CS-114
Fundamentals of Computer
Programming
Lecture 7
Control Statements – III
Course Instructor: NUST Institute of Civil
Aisha Shabbir Institute of Geographical Information Systems
Engineering (NICE)
Road Map for Today
• Control Statements
Selection
• if
• switch
Iteration
• while
• do…while
• for
Jump
C++ Iteration/Repetition
Statements
OVERVIEW
We often need to do repetitive calculations in order to
solve complex problems
To perform repetitive calculations in a program we need
iterative statements that let us execute the same block of
code multiple times
Programming Foundations I
4
OVERVIEW
C++ has three kinds of iterative statements
The while loop
The for loop
The do-while loop
Programming Foundations I
5
ITERATIVE
STATEMENTS
PART 1
WHILE LOOPS
WHILE LOOPS
A while loop iteratively executes a block of code
We need to specify the following:
The initialization code to execute before the loop
The logical expression for continuing iteration
The block of code to be repeated inside the loop
The program will execute block of code repeatedly as long
as the while condition remains true
The program will not execute block of code when the while
condition becomes false
Programming Foundations I
7
WHILE LOOPS
The C++ syntax of the while loop is:
// initialization statement
while ( logical expression )
{
// block of statements to be repeated
// update variables in logical expression
}
Programming Foundations I
8
The while statement
• A repetition statement specifies that a program
should repeat an action while some condition
remains true.
The while statement
A while loop is a “pre test” loop - the condition is
tested before the loop body is executed
while(condition)
statement;
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
The while statement - Example
// Local variable declaration:
int a = 10;
Output:
Value of a: 10
// while loop execution Value of a: 11
while( a < 15 )
{ Value of a: 12
cout << “Value of a: " << a << endl;Value of a: 13
a++;
} Value of a: 14
The while statement - Example
// Local variable declaration:
int product = 10;
// while loop execution
while( product <= 100 )
product *= 3;
Flowchart Representation of “while”
Part of program
before iteration
Logical expression FALSE
(loop condition)
TRUE
Part of program
Loop Body after iteration
13
COUNTING LOOPS
Often need to perform an operation fixed number of times
We can use a counting loops to do this operation
We need to do the following:
Initialize the loop counter
While counter has NOT reached desired value
• Perform desired operations
• Increment loop counter
• Check loop counter again
Programming Foundations I
14
COUNTING LOOPS
// Counting loop example
int Count = 0; con-var
while (Count < 10) // conditional variable
{
cout << Count << " squared=" << Count*Count << endl;//
independent
Count = Count + 1; // con-var
}
This while loop will execute the block of code 10 times
Count values will go from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10
When Count equals 10 we do not execute block of code
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
15
COUNTING LOOPS
// Another counting loop example
int Number = 1;
while (Number <=10)
{
cout << Number << " halved=" << Number /2 << endl;
Number = Number + 1;
}
This while loop will execute the block of code 10 times
Number values will go from 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11
When Number equals 11 we do not execute block of code
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
16
COUNTING LOOPS
// Zero iterations loop
int Value = 101;
while (Value < 17)
{
cout << Value << " doubled=" << Value*2 << endl;
Value = Value + 1;
}
This while loop will execute the block of code 0 times
The initial value of the Value variable is too large to enter
the loop, so the block of code is skipped over
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
17
CONDITIONAL LOOPS
We often need to vary the number of iterations based on
the data values
Conditional loops allow us to process data until given
situation arises
We need to do the following:
Perform initialization code
While the condition remains TRUE
• Perform desired operations
• Check terminating condition again
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
18
CONDITIONAL LOOPS
// Another conditional loop example
int Val = 54;
int Cnt = 0;
while ((Val % 3) == 0)
{
cout << Val << " " << Cnt << endl;
Val = Val / 3;
Cnt = Cnt + 1;
}
This while loop will count how many times Val can be
divided evenly by 3 (in this case Cnt=3 since 54=3*3*3*2)
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
19
INFINITE LOOPS
It is possible to create while loops which execute forever
These infinite loops are often unplanned and unwanted
Occasionally infinite loops are used on purpose
This is not recommended, but you may see it in other
programmer's code
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
20
INFINITE LOOPS
// Infinite loop example
while (true)
cout << "Hello Mam\n";
This while loop will print “Hello Mam” on the screen in an
infinite loop until you get bored and kill the program
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
21
INFINITE LOOPS
// Accidental infinite loop
int Total = 0;
int Count = 0;
while (Count < 10)
{
Total = Total + Count;
Cout << "total=" << Total << endl;
}
We forgot to increment the variable Count inside the loop
so it will always be equal to 0, giving us an infinite loop
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
22
INFINITE LOOPS
// Potential infinite loop
int Height = 0;
while (Height < 42)
{
cout << "Enter height: ";
cin >> Height;
}
This loop will execute over and over until the user enters a
Height value >= 42
This code could go in an infinite loop if the user types a
string like “height” instead an integer value
CSCE 2004 - Programming Foundations I
23
The while statement – Example
• Calculate the sum of first 10 natural numbers.
Common Mistakes in while-extra semicolon
while (num < minimum);
{
cout << “Enter a number”;
cin >> num;
}
“do…while” loop
In addition to the while loop, C++ also offers the
do-while and for loops.
A do-while loop is similar to a while loop, but it is
in “post-test” format.
“do…while” loop
do {
statement(s);
} while(condition);
Note the Semicolon
here. It is part of the
syntax & missing it will
give an error.
Flowchart Representation of “do…while”
Part of program
before iteration
Loop Body
Logical expression FALSE
(loop condition)
TRUE
Part of program
Loop Body after iteration
28
“do…while” - Example
A program that averages 3 test scores
and it repeats as many times as the
user wishes.
“do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
char again;
do {
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
} while ( ? );
return 0;
}
“do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>Output with a Sample Input
using namespace std;
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]
int main() The average is 80.
{ Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) y [Enter]
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 60 75 88 [Enter]
char again; The average is 74.333336.
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) n [Enter]
do {
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
return 0;
}
“do…while” - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Output
int main ()
value of a: 10
{ value of a: 11
// Local variable declaration value of a: 12
int a = 10;
// do loop execution
do {
cout << "value of a: " << a
<< endl;
a = a + 1;
} while( a < 13 );
return 0;
}
“do … while …” vs “while …”
• Almost the same
• Prefer “do … while …” when we are
guaranteed to execute loop body at least once
• Prefer “while …” if loop body may not be
executed at all
• Programmer’s choice
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