Exercise 5.

2 2 2 𝑑𝑧
Problem 1: If 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 where 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡 and 𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡

2 2
Sol: Given 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

𝑑𝑧 ∂𝑧 𝑑𝑢 ∂𝑧 𝑑𝑣 2 3 2
𝑑𝑡
= ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑡
+ ∂𝑣 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑢. 2𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑣. 2𝑎 = 4𝑎𝑢𝑡 + 4𝑎𝑣 = 4𝑎 𝑡 + 8𝑎 𝑡

Problem 2: If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
−1
( ) where 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑦
𝑥
𝑡
−𝑒
−𝑡 𝑡
and 𝑦 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 , find
−𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡

Sol: Given 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛

−1
( ) 𝑦
𝑥

2 2
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
=
∂𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∂𝑥 𝑑𝑡
+
∂𝑢 𝑑𝑦
∂𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥
2 2 . −
𝑦
2
𝑥
(
. 𝑒 +𝑒 )+ 𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥
2 2 .
1
𝑥 (
. 𝑒 −𝑒 )
−𝑦 𝑥
= 2 2 . 𝑦+ 2 2 . 𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦

2 2
𝑥 −𝑦 2
= 2 2 =− 2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑒 +𝑒

2 2 𝑑𝑢
Problem 3: If 𝑢 = 𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑥 where 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2 2
Sol: 𝑑𝑡
= ∂𝑥 𝑑𝑡
+ ∂𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=− 4𝑎. 2𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑦. 2𝑎 =− 8𝑎 𝑡 + 4𝑎𝑦 =− 8𝑎 𝑡 + 4𝑎. 2𝑎𝑡 = 0

Problem 4: At a given instant the sides of a rectangle are 4 𝑓𝑡. and 3𝑓𝑡. respectively and they are
increasing at the rate of 1. 5 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐. and 0. 5𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐. respectively, find the rate at which the area is
increasing at that instant.

𝑑𝑙 1.5𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑏
Sol: Given that 𝑙 = 4𝑓𝑡, 𝑏 = 3𝑓𝑡, 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑡
= 0. 5𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑏

𝑑𝐴 ∂𝐴 𝑑𝑙 ∂𝐴 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑏
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= ∂𝑙 𝑑𝑡
+ ∂𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=𝑏 𝑑𝑡
+𝑙 𝑑𝑡
= 3×1. 5 + 4×0. 5 = 6. 5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

2 2
Problem 5: If 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑦 and if 𝑥 increases at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚. per second and it passes through
the value 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑚, show that if 𝑦 passing through the value 𝑦 = 1𝑐𝑚., 𝑦 must be decreasing at the rate
2
of 2 15
𝑐𝑚. per second, in order that 𝑧 shall remain constant.

2 2 𝑑𝑥
Sol: Given 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑦, 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝑦 = 1𝑐𝑚, 𝑑𝑡
= 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

2
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑡
=
∂𝑧 𝑑𝑥
∂𝑥 𝑑𝑡
+
∂𝑧 𝑑𝑦
∂𝑦 𝑑𝑡 (
= 2𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥2) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑡

1
 2 2 𝑑𝑦
(
⟹ 0 = 2. 1 − 6. 3. 1 . 2 + 4. 3. 1 − 3. 3 ) ( )𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
⟹ 0 = 32 − 15 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 32 2
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 15
=2 15
𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

2 2 2 2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡 𝑑𝑢
Problem 6: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 and 𝑥 = 𝑒 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 . Find 𝑑𝑡
as a total
derivative and verify the result by direct substitution.

𝑑𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑦 ∂𝑢 𝑑𝑧
Sol: 𝑑𝑡
= ∂𝑥 𝑑𝑡
+ ∂𝑦 𝑑𝑡
+ ∂𝑧 𝑑𝑡

2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡
(
= 2𝑥. 2𝑒 + 2𝑦. 𝑒 . − sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 . 3 + cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 . 2𝑒 ) + 2𝑧. (𝑒2𝑡. cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 . 3 + sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 . 2𝑒2𝑡)
2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡
= 2𝑥. 2𝑒 + 2𝑦. 𝑒 (− 3 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ) + 2𝑧. 𝑒 (cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 )

2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡
= 2𝑒 . 2𝑒 + 2𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 . 𝑒 (− 3 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ) + 2𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 . 𝑒 (cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 )

