TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHWOK CAMPUS

Subject: C-Programming

Experiment Number: 1&2

Title: Introduction and Variables

Date: 2078/05/20

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Department of Electronics and Computer
Name: Javed Ansari Engineering

Program: Lab report of C programming

Section: B Roll:33 Checked By:

 Background Information:
1) What is C Programming?
The C programming language is a computer programming language that was developed to do system
programming for the operating system UNIX and is an imperative programming language. C was
developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.

2) Define Compiler.
Compiler, computer software that translates (compiles) source code written in a high -level
language (e.g., C++) into a set of machine-language instructions that can be understood by a
digital computer's CPU. A compiler takes the entire program in one go. i.e. it compiles the
whole program at a single time. Also, it generates an intermediate machine code.

3) Define Interpreter.
An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a high-level
language. Interpreters enable other programs to run on a computer or server. They process
program code at run time, checking the code for errors line by line.

4) Getting used to in C.
For getting used to in c, we must have clear understanding of variables, operators, operands
and compiler.

5) Variables and its types.

A variable is a symbol or letter, such as "x" or "y," that represents a value. The variable
types in c are:-
 integer (int) : The most natural size of integer for the machine.
 Real number(float) : A single-precision floating point value.
 double: A double-precision floating point value.
 char: Typically a single octet(one byte). It is an integer type.
 Long integer(Long int): Used for writing Long Integer.
 Unsigned integer(unsigned int): Used for taking modulus of a number.
 Void: Represents the absence of type.

Lab Report: 1
Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
printf("This is my first c program");
getch();
}

Output: This is my first c program

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int s,a,b,c=20; /*VARIABLE DECLARATION*/
printf ("Enter value of a"); /*TO DISPLAY MESSAGE ON SCREEN*/
scanf ("%d",&a); /*TO GIVE VALUE OF A*/
printf ("Enter value of b"); /*TO DISPLAY MESSAGE ON
SCREEN*/ scanf ("%d",&b); /*TO GIVE VALUE OF B*/
s=a+b+c; /*PROCESSING*/
printf ("sum=%d",s); /*TO DISPLAY VALUE STORED AS S*/
getch(); /*TO MAKE PROGRAM WAIT UNTIL USER ENTERS ANY CHARACTER*/
}

Output: The output was the sum of the numbers entered by the user.
Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int s,a,b;
float p;
printf("address of s is %x",&s);
printf("\n address of a is %x",&a);
printf("\n\n occupied number of bytes by variable s is %d",sizeof(s));
printf("\n\n\n Size of a is %d",sizeof(1.5));
printf ("\n\n\n\n Size of float data type is %d",sizeof(float));
getch();
}

Output:

address of s is 61ff1c

address of a is 61ff18

occupied number of bytes by variable s is 4

Size of a is 8

Size of float data type is 4

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF THE CIRCLE OF RADIUS r*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float r,pi,p,a;
pi=3.14159;
printf("Enter value of Radius");
scanf("%f",&r);
p=2*pi*r;
a=pi*r*r;
printf ("The Circumference of circle=%f and the area of the circle=%f",p,a);
getch();
}

Output: The area and circumference of the circle was calculated based on the radius of
circle given by the user.
Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE VOLUME OF SPHERE OF RADIUS r*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float r,pi,v;
pi=3.14159;
printf("Enter value of Radius");
scanf("%f",&r);
v=(4/3)*pi*r*r*r;
printf ("The volume of the sphere=%f",v);
getch();
}
Output: The Volume of the sphere was calculated based on the radius of circle given
by the user.
Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE SIMPLE INTREST*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
float p,t,r,si;
printf("Enter value of Principal, Time And Rate");
scanf("%f%f%f",&p,&t,&r);
si=(p*t*r)/100;
printf ("simple intrest=%f",si);
getch();
}

Output: Simple intrest was calculated based on the values of principal, rate and time
given by user.
Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO READ VALUES OF x AND y FROM USER AND EVALUATE THE EXPRESSION v=x2+y2-
100/x*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float x,y,v;
printf("Enter values of x and y");
scanf("%f%f",&x,&y);
v=pow(x,2)+pow(y,2)-100/x;
printf ("\n The value of v=%f",v);
getch();
}

Output: The value of v was evaluated based on the values of x and y given by the user.

Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO EVALUATE AVERAGE OF FOUR NUMBERS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
int a,b,c,d;
float avg;
printf("Enter values of four numbers");
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c,&d);
avg=(a+b+c+d)/4;
printf ("the average of four numbers=%f",avg);
getch();
}

Output: The average value of four numbers was obtained based on the numbers given
by user.
Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:

/*WAP TO CALCULATE VOLUME OF CUBOID*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float l,b,h,v;
printf("Enter value of length,breadth and height");
scanf("%f%f%f",&l,&b,&h);
v=l*b*h;
printf ("The volume of the cuboid=%f",v);
getch();
}

Output: The volume of cuboid was calculated based on user’s input.

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO READ PRICES OF TWO PENS AND 5 COPIES AOF SAME TYPE AND CALCULATE THE A
MOUNT AFTER 10% DISCOUNT*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int pen,copy,total;
float dp;
printf("Enter unit price of pen and copy");
scanf("%d%d",&pen,&copy);
total=(2*pen)+(5*copy);
dp=0.9*total;
printf("After discounting 10% from rs %d , You have to pay rs %f",total,dp);
getch();
}

Output: Simple intrest based to User’s input.

Q. NO. 11)

Source Code:

/*WAP TO CALCULATE TIME GIVEN FOR C-PROGRAMMING IN A MONTH IN SECONDS*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int hr,min,sec;
int t;
printf("Enter time given for C-Programming study a day at your home in hours,minutes and seconds");
scanf("%d%d%d",&hr,&min,&sec);
t=(hr*3600)+(min*60)+sec;
printf("time given for C-Programming in a month=%d seconds",t*30);
getch();
}

Output: Time given for c-programming in a month in second.

Q. NO. 12)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO READ USER’S NAME AND AGE AND TO DISPLAY IT*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
char first_name[40];
char last_name[40];
printf("Enter your first name, last name and age");
scanf("%s%s%d",&first_name,&last_name,&age);
printf("Hello %s %s , Your age is %d",first_name,last_name,age);
getch();
}

Output: User’s name and age.

Q. NO. 13)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO DISPLAY CHARACTER ENTERED BY USER*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char a;
printf("Enter a character");
scanf("%c",&a);
printf("The character entered by you is %c",a);
getch();
}

Output: Character entered by the user.

 Analysis and Discussion
Here, during the lab report, i understood how pre-defined functions like printf,
scanf, and about variable types. We have solved varieties of problems here which
helps us to visualize the situation and understanding clearly how does a compiler
executes the program.
 Lab Report-2
Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
/*WAP THAT CONVERTS SECONDS TO MINUTES*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int sec,t;
int min;
printf("Enter seconds");
scanf("%d",&sec);
t=sec;
sec=sec%60;
min=(t-sec)/60;
printf ("%d is equiavelnt to %d minutes %d seconds",t,min,sec);
getch();
}

Output: minutes equivalent to given seconds.

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO ILLUSTRATE PREFIX INCREAMENT OPERATOR*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x=5,v;
v=++x * ++x + ++x;
printf ("the value of v is %d",v);
getch();
}

Output: 57
Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:

/*WAP TO DETERMINE GREATEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter three numbers");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if (a>b)
if (a>c)
printf("a is greatest. i.e. %d",a);
else
printf("c if greatest. i.e. %d",c);
else
if(b>c)
printf("b is greatest. i.e. %d",b);
else
printf ("c is greatest. i.e. %d",c);
getch();
}

Output: Greatest among three numbers

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO DETERMINE GREATEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z;
clrscr();
x=30000,y=20000;
z=x+y;
printf ("sum=%d",z);
getch();
}

Output: 50000
When x=-30000 and y=-20000, Output: -50000

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO RUN AND OBSERVE THE RESULT*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float a; char b; long int c; unsigned int e;
printf("Enter value of a");
scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Enter value of b");
scanf(" %c",&b); /*Note: put space before %c because when we hit enter, the compiler treats enter as an charact
er input.*/
printf("Enter value of c and e");
scanf("%ld%u",&c,&e);
printf ("value of a=%f\nvalue of b=%c\nvalue of c=%ld\nvalue of e=%u",a,b,c,e);
getch();
}

Output: a real number,a character, a long integer, modulus of a number

Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CONVERT CENTIGRADE MEASURE TO
FAHRENHEIT*/ #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float c,f;
printf("Enter value in centigrade");
scanf("%f",&c);
printf ("%f degree centigrade is equivalent to %f Farenheit",c,(1.8*c)+32);
getch();
}

Output: Fahrenheit equivalent to given centigrade

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE WHEN THEY ARE CONNECTED TO SERIES A
ND PARALLEL*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned int r1,r2,rs;
float rp;
printf("Enter values of resistances");
scanf("%u%u",&r1,&r2);
rs=r1+r2;
rp=float((r1*r2)/(r1+r2));
printf ("Equivant resistance when connected in series=%u\nEquivant resistance when connected in parallel=
%f",rs,rp);
getch();
}

Output: The corresponding equivalent resistances when connected to series and parallel.
Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE mid point of given two co-ordinates*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float x1,x2,y1,y2,xm,ym;
printf("Enter first point");
scanf("%f%f",&x1,&y1);
printf("Enter second point");
scanf("%f%f",&x2,&y2);
xm=(x1+x2)/2;
ym=(y1+y2)/2;
printf ("The Co-ordinate of mid point is= (%f,%f)",xm,ym);
getch();
}

Output: Mid point corresponding to given points.

Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO CALCULATE Ratio of boys:Girls*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int b,g,v=1;
printf("Enter no. of boys and girls");
scanf("%d%d",&b,&g);
while (v<=1000){
++v;
{
if (b%v==0 && g%v==0)
{
b=b/v;g=g/v;
v=1;
}
}
printf ("The ratio of Boys:girls=%d:%d",b,g);
getch();
}

Output: Ratio of boys and girls based on user’s input.

Q. NO. 10a)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO EVALUATE VALUE OF SOME EXPRESSIONS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float x,y,S;
printf("Enter Enter values of x and y");
scanf("%f%f",&x,&y);
S=pow(x,5)+(0.2*x*y)+pow(y,7)
printf ("The value of S is=%f",S);
getch();
}
Output: value of S baed on user’s input.
Q. NO. 10b)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO EVALUATE VALUE OF SOME EXPRESSIONS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,x,y,p,q,c,f;
printf("Enter Enter values of a, b, x, y, p, q, c");
scanf("%f%f%f%f%f%f%f",&a,&b,&x,&y,&c,&p,&q);
f=pow((a+b),(2*x+y)*(p-q))+c-100
printf ("The value of f is=%f",f);
getch();
}

Output: value of f baed on user’s input.

Q. NO. 10c)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO EVALUATE VALUE OF SOME EXPRESSIONS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int A,B;
float r;
printf("Enter Enter values of A and B");
scanf("%d%d",&A,&B);
r=(float)A/B;
printf ("The value of r is=%f",r);
getch();
}

Output: Ratio of tow numbers based on user’s Input.

Q. NO. 10d)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO EVALUATE VALUE OF SOME EXPRESSIONS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float r,u,x,v,y,p,u,q,z;
printf("Enter Enter values of u,x,v,y,p,u,q");
scanf("%f%f%f%f%f%f%f",&u,&x,&v,&y,&p,&u,&q);
z=((p*p)/(3*pow(u,2.5)))-(q/(2*v))
r=pow((u/x)+(v/y),5)/pow(z,3.5)
printf ("The value of r is=%f",r);
getch();
}

Output: value of r based on user’s input.

Q. NO. 11)

Source Code:
/*WAP TO SWAP TWO NUMBERS*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
int t=0;
printf ("Enber values of a and b");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
t=a;
a=b;
b=t;
printf("The values of a and b after swapping=%d and %d",a,b);
getch();
}

Output: Values of a and b got interchanged.

Analysis and Discussion

Here, during the lab report, i understood variable types, operator, operands, commands
used in c, getting input from user, displaying output, looping, if condition, etc. We
have solved varieties of problems here which helps us to visualize the situation and
understanding clearly how does a compiler executes the program.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions about variable types, and
pre-defined functions and debug my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on
writing and Understand C -Program.
 Lab Report-3
Theory
Character I/O: It refers to the taking of character from the user and displaying it to the
screen. Character here refers to a single alphabet or symbol. In-bult functions like getch(),
getche(), getchar(), putchar(), scanf(), printf(),etc can be used for this.
String I/O: It refers to the taking of strings from the user and displaying it to the screen.
String refers to a group of characters. In-bult functions like gets(),puts(),scanf(),printf(),etc
can be used for this.
Format Specification: Format specification are the keywords that define the format of the
input or output data items. Format specification consists of the following elements

 % : It is a compulsory character in format specification which indicates that

formatting to the I/O.
 Flag:It is the minus or plus sign used for justification and is optional default being
left justification.
 Width specifier: It is an integer number that defines the number of column for the
output value.
 Precision specifier: It is an integer number that defines the number of digits to be
printed after the decimal point.
 Conversion character: It is a character which describes the data type that is being
dealt with.

Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char a;

printf("Enter a character");
a=getchar();

printf("The entered character is: ");

putchar(a);
return 0;
}
Output: Displays a character entered by the user.
Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char a;
char b[30];

printf("Enter a character");
scanf(" %c",&a);
printf("Enter a string");
scanf("%s",b);
printf("The entered character is:%c",a);
printf("The entered string is:%s",b);
return 0;
}
Output: Displays a character and the first word from the string entered by the user.

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char a[30];

printf("Enter a string");
gets(a);
printf("The entered string is:");
puts(a);
return 0;
}
Output: Displays the first word from the string entered by the user.

