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Short-term analysis on the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice
husk ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete production

Article  in  Environmental Science and Pollution Research · January 2022

DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15877-0

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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15877-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Short-term analysis on the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash

and rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material
in concrete production
Shahid Hussain Channa 1 & Sajjad Ali Mangi 1 2 3
& Naraindas Bheel & Faheem Ahmed Soomro & Shabir Hussain Khahro
4

Received: 3 June 2021 / Accepted: 5 August 2021

# The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

Abstract
Globally, concrete is widely implemented as a construction material and is progressively being utilized because of growth in
urbanization. However, limited resources and gradual depravity of the environment are forcing the research community to obtain
alternative materials from large amounts of agro-industrial wastes as a partial replacement for ordinary cement. Cement is a main
binding resource in concrete production. To reduce environmental problems associated with waste, this study considered the
recycling of agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), rice husk ash (RHA), and others, into cement, and to
finally bring sustainable and environmental-friendly concrete. This study considered 5%, 10%, and 15% of SBCA and RHA
individually to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by weight method then combined both ashes as 10%, 20%, and 30% to
replace OPC to produce sustainable concrete. It was experimentally declared that the strength performance of concrete was
reduced while utilizing SCBA and RHA individually and combined as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) at 7, 28, 56,
and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, the initial and final setting time is increased as the quantity of replacement level of OPC
with SCBA and RHA separates and together as SCM in the mixture. Based on experimental findings, it was concluded that the
use of 5% of SCBA and 5% of RHA as cement replacement material individually or combined in concrete could provide
appropriate results for structural applications in concrete.

Keywords Sugarcane bagasse ash . Rice husk ash . Cement . Compressive strength . Splitting tensile strength

Introduction

Currently, the construction section is considered like as an

industry which plays an important role in the economy of
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues the country. However, the growth in the construction industry
raises the demand for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). It was
* Sajjad Ali Mangi stated that globally more than 1 m3 of concrete is produced per
[email protected]
capita annually (Ramos et al. 2013). This huge consumption
of concrete increases the demand for OPC which is the main
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering binding agent in concrete production. Thus, the manufactur-
and Technology, SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir’s,
ing of OPC produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the
Jamshoro, Sindh 66020, Pakistan
2
environment and becomes the reason for global warming. It
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti
was earlier stated that 1 ton of OPC manufacturing produces
Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak,
Malaysia around 1 ton of CO2 emissions. Therefore, environmentalists
3 are worried about OPC manufacturing and looking for alter-
Jamilus Research Center, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu native resources as cementitious material. Among these re-
Pahat, Johor, Malaysia sources, agricultural and industrial waste seems to be promis-
4
College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi ing sources (Chowdhury et al. 2015). However, OPC is well
Arabia recognized as the major construction material throughout the
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