4𝑡 4𝑡 4𝑡 4𝑡 4𝑡
= 4𝑒 − 6𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 4𝑒 3𝑡 + 6𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 4𝑒 3𝑡

4𝑡 4𝑡
= 4𝑒 + 4𝑒 (3𝑡 + 3𝑡 )

4𝑡 4𝑡
= 4𝑒 + 4𝑒

4𝑡
= 8𝑒

2 2 2
Verification: 𝑢 = 𝑒 ( 2𝑡) ( 2𝑡
+ 𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ) ( 2𝑡
+ 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 ) 4𝑡 4𝑡
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 (3𝑡 + 3𝑡 ) = 2𝑒
4𝑡

𝑑𝑢 4𝑡
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 8𝑒

Problem 7: If φ(𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧, 𝑐𝑦 − 𝑏𝑧) = 0, show that 𝑎𝑧𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 𝑐.

Sol: Suppose 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑢, 𝑐𝑦 − 𝑏𝑧 = 𝑣, then φ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0

0=
∂φ
∂𝑥
=
∂φ ∂𝑢
∂𝑢 ∂𝑥
+
∂φ ∂𝑣
∂𝑣 ∂𝑥 ( ) ( ) (
= φ𝑢 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥 + φ𝑣 𝑏𝑧𝑥 ⟹ 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥 φ𝑢 + 𝑏𝑧𝑥φ𝑣 = 0 ) …. (1)

0=
∂φ
∂𝑦
=
∂φ ∂𝑢
∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
+
∂φ ∂𝑣
∂𝑣 ∂𝑦 ( ) ( )
= φ𝑢 − 𝑎𝑧𝑦 + φ𝑣 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑧𝑦 ⟹ − 𝑎𝑧𝑦φ𝑢 + 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑧𝑦 φ𝑣 = 0 …. (2) ( )
eliminating φ𝑢 and φ𝑣 from (1) and (2), we get 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥 𝑏𝑧𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧𝑦 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 0 | |

2
 ( )(
⟹ 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑧𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑦 = 0 )
2
⟹𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐𝑧𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑧𝑦 = 0

⟹𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧𝑥 − 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 0

⟹𝑎𝑧𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 𝑐

∂𝑓 ∂φ 𝑑𝑧 ∂𝑓 ∂φ
Problem 8: If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, φ(𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, show that ∂𝑦
. ∂𝑧
. 𝑑𝑥
= ∂𝑥
. ∂𝑦

∂𝑓 ∂φ
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑧 φ𝑦
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⟹ 𝑑𝑥
=− ∂𝑥
∂𝑓 =− 𝑓𝑦
and φ(𝑦, 𝑧) = 0⟹ 𝑑𝑦
=− ∂𝑦
∂φ =− φ𝑧
∂𝑦 ∂𝑧

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥 φ𝑦 𝑓𝑥 φ𝑦
Now 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦
. 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑓𝑦
.− φ𝑧
= 𝑓𝑦 φ𝑧

𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑓𝑦φ𝑧 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓𝑥φ𝑧

Problem 9: If the curves 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 and φ(𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 touch, show that at the point of contact
∂𝑓 ∂φ ∂𝑓 ∂φ
∂𝑥
. ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
. ∂𝑧

∂𝑓 ∂φ
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑦 φ𝑧
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⟹ 𝑑𝑥
=− ∂𝑥
∂𝑓 =− 𝑓𝑦
and φ(𝑦, 𝑧) = 0⟹ 𝑑𝑧
=− ∂𝑧
∂φ =− φ𝑦
∂𝑦 ∂𝑦

Since the curves are touches each other, at the point of contact the slopes of the tangents are equal.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥 φ𝑧
i.e. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑧
⟹− 𝑓𝑦
=− φ𝑦
⟹𝑓𝑥φ𝑦 = φ𝑧𝑓𝑦

Exercise 5.6

𝑢 −𝑣 𝑢 −𝑣 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑧
Problem 1: If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 , then prove that ∂𝑢
− ∂𝑣
=𝑥 ∂𝑥
−𝑦 ∂𝑦
.

