11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random
Variable and Normal Random Variable

NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2 i
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable and
Normal Random Variable
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
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carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 I

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.
The module is intended for you to interpret the mean and the variance of a
discrete random variable and illustrate a normal random variable and its
characteristics.
After going through this module, you are expected to solve problems
involving mean and variance of probability distributions.

PRETEST

Find what is asked. Write your answers on your activity notebook/activity sheet.
A. Consider the problem below.
A certain university medical research center finds out that treatment of
skin cancer by the use of chemotherapy has a success rate of 70%.
Suppose five patients are treated with chemotherapy. The probability
distribution of x successful cures of the five patients is given in the table
below:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.002 0.029 0.132 0.309 0.360 0.168
Probability distribution of cancer cures of five patients.

1. Find 𝜇
2. Find 𝜎 2
3. Find 𝜎
4. Graph p(x) and explain how μ and σ can be used to describe p(x).

B. Directions: Do the following activity to check your understanding of the

probability distribution.
Determine whether the statement is True or False. If False, modify the statement to
make it True. Write your answer in your notebook.

1 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 Statement
1. The area under a probability distribution correspond to the probabilities of a
random variable X.
2. Data in a continuous type are presented through a normal curve or normal
probability distribution.
3. It is the variance of a normal distribution that locates the center of the distribution.
4. The normal curves vary in their center and spread which is dependent to the
values of the variance and standard deviation.
5. It is the standard deviation that is in control of the geometry of the normal curve.
6. The area under the curve is 1.
7. The area under the curve represents the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurement values.
8. A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean equal
to 0 and a standard deviation equal to 1.
9. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
10. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.

LESSON 1 Mean and Variance of a Discrete

Random Variable

’s In
Task 1.1
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your chosen answer in your notebook.

Column A Column B
1. also called probability mass function A. random variable
2. a numerical description of the outcome of B. variance
a statistical experiment
C. discrete probability distribution
3. a weighted average of the values the
random variable may assume D. discrete data
4. weighted average of the squared E. expected value or mean
deviations from the mean F. continuous data
5. data that can take certain values, counted

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 ’s New

In a specified discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted by μ, is the summation of

the products formed from multiplying the possible values of X with their corresponding
probabilities. It is also called the expected value of X, and given a symbol E(X).

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk

= Σ Xi Pi

where; Σ is Sigma notation, and means to sum up.

Note, that the empirical probabilities lean towards theoretical probabilities and, in
consequence, the mean is also a long-run average, or the expected average outcome over
many observations. That is, as the number of trials of a statistical experiment increases, the
empirical average also gets closer and closer to the value of the theoretical average. Mean is
the value that we expect the long-run average to approach and it is not the value of the random
variable X that we expect to observe.

The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the spread, or variability, of the
distribution. The variance, usually denoted by the symbol σ², and is also denoted as Var (X)
and formally defined as

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

The variance gives a measure of how far the values of X are from the mean. Note, that
in nontrivial cases (i.e. when there is more than one possible distinct value of X), the variance
will be a positive value. The bigger the value of the variance, the farther the values of X get
from the mean.

The standard deviation is defined as the square root of the variance of X. That is,

σ = √𝑽𝒂𝒓 (𝑿)

3 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 What is It

Since we already reviewed the equation for calculating the mean, variance and
standard deviation, let us now solve some problems and interpret the results.

Example 1.1

GROCERY ITEMS
The probabilities that a customer will buy 1,2,3,4, and 5 items in a
3 1 1 2 3
grocery store are10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 respectively. What is the average number
of items that a customer will buy?
Solution:

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
3 1 1 2 3
µ = (1)( ) + (2)( ) +(3)( )+ (4)( ) + (5)( )
10 10 10 10 10

3 2 3 8 15
µ= + + + +
10 10 10 10 10
µ = 3.1
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the average number of
items that the customer will buy is 3.1.