world, which is very expensive, and it creates environmental Ramadhansyah et al. 2011), as presented in Table 1. It can
problems. Consequently, due to rapid growth in the world be observed that SCBA and RHA have enough silica dioxide.
population, the demand for construction material has been Therefore, this study brings a new idea to mix these two ashes
increased globally. The demand for cement is expected to be and prepare a blended cement. Next, this study will evaluate
met by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) through the performance of concrete containing blended agro-
the utilization of industrial waste biomass in the form of ash as industrial cement in terms of the fresh and hardened properties
a cement replacement material, which can considerably re- of concrete.
duce environmental burden rise due to industrial by-products. Besides that, the combined recycling of SCBA and RHA as
It was generally observed that utilization of SCMs as OPC cement could reduce environmental pollution, and the waste
replacement can significantly bring a reduction in the produc- rising from the agro-industry could be utilized as cementitious
tion of CO2 emissions. materials, which reduced the CO2 emissions produced by or-
In recent years, effective cementitious materials have been dinary Portland cement (OPC). Considering the environmen-
given serious attention. However, the biomasses, namely sug- tal and economic issues, the SCBA and RHA are the waste by-
arcane bagasse and rice husk, are the major wastes produced products of agricultural product-based industries and can be
from the sugar industry and rice mills, respectively. The use of adopted as supplementary cementing materials (SCM). These
these wastes as an energy source for the generation of energy materials have a good amount of silica which indicates the
for the boilers in the industries. However, the incineration or potentiality of pozzolanic reactivity (Mangi et al. 2018).
burning of such wastes could reduce the volume of the waste, Pozzolanic properties are important for the later age strength
but it produces another problem that is the formation ash. development of the concrete. These issues have introduced
However, after the burning process of sugarcane bagasse de- scholars globally to study the opportunity of transforming
livers the ash which is known as sugarcane bagasse ash waste into a useful product for the benefits of human
(SCBA). Whereas rice husk after burning process left behind civilization.
the ash which is branded as rice husk ash (RHA). Usually, rice In this study, combined use of SCBA and RHA has been
husk produced by rice mills is utilized as the main source of considered to stabilize the chemical content of these three
energy to produce heat energy in a kiln to produce masonry ashes. Considering sustainable development, it is essential to
bricks. But particularly, in the Sindh province of Pakistan, use blended cement in replacement of OPC. The utilization of
small-scale rice mills do not have a proper plan to dispose rice individual RHA and SCBA has long been known as cemen-
husk, and it was observed that rice husk produced by rice mills titious material for concrete production. Hence, this study
are not handled properly, which may result in serious brings a novel idea to the combined recycling of SCBA and
environmental and health problems. RHA to replace OPC and to develop new blended cement
There are several research studies available on the utiliza- known as agro-industrial cement.
tion of different industrial wastes as cementitious material.
There are few famous ashes known as SBCA and RHA which
were adopted earlier as partial replacement of OPC individu- Materials and methodology
ally. It was previously declared by Chi (2012) that SCBA has
good potentiality as a cementitious material and declared that Experimental set-up
the 10% replacement of OPC with SCBA could be the
optimum. This study considered two selected agro-industrial wastes
Besides that, the utilization of RHA in concrete is also named as sugarcane bagasse and rice husk which are locally
considered as a suitable alternative solution for sustainable available in abundant quantities. The sugarcane bagasse was
concrete production (Ramadhansyah et al. 2011). It was ear- collected from Khairpur Sugar Mills, and rice husk was col-
lier found that 10% incorporation of RHA gives 30.8% lected from nearby rice mills. After transporting, these wastes
strength development as compared to the control mix were processed through burning to convert waste into ash.
(Habeeb and Mahmud 2010). The ash received through the burning of sugarcane bagasse
The review of the literature suggested that no comprehen- is known as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), and the ash re-
sive study on agro-industrial waste composed of SCBA and ceived through the burning of rice husk is known as rice husk
RHA as SCMs in concrete production has not been conducted ash (RHA). Then, this study considered combined recycling
elsewhere. Therefore, this study incorporated these three these two ashes to produce blended cement. Next, the perfor-
ashes, i.e., SCBA and RHA, as a partial replacement of OPC mance of concrete containing SCBA and RHA as cementi-
and to develop agro-industrial blended cement for sustainable tious material was evaluated in terms of the fresh and hard-
concrete production. However, the chemical composition of ened properties of concrete. The concrete mix with 1:2:4 (ce-
these three ashes has been reviewed from the earlier published ment: sand: coarse aggregate) ratio with water-to-binder (w/b)
research (Cheah Chee Ban 2011; Chi 2012; and ratio of 0.50 was considered to produce concrete mix. The
Environ Sci Pollut Res

Table 1 Chemical composition of OPC and agro-industrial wastes Pakistan. Next, the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk were
Chemical OPC (%) (Cheah SCBA RHA (%) processed through uncontrolled open burning separately to
content Chee Ban 2011) (Chi 2012) (Ramadhansyah et al. get fine ashes. After the burning process, ashes were passed
2011) through a 300-μ sieve, as the detailed procedure is shown in
Fig. 1. Moreover, concrete mixes were prepared, as the detail
SiO2 16.0 54.4 91.0
is shown in Table 3. Initially, concrete with 100% OPC with
Fe2O3 2.90 5.5 0.10
proportion 1:2:4 (cement: sand: coarse aggregate) was pre-
Al2O3 3.60 9.1 0.10 pared without any agro-industrial waste. Then, OPC was re-
CaO 72.0 12.4 0.40 placed with SCBA and RHA individually with 5%, 10%, and
SO3 3.10 4.10 0.50 15%. These proportions of supplementary cementitious mate-
MgO 1.50 2.9 0.90 rial were selected based on previous research recommenda-
K2O 0.34 1.3 3.30 tions (Mangi et al. 2017). Next, combined use of SCBA and
LOI 2.53 9.4 3.55 RHA incorporated with 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of
cement. These proportions of SCBA and RHA were selected
from earlier research (Habeeb and Mahmud 2010; Mangi et al.
specimen comprising of cube sizes 150 mm × 150mm × 2021). However, the detailed research methodology is provid-
150mm as per ASTM C39 and the cylinder of 100 mm in ed in Fig. 2. It shows that fresh mix concrete was tested for
diameter and 200 mm in length as per ASTM C496 were cast workability, and hardened concrete was evaluated for com-
and tested for determining compressive and splitting tensile pressive and splitting tensile strength at different curing ages
strength, respectively. The specimens were cast in plastic of 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days.
molds and demolded after 24 h. After demolding, specimens
were kept in a water curing tank for the period of 7 days, 28
days, 56 days, and 90 days. After the designated period of Results and discussion
curing, the specimens were tested at the concrete laboratory
of the MUET, SZAB Campus Khairpur. This study required a Consistency and setting time
total of 240 specimens, as the detail is provided in Table 2.
Figure 3 indicates the setting time of the mixture including 5–
Materials 15% of SCBA, 5–15% of RHA, and combined use of SCBA
and RHA as OPC replacement material in the mixture. The
The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of ASTM Type-I was result shows that the initial and final setting time of the mix-
used as the main binding material in this study, and agro- ture is increased as the content of OPC replaced with SCBA
industrial wastes, i.e., sugarcane bagasse and rice husk, were rises in the mixture. The initial setting time is increased from
collected from local industries from Khairpur, Sindh, 80 min at 100% of OPC to 110 min at 15% of SCBA as SCM