Q. NO. 4)
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int a=12345;
printf("\ncase 1:%d",a);
printf("\ncase 2:%i",a);
printf("\ncase 3:%15d",a);
printf("\ncase 4:%-15d",a);
printf("\ncase 5:%015d",a);
printf("\ncase 6:-+15d",a);
printf("\ncase 7:%3d",a);
}
Output:

case 1:12345
case 2:12345
case 3: 12345
case 4:12345
case 5:000000000012345
case 6:-+15d
case 7:12345

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float main(){
float n=123.9876;
printf("\ncase 1:%f",n);
printf("\ncase 2:%e",n);
printf("\ncase 3:%g",n);
printf("\ncase 4:%15.4f",n);
printf("\ncase 5:%015.4e",n);
printf("\ncase 6:%8f",n);
printf("\ncase 7:%2.2f",n);
}

Output:
case 1:123.987602
case 2:1.239876e+002
case 3:123.988
case 4: 123.9876
case 5:00001.2399e+002
case 6:123.987602
case 7:123.99
Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float main(){
float n=123.9876;
printf("\ncase 1:%f",n);
printf("\ncase 2:%e",n);
printf("\ncase 3:%g",n);
printf("\ncase 4:%15.4f",n);
printf("\ncase 5:%015.4e",n);
printf("\ncase 6:%8f",n);
printf("\ncase 7:%2.2f",n);
}
Output:
case 1:123.987602
case 2:1.239876e+002
case 3:123.988
case 4: 123.9876
case 5:00001.2399e+002
case 6:123.987602
case 7:123.99

Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char ch="a";
printf("\ncase 1:%c",ch);
printf("\ncase 2:%10c",ch);
printf("\ncase 3:%-10c",ch);
return 0;
}

Output:
case 1:d
case 2: d
case 3:d

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char ch[20]="I Love Baglung.";
printf("\ncase 1:%s",ch);
printf("\ncase 2:%18s",ch);
printf("\ncase 3:%-18s",ch);
printf("\ncase 4:%18.8s",ch);
printf("\ncase 5:%-18.9s",ch);
printf("\ncase 6:%5s",ch);
printf("\ncase 7:%10s",ch);
return 0;
}
Output:
case 1:I Love Baglung.
case 2: I Love Baglung.
case 3:I Love Baglung.
case 4: I Love B
case 5:I Love Ba
case 6:I Love Baglung.
case 7:I Love Baglung.

Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int n=12345;
float m=123.9876;
char ch='a';
char str[20]="I love Baglung";
printf("n=%7dm=%12.5fch=%-2cstr=%16s",n,m,ch,str);
return 0;
}
Output:

n= 12345m= 123.98760ch=a str= I love Baglung

Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int a,b;
printf("Enter an integer:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("The read and stored value of a=%d",a);
printf("Enter an integer:");
scanf("%3d",&b);
printf("The read and stored value of b=%d",b);
return 0;
}
Output: Prints value of a and b based on user’s input.

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char str[50];
printf("ENter a string");
scanf("%10c",&str);
printf("Read string is: %s",str);
return 0;
}

Output:
Input: Helloooooooooooooooooooo
Output: Helloooooo

Q. NO. 11)
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char str[70];
printf("How old are you:");
scanf("%[a-z0-9]",str);
printf("Read string is: %s",str);
return 0;
}
Output:

Q. NO. 12)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
char str[70];
printf("Enter a string");
scanf("%[^M]",str);
printf("Read string is: %s",str);
return 0;
}

Output:
Analysis and Discussion
Here, during the lab report, i understood about formatted input and output. How a
string can be stored in a variable. Also, we learned about the alignment of the string.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions about formatted input and
output and debug my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on writing and
Understand C -Program.

Lab Report-4
Background Theory:
Simple if statement: It is a decision making statement in c which performs a set of
instruction only when the test expression is satisfied.
Syntax: if (test expression)
{
code ;
code ;
}
Nested if statement: If there is an if statement within an if statement than that is known as
nested if statement.
Syntax: if (test expression)
{
if (test expression)
{
code ;
}
}
if….else statement: This is similar to simple if statement with the only difference being that
if the test expression is not satisfied the control is automatically shifted to else statement
block.
Syntax: if (test expression)
{
code ;
code ;
}
else
{
code ;
code ;
}
Nested if….else statement: Like nested if statement, if there is if…..else statement within
if…..else statement than that is known as nested if…..else statement.
Syntax: if (test expression)
{
code ;
}
else
if (test expression)
{
code ;
code ;
}
else
{
code ;
code ;
}
}
Switch statement: A switch statement is a type of selection control mechanism used
to allow the value of a variable or expression to change the control flow of program.
Syntax: switch(a) (a is a numerical or character type variable)
{
case 1:
code;
break;
case 2:
code;
break;
case n:
code;
break;
default:
code:
}
Q. NO. 1)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Read User’s age.
3. Is age>65?
 Yes: You will get seniority allowance.
 No: You will not get seniority allowance.
4. Stop.

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int age;
printf("Enter your age");
scanf("%d",&age);
if (age>65)
{
    printf("seniority is allowed");
}
else{
         printf("seniority is not allowed");
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 2)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter an integer.
3. Is the number >0?
 Yes: Display Positive number.
 No: Check whether the no. is negative or zero.
4. Is the number <0?
 Yes: Display Negative number.
 No: Display Zero.
5. Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int num;
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num>0)
{
    printf("Positive number");
}
if (num<0)
{
    printf("Negative number");
}
else{
         printf("Zero");
}

    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 3)

1. Algorithm: Start
2. Read sides of the triangle a, b & c.
3. Is a+b>c And is b+c>a And c+a>b?
 Yes:
a+b+ c
s=
2
Display Area=√ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c )
 No:
Display the triangle doesn’t exist.
4. Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
    float a,b,c,s,area;
printf("Enter three sides of the triangle");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if (a+b>c && b+c>a && c+a>b)
{
   s=(a+b+c)/2;
   area=sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
   printf("\n\nArea of the triangle is: %f",area);
}
else{
         printf("The triangle doesn't exist.");
}

    return 0;
}
Output:

Q. NO. 4)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter a letter (ch).
3. Is ch≥ ' a’ And ch≤‘z’?
 Yes: Display Lowercase
 No: Check if it is an Uppercase.
4. Is ch≥ ' A’ And ch≤ ‘Z’?
 Yes: Display Uppercase
 No: Display Invalid Character. Enter alphabet letter only.
5. Stop.

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
char c;
int ch=c;
printf("ENter a character\n");
ch=getchar();
if (ch>=65 && ch<=90)
{
  printf("Uppercase");
}
if (ch>=97 && ch=<122)
{
   printf("Lower case");
}
    getch();
}

Output:

Q. NO. 5)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter a number n.
3. Is n mod 2=0?
 Yes: Check if n>100?
o Yes: Display the number is even and greater than zero.
o No: Display the number is even but not greater than zero.
 No: Check if n mod 11=0?
o Yes: Check if n mod 7≠ 0?
 Yes: Display the given number is odd. It is divisible by 11 but not by 7.
 No: Display The given number is odd . It is divisible by both 11 & 7.
o No: Display The given number is odd but not divisible by 11.
4. Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
unsigned int num;
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%u",&num);
if(num%2==0){
    if(num>100){
        printf("The number is Even and greater than 100");
    }
else{
printf("The number is even but not greater than 100");}
}
else{
    if(num%11==0 && num%7!=0){
        printf("The number is odd as well as divisible by 11 but not by 7");
    }
    else{
    printf("The number is simply Odd.");
    }
}
    return 0;
}
Output:

Q. NO. 6)

Algorithm:
6) Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Enter values of A,B and C.
3. D=B2-4AC
4. Check if D>0?
−b+ √ D −b− √ D
 Yes: Display the unequal and distinct Roots are: x1¿ And x2¿
2a 2a
 No: Check if D<0?
 Yes: D=|D|
−b+i √ D −b−i √ D
 Display the imaginary roots are Roots are: x1¿ And x2¿
2a 2a
−b
 No: Display The real and equal roots are: x¿
2a
5. Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
float a,b,c,d,x1,x2;
printf("ENter the values of a,b and c corresponding to the standard quadratic equa
tion");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
d=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(d>0){
    x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
    x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
    printf("The real and unequal roots are %f and %f",x1,x2);
}
else if(d<0){
d=-d;
x1=(-b/2*a);
x2=(sqrt(d)/(2*a));
printf("The imaginary and unequal roots are %f+i%f and %f-i%f",x1,x2,x1,x2);
}
else{
    x1=(-b/(2*a));
    printf("The real and equal roots are %f and %f",x1,x1);
}

    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 7)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter value of x.
3. Check if x≤ 0?
Yes: Display 0.
No: Goto step 4.
4. Check if 0<x≤ 10?
Yes: Display x(x-10)(x-15)
No: Goto step 5.
5. Check if Is 10<x≤ 15?
Yes: Display (x-10)(x-20)(x-30)
No: Goto step 6.
6. Check if 15<x≤ 20?
Yes: Display (x-15)(x-20)(x-30)
No: Goto step 7.
7. Check if 30<x≤ 20?
Yes: Display (x-20)(x-30)(x-40)
No: Display 0.
8. Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float x;
printf ("ENter the value of x");
scanf("%f",&x);
if (x<=0)
{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",0);
}
else if (x>0 && x<=10)
{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",x*(x-10)*(x-15));
}
else if (x>10 && x<=15)
{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",(x-10)*(x-15)*(x-20));
}
else if (x>15 && x<=20)
{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",(x-15)*(x-20)*(x-30));
}
else if (x>20 && x<=30)
{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",(x-20)*(x-30)*(x-40));
}
else{
    printf("The value of x is: %f",0);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 8)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter the number of the day.
3. Check if day=1?
Yes: Display Sunday.
No: Goto step 4.
4. Check if day=2?
Yes: Display Monday.
No: Goto step 5.
5. Check if day=3?
Yes: Display Tuesday.
No: Goto step 6.
6. Check if day=4?
Yes: Display Wednesday.
No: Goto step 7.
7. Check if day=5?
Yes: Display Display Thursday.
No: Goto step 8.
8. Check if day=6?
Yes: Display Display Friday.
No: Goto step 9.
9. Check if day=7?
Yes: Display Display Saturday.
No: Display enter number ranging form 1 to 7.
Goto step 2
10. Stop.
Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int day;
printf("Enter the corresponding number day");
scanf("%d",&day);
switch (day)
{
case 1: printf("The day is Sunday");
    break;
case 2: printf("The day is Monday");
    break;
case 3: printf("The day is Tuesday");
    break;
case 4: printf("The day is Wednesday");
    break;
case 5: printf("The day is Thrusday");
    break;
case 6: printf("The day is Friday");
    break;
case 7: printf("The day is Saturday");
    break;                    
default: printf("ENter the number ranging from 1-7");
    break;
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 9)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Enter two numbers a and b.
3. Enter the operation (op) you want to perform.
4. Is op=“+”?
Yes: Display a+b.
No: Goto step 5.
5. Is op=“-”?
Yes: Display a-b.
No: Goto step 6.
6. Is op= =“*”?
Yes: Display a*b.
No: Goto step 7.
7. Is op=“/”?
Yes: Display a/b.
No: Goto step 8.
8. Is op=“%”?
Yes: Display a%b.
No: Goto step 9.
9. Stop.

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    float a,b;
    int op;
    printf("Enter two numbers");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
printf("Which operation do you want to perform?\n");
printf("Hint: Press 1 for addition \n");
printf("      Press 2 for subtraction \n");
printf("      Press 3 for multiplication \n");
printf("      Press 4 for division \n");
scanf("%d",&op);

switch (op){
case 1: {printf("The addition of given number is:  %f",a+b);
    break;
}
case 2: {printf("The subtraction of given number is:  %f",a-b);
    break;
}

case 3: {printf("The multiplication of given number is:  %f",a*b);
    break;
}

case 4: {printf("The division of given number is:  %f",a/b);
    break;
}
default: {
    printf("Enter valid operation");
    break;
}
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter two numbers5

Which operation do you want to perform?

Hint: Press 1 for addition

Press 2 for subtraction

Press 3 for multiplication

Press 4 for division

The addition of given number is: 8.000000

Q. NO. 10)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. N=N+1
3. Is N<=100?
Yes: Enter a integer value and store in x.
Is x mod 9=0 And x mod 6≠ 0 ?And x>1 And x<100?
Yes: m=m+1
 sum=sum+x
No: Goto step 3.
No: Ask user if he wants to enter more input.
Yes: N=N-2
No: Is m=0?
Yes: Display No such number was entered which is divisible by 9 but not by 6 and
which lies between 1 to 100.
No: average=sum/m
Display sum and average.
4. Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int num=0,count=0,sum=0;
float avg;
char ch;
int main(){
    int a;
Y:    
if (num<=100)
{
    
    num=num+1;
    X:
    printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&a);
    if (a%9==0 && a%6!=0 && a>1 && a<100) {sum=sum+num;count=count+1;}
goto Y;

}
else{
printf("Do you want to enter more number?  y--->Yes     n---->no");
ch=getch();
if (ch=='y')
{
   goto X;
}
else if(ch=='n'){
    if (count!=0)
    {
         avg=(float)(sum/count);
printf("There were found %d numbers whose sum are %d and average is %f",count,sum,
avg);
    }
    else{
        printf("No such numbers were found!");
    }
   
}

}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Analysis and discussion
Questions were moderate with some involving higher level of thinking. Mostly the
question dealt with simple if condition and some of them were very logical.

Conclusion
In conclusion, lab 4made me clear of the concept of if…else like how we can use to
calculate different series and solve different mathematical problems with it. Moreover
it also made me clear how multiple lines of code, if suitable, can be shortened down
with the concept of if/else.