Example 1.2

The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3,4,5,6, or 7 patients in any

day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30, respectively. Find the average number
of patients that a surgeon operates on a day.

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
µ = 3(0.15) + 4(0.10) + 5(0.20) + 6(0.25) + 7(0.30)
µ = 0.45 + 0.40 + 1 + 1.50 + 2.10
µ = 5.45
So, the average number of patients that a surgeon will operate in a day is 5.45 or 6.

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 ’s More

TASK 1.2

NUMBER OF CARS SOLD

The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability distribution.

Number of Cars Sold, X Probability, P(X)

0 1
10
1 2
10
2 3
10
3 2
10
4 2
10
Solution:
Solving for the variance; utilize the formula

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

a) Solving for the mean first;

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
1 2 3 2 2
µ = (0)( ) + (1)( ) +(2)( )+ (3)( ) + (4)( )
10 10 10 10 10
2 6 6 8
𝜇=0+ + + +
10 10 10 10
𝜇 = 2.2
Now solving for variance;

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

1 2 3 2
σ² = (0-2.2)2 (10) + (1-2.2)2 (10) + (2-2.2)2 (10) + (3-2.2)2 (10)
2
+ (4-2.2)2 (10)
σ² = 1.56
Therefore, the standard deviation is σ = √1.56 = 1.25

5 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
Plotting the graph, we have;

Number of Cars Sold, x

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Number of Cars Sold, x

Notice that μ = 2.2 is the center of probability distribution. We can conclude, that the
number of cars sold per day in a local car dealership is 2.2 or approximately 3 cars. The
standard deviation which is σ = 1.25 in this case, measures the spread of the probability
distribution p(x).
The variance gives a measure of how far the values of X are from the mean. The
bigger the value of the variance, the farther the values of X get from the mean.

LESSON Normal Random Variable and its

2 Characteristics

’s In

Review of Continuous Random Variables

Recall the definition of a continuous random variable. It is a random variable that can
take any real value within a specified range whereas a discrete random variable takes some
on a countable number of values). A continuous variable involves the measurement of
something, such as height of a randomly selected student, the weight of a newborn baby, or
the length of time that the battery of a cellphone lasts. (Pungtilan, n.d.)

6 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 ’s New

There are many events in real life that generate random variables that have the natural
tendency to approximate the shape of a bell. For example, the heights of a large number of
seedlings that we see in fields normally, consist of a few tall ones, a few short ones, and most
of them having heights in between tall and short. If a well-prepared test is administered to a
class of 100 students, there will be a few high scores, as well as a few low scores. Most of the
scores will be found in between these two extremes scores. In reality, if a distribution consists
of a very large number of cases and the three measures of averages (mean, median, mode) are
equal, then the distribution is symmetrical and the skewness is zero. In Statistics, such
distribution is called normal distribution or simply normal curve.

The normal curve has a very important role in inferential statistics. It provides a graphical
representation of statistical values that are needed in describing the characteristics of
populations as well as in making decisions. It is defined by an equation that uses the
population mean, µ and the standard deviation, σ. There is no single curve, but rather a whole
family of normal curves that have the same basic characteristics but have different means and
standard deviations.

Consider the following data pertaining to hospital weights (in pounds) of all the 36 babies
that were born in the maternity ward of a certain hospital.

4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83

3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

The data have an average of 6.11 pounds and a standard deviation of 1.61 pounds.

Shown below is the histogram for this data set. Observe that the histogram is approximately
bell-shaped.

7 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 What is It

Many variables, such as weight, shoe sizes, foot lengths, and other human physical
characteristics, exhibit these properties. The symmetry indicates that the variable is just as
likely to take a value a certain distance below its mean as it is to take a value that same
distance above its mean. The bell shape indicates that values closer to the mean are more
likely, and it becomes increasingly unlikely to take values far from the mean in either
direction.