Table 2 Detail of the specimens

Mix detail Compressive strength Splitting tensile strength

7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days 7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days

100% OPC 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5% SCBA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10% SCBA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
15% SCBA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
15% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5% SCBA + 5% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10% SCBA + 10% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
15% SCBA + 15% RHA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Subtotal 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Total 240
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

Table 3 Detail of agro-industrial

cement concrete proportion Mix detail SCBA (%) RHA (%) Combined use of SCBA and RHA (%) OPC (%)

100% OPC - - - - 100%

5% SCBA 5 - - - 95%
10% SCBA 10 - - - 90%
15% SCBA 15 - - - 85%
5% RHA - 5 - - 95%
10% RHA - 10 - - 90%
15% RHA - 15 - - 85%
5% SCBA + 5% RHA - - 5 5 90%
10% SCBA + 10% RHA - - 10 10 80%
15% SCBA + 15% RHA - - 15 15 70%

in the mixture. However, the final setting time is increased increased 45 min and 10 h correspondingly (Terungwa and
from 260 min at 100% of OPC to 310 min at 15% of SCBA Emmanuel 2018).
as SCM in the mixture. This similar type of study was per-
formed by Arel and Aydin (2018) that the initial and final
Workability
setting time is improved with growing dosages of CSA as
SCM in the paste. Jankovský et al. (2017) reported that the
Figure 4 indicates the workability of the green mixture includ-
initial and final setting time is increased with growing the
ing 5–15% of SCBA as OPC replacement material in the
replacement level of OPC with wheat straw ash in the paste.
mixture. The optimum slump was measured by 76 mm at
Similarly, the initial setting time is increased from 80 min at
the control mix, and the minimum slump of the green mixture
100% of OPC to 115 min at 15% of RHA as SCM in the
was recorded by 43 mm at 15% of OPC replaced with SCBA.
mixture, and the final setting time is increased from 260 min
It can be observed that the slump of green mixes is declined as
at 100% of OPC to 300 min at 15% of RHA as SCM in the
the dosages of SCBA rises in the mixture. This aspect of
mixture. The result shows that the initial and final setting time
research investigation was achieved by Bheel et al. (2019a,
of the mixture is increased as the content of OPC replaced
b), in which the slump of green concrete is reduced while the
with RHA rises in the mixture. The same trend was
level of OPC replacement with SCBA increases in the mix-
observed by Fernando et al. (2017) that the initial and final
ture. Dayo et al. (2019) reported that the slump is dropped
setting was increased while the replacement level of OPC with
with growth in the percentages of SCBA in concrete.
CSA increases in the paste. Moreover, the initial and final
Similarly, the workability of green mixture blended with 5–
setting time is enhanced while the combined use of SCBA
15% of RHA as OPC replacement component in the mixture,
and RHA increases in the mixture. The optimum initial and
as described in Fig. 4. The optimum slump of the green mix-
final setting time is recorded by 130 min and 340 min at 15%
ture is noted by 76 mm at the control mix, and the lowest
of SCBA and 15% of RHA as SCM in the mixture. According
slump is calculated by 41 mm at 15% of OPC replaced with
to BS 12 (1978) that the initial and final setting times are not
RHA in concrete. It has been detected that the slump of green