Lab Report-5
Theory
Looping in C : looping refers to doing a certain sets of instruction repetitively until a certain
criteria is met.While, Do..While,For statement are the satements that do looping in c.
for Loop: For loop is the repition of codes using for statement where a variable is initialized a
certain value and an expression is tested for each while the value is incremented.
Syntax:for(initialization expression;test expression;update expression)
{
code;
}
while loop: It is also repition of code using while statement where each time a certain
expression is tested at the beginning of the loop and if the expression is true than only the loops
gets executed.
Syntax: while(test expression)
{
code;
}
Do…..While loop: It is similar to while loop but the only difference is that the expression is
tested at the end of the loop.It is done using Do…while statement.
Syntax: do
{
code;
} while(test expression);
break Statement: Break statement in c is used to exit out of the loop.Whenever break;
statement is encountered in the loop it immediately causes the control to leave the looping.
Syntax: break;
continue Statement: continue statement in c is used to take the control to the beginning of the
loop.
Syntax: continue;
goto statement: This is used to take the control to a specified line.
Syntax: goto label1;
 code;
code;
label1:
code;

Q. NO. 1a)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i and n
Step 2: Read n
Step 3: i=0;
Step 4: Is I < n ?
Yes:goto Step 5
No: goto Step10
Step 5: Display i+1
Step 6: i=i+1
Step 7: goto step 4
Step 8: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int i;
system("cls");
for ( i = 0; i <=255; i++)
{
   printf("%d=%c\t",i,i);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 1b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int a=10;
system("cls");
printf("%d",a);
a=a+50;
printf("%d",a);
    return 0;
}

Output: Result: 1060

Q. NO. 2)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i and n
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0;
Step 5: Is i < n ?
Yes:Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 9
Step 6: Display i+1 and n-i
Step 7: i=i+1
Step 8: Go to step 5
Step 9: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int i;
    unsigned int n;
    printf("ENter the value of n");
    scanf("%u",&n);
    printf("1 to %u:\t",n);
    for ( i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
printf("%d\t",i);
    }
    printf("\n%u to 1:\t",n);
    for ( i = n; i >= 1; i--)
    {
printf("%d\t",i);
    }
    
    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 3)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i , n and sum
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 and sum=0;
Step 5: Is i < n ?
Yes: Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 10
Step 6: Is i MOD 2=0?
Yes: Go to Step 7
No: Go to Step 8
Step 7: sum=sum+i
Step 8: i=i+1
Step 9: Go to step 5
Step 10: Display sum
Step 11: Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
) #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
unsigned int n,sum=0,i;
printf("ENter the value of n");
    scanf("%u",&n);
for (i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    if (i%2==0)
    {
        sum+=i;
    }
    
}
printf("Sum of even numbers from 1 to %u=%u",n,sum);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 4)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i , n , sum and fact
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 and fact=1;
Step 5: Is n MOD i =0 ?
Yes: Go to Step 9
No: Go to Step 7
Step 6: sum= ( n*(n+1) )/2
Step 7: Display sum
Step 8: Go to Step 14
Step 9: Is i < n ?
Yes:Go to Step 10
No: Go to Step 13

Step 10: fact= fact*i

Step 11: i=i+1
Step 12: Go to Step 9
Step 13: Display fact
Step 14: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
))) #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
int n,sum=0,i,product=1;
printf("ENter the value of n");
    scanf("%d",&n);
for (i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    if (n%2==0)
    {
        product*=i;
    }
    else{
        sum+=i;
    }
}
if (sum!=0)
{
    printf("Sum of natural numbers from 1 to %d is: %d",n,sum);
}
else{
printf("Product of natural numbers from 1 to %d is: %d",n,product);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

ENter the value of n5

Sum of natural numbers from 1 to 5 is: 15

Q. NO. 5)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i and n and fact
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 and fact=1;
Step 5: Is n – integer (n)=0 ?
Yes: Go to Step 8
No: Go to Step 6
Step 6: Display "The factorial of the given number cannot be calculated."
Step 7: Go to Step 12
Step 8: Is i < n ?
Yes:Go to Step 9
No: Go to Step 12

Step 9: fact= fact*i

Step 10: i=i+1
Step 11: Go to step 8
Step 12: Display fact
Step 13: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
float product=1,num;
float i;
printf ("ENter the number whose factorial is to be calculated.");
scanf("%f",&num);
if ((int)(num)!=num || num<0 )
{
printf ("Factorial cannot be calculated");
}
else{
        for (i = 1;i <= num;i++)
{
    product*=i;
}
printf("The factorial of %f=%f",num,product);
}
return 0;
}

Output:
ENter the number whose factorial is to be calculated.6

The factorial of 6.000000=720.000000

Q. NO. 6)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i , n , x , num and den
Step 3: Read n and x
Step 4: i=0 , den=1 , num=1
Step 5: Is i < n ?
Yes:Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 9

Step 6: den= den * i , num=num*x

Step 7: i=i+1
Step 8: Go to step 5
Step 9: Display num/den
Step 10: Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    float i;
    unsigned int n;
    float x,num=1,den=1;
printf("Enter the valude of x and n.");
scanf("%f",&x);
scanf("%u",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
    num*=x;
    den*=(float)i;
}
printf("The value for the expression (%f^%u)/(%u!)=(%f)",x,n,n,(num/den));
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the valude of x and n.5

The value for the expression (5.000000^2)/(2!)=(12.500000)

Q. NO. 7)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i , n , x , prev and term
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 , prev=1 , term=2
Step 5: Display 0
Step 6: Is i < n ?
Yes:Go to Step 7
No: Go to Step 11

Step 7: display term

Step 8: x=term , term=term+prev , prev=x
Step 9: i=i+1
Step 10: Go to step 6
Step 11: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int current=1,previous=0,next;
int n,i; // stands for nth terrm 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,....
printf("Which term of fibonacci series do you want?");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 2; i <=n; i++)
{
    next=previous+current;
    previous=current;
    current=next;
}
printf("The %dth term of fibonacci series = %d ",n,current);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Which term of fibonacci series do you want?6

The 6th term of fibonacci series = 8

Q. NO. 8)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables n , r and sum
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 and sum=0
Step 5: r= a MOD 10
Step 6: sum=sum+r
Step 7: n=n/10
Step 8: Is n=0 ?
Yes:Go to Step 9
No: Go to Step 5

Step 9: display term

Step 10: Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    unsigned int num,i,rem,sum=0,x;
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%u",&num);
x=num;
while(rem!=0){
rem=x%10;
sum+=rem;
x/=10;
}
printf("The sum of the digits of the number %u = %u",num,sum);
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the number 5526

The sum of the digits of the number 5526 = 18

Q. NO. 9a)
 Algorithm:
To check palindrome
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables n , a , r and sum
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=0 , sum=0 and a=n
Step 5: r= a MOD 10
Step 6: sum=sum+r
Step 7: n=n/10
Step 8: Is n=0 ?
Yes:Go to Step 9
No: Go to Step 5

Step 9: is sum=a ?
Yes: Go to Step 10
No: Go to Step 12
Step 10: Display a "is a palindrome"
Step 11: Go to Step 13
Step 12: Display a "is not a palindrome"
Step 13: Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int num,i,x,rem,rev=0;
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d",&num);
x=num;
while (x!=0)
{
rem=x%10;
 rev=rev*10+rem;
x=x/10;
}
if (rev==num)
{
    printf("The given number is a palindrome number.");
}
else{
printf("The given number is not a palindrome number.");
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter a number55255

The given number is a palindrome number.

Q. NO. 9b)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables n , a , l , i , r , p , j , sum
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: a=n , l=0 and sum=0
Step 5: a=a/10
Step 6: l=l+1
Step 7: Is a=0 ?
Yes: Go to step 8
No: Go to step 5
Step 8: a=n
Step 9: Is i< l ?
Yes: Go to Step
No: Go to Step
Step 10: r=a MOD 10
Step 11: a=a/10
Step 12: p=1 and j=0
Step 13: is j<l ?
Yes: Go to Step 14
No: Go to Step 17
Step 14: p=p*r
Step 15: j=j+1
Step 16: Go to Step 13
Step 17: sum=sum+r
Step 18: i=i+1
Step 19: Go to Step 9
Step 20: Is sum=n ?
Yes: Go to step 21
No: Go to Step 23
Step 21: Display "The number is an armstrong number"
Step 22: Go to Step 24
Step 23: Display "The number is not an armstrong number"
Step 24: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
 int main(){
    int num,i,x,rem,sum=0;
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d",&num);
x=num;
while (x!=0)
{
rem=x%10;
sum+=(rem*rem*rem);
x=x/10;
}
if (sum==num)
{
    printf("The given number is an armstrong number.");
}
else{
printf("The given number is not an armstrong number.");
}

    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a number153

The given number is an armstrong number.

Q. NO. 9c)

Algorithm:
To check prime
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables i and n
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=2
Step 5: is i <n ?
Yes: Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 11
Step 6: Is n MOD i=0?
Yes: Go to Step 7
No: Go to Step 9
Step 7: Display n "is not a prime number"
Step 8: Go to Step 12
Step 9: i=i+1
Step 10: Go to step 5
Step 11: Display n "is a prime number"
Step 12: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int num,i,count=0;
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d",&num);
for (i = 2; i <=(num/2); i++)
{
    if (num%i==0)
    {
       count++;
    }
}
if (count==0)
{
    printf("%d is a prime number",num);
}
 else{
    printf("%d is not a prime number",num);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a number53

53 is a prime number

Q. NO. 9d)

Algorithm:
Twin Prime
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables i , n , count1 , count2 , count3
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=2 ,count=0 , coun2 =0 and count3=0
Step 5: Is i <(n+2)/2 ?
Yes: Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 14
Step 6: Is n MOD i=0?
Yes: Go to Step 7
No: Go to Step 8
Step 7: count1=1
Step 8: Is (n-2) MOD i=0
Yes: Go to Step 9
No: Go to Step 10

Step 9: count2=1
Step 10: Is (n+2) MOD i=0
Yes: Go to Step 11
No: Go to Step 12

Step 11: Count3=1

Step 12: i=i+1
Step 13: Go to Step 5
Step 14: Is count1=0 ?
Yes: Go to Step 16
No: Go to Step 15
Step 15: Is count2=0 or count3 =0?
Yes: Go to Step 18
 No: Go to Step 20
Step 16: Display n "is not a prime number"
Step 17: Go to Step 21
Step 18: Display n "is a twin prime number"
Step 19: Go to Step 21
Step 20: Display n "is not a twin prime number"
Step 21: Stop

Flowchart:
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int num1,num2,i,count1=0,count2=0;
    X:
printf("\nEnter two prime numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&num1,&num2);

for (i = 2; i <=(num1/2); i++)
{
    if (num1%i==0)
    {
       count1++;
    }
}
for (i = 2; i <=(num2/2); i++)
{
    if (num2%i==0)
    {
       count2++;
    }
}
if (count1==0 && count2==0)
{
    if (num1-num2==2 || num2-num1==2)
    {
        printf("The given numbers are twin prime numbers.");
    }
    else{
        printf("The given numbers are not twin prime numbers.");
    }
}
else{
    printf("Enter both prime numbers.");
    goto X;
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter two prime numbers 5
3
The given numbers are twin prime numbers.
Q. NO. 10)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Declare variables i and n
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: i=1;
Step 5: Is i ≤ 10 ?
Yes:Go to Step 6
No: Go to Step 9
Step 6: Display n " * " i " = " n*i
Step 7: i=i+1
Step 8: Go to step 5
Step 9: Stop

Flowchart:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int num,i;
    printf("Enter a number");
    scanf("%d",&num);
    for ( i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
    {
        printf("%d X %d = %d\n",num,i,num*i);
    }
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter a number7

7X1=7

7 X 2 = 14

7 X 3 = 21

7 X 4 = 28

7 X 5 = 35

7 X 6 = 42

7 X 7 = 49

7 X 8 = 56

7 X 9 = 63

7 X 10 = 70

Lab Report-6
Background Theory:

 What is nested loop?

 Nested loop is a feature of C which allows us to looping of an statement inside
the loop.

 Nested for loop: It is the condition of having for loop inside a for loop.
Syntax:
for (int i = 0 ; i <count1 ; i++)
{
  for (int j =0 ; j<=count2 ; j++){
  /* code */
  }
}

 Nested while loop: It is the condition of having while loop inside a while loop.
Syntax:
while (test expression 1)
{
    while (test expression 2){
    /* code */
    }
}

 Nested do loop: It is the condition of having do loop inside a do loop.

Syntax:
do
{
    do{
    /* code */
    }while (test expression 2);
} while (test expression 1);

 While: It is a loop which keeps on executing until and unless the test expression
becomes false.
 Break: It is a statement in C programming. Whenever Break statement is
executed, the loop in which break statement was executed gets terminated.
Eg: #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int a=0;
    while(1){
        printf("*");
        if (a==10)
        {
            break;
        }
        a++;
    }
    return 0;
}
 In the above program, when the value of a becomes 10, the loop breaks and
the program finally gets terminated.

 Continue: It is a statement in C programming. Whenever continue statement is

executed in a loop, it simply goes at the test expression without executing the
further program.
Eg: #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
  int i,n=2;
X  for ( i = 1; i <=20; i++)
  {
     if (i==n)
     {
         n=n+2;
         continue;
     }
    printf("%d\t",i); 
  }
  
    return 0;
}

The output of the above program is simply odd number from 1 to 19. Initially
when i=2 and n=2(initialized), as i=n, if condition becomes true and the
statement inside if condition gets executed. n becomes 4 and continue
statement gets executed. That means without executing printf statement, it
simply redirectes to label X.

 Goto statement: It is a statement in C programming. Whenever goto statement

is executed, it simply goes at the described label.
Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int m,n,i;
printf("Enter values of m and n.");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    printf("%d X %d = %d\n",m,i,m*i);
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter values of m and n.5

5X1=5

5 X 2 = 10

5 X 3 = 15

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int row=8,column=8,i,j;
for(i=1;i<=row;i++){
for ( j = 1; j <=column; j++)
    if ((i+j)%2==0)
    {
        printf("\xdb"); //Used for printing white space
    }
    else{
        printf(" ");
    }
   printf("\n"); 
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int n1,n2,temp,i,j,count1=0,count2=0,arm1=0,arm2=0,rem1=0,rem2=0,sum1=0,sum2=0;
printf("Enter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2);

//Swap
if (n1>n2)
{
    temp=n2;
    n2=n1;
    n1=temp;
}
int x1=n1,x2=n2;
for ( i = 1; i <=n1; i++)
{
    if (n1%i==0)
    {
        count1++;
    }
    
}
for ( i = 1; i <=n2; i++)
{
    if (n2%i==0)
    {
        count2++;
    }
}
while(x1!=0){
rem1=x1%10;
sum1+=(rem1*rem1*rem1);
x1/=10;
}
if (sum1==n1)
{
    arm1=1;
}
while(x2!=0){
rem2=x2%10;
sum2+=(rem2*rem2*rem2);
x2/=10;
}
if (sum2==n2)
{
    arm2=1;
}
if (count1<=2)
{
    printf("%d is a prime number\n",n1);
}
if (count2<=2)
{
    printf("%d is a prime number\n",n2);
}
if (arm1==1)
{
    printf("%d is an armstrong number\n",n1);
}
if (arm2==1)
{
    printf("%d is an armstrong number\n",n2);
}
printf("%d is divisible by %d numbers\n",n1,count1);
printf("%d is divisible by %d numbers\n",n2,count2);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter two numbers5

6
5 is a prime number

5 is divisible by 2 numbers

6 is divisible by 4 numbers

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
unsigned int num,sum=0;
do
{
printf("Enter the number\n");
scanf("%u",&num);
sum+=num;
} while (num);
printf("The sum of the numbers is %d\n",sum);
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the number

65

Enter the number

Enter the number

The sum of the numbers is 68

Q. NO. 5a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int n,i;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%d,",i);
    }
    else{
    printf("%d",i);
    }
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Upto which term do you want to print?