We use a mathematical model with smooth bell-shaped curve to describe these bell-
shaped data distributions. These models are called normal curves or normal distributions.
The normal distribution is a continuous distribution just like the uniform and triangular
distribution. However, the left and right tails of the normal distribution extend indefinitely
but come infinitely close to the x-axis.

The general shape of the mathematical model used to generate a normal curve looks
like this:

(Llego, 2017)

Figure 1: Mathematical Model for a Normal Curve

The graph of the normal distribution depends on two factors: the mean µ, and the
standard deviation σ. In fact, the mean and standard deviation characterize the whole
distribution. That is, we can get areas under the normal curve given information about the
mean and standard deviation.

The mean determines the location of the center of the bell -shaped curve. Thus, a
change in the value of the mean shifts the graph of the normal curve to the right or to the left.

Recall what the mean, median, mode of a distribution represent, (a) the mean
represents the balancing point of the graph of the distribution; (b) the mode represents the
“high point” of the probability density function (i.e. the graph of the distribution), (c) the
median represents the point where 50% of the area under the distribution is to the left and
50% of the area under the distribution is to the right.

8 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 For symmetric distributions with a single peak, such as the normal curve, take note
that; Mean = Median = Mode.

The standard deviation determines the shape of the graphs (particularly, the height
and width of the curve). When the standard deviation is large, the normal curve is short and
wide, while a small value for the standard deviation yields a skinnier and taller graph.

(Llego, 2017)

Figure 2: Height and Width of the Curve

The cure above on the left, is shorter and wider than the curve on the right, because
the curve on the left has a bigger standard deviation. Note, that a normal curve is symmetric
about its mean and is more concentrated in the middle rather than in the tails.
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
Use Figure 3 to understand the properties of a normal probability distribution.
 The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.
 The probability that a normal random variable X equals any particular value a, P(X=a) is
zero (0) (since it is a continuous random variable).
 The probability that X is less than a, equals the area under the normal curve bounded by a
and minus infinity (as indicated by the shaded area in figure 3 below)
 The probability that X is greater than some value a, equals the area under the normal
curve bounded by a and plus infinity (as indicated by the non-shaded area in figure 3)
 Since the normal curve is symmetric about the mean, the area under the curve to the right
of µ equals the area under the curve to the left of µ which equals ½, i.e. the mean µis the
median.
 The probability density function is maximized at µ, i.e. the mode is also the mean
 The normal curve has inflection points (i.e. point at which a change in the direction of
curvature occurs) at µ - s and at µ + s
 As x increases without bound (gets larger and larger), the graph approaches but never
reaches, the horizontal axis. As x decreases without bound (gets larger and larger in the
negative direction), the graph approaches, but never reaches, the horizontal axis

9 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 (Llego, 2017)

Figure 3

 Take note that every normal curve (regardless of its mean or standard deviation)
conforms to the following "empirical rule" (also called the 68-95-99.7 rule):

(Llego, 2017)

 About 68% of the area under the curve falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
 About 95% of the area under the curve falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
 Nearly the entire distribution (About 99.7% of the area under the curve) falls within 3
standard deviations of the mean.

10 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 (Llego, 2017)

Explanatory Note: The empirical rule is actually a theoretical result based on an analysis of
the normal distribution. In the first chapter, it was pointed out that the importance of the mean
and standard deviation as summary measures is due to Chebyshev’s Inequality, which
guarantees that the area under a distribution within two standard deviations from the mean is
at least 75%. For nearly all sets of data, the actual percentage of data may be much greater
than the bound specified by Chebyshev’s Inequality. In fact, for a normal curve, the area
within two standard deviations from the mean is about 95%. Also, about two thirds of the
distribution lie within one standard deviation from the mean and nearly the entire distribution
(99.7%) is within three standard deviations from the mean.
Example 2.1
Consider the following data pertaining to hospital weights (in pounds) of all the 36 babies
that were born in the maternity ward of a certain hospital.