Fig. 1 Material collection and

preparation
Environ Sci Pollut Res

Collecon & Preparaon of

Agro-industrial waste (SCBA and
RHA

Consistency and
Seng me test
Preparaon of Concrete Mix fresh mix
(Replacement of OPC with 0, 5, 10 and 15 % SCBA and properes like
RHA individually and combined by weight method) workability test

Hardened Concrete

Compressive strength Test Spling Tensile strength Test

At 7, 28, 56 and 90 days At 7, 28, 56 and 90 days

Results and Discussion

Conclusion and Recommendaons

Fig. 2 Research methodology

concrete is reduced as the quantity of replacement of OPC 15% of SCBA and 15% of RHA as PC replacement material
with RHA increases in the mixture. This opinion was linked in the mixture. The outcomes have been perceived that the
with Bheel et al. (2019a, b), in which the workability of con- workability of the green mixture is dropped as growing the
crete is dropped with growing in the percentages of OPC quantity of SCBA and RHA as SCM in concrete. This drop in
replaced with RHA in concrete. Bheel et al. (2018) reported slump might be due to the porous particles of SCBA and RHA
that the workability is plummeted with growth in the propor- as compared to OPC which absorbs more amount of water
tions of OPC replacement with RHA in concrete. Moreover, with increasing the content of SCBA and RHA in the mixture.
the slump of green mixture blended with 10–30% of com- The research investigation was performed by Bheel et al.
bined use of SCBA and RHA as SCM in concrete, as shown (2020a, b), in which the slump of the green mixture is dropped
in Fig. 4. The maximum slump is estimated by 76 mm at the with rising in the dosages of PC replacement with SCBA and
control mix, and the minimum slump is recorded by 20 mm at limestone in concrete. Bheel et al. (2020a, b) stated that the

Fig. 3 Consistency and setting 400 Initial Final

Setting time (mnutes)

time of cement paste containing 350 340

SCBA and RHA 300 310 320
290 300 300
280 280 280
250 260
200
150 115 120 130
100 110 95 105 110
80 90
100
50
0
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

Fig. 4 Workability of concrete Workability Max limits Min limits

containing SCBA and RHA 76
80
70 63 63

Slump value (mm)

60 51 51
50 43 41 38
40
30 25
20
20
10
0

Mix Proportions

slump is plummeted as the content of PC replacement with use of SCBA and RHA as SCM in the mixture for investigat-
rice husk ash and fly ash in the mixture. ing the compressive strength after 7 days, 28 days, 56 days,
and 90 days. The compressive strength in concrete containing
5% SCBA and 5% RHA was noticed as 17.0 MPa and
Compressive strength 25.7 MPa at 7 days and 90 days, respectively. It can be ob-
served that the compressive strength is decreased while utiliz-
Figure 5 displays the mixture of concrete including several ing OPC replacement with SCBA and RHA together rise in
proportions of SCBA as OPC replacement material for deter- concrete. This reduction in strength is due to the replacement
mining the compressive strength of concrete at 7 days, 28 level of OPC with SCBA and RHA rises in concrete. On the
days, 56 days, and 90 days correspondingly. The compressive other hand, the strength starts reducing, owing to the dilution
strength in the control mix was noticed as 19.1 MPa and effect of SCBA and RHA on OPC that results in reducing the
30.4 MPa at 7 days and 90 days, respectively. However, com- calcium hydroxide which is present for product formation
pressive strength in SCBA concrete was noticed as 17.2 MPa (Garrett et al. 2020). This similar trend of research work was
and 28.6 MPa at 7 days and 90 days, respectively. It can be conducted by Bheel et al. (2020a, b), where the compressive
detected that the compressive strength is reduced while using strength is reduced while using more than 10% of OPC re-
SCBA as OPC replacement in the mixture. This opinion was placed with RHA and fly ash as SCM in concrete. The result
accompanied by Kumari and Kumar (2015), where the com- of this experimental study agrees with the literature and rec-
pressive strength is reduced as the content of OPC replace- ommends that the pozzolanic reaction between the silicon
ment with SCBA increases in the mixture. Kiran and Kishore dioxide in the RHA and SCBA and the lime products from
(2017) presented a report that the compressive strength is im- cement hydration produces additional C-S-H gel that assists in
proved while the amount of replacement material with SCBA the development of compressive strength (Garrett et al. 2020).
rises to 5% in the mixture and then it starts reducing. However, a finer particle of SCBA could give better results;
Similarly, Fig. 5 directs the compressive strength of the mix- 90% of SCBA particles passed through 21 μm which gives
ture blended with several percentages of RHA as a replace- positive compressive strength results (Bayapureddy et al.
ment for OPC in the mixture after 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, 2020). It was observed from the experimental study and com-
and 90 days individually. The compressive strength in RHA parison with the earlier findings, which indicates that particle
concrete was noticed as 16.5 MPa and 27.8 MPa at 7 days and fineness of SCBA and RHA has a great influence on the
90 days, respectively. It has been noted that the compressive strength performance of concrete; the more the finer particle
strength is dropped as the extent of OPC replacement with results in the greater the strength performances (Bayapureddy
RHA in concrete. This aspect was performed by Padhi and et al. 2020).
Mukharjee (2017), where the compressive strength is reduced
while the replacement level of OPC with RHA increases in
concrete after 28 days. A similar type of investigational study Splitting tensile strength
was done by Kishore et al. (2011) and Khan et al. (2012).
Moreover, Fig. 5 demonstrates the mixture blended with Figure 6 displays the concrete mixture incorporating several
10%, 20%, and 30% of OPC replaced with the combined proportions of SCBA and RHA as OPC replacement material
Environ Sci Pollut Res