𝑢 −𝑣 𝑢 −𝑣
Sol: Given 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒

∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 𝑢 ∂𝑧 𝑢
∂𝑢
= ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢
= ∂𝑥
𝑒 + ∂𝑦
𝑒

∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 −𝑣 ∂𝑧 −𝑣
∂𝑣
= ∂𝑥 ∂𝑣
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑣
= ∂𝑥
.− 𝑒 + ∂𝑦
𝑒

Consider
∂𝑧
∂𝑢
−
∂𝑧
∂𝑣
= ( ∂𝑧
∂𝑥
𝑢
𝑒 +
∂𝑧
∂𝑦
𝑒
𝑢
)− ( ∂𝑧
∂𝑥
.− 𝑒
−𝑣
+
∂𝑧
∂𝑦
𝑒 )
−𝑣

=
∂𝑧
∂𝑥 (𝑒𝑢 + 𝑒−𝑣 ) + ∂𝑦∂𝑧 (𝑒𝑢 − 𝑒−𝑣 )

3
 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑧
=𝑥 ∂𝑥
−𝑦 ∂𝑦

Problem 2: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠), 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡, 𝑠 = 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑡 and 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 are independent variables, show that
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∂𝑡
=𝑎 ∂𝑥
+ 𝑏 ∂𝑦

Sol: Given 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠), 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑠 = 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑡

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑟
. ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑠
. ∂𝑥
= ∂𝑟
.1 + ∂𝑠
. 0 ⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝑟

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∂𝑦
= ∂𝑟
. ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑠
. ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑟
.0 + ∂𝑠
. 1⟹𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∂𝑡
= ∂𝑟
. ∂𝑡
+ ∂𝑠
. ∂𝑡
= ∂𝑟
.𝑎 + ∂𝑠
. 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑎𝑢𝑥 + 𝑏𝑢𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢𝑟 + 𝑏𝑢𝑠

( , ) = 0, then show that 𝑥

Problem 3: If φ
𝑥
𝑧
3
𝑦
𝑥
∂𝑧
∂𝑥
+𝑦
∂𝑧
∂𝑦
= 3𝑧 given 𝑧 is function of 𝑥 and 𝑦

Sol: Given φ( , ) = 0
𝑧 𝑦
3 𝑥
𝑥

𝑧 𝑦
Suppose 3 = 𝑢, 𝑥
= 𝑣, then φ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0
𝑥

( )
3 2
∂φ ∂φ ∂𝑢 ∂φ ∂𝑣 𝑥 𝑧𝑥−𝑧.3𝑥 −𝑦
0= ∂𝑥
= ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥
= φ𝑢 6 + φ𝑣. 2
𝑥 𝑥

⟹φ𝑢 ( 𝑥𝑧𝑥−3𝑧

𝑥
4 )+ φ . 𝑣
−𝑦
𝑥
2 = 0 ….. (1)

∂∅ ∂∅ ∂𝑢 ∂∅ ∂𝑣 𝑧𝑦 1
0= ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑦
= φ𝑢. 3 + φ𝑣. 𝑥
𝑥

𝑧𝑦 1
⟹φ𝑢. 3 + φ𝑣. 𝑥
= 0 ......... (2)
𝑥

| 𝑥𝑧 −3𝑧 −𝑦 𝑧𝑦 1 |
eliminating φ𝑢 and φ𝑣 from the above equation , we get | 𝑥 4 |= 0
| 𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑥
3 𝑥 |

𝑥𝑧𝑥−3𝑧 𝑦
⟹ 5 + 5 𝑧𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

⟹𝑥𝑧𝑥 − 3𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 0

∂𝑧 ∂𝑧
⟹𝑥 ∂𝑥
+𝑦 ∂𝑦
= 3𝑧

Problem 4: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ , prove that

4
 ∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2
( ) +( )
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
= ( )
∂𝑟
+
𝑟
1
2 ( ) ∂θ

Sol: Given 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

∂𝑢
∂θ
=
∂𝑢 ∂𝑥
∂𝑥 ∂θ
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
∂𝑦 ∂θ (
= 𝑢𝑥(− 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ ) + 𝑢𝑦(𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ ) = 𝑟 𝑢𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑢𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ )
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
∂𝑟
= ∂𝑥 ∂𝑟
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑟
= 𝑢𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ + 𝑢𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2
( )
∂𝑟
+
1
2
𝑟
( )
∂θ
= (𝑢𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ + 𝑢𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ )2 + 𝑟1 (𝑟(𝑢𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 2 − 𝑢𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ ))2
(
= 𝑢𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ + 𝑢𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ )2 + (𝑢𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑢𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ )2
2 2
= 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 .