4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83

3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

The data have an average of 6.11 pounds and a standard deviation of 1.61 pounds.

Validating the Empirical Rule

Determine what frequency and relative frequency of babies’ weights that are within:
a) One standard deviation from the
b) Two standard deviations from the mean
c) Three standard deviations from the mean
Solution:
a) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 1 standard deviation, we
need to add 1 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 1 standard deviation
from the mean to identify the range/area under 1 standard deviation.
𝜇 = 6.11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 1.61
Range: 𝜇−𝜎 <𝑥 <𝜇+𝜎
6.11 − 1.61 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 1.61
4.5 < 𝑥 < 7.72

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12 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 1 standard deviation from
4.5 lbs. to 7.72 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21
Therefore, there are 26 babies out of 36 babies or about 72% of the babies are within 1
standard deviation from the mean.

b) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 2 standard deviation, we

need to add 2 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 2 standard deviation
from the mean to identify the range/area under 2 standard deviation.
Range: 𝜇 − 2𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 2𝜎
6.11 − 2(1.61) < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 2(1.61)
6.11 − 3.22 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 3.22
2.89 < 𝑥 < 9.33

These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 2 standard deviation
from 2.89 lbs. to 9.33 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

Therefore, there are 34 babies out of 36 babies or about 94% of the babies are within 2
standard deviation from the mean.

c) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 3standard deviation, we

need to add 3 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 3 standard deviation
from the mean to identify the range/area under 3 standard deviation.
Range: 𝜇 − 3𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 3𝜎
6.11 − 3(1.61) < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 3(1.61)
6.11 − 4.83 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 4.83
1.28 < 𝑥 < 10.94

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These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 3 standard deviation from
1.28 lbs. to 10.94 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

Therefore, there are 36 babies out of 36 babies or about 100% of the babies are within 3
standard deviation from the mean. (Albacca, Zita, Albert, Jose Ramon G., Ayaay, Mark John
V., et al. 2016)

’s More

TASK 2.1 Validating the Empirical Rule

Fifty students were asked to run a 100-meter dash. The data below represents the time it took
to finish the dash, and the histogram. The mean time for the 50 students is 15.8 seconds, and
the standard deviation s is approximately 3.29 seconds.
16 14 14 16 21 14 17 15 16 21
14 10 9 20 12 12 19 11 15 14
18 18 13 18 23 8 20 13 16 23
16 17 15 18 17 16 13 15 18 19
12 12 15 17 14 16 17 16 16 21

Draw the normal curve, find the probability/relative frequency and the number of students
under/within:
a) 1 standard deviation
b) 2 standard deviation
c) 3 standard deviation

14 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 I Have Learned

Generalization
Task 3
A. Now, that we are finished with our lesson, let us review the concepts we have learned
by filling in the blanks with appropriate word or phrase to make meaningful
statements.
1. The curve of a probability distribution is formed by ________.
2. The area under a normal curve is ________.
3. The important values that best describe a normal curve are _________.
4. There are ______ standard units at the baseline of a normal curve.
5. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails but does not
________.
6. The mean, the median, and the mode of a normal curve are ________.
7. A normal curve is used in ___________.

B. Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up the two lessons in this
module by completing the given statements below. Do this on your activity notebook.
Do not write anything on this module.

What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that (write as many as you can)
___________________________________________________________________________
_____
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________.

How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

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 I Can Do

TASK 4. Application
Direction: In your activity notebook/activity sheet, perform the task given below.

A. The number of inquiries received per day by the Office Admissions in a certain
university is shown below. Find the variance and standard deviation of the
distribution. Draw the graph of the probability distribution.

