MAGNATIC PARTICAL TESTING

MAGNETISM
• Materials will strongly attract pieces of iron to themselves

• Phenomenon discovered in the ancient Greek city of Magnesia

• Magnets utilised in navigation

• Oersted discovered the link between electricity and magnetism

• Faraday revealed that electrical and magnetic energy could be

interchanged

HISTORY OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

• Magnetism is the ability of matter to attract other matter to itself.

• The ancient Greeks were the first to discover this phenomenon in a mineral
they named magnetite.

• Later on Bergmann, Becquerel, and Faraday discovered that all matter

including liquids and gasses were affected by magnetism, but only a few
responded to a noticeable extent.
INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
• The method is used to inspect a variety of product forms such as castings,
forgings, and weldments.

• Many different industries use magnetic particle inspection for determining

a component's fitness-for-use.

• Some examples of industries that use magnetic particle inspection are the
structural steel, automotive, petrochemical, power generation, and
aerospace industries.

• Underwater inspection is another area where magnetic particle inspection

may be used to test items such as offshore structures and underwater
pipelines.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

• Test method for the detection of surface and sub-surface indications in
ferromagnetic materials

• Magnetic field induced in component

• Defects disrupt the magnetic flux

• Defects revealed by applying ferromagnetic particles

PRINCIPLE OF MPI : FLUX LEAKAGE

 Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is a relatively simple concept. It
can be considered as a combination of two nondestructive
testing methods: magnetic flux leakage testing and
visual testing. ... Any place that a magnetic line of force exits or
enters the magnet is called a pole.
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

• Magnetic lines of force have a number of important properties, which
include:

• They seek the path of least resistance between opposite magnetic poles.

• They attempt to form closed loop from pole to pole.

• They never cross one another.

• They all have the same strength.

 • Their density decreases (they spread out) when they move from an area of
higher permeability to an area of lower permeability.

• Their density decreases with increasing distance from the poles.

• They are assumed flow from the south pole to the north pole within the
material and north pole to south pole in air.

EQUIPMENT
 PERMANENT MAGNET
 ELECTROMAGNETS

PERMANENT MAGNET
Longitudinal field between poles

Defects detected at 90 degrees to poles

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Direction of magnetic field

COIL MAGNETISATION

• Changes circular field into longitudinal

 • Increases the strength of the field

ELECTROMAGNETS

TYPES OF MAGNETIZATION
CONERSION OF AC INTO DC

DEMAGNETIZATION
• A residual magnetic field is not required in part because
• Residual field may affect delicate instruments

• Residual field in rotating parts will attract magnetic particles causing

excessive wear or binding

• Residual can cause arc blow during subsequent welding operation

• Demagnetization can be done by

• By subjecting the part to mechanical shock

• By heating the part beyond the Curie temperature

• Reducing and reversing the magnetic field over the part many times so that
require demagnetization is achieved

• To check the strength of the residual magnetic field we use field indicator,
pie gauge, Hall effect Meter
FIELD INDICATORS

A field indicator is shown checking for residual magnetism in this movie (194
MB mov)

PIE GAGE
 ELECTROMAGNET

PRODS ..CON
PORTABLE COIL
LIGHTS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
• Visible light ; White light of minimum intensity 1000 Lux.

• Here Black or red colors magnetic particle are used for the detection of
leakage flux against the contrasting white background

• Inspector’s eye sight requirement; Inspector should have the Near vision
acuity of J1 or J2 held at 12 to 30 inch distance in any one of the eyes. Near
visions tests are to be done once in a year

• He should not be color blind. Color vision tests are tested by Ishiyara plates
or color caps .

• Color vision tests are done once in three years

FLUORESCENT LIGHT-INSPECTION
• Fluorescent light Black light & UV light :

• Its wavelength is 365 nm .

 • Its Intensity should be minimum 1000 microwatt/Cm2

• One should not view the black light directly with eyes.

• These black light should be provided with suitable UV filters .

• And these filters should be periodically checked for any cracks or breaks

Fluorescent Particles :

• Magnetic particles coated with a fluorescent dye, absorbs ultraviolet light

and emits brilliant yellow-green or orange-red visible light.

• Absorbs energy near 365nm and releases at 525 to 575 nm visible light.

• Small indications can be seen easily.

• Examination is performed in a darkened area of max 20 Lux visible light.

LIGHTS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

BASIC ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS
DRY PARTICLE INSPECTION

WET SUSPENSION INSPECTION

A PIE GAUGE IS BEING USED WITH AN YOKE :

Brazing line indications with dry particles. Adequacy of magnetizing field is
indicated by formation of clear indications

FLUORESCENT INDICATIONS ON THE FIELD INDICATOR :

CRACK INDICATIONS USING FLUORESCENT POWDERS

CRANE HOOK & CRACK INDICATION:

ADVANTAGES OF MPI
 • Will detect some sub-surface defects

• Rapid and simple to understand

• Pre-cleaning not as critical as with DPI

• Will work through thin coatings

• Cheap rugged equipment

• Direct test method

DISADVANTAGES OF MPI

• Ferromagnetic materials only

• Requirement to test in 2 directions

• Demagnetisation may be required

• Odd shaped parts difficult to test

• Not suited to batch testing

• Can damage the component under test