex number, Power of complex number,
Derivatives of complex variable and Cauchy Remann, Analytic
 functions, Integration of functions.
(6hrs)

8. Polar Coordinates
Definition, Cartesian versus polar coordinates , graphing in polar
coordinate. (4hrs)
9. Vector Analysis
Definition , Properties, Vector in space, Scalar and Cross product
of vector. 6hrs)