7days 28days 56days 90days

30.4
35.0

28.2

28.6
Compressive Strength (MPa)

27.8
27.5
25.4

25.7
30.0

25.3
25.2

24.6

24.5

23.5
22.7
22.6

22.5
21.3
21.4
20.6
20.2

20.4
25.0

19.9
19.6
19.1

18.3

18.4

18.2
17.9
17.2

17.0

16.4
16.8
16.7

16.5

15.9
15.6
15.6

15.4
20.0

15.2
14.4

12.4
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

Mix Proportions
Fig. 5 Compressive strength of concrete containing SCBA and RHA

for determining the splitting tensile strength at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days, respectively. The best splitting tensile
56 days, and 90 days. The highest splitting tensile strength strength was observed in control mix concrete, and the lowest
was estimated by 1.98 MPa, 2.25 MPa, 2.52 MPa, and value was recorded by 1.22 MPa, 1.60 MPa, 1.72 MPa, and
2.72 MPa in the control mix concrete at 7 days, 28 days, 56 1.91 MPa with 15% of RHA and 15% of SCBA as SCM in the
days, and 90 days, respectively. Whereas lowest strength was mixture at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days, respectively.
noted by 1.64 MPa, 1.76 MPa, 2.12 MPa, and 2.38 MPa at It can be observed that the indirect tensile strength is
15% of SCBA as OPC replacement material in concrete after plummeted while utilizing OPC replacement with SCBA
7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days correspondingly. It can and RHA as SCM in concrete. This decrement in strength is
be identified that the splitting tensile strength is decreased owing to the slower pozzolanic reaction of SCBA and RHA as
while utilizing SCBA as OPC replacement in the mixture. compared to hydration reaction of OPC in mixture due to
This opinion was accompanied by Kumari and Kumar coarse particles sizes of SCBA and RHA as compared to
(2015), where the splitting tensile strength is reduced as the OPC (Dhengare et al. 2019). This similar trend of research
content of OPC replacement with SCBA increases in the mix- work was conducted by Bheel et al. (2020a, b), where the split
ture. Kiran and Kishore (2017) presented a report that the split tensile strength is reduced while using greater than 10% OPC
tensile strength is increased while the 5% of replacement ma- replaced with RHA and fly ash as SCM in the mixture at 28
terial with SCBA in the mixture and further addition of days. This study considered SCBA and RHA passed through
SCBA, the strength gets decline. Similarly, Fig. 6 indicates 300 μ which gives coarser particles as compared to OPC, and
the splitting tensile strength of mixture combined with several that was the reason behind the reduction in strength. However,
percentages of RHA as SCM in mixture on 7 days, 28 days, 56 Dhengare et al. (2019) stated that the finer particle like 150 μ
days, and 90 days, respectively. The maximum splitting ten- gives high compressive strength to the concrete also improves
sile strength was recorded in the control mix concrete, and the the quality of concrete after 28days.
lowest strength was assessed by 1.62 MPa, 1.74 MPa, 2.04
MPa, and 2.39 MPa with 15% of RHA as SCM in the mixture Compressive and splitting tensile strength
at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days correspondingly. It relationship
has been noted that the indirect tensile strength is declined as
the extent of OPC replaced with RHA increases in concrete. The relationship among compressive and splitting tensile
This opinion was accomplished by Madandoust et al. (2011), strength of concrete was established with supplementary ce-
where the indirect tensile strength is reduced while the re- mentitious materials (SCM) like SCBA at different propor-
placement level of OPC with RHA increases in the mixture tions and RHA and without SCMs, made through computa-
at 28 days. Kishore et al. (2011) described that the splitting tional analysis and a graph has been prepared, as shown in Fig.
tensile strength is declined as the amount of OPC replaced 7. The following Eq. (1) shows the compressive and splitting
with RHA rises in the mixture. Moreover, Fig. 6 demonstrates tensile strength relationship along with R2 coefficients of de-
the mixture blended with 10–30% of OPC replaced with the termination:
combined use of SCBA and RHA as SCM in concrete for
investigating the splitting tensile strength at 7 days, 28 days, ft ¼ 1:0061e0:0321fcu R2 ¼ 0:8521 ð1Þ
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

