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O-Levels Chapter 8 Acids & Bases

This document summarizes key concepts about acids and bases: 1) Acids produce H+ ions in solution and bases produce OH- ions. Indicator papers can show if a solution is acidic or alkaline. 2) Acids can be strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in solution. Common strong acids include HCl and weak acids include acetic acid. 3) Bases neutralize acids. Strong bases like NaOH fully dissociate and weak bases like NH3 partially dissociate. 4) Neutralization occurs when an acid and base react to produce water and a salt with a pH of 7.

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Zi Yang Lim
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66 views3 pages

O-Levels Chapter 8 Acids & Bases

This document summarizes key concepts about acids and bases: 1) Acids produce H+ ions in solution and bases produce OH- ions. Indicator papers can show if a solution is acidic or alkaline. 2) Acids can be strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in solution. Common strong acids include HCl and weak acids include acetic acid. 3) Bases neutralize acids. Strong bases like NaOH fully dissociate and weak bases like NH3 partially dissociate. 4) Neutralization occurs when an acid and base react to produce water and a salt with a pH of 7.

Uploaded by

Zi Yang Lim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8 Acids & Bases

Water plays an important role in acid and bases, acids produce H + & alkalis produce OH-.

Indicator Acidic Solution Alkaline Solution


Litmus paper Red Blue
Methyl Orange Pink Yellow
Methyl Red Red Yellow
Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink

Acids : Soluble in water | corrosive


Strong Acids – Completely ionized when dissolve in water / Strong acid remains strong in dilute solution
Hydrochloric acid [HCl]
Weak Acid – Partially ionized when dissolved in water / Weak acid remains weak in concentrated solutions
Ethanoic acid [CH3COOH]
Carbonic acid
Citric acid
Sulfurous acid
Ascorbic acid

Alkali : Neutralize acids


Strong Bases – its lattice breaks up completely to produce ions when it dissolves in water.
Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH]
Potassium Hydroxide [KOH]
Weak Bases – It is partially ionised when dissolve in water.
Ammonia [NH3]

Neutralisation: When a base neutralises an acid to have a solution pH of 7.


Neutralisation equation: HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O
Ionic equation: H+Cl− + Na+OH− → Na+ + Cl− + H2O(l)
- Ions that remain unchanged are spectator ions and are taken out of the equation:
- Equation = H+ + OH-]-> H2O

Salts: A compound that has been formed when all the hydrogen ions of an acid have been replaced by metal ions
Soluble salts:
- All nitrates
- all common sodium, potassium, ammonium salts
- all chlorides except lead, silver, mercury
- all sulfates except lead, barium, calcium.
Preparing Soluble Salts
Acid + metal:
- used with the less reactive metals
- magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, tin
Experiment procedure:
1) Excess magnesium ribbon is added to dilute nitric acid [effervescence is observed due to the production of
hydrogen gas]
2) The excess magnesium is removed by filtration
3) The magnesium nitrate solution is evaporated slowly to form a saturated solution of the salt
4) ready to crystallise and is left to cool. Any crystals produced on cooling are filtered and dried between clean
tissues.

Acid + carbonate
- used with any metal carbonate and any acid
- providing the salt produced is soluble.
- Metal carbonates contain carbonate ions [CO 3 2−].
Experiment procedure:
- similar to the experiment with acid and metal.
- Effervescence would be observed due to the production of carbon dioxide
- CO3 2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Acid + alkali (soluble base)


- used for preparing the salts of very reactive metals
- potassium or sodium
- a special technique called titration is required
- Acid is slowly and carefully added to a
measured volume of alkali using a burette
until the indicator, usually phenolphthalein, changes colour.
- End point: An indicator is used to show when the alkali has been neutralised completely by the acid

Acid + insoluble base


- used to prepare a salt of an unreactive metal
- All carbonates are insoluble, except those of potassium, ammonium, sodium.
- lead or copper
- The method is generally the same as that for a metal carbonate and an acid, though some warming of the
reactants may be necessary
- Precipitation: solutions of the two chosen soluble salts are mixed
- double decomposition: soluble salt + soluble salt → insoluble salt + soluble salt
exe: barium chloride + sodium sulfate → barium sulfate + sodium chloride

Spot Test
- simple chemical tests which allow us to identify the anion part of the salt
Testing for a sulfate (SO4 2−):
- a white precipitate
Testing for a chloride (Cl−), a bromide (Br−) or an iodide (I−):
- take a solution of a suspected chloride and add to it a small volume of dilute nitric acid
- make an aqueous acidic solution
- followed by a small amount of a solution of a soluble silver salt
- a white precipitate of silver chloride will be produced [chloride]
- a cream precipitate of silver bromide [bromide]
- a yellow precipitate of silver iodide [iodide]
- addition of lead nitrate solution : bright yellow precipitate of lead iodide [iodide]
Testing for a carbonate:
- small amount of an acid is added to some of the suspected carbonate, effervescence occur
- carbon dioxide gas is produced will turn limewater ‘milky’
- a cloudy white precipitate of calcium carbonate
Testing for a nitrate:
- using Devarda’s alloy in alkaline solution, nitrates are reduced to ammonia.
- identified using damp indicator paper, which turns blue.
- 3NO3 −(aq) + 8Al(s) + 5OH−(aq) + 18H2O(l) → 3NH3(g) + 8[Al(OH)4]--(aq)

Hydrates: a salt which incorporates water into its crystal structure [water of crystallisation]

- the colour change only takes place in the presence of water


Efflorescence: they lose some or all of their water of crystallisation to the atmosphere [colourless sodium carbonate]
Deliquescence: absorbs water vapour and eventually forms a very concentrated solution [Solid sodium hydroxide]
Hygroscopic: absorb moisture but do not change their state [concentrated sulfuric acid]

Calculation of water of crystallisation


Calculate the percentage by mass of water in the salt hydrate MgSO 4.7H2O.
(Ar: H = 1; O = 16; Mg = 24; S = 32)
Mr for MgSO4.7H2O
= 24 + 32 + (4 × 16) + (7 × 18)
= 246
The mass of water as a fraction of the total mass of hydrate
= 126/246
The percentage of water present
= 126/246 × 100 = 51.2%

Solubility of a solute is the number of grams of that solute which can be dissolved in 100 g of water to produce a
saturated solution at that temperature.

Calculation of concentration of solution [only for 1:1 solutions]


M1V1/Macid = M2V2/Malkali
M1 = concentration of the acid used
V1 = volume of acid used (cm3)
Macid = number of moles of acid shown in the chemical equation
M2 = concentration of the alkali used
V2 = volume of the alkali used (cm3)
Malkali = number of moles of alkali shown in the chemical equation.

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