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

Q. NO. 5b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int n,i;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%d,",2*i);
    }
    else{
    printf("%d",2*i);
    }
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Upto which term do you want to print?

2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18

Q. NO. 5c)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){   //to print 1,2,5,10,17,26,....,n    //Either (n^2+1) OR (previous nu
mber+nth odd number)
int n,i,odd=-1;
int previous_number=2,sum;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    sum=previous_number+odd;
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%d,",sum);
    }
    else{
    printf("%d",sum);
    }
    odd+=2;
    previous_number=sum;

}
    return 0;
}

Alternative:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){   //to print 1,2,5,10,17,26,....,n    //Either (n^2+1) OR (previous nu
mber+nth odd number)
int n,i;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 0; i <=n; i++)
{
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%d,",(i*i+1));
    }
    else{
    printf("%d",(i*i+1));
    }

}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Upto which term do you want to print?

1,2,5,10,17,26,37,50,65,82

Q. NO. 5d)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float n,i;
float x;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%f",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    x=((i*i)+((i+1)*(i+1)))/(i+1);
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%f,",x);
    }
    else{
    printf("%f",x);
    }

}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Upto which term do you want to print?

2.500000,4.333333,6.250000,8.200000,10.166667,12.142858,14.125000,16.111111,18.100000

Q. NO. 5e)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){   
float n,i;
printf("Upto which term do you want to print?\n");
scanf("%f",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=(2*n-1); i+=2)
{
    
    if (i<n)
    {
        printf("%f,",1/i);
    }
    else{
    printf("%f",1/i);
    }

}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Upto which term do you want to print?
9

1.000000,0.333333,0.200000,0.142857,0.1111110.0909090.0769230.0666670.058824

Q. NO. 6a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int n,i,sum=0;
printf("Upto which term do you want to do sum of?");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i = 2; i <=2*n; i+=2)
{
    sum+=i; 
}
printf("Sum of the %d terms=%d",n,sum);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Upto which term do you want to do sum of?8

Sum of the 8 terms=72

Q. NO. 6b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float sign=1,num=1,den=1,n,term=0,sum=0,i,j,factorial=1;
printf("Upto which term do you want of sum of?");
scanf("%f",&n);
for (i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
    for(j=1;j<=(i-1);j++){
factorial*=j;
    }
    den=factorial;
   factorial=1;
    term=(sign)*(num/den);
    sum+=term;
     sign*=-1;
}
printf("sum=%f",sum);
    return 0;
}

Output:
Upto which term do you want of sum of?9

sum=0.367882

Q. NO. 6c)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float sign=1,num=1,den=1,n,term=0,sum=0,i,j,factorial=1,x;
printf("Enter the value of x");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf("Upto which term do you want of sum of?");
scanf("%f",&n);
for (i = 0; i <=(n-1); i++)
{
    for(j=1;j<=2*i;j++){
factorial*=j;
num*=x;
    }
    den=factorial;
   factorial=1;                 //Factorial Reset
    term=(sign)*(num/den);
    sum+=term;
    num=1;                      //Numerator Reset
     sign*=-1;
}

printf("sum=%f",sum);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the value of x5
Upto which term do you want of sum of?9

sum=0.284220

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float num=1,den=1,n,term=0,sum=0,i,j,factorial=1,x;
printf("Enter the value of x");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf("Upto which term do you want of sum of?");
scanf("%f",&n);
for (i = 0; i <=(n-1); i++)
{
    for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
factorial*=j;
num*=x;
    }
    den=factorial;
   factorial=1;                 //Factorial Reset
    term=(num/den);
    sum+=term;
    num=1;                      //Numerator Reset
}

printf("sum=%f",sum);

    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the value of x6

Upto which term do you want of sum of?9

sum=341.799988

Q. NO. 8a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int n,i,j;
    printf("Enter the value of n");
    scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i =1; i <=n; i++)
{
    for ( j = 1; j<=i; j++)
    {
        printf("%d",j);
    }
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the value of n5

12

123

1234

12345

Q. NO. 8b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int n,i,j;
    printf("Enter the value of n");
    scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=n; i>=1; i--)
{
    for ( j = i; j>=1; j--)
    {
        printf("%d ",j);
    }
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the value of n6

654321

54321

4321

321

21

Q. NO. 8c)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int n,i,j;
    char str[10]={'N','E','P','A','L'};
    n=5;
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
    printf("%d ",i+1);
    for ( j = 0; j<=i; j++)
    {
        printf("%c ",str[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
1N

2EE

3PPP
4AAAA

5LLLLL

Q. NO. 8d)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int n,i,j;
    char alphabet='A';
    n=5;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
    
    for ( j = 1; j<=i; j++)
    {
        printf("%c ",alphabet);
    }
    alphabet++;
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
A

BB

CCC

DDDD

EEEEE

Q. NO. 8e)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
     int n,i,j,x;
    char star='*';
    char hash='#';
    n=5;
    x=n;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
    
    for ( j = 1; j<=5; j++)
    {
        if (j>=x)
        {
            printf("%c ",star);
        }
        else{
            printf("%c ",hash);
        }
    }
    x--;
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
####*

###**

##***

#****

*****

Lab 5 and 6
Analysis and discussion
Questions were moderate with some involving higher level of thinking. Mostly the
question dealt with loops and nested loops. Lab 5 mainly consisted of math problems
while lab 6 consisted of printing different series and sum common thing being concept
of looping.

Conclusion
In conclusion, lab 5 and 6 made me clear of the concept of looping like how we can
use to calculate different series and solve different mathematical problems with it.
Moreover it also made me clear how multiple lines of code, if suitable, can be
shortened down with the concept of loop.

Lab Report-7
Theory
Function: A function is a self-contained program that carries out a specific and well defined
task.
Advantages of using function: The man advantages of using function are:
1. It avoids repetition of codes.
2. It makes it easy to modify and debug program.
3. It makes it easier to understand the program.
Function Declaration: Declaration of the function and its type at the beginning of the
program is known as function declaration.
Syntax: Return_type function_name (argument type1,argument type 2);
Categories of function:There are two categories of function which are:-
 Library Function:These are the function that have already been written, compiled and
place in libraries.printf(), scanf(), getch(), are the examples of library function.

 User defined function: These are the function which the user defines in his/her
program.

Function call: A function remains inactive unless a call is made to the fuction and this is
known as function call.
Function call can be further divided to two types which are:-
Call by value: Calling a function by passing the arguments is known as call by value.
Syntax: function_name(arg 1 , arg 2); (if it’s a return type function than the value which it
returns can be stored in a variable)
Call by reference: Calling the function by passing the address of the arguments is known as
call by reference.
Syntax: function_name( &arg 1 , &arg 2); (if it’s a return type function than the value
which it returns can be stored in a variable)

Types of user defined function: User defined function can further be divide to:-
 Non-Return Type: This type of function do not return anything when they are called.
Syntax: void Function_name()
{
code;
 }
 Return Type: This type of function returns based on the return type declared
whenever its call is made.
Syntax: return type function_name(arg 1,arg 2,arg 3)
{
code;
return(return expression);
}

Recursion: It is the process of calling a function by the function itself.

Recursive Function: The function which calls itself are known as recursive function.
Base Case: It is the criteria required to break out of the recursive function.
Scope variable: Scope of variable refers to the extent up to which a variable is available.
Storage class: Storage class is what defines the life-time of variables in a program.There are
four storage class in c which are:-
 auto storage class
 register storage class
 static storage class
 extern storage class

Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float add(int,float);
int main(){
int n1;
float n2;
float sum;
printf("Enter the value of integer number");
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf("Enter the value of float number");
scanf("%f",&n2);
sum=add(n1,n2);
printf("Enter the Sum of the numbers=%f",sum);
    return 0;
}
float add(int x,float y){
return (float)(x)+y;
}
 Output:

Enter the value of integer number5

Enter the value of float number2.7

Enter the Sum of the numbers=7.700000

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<Conio.h>
void SumOfDigits(int);
int main(){
int n;
printf("Enter the number.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
SumOfDigits(n);
    return 0;
}
void SumOfDigits(int x){
int y,rem=0,sum=0;
y=x;
while (y!=0)
{
    rem=y%10;
    sum+=rem;
    y/=10;
}
printf("The sum of the digits of the number %d = %d",x,sum);
}

Output:
Enter the number.

5526

The sum of the digits of the number 5526 = 18

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unsigned int fact(unsigned int);
int main(){
    unsigned int n;
    printf("Enter the number.\n");
    scanf("%u",&n);
    printf("The factorial of %u = %u",n,fact(n));
    return 0;
}
unsigned int fact(unsigned int x){
if(x==1 || x==0){
    return 1;
}
else{
    return x*fact(x-1);
}
}

Output:
Enter the number.

The factorial of 5 = 120

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void check_prime(int);
int main(){
    int n;
printf("Enter the value of n");
scanf("%d",&n);
check_prime(n);
    return 0;
}
void check_prime(int x){
    int i,count=0;
for ( i = 1; i <=x; i++)
{
    if (x%i==0)
    count++; 
}
if (count>2)
{
    printf("%d is a composite number.",x);
}
else if(count==1){
    printf("%d is neither prime nor Composite numder",x);
}
else if (count<=2){
printf("%d is a prime number.",x);
}
}

Output:
Enter the value of n5

5 is a prime number.

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void menu();
void sum_of_two_numbers();
void sum_of_digits();
void factorial();
void check_prime();
int main(){
    int choice;
    menu();
    X:
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice){
    case 1: {sum_of_two_numbers();break;}
    case 2: {sum_of_digits();break;}
    case 3: {factorial();break;}
    case 4: {check_prime();break;}
    default: {printf("Enter valid choice");goto X;break;}
}
    return 0;
}
void menu(){
    printf("Enter your choices from below:-\n");
    printf("1. Sum of two numbers.\n2.Sum of digits\n3.Factorial of an integer\
n4.Check whether a number is prime or not.\n");
}
void sum_of_two_numbers()
{
int n1;
int n2;
int sum;
printf("Enter the value of first number");
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf("Enter the value of second number");
scanf("%d",&n2);
sum=n1+n2;
printf("Enter the Sum of the numbers=%d",sum);
}

void sum_of_digits(){
int n;
printf("Enter the number.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int y,rem=0,sum=0;
y=n;
while (y!=0)
{
    rem=y%10;
    sum+=rem;
    y/=10;
}
printf("The sum of the digits of the number %d = %d",n,sum);
}

void factorial(){
int n,x,fact=1;
printf("Enter the number.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=n;
if (n==0);
else{
while(x!=0){
fact*=x;
x--;
}
}
printf("The Factorial of %d = %d",n,fact);
}

void check_prime(){
     int x;
printf("Enter the value of n");
scanf("%d",&x);
 int i,count=0;
for ( i = 1; i <=x; i++)
{
    if (x%i==0)
    count++; 
}
if (count>2)
{
    printf("%d is a composite number.",x);
}
else if(count==1){
    printf("%d is neither prime nor Composite numder",x);
}
else if (count<=2){
printf("%d is a prime number.",x);
}
}

Output:
Enter your choices from below:-

1. Sum of two numbers.

2.Sum of digits

3.Factorial of an integer

4.Check whether a number is prime or not.

Enter the number.

5526

The sum of the digits of the number 5526 = 18

Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void countDigits(int,int*,int*);
int main(){
int count_odd=0,count_even=0, num;
int *p1,*p2;
p1=&count_odd;
p2=&count_even;
printf("Enter a number.\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
countDigits(num,p1,p2);
printf("%d contains %d even digits and %d odd digits.",num,count_even,count_odd);
    return 0;
}

void countDigits(int x,int *ptr_odd, int *ptr_even){
    int rem;
while(x!=0){
rem=x%10;
if (rem%2==0)
{
   *ptr_even+=1;
}
else{*ptr_odd+=1;}

x/=10;
}
} 

Output:
Enter a number.

3672

3672 contains 2 even digits and 2 odd digits.

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int findLowest(int,int,int);
int findHighest(int,int,int);

int main(){
    int num1,num2,num3;
    int high,low;
    printf("Enter three numbers. ");
    scanf("%d%d%d",&num1,&num2,&num3);
high=findHighest(num1,num2,num3);
low=findLowest(num1,num2,num3);
printf("Highest value= %d\n",high);
printf("Lowest value= %d",low);
    return 0;
}
int findHighest(int a,int b,int c){
    if (a>b)
    {
        if(a>c)
        {
            return a;
        }
        else{
            return c;
        }
    }
    else{
        if (b>c)
        {
            return b;
        }
        else{
            return c;
        }
    }
}
int findLowest(int a,int b,int c){
    if (a<b)
    {
        if(a<c)
        {
            return a;
        }
        else{
            return c;
        }
    }
    else{
        if (b<c)
        {
            return b;
        }
        else{
            return c;
        }
    }
}

Output:
Enter three numbers. 5

Highest value= 7

Lowest value= 4

Q. NO. 8a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fact(int);
int main(){
    float num;
    int n;
    X:
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%f",&num);
    if (num!=(int)num)
    {
        printf("Factorial of decimal number cannot be calculated. Please enter integ
er number.\n");
        goto X;
    }
    
    if(num<0){
        printf("Factorial of negative number is undefined. Please enter a positive i
nteger value.\n");
        goto X;
    }
    n=(int)num;
    printf("Factorial of %d = %d",n,fact(n));
    return 0;
}
int fact(int n){
    if (n==1 || n==0)
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else{
        return n*fact(n-1);
    }
}

Output:
Enter a number: 6

Factorial of 6 = 720

Q. NO. 8b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float power(float,float);
void main(){
    float x,n,z;
    printf("Enter value of x and n\n");
    scanf("%f%f",&x,&n);
    z=power(x,n);
    printf("The value of %f^%f=%.3f",x,n,z);
    getch();
}
float power(float a,float b){
if(b==1){
    return a;
}
else if(b==0){
    return 1;
}
else{
    return a*power(a,b-1);
}
}

Output:
Enter value of x and n
3

The value of 3.000000^3.000000=27.000

Q. NO. 8c)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int h=1;
int hcf(int,int);
void main(){
    int num1,num2,HCF;
    printf("Enter the numbers whose HCF is to be calculated.\n");
    scanf("%d%d",&num1,&num2);
    HCF=hcf(num1,num2);
    printf("The HCF of %d and %d=%d",num1,num2,HCF);
    getch();
}
int hcf(int a,int b){
int high,i;
if (a>b)
{
    high=a;
}

else if (a<b){
    high=b;
}

else{
    return a;
}
for ( i = 2; i <=high; i++)
{
    if (a%i==0 && b%i==0)
    {
        h*=i;
        return hcf(a/i,b/i);
    } 
}
return h;
}

Output:
Enter the numbers whose HCF is to be calculated.