∂𝑢 2 ∂𝑢 2
= ( ) ∂𝑥
+ ( ) ∂𝑦

1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢
Problem 5: If 𝑢 = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 3𝑦 − 4𝑧, 4𝑧 − 2𝑥), prove that 2 ∂𝑥
+ 3 ∂𝑦
+ 4 ∂𝑧
= 0.

Sol: Suppose 𝑝 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑞 = 3𝑦 − 4𝑧, 𝑟 = 4𝑧 − 2𝑥, then 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟)

∂𝑢
∂𝑥
=
∂𝑢 ∂𝑝
∂𝑝 ∂𝑥
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑞
∂𝑞 ∂𝑥
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑟
∂𝑟 ∂𝑥
= 𝑢𝑝. 2 + 𝑢𝑞. 0 + 𝑢𝑟. − 2 = 2 𝑢𝑝 − 𝑢𝑟 ⟹ ( ) 1
2
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝑝 − 𝑢𝑟

∂𝑢
∂𝑦
=
∂𝑢 ∂𝑝
∂𝑝 ∂𝑦
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑞
∂𝑞 ∂𝑦
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑟
∂𝑟 ∂𝑦
= 𝑢𝑝. − 3 + 𝑢𝑞. 3 + 𝑢𝑟 = 3 𝑢𝑞 − 𝑢𝑝 ( ) ⟹
1
3
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑞 − 𝑢𝑝

∂𝑢
∂𝑧
=
∂𝑢 ∂𝑝
∂𝑝 ∂𝑧
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑞
∂𝑞 ∂𝑧
+
∂𝑢 ∂𝑟
∂𝑟 ∂𝑧
= 𝑢𝑝. 0 + 𝑢𝑞. − 4 + 𝑢𝑟. 4 = 4 𝑢𝑟 − 𝑢𝑞 ⟹ ( ) 1
4
𝑢𝑧 = 𝑢𝑟 − 𝑢𝑞

1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢
Adding all these, we get 2 ∂𝑥
+ 3 ∂𝑦
+ 4 ∂𝑧
= 𝑢𝑝 − 𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝑞 − 𝑢𝑝 + 𝑢𝑟 − 𝑢𝑞 = 0

1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢
Therefore 2 ∂𝑥
+ 3 ∂𝑦
+ 4 ∂𝑧
= 0.

𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

Problem 6: If 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑒 ( ,𝑒 ,𝑒 ), prove that ∂𝑢
∂𝑥
+
∂𝑢
∂𝑦
+
∂𝑢
∂𝑧
= 0.

𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

Sol: Suppose 𝑝 = 𝑒 ,𝑞 = 𝑒 ,𝑟 = 𝑒 , then 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟)

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑞 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑝 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑞 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑟 ∂𝑥
= 𝑢𝑝. 0 + 𝑢𝑞. 𝑒 . − 1 + 𝑢𝑟. 𝑒 .1

𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = − 𝑢𝑞𝑒 + 𝑢𝑟𝑒

5
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑞 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 𝑦−𝑧 𝑥−𝑦
∂𝑦
= ∂𝑝 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑞 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑟 ∂𝑦
= 𝑢𝑝. 𝑒 . 1 + 𝑢𝑞. 0 + 𝑢𝑟. 𝑒 .− 1

𝑦−𝑧 𝑥−𝑦
⟹ 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑝𝑒 − 𝑢𝑟𝑒

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑝 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑞 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

∂𝑧
= ∂𝑝 ∂𝑧
+ ∂𝑞 ∂𝑧
+ ∂𝑟 ∂𝑧
= 𝑢𝑝. 𝑒 . − 1 + 𝑢𝑞. 𝑒 . 1 + 𝑢𝑟. 𝑒 .0

𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥
⟹ 𝑢𝑧 =− 𝑢𝑝𝑒 + 𝑢𝑞𝑒

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑧 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥

∴ ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑧
=− 𝑢𝑞𝑒 + 𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑢𝑝𝑒 − 𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑢𝑝𝑒 + 𝑢𝑞𝑒 =0

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
Problem 7: 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) and 𝑟 = 𝑦
,𝑠 = 𝑧
,𝑡 = 𝑥
, prove that 𝑥 ∂𝑥
+𝑦 ∂𝑦
+𝑧 ∂𝑧
= 0.