No. of 22 23 24 25 26 27
inquiries, X
Probability, 0.08 0.19 0.36 0.25 0.07 0.05
P(X)
Rubric for Performance Task 1. This performance task is worth 45 points.
Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory Exemplary
(0 point) Improvement (10 points) (15 points)
(5points)
Completeness of 0-25% solution 26-50% solution 51-75% 76-100%
solution complete complete solution solution
complete complete
Answer accuracy 0-25% answer 26-50% answer 51-75% 76-100%
accuracy accuracy answer answer
accuracy accuracy
On the graph/ 0-25% Correct 26-50% Correct 51-75% 76-100%
normal curve direction of direction of Correct Correct
shading and shading and direction of direction of
region are shown region are shown shading and shading and
region are region are
shown shown

B. There are many normal curves. Even though all normal curves have the same bell
shape, they vary in their center and spread. What observation can you make as you
look into the figure? Write you observation in your notebook.
[https://courses.lumenlearning.com

16 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 Observations of Normal Distributions

[https://www.ck12.org/c/probability/August 2012]

Rubrics
Excellent Competent Not
(5pts) (3pts) acceptable
(1pt)
Analysis/evaluation/interpretation
are effective and consistent
Claims and ideas are supported
and elaborated
Information and evidence are
accurate, appropriate, and
integrated effectively
Sentence form and word choice
are varied and appropriate.

(Note to teacher: The final say as to the number of credit points in each column still
depends on you).

A. Suppose that in a casino, a certain slot machine pays out an average of Php15, with a
standard deviation of Php5000. Every play of the game costs a gambler Php20.

17 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
 1) Why is the standard deviation so large?
2) If your parent decides to play with this slot machine 5 times, what are the mean
and standard deviation of the casino’s profit?
3) If gamblers play with this slot machine 1000 times in a day, what are the mean
and standard deviation of the casino’s profits?

B. The data below and the accompanying histogram give the weights, to the nearest
hundredth of a gram, of a sample of 100 coins (each with a value of P10). The mean
weight is 8.69 grams and the standard deviation s is approximately 0.055 gram.

https://www.teacherph.com/statistics-&-probability-senior-high-school-teaching-guide/

18 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
a. Compare the mean and median.
b. What percentage of the data is within one standard deviation of the mean? Within two
standard deviations? Within three standard deviations?
c. Suppose you were to randomly select a coin from this collection. What is the chance that
its weight would be within one standard from the mean? Two standard deviations? Three
standard deviations?
d. What percentage of the data is below the mean?
e. Suppose you were to randomly select a coin from this collection. What is the chance that
its weight would be below the mean?

A. Conduct a survey on the number of sports related activities your classmates are
involved in. construct a probability distribution and compute the mean, variance, and
standard deviation.

B. History regarding the Normal Curve

Historical Notes on the Normal Curve:

(i) The French-English mathematician Abraham de Moivre first described the use of the
normal distribution in 1733 when he was developing the mathematics of chance, particularly
for approximating the binomial distribution. (Pungtilan, 2017)
Marquis de Laplace used the normal distribution as a model of measuring errors. Adolphe
Quetelet and Carl Friedrich Gauss popularized its use. Quetelet used the normal curve to
discuss “the average man” with the idea of using the curve as some sort of an ideal histogram
while Gauss used the normal curve to analyze astronomical data in 1809.

(ii) In some disciplines, such as engineering, the normal distribution is also called the
Gaussian distribution (in honor of Gauss who did not first propose it!). The first unambiguous
use of the term “normal” distribution is attributed to Sir Francis Galton in 1889 although Karl
Pearson's consistent and exclusive use of this term in his prolific writings led to its eventual
adoption throughout the statistical community.