48

96

The HCF of 48 and 96=48

Q. NO. 8d)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int sum(int);
int main(){
int n;
printf("Enter the value of n upto which you want the sum of.");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("The sum of natural numbers from 1 to %d= %d",n,sum(n));
    return 0;
}
int sum(int n){
    if (n==1)
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else{
        return n+sum(n-1);
    }
}

Output:

Enter the value of n upto which you want the sum of.6

The sum of natural numbers from 1 to 6= 21

Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int sum(int);
int main(){
int n;
printf("Enter the value of n upto which you want the sum of.");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("The sum of numbers upto to %d= %d",n,sum(n));
    return 0;
}
int sum(int n){
    int sign=-1;
    int i;
    for ( i = 1; i <=n; i++)
    {
        sign*=-1;
    }
    if (n==1)
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else{
        return ((sign)*n*n)+sum(n-1);
    }
}

Output:
Enter the value of n upto which you want the sum of.7

The sum of numbers upto to 7= 28

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float power(float,int);
int factorial(int);
int main(){
    float x,sum=0;
int n,sign,i;
sign=-1;
printf("Enter value of x\n");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf("Enter value of n\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( i = 1; i <=((2*n)-1); i+=2)
{
 sign*=-1;
sum+=(sign)*(power(x,i))/factorial(i);
}
printf("The value of sin%.2f=%.2f",x,sum);
    return 0;
}
float power(float x,int n){
    if (n==1)
    {
        return x;
    }
    else{
        return x*(power(x,n-1));
    }
}
int factorial(int n){
    if (n==1)
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else{
        return n*(factorial(n-1));
    }
}

Output:
Enter value of x

Enter value of n

The value of sin5.00=10.21

Analysis and discussion

Questions were moderate with some involving higher level of thinking. Mostly the
question dealt with functions. Lab 5 mainly consisted of math problems while lab 6
consisted of printing different series and sum common thing being concept of function of
return type or non-return type.

Conclusion
In conclusion, lab 7 made me clear of the concept of function like how we can use to
calculate different series and solve different mathematical problems with it. Moreover
it also made me clear how multiple lines of code, if suitable, can be shortened down
with the concept of function. Also this lab made me clear about recursive functions,
return type and non-return type functions.

Lab Report-8
Theory

Array: Array is the collection of similar data types.

Advantages of an array: Using an array have a lot of advantages.It enables us to store a large
data under a single variable name and the elements of an array is also easy to access.

Disadvantages of an array: The main disadvantage of using an array is that on;y data of similar
data type can be stored in an array.

One dimensional array: One dimensional array is the collection of data item in one row only.

Two dimensional array: Two dimensional array is the collection of data items in multiple rows
and columns.

Passing array to function: All the elements of an array are stored

in contiguous storage locations and the name of the array itself
holds the address of the first element. So when we want to pass an
array to a function we can do so by passing the address of the first
element to the function and the function can access the successive
element by increasing pointer value.

1-D Array:
Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,num[6]={4,5,3,2,15};
for ( i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
    printf("%d ",num[i]);
}
    return 0;
}
Output:
4 5 3 2 15 0

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,num[6];
printf("Enter the members of an array");
for ( i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
for ( i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
    printf("%d ",num[i]);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the members of an array3

345678

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,num[5],sum=0;
printf("Enter the members of an array");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i]);
    if (num[i]%10==0 && num[i]%15!=0)
    {
       sum+=num[i];
    }
}
printf("Sum= %d",sum);
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the members of an array3

Sum= 0

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
int i,n;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num1[n],num2[n],sum[n];
printf("Enter the members of first array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num1[i]);
}
printf("Enter the members of second array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num2[i]);
}
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    sum[i]=num1[i]+num2[i];
}
printf("A new array after adding corresponding elements looks like:\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    printf("%d   ",sum[i]);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of first array

Enter the members of second array

A new array after adding corresponding elements looks like:

2 4 6

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,num[5],highest=0,lowest=0;
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}

for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    if (num[i]>highest)
    {
        highest=num[i];
    }
}
lowest=highest;
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    if (num[i]<lowest)
    {
        lowest=num[i];
    }
}
printf("Highest number among array element is %d and lowest element among array el
ement is %d\n",highest,lowest);
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the members of an array

Highest number among array element is 4 and lowest element among array element is 1

Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sort_asc(int[],int);
void sort_dsc(int[],int);
int main(){
int i,n,choice;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
printf("Before sorting: ");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    printf("%d  ",num[i]);
}
X:
printf("In which order do you want to sort?\n1. Ascending order\n2.Descending order
");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice){
    case 1: {
        sort_asc(num,n);
        printf("After sorting in ascending order: ");
        for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            printf("%d      ",num[i]);
        }
    break;
    }
    case 2: {
        sort_dsc(num,n);
        printf("After sorting in ascending order: ");
        for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            printf("%d      ",num[i]);
        }
    break;
    }
    default: {printf("Enter valid choices");goto X; break;}
}
    return 0;
}
void sort_asc(int nu[], int n){
    int temp=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    for(int j = i+1;j<=n;j++){
if (nu[i]>nu[j])
{
    temp=nu[i];
nu[i]=nu[j];
nu[j]=temp;
}
}
}
}

void sort_dsc(int nu[], int n){
    int temp=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    for(int j = i+1;j<=n;j++){
if (nu[i]<nu[j])
{
    temp=nu[i];
nu[i]=nu[j];
nu[j]=temp;
}
}
}
}

Output:
Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of an array

Before sorting: 1 2 3 In which order do you want to sort?

1. Ascending order
2.Descending order
3

Enter valid choices

In which order do you want to sort?

1. Ascending order

2.Descending order2

After sorting in ascending order: 3 2 1

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sort_asc(int[],int);
void sort_dsc(int[],int);
int main(){
int i,n,choice;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[n],num_pow[n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    num_pow[i]=(num[i])*(num[i])*(num[i]);
}
printf("\nBefore raising power:       ");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    printf("%d   ",num[i]);
}
printf("\nAfter raising power:       ");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    printf("%d   ",num_pow[i]);
}
    return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of an array

Before raising power: 1 2 3 4

After raising power: 1 8 27 64

Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unsigned int arm(unsigned int[],unsigned int);
int main(){
    unsigned int n;
    printf("Enter the size of the array: ");
    scanf("%u",&n);
int i;
unsigned int num[n],count=0;
printf("Enter the members of an array");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%u",&num[i]);
}
count=arm(num,n);
printf("There were %u Armstrong numbers among %u members.",count,n);
    return 0;
}
unsigned int arm(unsigned int num[],unsigned int n)
{
    int count=0;
for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    int x,rem,sum=0;
x=num[i];
while (x!=0)
{
   rem=x%10;
   sum+=(rem*rem*rem);
x/=10;
}
if (num[i]==sum)
{
    count++;
}

}
return count;
}

Output:

Enter the size of the array: 3

Enter the members of an array153

21

34

There were 1 Armstrong numbers among 3 members.

Q. NO. 9a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sort_asc(float[],int);
int main(){
    float median;
int i,n,x;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
float num[n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%f",&num[i]);
}
sort_asc(num,n);        //sorting the array
if (n%2==1)
{
    x=(n+1)/2;
 median=num[x];
}
else
{
x=n/2;
    median=(num[x]+num[x+1])/2;
}
printf("median=%f",median);
    return 0;
}
void sort_asc(float nu[], int n){
    int temp=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    for(int j = i+1;j<=n;j++){
if (nu[i]>nu[j])
{
    temp=nu[i];
nu[i]=nu[j];
nu[j]=temp;
}
}
}
}

Output:

Enter the size of an array

3

Enter the members of an array

12

13

14

median=13.000000

Q. NO. 9b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float highest(float[],int);
float lowest(float[],int);
int main(){
    float range,high,low;
int i,n;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
float num[n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%f",&num[i]);
}
high=highest(num,n);
//printf("%f\n",high);
low=lowest(num,n);
//printf("%f\n",low);
range=high-low;
printf("Range=%f",range);
    return 0;
}

float highest(float nu[], int n){
    float high=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    if(nu[i]>high){
        high=nu[i];
    }
    
}
return high;
}

float lowest(float nu[], int n){
   float low;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    if(nu[i]<low){
        low=nu[i];
    }
}
return low;
}

Output:
Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of an array

Range=3.000000

Q. NO. 9c)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float sum_x_sqr(float[],int);
float sum_x(float[],int);
int main(){
int i,n;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
float num[n],variance;
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%f",&num[i]);
}
float sumxsqr=sum_x_sqr(num,n),sumx=sum_x(num,n);
variance=(sumxsqr/(float)n)-((sumx/(float)n)*(sumx/(float)n));
printf("Variance=%f",variance);
    return 0;
}

float sum_x_sqr(float nu[], int n){
    float sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    sum+=nu[i]*nu[i];
}
return sum;
}

float sum_x(float nu[], int n){
    float sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    sum+=nu[i];
}
return sum;
}

Output:

Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of an array

5
4

Variance=4.666668

Q. NO. 9d)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
float sum_x_sqr(float[],int);
float sum_x(float[],int);
int main(){
int i,n;
printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
float num[n],variance,sd;
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%f",&num[i]);
}
float sumxsqr=sum_x_sqr(num,n),sumx=sum_x(num,n);
variance=(sumxsqr/(float)n)-((sumx/(float)n)*(sumx/(float)n));
sd=sqrt(variance);
printf("Standard Deviation=%f",sd);
    return 0;
}

float sum_x_sqr(float nu[], int n){
    float sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    sum+=nu[i]*nu[i];
}
return sum;
}

float sum_x(float nu[], int n){
    float sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    sum+=nu[i];
}
return sum;
}

Output:
Enter the size of an array

Enter the members of an array

Standard Deviation=1.247220

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float highest(float[],int,int *);
float lowest(float[],int,int *,float);
int main(){
    float sum,diff,high,low;
int i,n=5,h=0,l=0;
//printf("Enter the size of an array\n");
//scanf("%d",&n);
float num[n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    scanf("%f",&num[i]);
}
high=highest(num,n,&h);
printf("Highest element of an array:  %f\n",high);
if (h==1)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",h,"st");
}
else if (h==2)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",h,"nd");
}
else if (h==3)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",h,"rd");
}
else
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",h,"th");
}
low=lowest(num,n,&l,high);
printf("Lowest element of an array:  %f\n",low);
if (l==1)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",l,"st");
}
else if (l==2)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",l,"nd");
}
else if (l==3)
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",l,"rd");
}
else
{
   printf("It was:  %d %s element\n",l,"th");
}
sum=high+low;
printf("Sum of the highest and lowest member of the array: %f\n",sum);
diff=high-low;
printf("Difference between the highest and lowest member of the array: %f\n",diff);

    return 0;
}

float highest(float nu[], int n,int *ptr_h){
    float high=0;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    if(nu[i]>high){
        high=nu[i];
        *ptr_h=i+1;
    }
}
return high;
}

float lowest(float nu[], int n,int *ptr_l,float high){
    float low=high;
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
    if(nu[i]<low){
        low=nu[i];
        *ptr_l=i+1;
    }
}
return low;
}

Output:
Enter the members of an array

24

12

36

15

Highest element of an array: 36.000000

It was: 4 th element

Lowest element of an array: 4.000000

It was: 1 st element

Sum of the highest and lowest member of the array: 40.000000

Difference between the highest and lowest member of the array: 32.000000

2-D Array:
Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,j,num[2][2]={{4,5},{6,7}};
for ( i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
    for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++)
{
    printf("%d      ",num[i][j]);
}
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int i,j,num[3][3];
printf("ENter the members of the array");
for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
    for ( j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
    scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
}
}
for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
    for ( j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
    printf("%d      ",num[i][j]);
}
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
//divisible by 7 but not by 5.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int num[3][3],sum=0;
printf("Enter the members of the aray");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
    {
        scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
        if (num[i][j]%7==0 && num[i][j]%5!=0)
        {
            sum+=num[i][j];
        }
        
    }
}
printf("Sum of those numbers who were divisible by 7 but not by 5 is:    %d",sum)
;
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the members of the aray1

3
4

55

Sum of those numbers who were divisible by 7 but not by 5 is: 7

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
int i,j,m,n;
printf("Enter the row of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the column of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num1[m][n],num2[m][n],sum[m][n];
printf("Enter the members of first array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    scanf("%d",&num1[i][j]);
    }
}
printf("Enter the members of second array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    scanf("%d",&num2[i][j]);
    }
}
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    sum[i][j]=num1[i][j]+num2[i][j];
    }
}
printf("A new array after adding corresponding elements looks like:\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    printf("%d   ",sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the row of the array

Enter the column of the array

Enter the members of first array

7
8

Enter the members of second array

A new array after adding corresponding elements looks like:

3 6 8

10 6 9

14 17 13

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    
int i,j,m,n;
printf("Enter the row of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the column of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[m][n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
    }
}
int highest=num[0][0] , lowest=num[0][0];
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    if (num[i][j]>highest)
    {
        highest = num[i][j];
    }
    if (num[i][j]<lowest)
    {
        lowest = num[i][j];
    }
    }
}
printf("The highest element of the array is: %d, the lowest is: %d",highest,lowest
);
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the row of the array

Enter the column of the array

3

Enter the members of an array

The highest element of the array is: 9, the lowest is: 1

Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int sum(int,int [][100]);
int main(){
//We know diagonal elements are defined only for square matrices
int i,j,add,n;
printf("ENter the dimension of the square matrix");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[n][n];
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for ( j =0;j<n; j++)
    {
scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
    }
}
add=sum(n,num);
printf("The sum of the diagonal elements is %d",add);

    return 0;
}
int sum(int n,int mat[n][n]){
    int add=0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++){
        if (i==j)
        {
            add+=mat[i][j];
        }
        
    }
}
return add;

Output:

ENter the dimension of the square matrix1 3

9
The sum of the diagonal elements is15

Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
    
int i,j,m,n;
printf("Enter the row of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the column of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[m][n];
long int power[m][n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
    }
}

for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
   power[m][n]=(long int)pow(num[m][n],5);
    }
}
printf("After raising the power, the elemenrs are:\n");
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    printf("%ld      ",power[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the row of the array