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑡 1 𝑧
Sol: ∂𝑥
= ∂𝑟 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑠 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑡 ∂𝑥
= 𝑢𝑟. 𝑦
+ 𝑢𝑠. 0 + 𝑢𝑡. − 2
𝑥

1 𝑧
⟹𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝑟. 𝑦
+ 𝑢𝑡. − 2
𝑥
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑡 𝑥 1
∂𝑦
= ∂𝑟 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑠 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑡 ∂𝑦
= 𝑢𝑟. − 2 + 𝑢𝑠. 𝑧
+ 𝑢𝑡. 0
𝑦

𝑥 1
⟹𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑟. − 2 + 𝑢𝑠. 𝑧
𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑡 𝑦 1
∂𝑧
= ∂𝑟 ∂𝑧
+ ∂𝑠 ∂𝑧
+ ∂𝑡 ∂𝑧
= 𝑢𝑟. 0 + 𝑢𝑠. − 2 + 𝑢𝑡. 𝑥
𝑧

𝑦 1
⟹𝑢𝑧 =− 𝑢𝑠. 2 + 𝑢𝑡. 𝑥
𝑧
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧
∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧𝑢𝑧 = 𝑦
𝑢𝑟 − 𝑥
𝑢𝑡 − 𝑦
𝑢𝑟 + 𝑧
𝑢𝑠 − 𝑧
𝑢𝑠 + 𝑥
𝑢𝑡 = 0

Problem 8: 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤 and 𝐹 is a function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. Show

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
that 𝑢 ∂𝑢
+ 𝑣 ∂𝑣
+ 𝑤 ∂𝑤
= 𝑥 ∂𝑥
+ 𝑦 ∂𝑦
+ 𝑧 ∂𝑧

Sol: Given 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤

∂𝐹 ∂𝑥 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑦 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑧
𝐹𝑢 = ∂𝑥 ∂𝑢
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢
+ ∂𝑧 ∂𝑢
= 𝐹𝑥. 1 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑣 + 𝑤) + 𝐹𝑧. 𝑣𝑤

⟹ 𝑢𝐹𝑢 = 𝑢𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑤) + 𝐹𝑧(𝑢𝑣𝑤)

∂𝐹 ∂𝑥 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑦 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑧
𝐹𝑣 = ∂𝑥 ∂𝑣
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑣
+ ∂𝑧 ∂𝑣
= 𝐹𝑥. 1 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑢 + 𝑤) + 𝐹𝑧. 𝑢𝑤

⟹ 𝑣𝐹𝑣 = 𝑢𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤) + 𝐹𝑧. 𝑢𝑣𝑤

∂𝐹 ∂𝑥 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑦 ∂𝐹 ∂𝑧
𝐹𝑤 = ∂𝑥 ∂𝑤
+ ∂𝑦 ∂𝑤
+ ∂𝑧 ∂𝑤
= 𝐹𝑥. 1 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑣 + 𝑢) + 𝐹𝑧. 𝑣𝑢

6
⟹ 𝑤𝐹𝑤 = 𝑤𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦(𝑤𝑣 + 𝑢𝑤) + 𝐹𝑧(𝑢𝑣𝑤)

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
∴𝑢 ∂𝑢
+ 𝑣 ∂𝑣
+ 𝑤 ∂𝑤
= (𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤) 𝐹𝑥 + 2(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑤𝑢)𝐹𝑦 + 3𝑢𝑣𝑤𝐹𝑧

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
=𝑥 ∂𝑥
+ 𝑦 ∂𝑦
+ 𝑧 ∂𝑧

2 2 2
Problem 9: Given that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ( ) where
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ , 𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ, 𝑧 = 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ find ∂θ
and ∂φ
.

∂𝑢 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑧
Sol: ∂θ
= ∂𝑥 ∂θ
+ ∂𝑦 ∂θ
+ ∂𝑧 ∂θ

' 2 2 2 ' 2 2 2
( )
= 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑥. − 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ + 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑦. − 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ ( )
2 2 2
( )
+ 𝑓' 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑧. 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ − 𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ + 𝑧 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ )

' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ φ − 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ φ + 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ )

' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ (φ + φ ) + 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ )

' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ )

=0

∂𝑢 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑧
∂φ
= ∂𝑥 ∂φ
+ ∂𝑦 ∂φ
+ ∂𝑧 ∂φ

' 2 2 2 ' 2 2 2
( )
= 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑥. − 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ + 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑦. − 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ ( )
' 2 2 2
(
+ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 . 2𝑧. 0 )
' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ − 𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ )

' 2 2 2
( )
= 2𝑟𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (− 𝑟θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ − 𝑟θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 φ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 φ )

= 0.