19 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2
NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2 20
Pre Assessment
A. 1. 𝜇 = 3.5 2. 𝜎 2 = 1.05 3. 𝜎 = 1.02
4.
We can use the mean, or μ, and the standard deviation, or σ, to describe p(x) in the same way we
used 𝑥 ans s to describe the relative frequency distribution. Notice that μ = 3.5 is the center of
probability distribution. In other words, if the five cancer patients receive chemotherapy treatment,
we expect the number of them who are cured to be near 3.5. The standard deviation which is σ =
1.02 in this case, measures the spread of the probability distribution p(x).
B.
1. True 3. False, Mean 5. True 7. True 9. True
2. True 4. True 6. True 8. True 10. True
What’s In
Task 1.1
1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D
What’s More
Task 2.1
a) There are 35 students or 70% of the students are within 1 standard deviation from the mean.
b) There are 46 students or 92% of the students are within 2 standard deviation from the mean
c) There are 50 students or 100% of the students are within 3 standard deviation from the
mean
What I have learned
Task 3
1. the mean and standard deviation
2. 1
3. Mean and standard deviation
4. 6 (3 below the mean, 3 above the mean)
5. touch the x-axis
6. equal
7. inferential statistics
NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2 21
What I can Do
Task 4
A
Solve for the mean;
µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk
= Σ Xi Pi
µ = (22)( 0.08)+ (23)( 0.19) +(24)( 0.36)+ (25)( 0.25) + (26)( 0.07) + (27)(0.05)
μ = 1.76 + 4.37 + 8.64 + 6.25 + 1.82 + 1.35
µ = 24.19
Now solve for variance;
σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi
σ² = (22 – 24.19 ) ² (0.08) + (23 – 24.19 ) ² (0.19) + (24 – 24.19 ) ² (0.36) + (25 – 24.19 ) ² (0.25) + (26 –
24.19 ) ²
(0.07) + (27 – 24.19 ) ² (0.05)
σ² = 1.45
The standard deviation is σ = √1.45 = 1.20
Assessment:
A.
1. Gamblers lose a small amount of money most of the time, but there are a few large
payouts by the slot machine
In one play of the game, the slot machine loses X pesos to the gambler, with a mean E(X) = 15,
while SD(X) = 5000, or Var(X) = 25,000,000. Note that every play of the game, gamblers are charged
Php20. Thus, the casino actually loses only an average of E(X-20) = Php15 - Php20 = - Php5 (i.e. on
average, the casino wins Php5 per game), with a variability of Var(X-20) = 25,000,000
2. For 5 plays of the game, expected value of “losses” would be 5 times (-Php5) = -Php25,
i.e. (Php25 earned by a casino per game), with a variability of Var( 5 ( X-20) ) =
25 * 25,000,000 = 625,000,000
And thus, a standard deviation of 25,000
3. For 1000 plays of the game, the expected losses of the casino would be E (1000 ( X-20 )
) = 1000 x (-Php5) = -Php5000 with a variance of Var (1000 ( X - 20)) = 1000² x
(25,000,000)
B.
a. very close, the median is 8.7 grams.
b. 67%, 95%, 100%
c. According to the empirical rule, the chances are 68%, 95%, and 99.7%.
d. 48%
e. 50%
 References
Book

Albacca, Zita, Albert, Jose Ramon G., Ayaay, Mark John V., et al. 2016. Statistics and
Probability, Teaching Guide. Commision on Higher Education.

Website

Llego, Mark Anthony. 2017. Senior High School SHS Teaching Guides. June 10. Accessed
December 16, 2021. https://www.teacherph.com/download-senior-high-school-shs-
teaching-guides/.
Pungtilan, Jamiefel. n.d. Lesson 2-08 Properties of Normal Distributions. Accessed
December 16, 2021. https://www.scribd.com/document/361010290/Lesson-2-08-
Properties-of-Normal-Distributions-docx/.

Pungtilan, Jamiefel. scribd.com. October 8, 2017.

https://www.scribd.com/document/361010290/Lesson-2-08-Properties-of-Normal-
Distributions-docx (accessed January 10, 2022).
—. Lesson 2-08 Properties of Normal Distributions. n.d.
https://www.scribd.com/document/361010290/Lesson-2-08-Properties-of-Normal-
Distributions-docx/ (accessed December 16, 2021).

22 NegOr_Q3_Stat_and_Prob11_Module3_v2