Enter the column of the array

Enter the members of an array

After raising the power, the elemenrs are:

1 32

1 32

Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
int i,j,n=4;
int num[n][n];
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for ( j = 0; j < n; j++)
    {
        num[i][j]=pow(3,-(i+j));
    }
    
}
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    for ( j = 0; j < n; j++)
    {
        printf("%d",num[i][j]);
    }
    
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
int i,j,m,n;
printf("Enter the row of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the column of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
int num[m][n];
printf("Enter the members of an array\n");
for ( i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);
    }
}
int sum[m]; //Coz the size of the matrix will be equL TO no. of rows. After addin
g one rows, we will get a member for the array.
int add=0;
for ( i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
    for( j = 0; j <n;j++){
    add+=num[i][j];
    }
    sum[i]=add;
    add=0;
}
printf("The array after adding the rows:    \n");
for ( i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
    printf("%d      ",sum[i]);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the row of the array

Enter the column of the array

Enter the members of an array

5
6

The array after adding the rows:

6 15 24

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int row1,col1,row2,col2;
float num1[100][100],num2[100][100];
float product[100][100];
void readMatrix();
void processMatrix();
void writeMatrix();
int main(){
readMatrix();
processMatrix();
writeMatrix();
    return 0;
}

void readMatrix(){
    X:
        printf("Enter the row of first matrix");
    scanf("%d",&row1);
    printf("Enter the column of the first matrix");
    scanf("%d",&row2);
        printf("Enter the row of second matrix");
    scanf("%d",&col1);
    printf("Enter the column of the second matrix");
    scanf("%d",&col2);
    if(col1!=row2){
printf("Enter matrix in such a way that no. of column of of first matrix will be 
equal to no. of row of second matrix");
goto X;
}
    printf("Enter the elements of the first matrix:");
    for (int i = 0; i < row1; i++)
    {
        for (int j =0;j<col1;j++){
            scanf("%f",&num1[i][j]);
        }
    }
    printf("Enter the elements of the second matrix:");
     for (int i = 0; i < row2; i++)
    {
        for (int j =0;j<col2;j++){
            scanf("%f",&num2[i][j]);
        }
    }   
}

void processMatrix(){
    int i,j,k;
    float sum=0;
    for ( i = 0; i < row1; i++)
    {
        for ( j = 0; j < col2; j++)
        {
            for ( k = 0; k < col1; k++)
            {
                sum+=(num1[i][k])*(num2[k][j]);
                
            }
            product[i][j]=sum;
        sum=0;
        }
        
    }
}

void writeMatrix(){
    for (int i = 0; i < row1; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < col2; j++)
        {
            printf("%.2f     ",product[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    
}

Output:
Enter the row of first matrix1 3

Enter the column of the first matrix3

Enter the row of second matrix3

Enter the column of the second matrix3

Enter the elements of the first matrix:1

Enter the elements of the second matrix:1

9
 30.00 36.00 42.00

66.00 81.00 96.00

102.00 126.00 150.00

Analysis and discussion

Questions were moderate with some involving higher level of thinking. Mostly the
question dealt with functions. Here, we can use concept of array for the multiplication of
matrices. Moreover, array can be used for all kind of matrix calculation in C.

Conclusion
In conclusion, lab 8 made me clear of the concept of arrays, how similar data types can
be stored in arrays. Also, I passed arrays elements to function and made some
calculations.

Lab Report-9
Background Theory:
 What is a pointer?
 A pointer is a variable which is used for storing address of a variable.

 Why is it useful?
 Pointers are useful for accessing memory locations. Pointers provide an efficient
way for accessing the elements of an array structure. Pointers are also useful in
changing the value of a local variable from another function using the concept of
pass by reference.

 Pointer initialization: Pointer is initialized as:

 (pointer_type) *(variable_name)
 Eg: int *ptr. Here the statement means ptr is a pointer variable which can point
to a variable address of integer type.

 Pointer Expressions: Arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers –

Increment/decrement pointer ( ++ or -- ) –Add an integer to a pointer( + or +=, -
or -= ) –Pointers may be subtracted from each other –Operations meaningless
 unless performed on an array. Eg: two pointers can be added, subtracted and so
on. Eg:
Let int *p=1000;
p=p+1;
Assuming the size of int as 4 bytes, the value of p now becomes 1004.

 Pointer return type: In C, We can create a fuction which returns the variable of
pointer form.

Q. NO. 1a)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
int a,b;
printf("The address of a=%u\n",&a);
printf("The address ofb=%u",&b);
    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 1b)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    int *p,*q; //Declaring of pointer variable
int a,b;       //Declaring ordinary variable
p=&a;          //Using refrencing operator to initialize pointer variable p.
q=&a;          //Using refrencing operator to initialize pointer variable q.
printf("The address of a=%u\n",&a);
printf("The address ofb=%u\n",&b);
printf("Value of p=%u\n",q);
printf("Value of q=%u\n",p);
printf("Enter the value of a and b");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("The value pointed by p is %d\n",*p);
printf("The value pointed by q is %d\n",*q);
printf("a+b=%d",a+b);
printf("*p+*q=%d",*p+*q);       //  *p+*q --> pointer expression
    return 0;
}

Output:
Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void larger(int *, int *,int *);
int main(){
int num1,num2;       //Declaring ordinary variable
printf("ENter two number\n");
scanf("%d%d",&num1,&num2);
int c;
larger(&num1,&num2,&c);
if (c==1)
{
    printf("%d is larger",num1);
}
else if (c==2)
{
    printf("%d is larger",num2);
}
else{
    printf("Both are equal");
}
    return 0;
}

void larger(int *p,int *q,int *r){
    if (*p>*q)
    {
        *r=1;
    }
    else if(*q>*p){
        *r=2;
    }
    else{
        *r=0;
    }
}

Output:
ENter two number

5 is larger

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
float marks[5];
int i;
printf("%d\n",marks);

printf("The address of array elements:\n");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    printf("The address of the element %d is %u\n",i,&marks[i]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("\n");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    printf("The address of the element %d is %u\n",i,(marks+i));
}

    return 0;
}
Output:
The address of array elements:

The address of the element 0 is 2627705216

The address of the element 1 is 2627705220

The address of the element 2 is 2627705224

The address of the element 3 is 2627705228

The address of the element 4 is 2627705232

The address of the element 0 is 2627705216

The address of the element 1 is 2627705220

The address of the element 2 is 2627705224

The address of the element 3 is 2627705228

The address of the element 4 is 2627705232

Both are similar. &array[i] and (array+i), both are the

address of ⅈ member. Array simply contains the base
th

address while +i is the operation on pointer variable.

Analysis and Discussion

Here, during the lab report, i understood about pointer variable, how to point towards a
variable, how to perform operation on a pointer variable. My doubt and confusing
regarding referencing and dereferencing of a pointer in C.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions regarding pointer variable
and debug my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on writing and
Understand C -Program.
 Lab Report-10
Background Theory:
 Introduction to string:
 In C programming, a string is a sequence/array of characters terminated with a
null character \0 . For example: char c[] = "c string"; When the compiler
encounters a sequence of characters enclosed in the double quotation marks, it
appends a null character \0 at the end by default.

 What is the role of the null character at the end of string?

 This helps programmers determine the length of string. Puts function works by
the help of null character. Puts function prints the array of character until and
unless null character appears.

 String handeling function: These functions are defined under the header file
string.h .These functions are designed for strings.
1) strlen(): This function basically counts the length of the string.
Eg: If char ch[50]= “Kathmandu” and int len=stelen(ch) then the value of len
will be 9.
2) strcat(): This function helps us to concatenate two strings.
Syntax: strcat(destination string,source string)
Eg:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
   char str1[100] = "Hello ", str2[] = "everyone";
   strcat(str1, str2);

   puts(str1);
   puts(str2);

   return 0;
}

Output:
 3) strcpy(): This function helps to copy the string.
Syntax: strcpy(destination string, source string)
Eg:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
   char str1[100] = "Hello ", str2[] = "everyone";
   strcpy(str1, str2);

   puts(str1);
   puts(str2);

   return 0;
}

Output:

4) strcmp(): This function helps us to compare two strings.

Syntax: strcmp(string1, string 2)

Return Value from strcmp()

Return Value Remarks

0 if strings are equal

1 if the first non-matching character in str1  is greater (in ASCII) than that

of  str2 .

-1 if the first non-matching character in str1  is greater (in ASCII) than that

of  str2 .
  Two dimensional array in string: In c programming, we can actually create
two dimensional array of string. This will help us storing words in different
places. Application of it is we can extract word by word from a sentence and
perform the required task.

 Pointer to string: We can create a pointer variable that can point to a string.
Actually, when we try to point towards a string, it basically points to the base
address of the string instead of pointing towards the whole string. But we can
actually retrieve all the characters of the string using the concept of pointer
arithematic.

Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
int i;
char name1[]="pokhara city";
char name2[]={'K','a','t','h','m','a','n','d','u',' ','c','i','t','y','\0'};
for ( i = 0; i < strlen(name1); i++)
{
    printf("%c",name1[i]);
}
printf("\n");
for ( i = 0; i < strlen(name2); i++)
{
    printf("%c",name2[i]);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
pokhara city

Kathmandu city

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
int i,j=0;
char input[100],temp[100];
printf("Enter the string.");
scanf("%s",&input);
for ( i = strlen(input)-1; i>=0; i--)
{
    temp[j]=input[i];
    j++;
}
if (strcmp(input,temp)==0)
{
    printf("The string is palindrome.");
}
else{
    printf("The string is not palindrome");
}
    return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the string.liril

The string is palindrome.

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int str_count(char *ptr);
int main(){
char input[100];
printf("ENter the string");
scanf("%s",input);
int length = str_count(input);
printf("The length of the string is %d",length);
    return 0;
}
int str_count(char *ptr){
    int i=0;
    while (*ptr!='\0')
    {
        ptr++;
        i++;
    }
    return i;
}

Output:
ENter the string Hello

The length of the string is 5

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int length[100];
int i=0,j=0,k=0,l=0,max_position,max=0,min_position,min,count_vowel=0,count_consonan
t=0;
char str2[100][100];
void largest(char []);

int main(){
    
char str[100];
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
largest(str);
printf("%s is the largest word in the string '%s'.",str2[max_position-1],str);
printf("This word holds %d position in the string.",max_position);
printf("There were %d vowels and %d consonants in the word
%s.",count_vowel,count_consonant, str2[max_position-1],);
    return 0;
}
void largest(char str[]){
for ( i = 0; i < strlen(str); i++ )
{
    if (str[i]==' ')
    {
        j=0;
        k++;
    }
    else{
        str2[k][j]=str[i];
        j++;
    }
}
for ( l = 0; l <= k; l++)
{
    length[l]=strlen(str2[l]);
}
for ( l = 0; l <= k; l++)
{
    if (length[l]>max)
    {
        max=length[l];
        max_position=l+1;
    }   
}
for ( i = 0; i < strlen(str2[max_position-1]); i++ )
{
   switch (str2[max_position-1][i])
   {
       case 'a': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'e': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'i': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'o': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'u': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'A': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'E': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'I': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'O': {count_vowel++;break;}
       case 'U': {count_vowel++;break;}
       default:{count_consonant++;break;}
   }
}
}

Output:
Enter the string hello my name is javed ansari

ansari is the largest word in the string 'hello my name is javed ansari'.This word holds 6 position in the
string.There were 3 vowels and 3 consonants in the word ansari.

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int x=0;
char rev(char [],int);
int main(){
char str[100];
printf("Enter the string");
gets(str);
int length = strlen(str);
rev(str,length);
    return 0;
}
char rev(char str[],int len){
char temp;
temp = str[x];
str[x]=str[len-1];
str[len-1]=temp;
if (x<(len/2))
{
    ++x;
    rev(str,--len);
}
else{
    printf("%s",str);
}
}

Output:
Enter the string hello peter

retep olleh
Q. NO. 6)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
    int len1,len2;
char str1[100],str2[100];
printf("Enter the string 1\n");
gets(str1);
printf("Enter the string 2\n");
gets(str2);
char str3[100],str4[100],str5[100];
len1=strlen(str1);
len2=strlen(str2);
printf("The length of the string 1 is %d\n",len1);
printf("The length of the string 2 is %d\n",len2);
strcat(str1,str2);
printf("After concatenating the string,str1 becomes '%s'\n",str1);
strcpy(str1,str2);
printf("After using strcpy the string,str1 becomes '%s'\n",str1);
printf("%d",strcmp(str1,str2));             //Note: strcmp(str1,str2) returns 
                                           // +1 if ascii value of str1>str2
                                          // -1 if ascii value of str1<str2
                                         // 0 if ascii value of str1=str2
                                                                                     
                                     
}

Output:
Q. NO. 7)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
char st[100];
char st1[100];
int track=1;
printf("ENter the string ");
scanf("%s",st);
int n=strlen(st);
int initial=((n/2)+1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    track++;
    if (i<n-1)
    {
        st1[i]=st[initial];
        if (track%2==0)
        {
            initial-=track;
            
        }
        else{
            initial+=track;
        } 
    }
    else{
st1[i]=st[(n/2)];
    }
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
    printf("%c",st1[i]);
}

    return 0;
}

Output:
ENter the string NEPAL

AELNP

Q. NO. 8)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int i=0,j=0,k=0;
int main(){
int count=0;
char ch;
char str[100];
printf("ENter the string\n");
gets(str);   
int len=strlen(str);
int asc;   
printf("ENter the character whose frequency is to be determined.\n");
ch=getch();                                                              //A------
>65
asc=ch;                                                                         //
a------>97
for ( i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
    int character=str[i];
    if (asc==character)
    {
        count++;
    }
    
    
}
printf("the frequency of the character %c = %d",ch,count);                           
                                       
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the string.
Hello my name is javed ansari and i live in pepsicola
ENter the character whose frequency is to be determined. i
the frequency of the character i = 6

Q. NO. 9)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int i=0,j=0,k=0;
int main(){
int count[1000];
for ( i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
{
    count[i]=0;
}

char str[100];
printf("ENter the string");
gets(str);   
int len=strlen(str);
int asc;                                                                     //
A------>65
                                                                             //
a------>97
for ( i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
    asc=str[i];
    for ( j = 65; j <=90; j++)
    {
        if (asc==j)
        {
            count[j]++;
        } 
    }
    for ( j = 97; j <=122; j++)
    {
        if (asc==j)
        {
            count[j]++;
        } 
    }
    