3.50 7days 28days 56days 90days

2.85
2.72

2.68
3.00
Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)

2.53
2.52

2.51

2.48

2.39
2.38

2.38

2.32
2.26
2.25

2.18
2.50

2.13
2.12

2.12

2.09

2.06
2.04
2.02
1.98

1.91
1.88

1.86
1.80

1.80

1.78
1.76
1.76

1.76

1.75
1.74

1.74

1.72
2.00

1.64

1.62

1.60

1.60
1.22
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

Mix Proportions
Fig. 6 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing SCBA and RHA

where “fcu” is compressive strength (MPa) and “ft” is splitting Conclusion and suggestions
tensile strength (MPa).
The results obtained through experiments indicated the fa- The basic aim of this study was the utilization of RHA and
vorable relationship concerning regression curve results. The SCBA as partial replacement of OPC in concrete and deter-
test results were evaluated for strength performance of con- mined their effect on fresh and hardened properties. From this
crete with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) like experimental study, the following conclusions were drawn:
SCBA at different proportions and RHA and without SCMs.
The coefficient of R2 value for relationships was discovered & The initial and final setting time of the mixture was in-
similar to those achieved by the previous investigator with creased while utilizing the replacement level of OPC with
SCMs (Mangi et al. 2019). SCBA and RHA increases individually and combines as
SCM in the mixture.

Fig. 7 Compressive and splitting 2.50

tensile strength relationship ft = 1.0061e0.0321fcu
ft: Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)

R² = 0.8521
2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
fcu: Compressive Strength (MPa)
Environ Sci Pollut Res

& The workability of fresh concrete was reduced as the re- Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledged the support of
the Mehran University of Engineering &Technology, SZAB Campus
placement level of OPC with SCBA and RHA as SCM
Khairpur Mirs, Sindh, Pakistan.
individually and together increases in the mixture. The
optimum slump was measured by 76 mm at the control Author contribution Shahid Hussain Channa: experimental work, data
mix, while the minimum slump of the green mixture is curation, and writing draft
recorded by 43 mm and 41 mm at 15% of OPC replaced Sajjad Ali Mangi: supervision, conception, reviewing, and validation
Narain Das Bheel: writing, editing, and reviewing
with SCBA and RHA as SCM in the mixture, respective- Faheem Ahmed Soomro: reviewing, editing, and proofreading
ly. Moreover, the maximum slump is estimated by 76 mm Shabir Hussain Khahro: reviewing and proofreading
for the control mix, and the minimum slump was recorded
by 20 mm at 15% of RHA and 15% SCBA as OPC re- Data Availability Not applicable.
placement material in the mixture.
& The optimum compressive strength values were noticed as Declarations
17.2 MPa, 22.6 MPa, 25.4 MPa, and 28.6 MPa with 5% of
SCBA at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days consis- Ethical approval Not applicable.
tently. Besides, the compressive strength values in control
mix concrete were observed as 19.10 MPa, 25.20 MPa, Consent to participate Not applicable.
28.2 MPa, and 30.4 MPa at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and
Consent for publication Not applicable.
90 days, respectively. The lowest strength value was re-
corded as 12.4 MPa, 15.2 MPa, 16.4 MPa, and 18.2MPa Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.
at 15% RHA and 15% SCBA together as SCM in the
mixture at 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days consis-
tently. It can be witnessed that the compressive strength is References
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concrete. Biosyst Eng 110(2):144–152

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