}
for ( j = 65; j <=90; j++)
    {
        if (count[j]!=0)
        {
            printf("%c count=%d\t",j,count[j]);
        }
        
    }
    for ( j = 97; j <=122; j++)
    {
        if (count[j]!=0)
        {
            printf("%c count=%d\t",j,count[j]);
        } 
    }                                                                    
return 0;
}

Output:
ENter the string Hello my name is javed ansari and i live in pepsicola. i am currently studying in pulchowk
campus of engineering.
H count=1 a count=8 c count=4 d count=3 e count=9 f count=1 g count=3 h count=1
i count=11 j count=1 k count=1 l count=6 m count=4n count=10 o count=4 p count=4
r count=4 s count=5 t count=2 u count=4 v count=2 w count=1 y count=3

Q. NO. 10)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void change_letter(char [],int,int);
int main(){
char str[100];
printf("ENter the string\n");
gets(str);   
int len=strlen(str);
int diff='a'-'A';
                                                                        //A------>65
                                                                        //a------>97
change_letter(str,len,diff);                                                         
       
return 0;
}
void change_letter(char str[],int length,int difference){
    int asc;
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
    {
        asc=str[i];
        if (asc>=97)
        {
            str[i]=asc-difference;
        }
        else{
            str[i]=asc+difference;
        }
        
    }
    printf("%s",str);
}

Output:

ENter the string

Hello peter parker
hELLO PETER PARKER

Q. NO. 11)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void sort(char [10][100]);
int main(){
char str[10][100];
printf("ENter the names\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
    gets(str[i]); 
}
sort(str); 
 printf("****************************************************************************
**************************************\n"); 
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
   
    puts(str[i]); 
}                                                            
return 0;
}
void sort(char str[10][100]){
    char temp[100];
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        for (int j =i+1;j<10;j++){
            if (strcmp(str[i],str[j])==1)
            {
                strcpy(temp,str[i]);
                strcpy(str[i],str[j]);
                strcpy(str[j],temp);
            }
            
        }
    }
    
}

Output:
ENter the names
Rohan
Karan
Ashish
Javed
Khagendra
Mandeep
Babin
Nishan
Saurav
Anoz
*****************************************************************************************
*************************
Anoz
Ashish
Babin
Javed
Karan
Khagendra
Mandeep
Nishan
Rohan
Saurav

Q. NO. 12)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
char str[10][100];
printf("Who is the prime minister of Nepal?\n");
printf("1. Sher Bahadur Deuba\n");        
printf("2. KP Sharma Oli\n");
printf("3. Bidhya Devi Bhandari\n");
printf("4. Madhav Prashad Ghimire\n");
int ans;
int wrong_ans=0;
X:
if (wrong_ans==3)
{
    printf("The correct answer of this question is option 2. i.e. KP Sharma Oli.\
n");
    goto Y;
}
scanf("%d",&ans);
switch(ans){
    case 1:{if (wrong_ans<2)
    {
        printf("Try again!\n");
    }
    wrong_ans++;goto X;break;}
    case 2:{printf("Good\n");break;}
    case 3:{if (wrong_ans<2){
        printf("Try again!\n");
    }

    wrong_ans++;goto X;break;}
    case 4:{if (wrong_ans<2){
        printf("Try again!\n");}
        wrong_ans++;goto X;break;}
    default:{printf("Enter valid choice.\n");goto X;break;}
}   
Y:                                          
return 0;
}

Output:
Who is the prime minister of Nepal?
1. Sher Bahadur Deuba
2. KP Sharma Oli
3. Bidhya Devi Bhandari
4. Madhav Prashad Ghimire

4
Try again!
1
Try again!
2
Good
Analysis and Discussion
Here, during the lab report, i understood about string, how string is stored in the
variable, how string pre-defined function like strcmp, strlen works. Also I learned how
to sort strings in different orders.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions regarding string and
debugged my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on writing and
Understand C -Program.

Lab-report 11
 Declaration of structure template:
struct structure_name {
DataType member1_name;
DataType member2_name;
DataType member3_name;
…
};

In this way, we can declare a structure template.

 Declaration of structure variable:

We can declare structure variables using tag name any where in the program. For
eg: struct student s1,s2,s3;
We can combine both template declaration and variable declaration in one
statement. The following declarations is also valid.
struct student
{
char name[50];
int roll;
char sec;
 float marks;
}s1,s2,s3;

 When memory is occupied?

 Note that structures are not variables. They do not occupy any memory until they
are associated with the structure variables.

 Member operator(.): The link between member and variable is established

using member operator when structure members are accessed by using structure
variables (like s1,s2,s3 in above declaration

 Structure pointer operator( ->): C provides the structure pointer operator -> to
access members of a structure via a pointer. It is typed on the keyboard as minus
sign followed by a greater than sign. If a pointer variable is assigned the address
of a structure, then a member of the structure can be accessed by:

pointer_to_structure -> member_name

 Structure initialization: Like any data type, a structure variables can be

initialized. The variable s of struct student can be initialized during its
declaration as follows:
Struct student s={“Shyam”,123, ‘K’};

 Arrays of structure:Like any other data type, a structure variables can be

declared. The array will have individual structures as its elements. The array of
structure is stored inside the memory in the same way as multi-dimensional
array.
Declaration: struct student s[array dimension].

 Structure within structure: Like nested loop and nested if, we can have nested
structure. Here, a member of structure can be itself a structure. Eg: If we want to
store records of student, we can create another structure date of birth which
consists of day, month and year. We can access them using . operator twice . The
first dot operator will access the member of first layer structure, the second dot
operator will access the member of second layer and so on.
Eg:
Struct dob{
int day;
int month;
int year;
};

struct record{
char name[50];
int roll;
char sec;
struct dob date;
};
This was just the initialization part. How to access them? Let’s see.
struct student s1;
s1.name= “Ram”;
s1.roll=12;
s1.sec= ‘A’;
s1.date.day=1;
s1.date.month=10;
s1.date.year=1999;
In this way, we can access them.
 Passing structures by value: This method sends the copy of the value rather
than actual variable. In this method, any change to structure members within the
function are not reflected in the original structure (in the calling function).
 Passing structures by reference: This method sends the address of the
structure. In this method, any change to structure members within the function
are reflected in the original structure (in the calling function).

Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct employee{
char name[20];
char address[40];
long int telephone_number;
float salary;
};
int main(){
    struct employee e[10000];
    int x;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
    {
        char ch;
        printf("Enter name of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",e[i].name);
         printf("Enter address of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",e[i].address);
         printf("Enter telephone number of employee %d\t",i+1);
        scanf("%ld",&e[i].telephone_number);
         printf("Enter salary of employee %d\t",i+1);
        scanf("%f",&e[i].salary);
        printf("Do you want to enter more details?\t");
        ch=getch();
        printf("\n");
        if (ch=='n' || ch=='N')
        {
            x=i;
            i=10000;
        } 
    }
for (int  i = 0; i <=x; i++)
{
    printf("Name of employee %d:\t%s\n",i+1,e[i].name);
    printf("Address of employee %d:\t%s\n",i+1,e[i].address);
    printf("Telephone number of employee %d:\t%ld\n",i+1,e[i].telephone_number);
    printf("Salary of employee %d:\t%f\n",i+1,e[i].salary);
}

    
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter name of employee 1: Javed

Enter address of employee 1: PEpsicola
Enter telephone number of employee 1 9823123422
Enter salary of employee 1 432
Do you want to enter more details?
Name of employee 1: Javed
Address of employee 1: PEpsicola
 Telephone number of employee 1: 9823123422
Salary of employee 1: 432.000000

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct employee{
char name[40];
char telephone_number[40];
int salary;
};
int main(){
    struct employee e[10];
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        printf("Enter name of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        gets(e[i].name);
         printf("Enter telephone number of employee %d\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",e[i].telephone_number);
         printf("Enter salary of employee %d\t",i+1);
        scanf("%d",&e[i].salary);
    }
    int high,low;
    int high_salary=e[0].salary,low_salary=e[0].salary;
    int sum=e[0].salary;
 for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
    {
       if (e[i].salary>high_salary)
       {
           high_salary=e[i].salary;
           high=i;
       }
        if (e[i].salary<low_salary)
       {
           low_salary=e[i].salary;
           low=i;
       }
       sum+=e[i].salary;
    }
    float avg=((float)sum)/10;
printf("Detail of the person whose salary is highest\n");
printf("Name: %s\n",e[high].name);
printf("Telephone number: %s\n",e[high].telephone_number);
printf("Salary: %d\n\n",e[high].salary);
    
printf("Detail of the person whose salary is lowest\n");
printf("Name: %s\n",e[low].name);
printf("Telephone number: %s\n",e[low].telephone_number);
printf("Salary: %d\n\n",e[low].salary);

printf("The average salary of the employees is %f",avg);
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter name of employee 1: Javed

Enter telephone number of employee 1 98328923923
Enter salary of employee 1 987
Enter name of employee 2: Rohan
Enter telephone number of employee 2 932832
Enter salary of employee 2 231
Enter name of employee 3: Rajj
Enter telephone number of employee 3 322323
Enter salary of employee 3 234
Enter name of employee 4: Jason
Enter telephone number of employee 4 45354334
Enter salary of employee 4 567
Enter name of employee 5: Derulo
Enter telephone number of employee 5 534536
Enter salary of employee 5 123
Enter name of employee 6: Akash
Enter telephone number of employee 6 33434
Enter salary of employee 6 213
Enter name of employee 7: Madhav
Enter telephone number of employee 7 324423
Enter salary of employee 7 567
Enter name of employee 8: Roshani
Enter telephone number of employee 8 5433443
Enter salary of employee 8 546
Enter name of employee 9: Dev
Enter telephone number of employee 9 56465465646
 Enter salary of employee 9 435
Enter name of employee 10: DEvi
Enter telephone number of employee 10 432554
Enter salary of employee 10 10
Detail of the person whose salary is highest
Name Javed
Telephone number: 98328923923
Salary of : 987

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct date{
int dd;
int mm;
int yyyy;
};
struct person{
    char name[20];
char address[40];
char telephone_no[40];
struct date dob;
};

int main(){
    struct person p[10];
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        printf("Enter name of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",p[i].name);
         printf("Enter address of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",p[i].address);
         printf("Enter salary of employee %d:\t",i+1);
        scanf("%s",p[i].telephone_no);
       printf("Enter date of birth of employee %d in format (dd/mm/yyyy):\t",i+1);
       scanf("%d",&p[i].dob.dd);
       scanf("%d",&p[i].dob.mm);
       scanf("%d",&p[i].dob.yyyy);
    }
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        printf("The name of employee %d:\t%s\n",i+1,p[i].name);
         printf("The address of employee %d:\t%s\n",i+1,p[i].address);
         printf("The salary of employee %d:\t%s\n",i+1,p[i].telephone_no);
       printf("The date of birth of employee %d in format (dd/mm/yyyy):\t%d/%d/%d\
n",i+1,p[i].dob.dd,p[i].dob.mm,p[i].dob.yyyy);
    }
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter name of employee 1: Javed

Enter address of employee 1: Pepsicola
Enter salary of employee 1: 234
Enter date of birth of employee 1 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
1999
Enter name of employee 2: Roshna
Enter address of employee 2: kandaghari
Enter salary of employee 2: 345
Enter date of birth of employee 2 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
1923
Enter name of employee 3: n
Enter address of employee 3: as
Enter salary of employee 3: 39
Enter date of birth of employee 3 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
2000
Enter name of employee 4: Hello
Enter address of employee 4: samshangalli
Enter salary of employee 4: 324
Enter date of birth of employee 4 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
12
Enter name of employee 5: hdfsa
Enter address of employee 5: dfas
Enter salary of employee 5: as
Enter date of birth of employee 5 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 21
21
1232
Enter name of employee 6: dfhssadfh
Enter address of employee 6: fdsafsd
Enter salary of employee 6: 32
Enter date of birth of employee 6 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 12
12
1212
Enter name of employee 7: dhfsjfdsah
Enter address of employee 7: dfsafads
Enter salary of employee 7: 342
Enter date of birth of employee 7 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
1999
Enter name of employee 8: jfdasa
Enter address of employee 8: afkjfa
Enter salary of employee 8: 21
Enter date of birth of employee 8 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
1000
Enter name of employee 9: asjjhadfs
Enter address of employee 9: fhjjadfs
Enter salary of employee 9: 132
Enter date of birth of employee 9 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 01
01
1999
Enter name of employee 10: dfsahkj
Enter address of employee 10: jsafdk
Enter salary of employee 10: 23
Enter date of birth of employee 10 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 91
91
9999
The name of employee 1: Javed
The address of employee 1: Pepsicola
The salary of employee 1: 234
The date of birth of employee 1 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/1999
The name of employee 2: Roshna
The address of employee 2: kandaghari
The salary of employee 2: 345
The date of birth of employee 2 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/1923
The name of employee 3: n
The address of employee 3: as
The salary of employee 3: 39
The date of birth of employee 3 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/2000
The name of employee 4: Hello
The address of employee 4: samshangalli
The salary of employee 4: 324
The date of birth of employee 4 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/12
The name of employee 5: hdfsa
The address of employee 5: dfas
The salary of employee 5: as
The date of birth of employee 5 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 21/21/1232
The name of employee 6: dfhssadfh
The address of employee 6: fdsafsd
The salary of employee 6: 32
The date of birth of employee 6 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 12/12/1212
The name of employee 7: dhfsjfdsah
The address of employee 7: dfsafads
The salary of employee 7: 342
The date of birth of employee 7 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/1999
The name of employee 8: jfdasa
The address of employee 8: afkjfa
The salary of employee 8: 21
The date of birth of employee 8 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/1000
The name of employee 9: asjjhadfs
The address of employee 9: fhjjadfs
The salary of employee 9: 132
The date of birth of employee 9 in format (dd/mm/yyyy): 1/1/1999
The name of employee 10: dfsahkj
The address of employee 10: jsafdk
The salary of employee 10: 23
Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct TIME{
int hour;
int minutes;
int seconds;
};
void display(struct TIME,struct TIME) ;
int main(){
    struct TIME startTime,stopTime;
printf("Enter start time.\n");
printf("Enter Hour");
scanf("%d",&startTime.hour);
printf("Enter minutes");
scanf("%d",&startTime.minutes);
printf("Enter seconds");
scanf("%d",&startTime.seconds);

printf("Enter stop time.\n");
printf("Enter Hour");
scanf("%d",&stopTime.hour);
printf("Enter minutes");
scanf("%d",&stopTime.minutes);
printf("Enter seconds");
scanf("%d",&stopTime.seconds);
display(startTime,stopTime);
    return 0;
}
void display(struct TIME startTime, struct TIME stopTime) {
int sumhour=(startTime.hour)+(stopTime.hour);
int summinutes=(startTime.minutes)+(stopTime.minutes);
if (summinutes>=60)
{
    sumhour+=(summinutes/60);
    summinutes=summinutes%60;
}
int sumseconds=(startTime.seconds)+(stopTime.seconds);
if (sumseconds>=60)
{
    summinutes+=(sumseconds/60);
    sumseconds=sumseconds%60;
}
int diffhour=(stopTime.hour)-(startTime.hour);
if (stopTime.minutes<startTime.minutes)
{
    diffhour--;
    stopTime.minutes+=60;
}
int diffminutes=(stopTime.minutes)-(startTime.minutes);
if (stopTime.seconds<startTime.seconds)
{
    diffminutes--;
    stopTime.seconds+=60;
}
int diffseconds=(stopTime.seconds)-(startTime.seconds);
printf("Sum of the start time is %d:%d:%d\n",sumhour,summinutes,sumseconds);
printf("Difference between the start time and the stop time is %d:%d:%d\
n",diffhour,diffminutes,diffseconds);
}

Output:

Enter start time.

Enter Hour 1
Enter minutes 34
Enter seconds 54
Enter stop time.
Enter Hour 4
Enter minutes 32
Enter seconds 12
Sum of the start time is 6:7:6
Difference between the start time and the stop time is 2:57:18

Q. NO. 5)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct memory{
int KB;
int B;
int b;
};
void calculate(struct memory,struct memory,struct memory *,struct memory *);
int main(){
    struct memory initial,final;
    struct memory sum,diff;
    struct memory *sumptr,*diffptr;
sumptr=&sum;
diffptr=&diff;
printf("Enter first memory.\n");
printf("Enter KiloBytes:\t");
scanf("%d",&initial.KB);
printf("Enter Bytes:\t");
scanf("%d",&initial.B);
printf("Enter Bits:\t");
scanf("%d",&initial.b);

printf("Enter second memory.\n");
printf("Enter KiloBytes:\t");
scanf("%d",&final.KB);
printf("Enter Bytes:\t");
scanf("%d",&final.B);
printf("Enter Bits:\t");
scanf("%d",&final.b);
calculate(initial,final,sumptr,diffptr);
printf("The sum of the memories= %d KB %dBytes and %d Bites\n",sum.KB,sum.B,sum.b);
printf("The difference of the memories= %d KB %dBytes and %d Bites\
n",sum.KB,sum.B,sum.b);
    return 0;
}
void calculate(struct memory initial, struct memory final,struct memory *sumptr,stru
ct memory *diffptr) {
sumptr->KB=(initial.KB)+(final.KB);
sumptr->B=(initial.B)+(final.B);
if ((sumptr->B)>=1024)
{
    (sumptr->KB)+=(sumptr->B)/1024;
    (sumptr->B)=(sumptr->B)%1024;
}
sumptr->b=(initial.b)+(final.b);
if ((sumptr->b)>=8)
{
    (sumptr->B)+=(sumptr->b)/8;
    (sumptr->b)=(sumptr->b)%8;
}
if ((final.KB)>(initial.KB))
{
    diffptr->KB=(final.KB)-(initial.KB);
    if((final.B)<(initial.B)){
        (diffptr->KB)--;
        final.B+=1024;
    }
    diffptr->B==(final.B)-(initial.B);
    if((final.b)<(initial.b)){
        (diffptr->B)--;
        final.b+=8;
    }
    diffptr->b=(final.b)-(initial.b);
}
else if ((initial.KB)>(final.KB))
{
    diffptr->KB=(initial.KB)-(final.KB);
    if((initial.B)<(final.B)){
        (diffptr->KB)--;
        initial.B+=1024;
    }
    diffptr->B=(initial.B)-(final.B);
    if((initial.b)<(final.b)){
        (diffptr->B)--;
        initial.b+=8;
    }
    diffptr->b=(initial.b)-(final.b);
}
else
{
    diffptr->KB=(final.KB)-(initial.KB);
    if((final.B)<(initial.B)){
        diffptr->B=(initial.B)-(final.B);
        if((initial.b)<(final.b)){
        (diffptr->B)--;
        initial.b+=8;
    }
    diffptr->b=(initial.b)-(final.b);
    }

    else if((final.B)>(initial.B)){
    diffptr->B=(final.B)-(initial.B);
    if((final.b)<(initial.b)){
        (diffptr->B)--;
        final.b+=8;
    }
    diffptr->b=(final.b)-(initial.b);
    }
else{
    diffptr->B=(final.B)-(initial.B);
    if((final.b)>(initial.b)){
        diffptr->b=(final.b)-(initial.b);
    }
    else{
        diffptr->b=(initial.b)-(final.b);
    }
    
}

}   
}

Output:

Enter first memory.

Enter KiloBytes: 32
Enter Bytes: 45
Enter Bits: 32
Enter second memory.
Enter KiloBytes: 34
Enter Bytes: 32
Enter Bits: 12
The sum of the memories= 66 KB 82Bytes and 4 Bites
The difference of the memories= 66 KB 82Bytes and 4 Bites

Analysis and Discussion

Here, during the lab report, i understood about structure, why structure is used instead
of array, how if is different from an array, initialization of structure, nested structure,
passing it to a function.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions regarding structureand
debugged my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on writing and
Understand C -Program.

Lab-report 12
Background theory:
 What is a file?
 A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or
commands used with a computer program. On a computer there are three types of
files, application files, data files, and system files.

 Importance of File I/O:

 There is a time when the output generated by compiling and running the program
does not serve the purpose. If we want to check the output of the program several
times, it becomes a tedious task to compile and run the same program multiple
times. This is where file handling comes into play.

 Types of files in C: There are 2 kinds of files in which data can be stored in 2
ways either in characters coded in their ASCII character set or in binary format.
They are

1. Text Files.
2. Binary Files

 File operations in C:
1.w(write):
This mode opens new file on the disk for writing. If the file exist,disk for writing. If the
file exist, then it will be over written without then it will be over written without any
confirmation.

SYNTAX:

fp=fopen("data.txt","w");
"data.txt" is filename
"w" is writemode.
2. r (read)
This mode opens an preexisting file for reading.If the file doesn’t Exist then the
compiler returns a NULL to the file pointer
SYNTAX:

fp=fopen("data.txt","r");

3. w+(read and write)

This mode searches for a file if it is found contents are destroyed If the file doesn’t
found a new file is created.
SYNTAX:

fp=fopen("data.txt","w+");

4.a(append)
This mode opens a preexisting file for appending the data.
SYNTAX:

fp=fopen("data.txt","a");

5.a+(append+read)
the end of the file.
SYNTAX:

fp=fopen("data.txt","a+");

6.r+ (read +write)

This mode is used for both Reading and writing.

 What is buffer?
 A section of Random Access Memory (RAM) reserved for temporary storage of
data waiting to be directed to a device.

 Difference between text and binary file:

 We have already operated on a lot of text files and a few binary files. The major
difference between these two is that a text file contains textual information in the
 form of alphabets, digits and special characters or symbols. On the other hand,
a binary file contains bytes or a compiled version of a text file. We cannot
understand binary text directly.

Q. NO. 1)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(){
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("leap_year.txt","w");
    if (fp==NULL)
    {
        printf("Error!");
    }
    else{
        printf("Enter the year");
        int year;
        scanf("%d",&year);
        if (year%4==0)
        {
            if (year%100!=0 || year%400==0)
            {
                fprintf(fp,"%d is a leap year.",year);
            }
            
        }
        
    }
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

Output:

2004 is a leap year.

Q. NO. 2)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("new.txt","w");
    if (fp==NULL)
    {
        printf("Error!");
    }
    else{
        while(1){
            char ch[100];
       printf("Enter the word:\t");
       gets(ch);
       if((strcmp(ch, "no"))==0 ||(strcmp(ch, "NO"))==0){
           break;
       }
       int check=0;
    for (int i = 0; i < strlen(ch); i++)
    {
        switch(ch[i]){
        case 'A':{check=1; break;}
        case 'E':{check=1; break;}
        case 'I':{check=1; break;}
        case 'O':{check=1; break;}
        case 'U':{check=1; break;}
        case 'a':{check=1; break;}
        case 'e':{check=1; break;}
        case 'i':{check=1; break;}
        case 'o':{check=1; break;}
        case 'u':{check=1; break;}
        }
    }
    if (check==0)
    {
        fprintf(fp,"%s\t",ch);
    }
        }
    }
    
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

Output:
 Enter the word lifa
lsd
konka
ny
my
vivo
oppo
samsung

From file: ny my lsd

Q. NO. 3)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct student{
    int roll;
char name[100];
char address[100];
char phone_number[100];
}info;
int main(){
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("student_record.txt","w");
    if (fp==NULL)
    {
        printf("Error!");
    }
    else{
        info stu[100];
        int count=0;
        while(1){
             printf("Enter the roll no. of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%d",&stu[count].roll);
       fprintf(fp,"Roll no. of student %d:\t%d\n",count+1,stu[count].roll);
       printf("Enter the name of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       gets(stu[count].name);
       fprintf(fp,"Name of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].name);
        printf("Enter the address of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       gets(stu[count].address);
       fprintf(fp,"Address of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].address);
       printf("Enter the Phone number of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       gets(stu[count].phone_number);
       fprintf(fp,"Phone number of student %d:\t%s\
n",count+1,stu[count].phone_number);
       fprintf(fp,"****************************************************************
****************************************");
       count++;
       char ch[100];
       printf("Do you want to enter more records?(Yes/No)");
       gets(ch);
       if((strcmp(ch, "no"))==0 ||(strcmp(ch, "NO"))==0||(strcmp(ch, "No"))==0){
           break;
       }
        }
    }
    fclose(fp);
    FILE *fpt;
fpt=fopen("student_record.txt","r") ; 
char ch=fgetc(fpt);  
while(ch!=EOF){
printf("%c",ch);
ch=fgetc(fpt); 
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Roll no. of student 1: 32

Name of student 1:
Address of student 1: Pepsicola
Phone number of student 1: 9818840608

Q. NO. 4)

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct student{
char name[100];
int roll;
char address[100];
char telephone_number[100];
int score;
}info;
int main(){
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("first.txt","w");
    if (fp==NULL)
    {
        printf("Error!");
    }
    else{
        info stu[100];
        int count=0;
        while(1){
       
       printf("Enter the name of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].name);
       fprintf(fp,"Name of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].name);

       printf("Enter the roll no. of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%d",&stu[count].roll);
       fprintf(fp,"Roll no. of student %d:\t%d\n",count+1,stu[count].roll);
       
        printf("Enter the address of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].address);
       fprintf(fp,"Address of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].address);

       printf("Enter the telephone number of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].telephone_number);
       fprintf(fp,"telephone number of student %d:\t%s\
n",count+1,stu[count].telephone_number);

       printf("Enter score of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%d",&stu[count].score);
       fprintf(fp,"Score of student %d:\t%d\n",count+1,stu[count].score);
       fprintf(fp,"*****************************************************************
***************************************");
       count++;
       char ch;
       printf("Do you want to enter more records?(Y/N)");
       ch=getchar();
       if(ch=='n' || ch=='N'){
           break;
       }
        }
    }
    fclose(fp);
    FILE *fptr_read;
    FILE *fptr_write;
fptr_read=fopen("first.txt","r") ; 
fptr_write=fopen("second.txt","w");
char ch=fgetc(fptr_read);  
while(ch!=EOF){
fprintf(fptr_write,"%c",ch);
ch=fgetc(fptr_read); 
}
fclose(fptr_write);
fclose(fptr_read);
FILE *read;
read=fopen("second.txt","r") ; 
char c=fgetc(read);
while(c!=EOF){
    printf("%c",c);
}
    return 0;
}

Output:

Name of student 1: Javed

Roll no. of student 1: 32
Address of student 1: Pepsicola
Telephone no. of student 1: 9818840608
Score of student 1: 50
Q No. 5:

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct student{
char name[100];
int roll;
char address[100];
char telephone_number[100];
int score;
}info;
int main(){
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("first.txt","wb");
    if (fp==NULL)
    {
        printf("Error!");
    }
    else{
        info stu[100];
        int count=0;
         int ch;
        while(ch!=0){
       
       printf("Enter the name of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].name);
       fprintf(fp,"Name of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].name);

       printf("Enter the roll no. of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%d",&stu[count].roll);
       fprintf(fp,"Roll no. of student %d:\t%d\n",count+1,stu[count].roll);
       
        printf("Enter the address of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].address);
       fprintf(fp,"Address of student %d:\t%s\n",count+1,stu[count].address);

       printf("Enter the telephone number of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%s",stu[count].telephone_number);
       fprintf(fp,"telephone number of student %d:\t%s\
n",count+1,stu[count].telephone_number);

       printf("Enter score of the student %d:\t",count+1);
       scanf("%d",&stu[count].score);
       fprintf(fp,"Score of student %d:\t%d\n",count+1,stu[count].score);
       fprintf(fp,"*****************************************************************
***************************************");
       count++;
       printf("Do you want to enter more records?(1/0)");
       scanf("%d",&ch);
        }
    }
    fclose(fp);
    FILE *fptr_read;
    FILE *fptr_write;
fptr_read=fopen("first.txt","rb") ; 
fptr_write=fopen("second.txt","wb");
char ch=fgetc(fptr_read);  
while(ch!=EOF){
fprintf(fptr_write,"%c",ch);
ch=fgetc(fptr_read); 
}
fclose(fptr_write);
fclose(fptr_read);
FILE *read;
read=fopen("second.txt","rb") ; 
char c=fgetc(read);
while(c!=EOF){
    printf("%c",c);
}
    return 0;
}

Analysis and Discussion

Here, during the lab report, i understood about files, types of file, how to create a file in
C programming, how to read a file in C, how to append them. Also how to create and
read files in binary mode.

Conclusion
Hence, Through Lab report, I got to clear my confusions regarding file handeling and
debugged my mistakes. And from now, I am more confident on writing and
Understand C -Program.