Problem 10: If the three thermodynamics variables 𝑃, 𝑉, 𝑇 are connected by a relation 𝑓(𝑃, 𝑉, 𝑇) = 0,
show that ( )( )( )
∂𝑃
∂𝑇
𝑉
∂𝑇
∂𝑉
𝑃
∂𝑉
∂𝑃
𝑇
=− 1

7
Sol: since 𝑓(𝑃, 𝑉, 𝑇) = 0
∂𝑓

( )
∂𝑃
∂𝑇
𝑉
= 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑤𝑟𝑡 𝑇 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 =
𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑇
=− ∂𝑇
∂𝑓
∂𝑃

∂𝑓

( )
∂𝑇
∂𝑉
𝑃
= 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 𝑤𝑟𝑡 𝑉 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 =
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑉
=− ∂𝑉
∂𝑓
∂𝑇

∂𝑓

( )
∂𝑉
∂𝑃
𝑇
= 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑤𝑟𝑡 𝑃 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 =
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃
=− ∂𝑃
∂𝑓
∂𝑉

∂𝑓 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑓

Therefore ( )( )( )
∂𝑃
∂𝑇
𝑉
∂𝑇
∂𝑉
𝑃
∂𝑉
∂𝑃
𝑇
=− ∂𝑇
∂𝑓
∂𝑃
×− ∂𝑉
∂𝑓
∂𝑇
×− ∂𝑃
∂𝑓
∂𝑉
=− 1

2 2
Problem 11: If by the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = θ(𝑢, 𝑣), show that

( )
2 2 2 2
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓 2 2 ∂θ ∂θ
2 + 2 = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 2 + 2
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣

Sol:
∂𝑓
∂𝑥
=
∂𝑓 ∂𝑢
∂𝑢 ∂𝑥
+
∂𝑓 ∂𝑣
∂𝑣 ∂𝑥
= 𝑓𝑢. 2𝑥 + 𝑓𝑣. 2𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑓𝑢 + 𝑦𝑓𝑣 ( )
∂𝑓
∂𝑦
=
∂𝑓 ∂𝑢
∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
+
∂𝑓 ∂𝑣
∂𝑣 ∂𝑦
= 𝑓𝑢. − 2𝑦 + 𝑓𝑣. 2𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦𝑓𝑢 + 𝑥𝑓𝑣 ( )
2
∂𝑓
∂𝑥
2 =
∂
∂𝑥 ( ) = (2(𝑥𝑓
∂𝑓
∂𝑥
∂
∂𝑥 𝑢
+ 𝑦𝑓𝑣 ))
=2
∂
∂𝑥 (𝑥𝑓𝑢) + 2 ∂𝑥∂ (𝑦𝑓𝑣)
= 2⎡⎢𝑥 𝑓𝑢𝑢
⎣ ( ∂𝑢
∂𝑥
+ 𝑓𝑢𝑣
∂𝑣
∂𝑥 ) + 𝑓 . 1⎤⎥⎦ + 2𝑦(𝑓
𝑢
∂𝑢
𝑢𝑣 ∂𝑥
+ 𝑓𝑣𝑣
∂𝑣
∂𝑥 )
[(
= 2 𝑥 𝑓𝑢𝑢. 2𝑥 + 𝑓𝑢𝑣. 2𝑦 + 𝑓𝑢. 1 + 2𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑣. 2𝑥 + 𝑓𝑣𝑣. 2𝑦 ) ] ( )
2 2
= 4𝑥 𝑓𝑢𝑢 + 4𝑦 𝑓𝑣𝑣 + 8𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑓𝑢

2
∂𝑓
∂𝑦
2 =
∂
∂𝑦 ( ) = (2(− 𝑦𝑓
∂𝑓
∂𝑦
∂
∂𝑦 𝑢
+ 𝑥𝑓𝑣 ))
=− 2
∂
∂𝑦 (𝑦𝑓𝑢) + 2 ∂𝑦∂ (𝑥𝑓𝑣)
=− 2⎡⎢𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑢
⎣ ( ∂𝑢
∂𝑦
+ 𝑓𝑢𝑣
∂𝑣
∂𝑦 ) + 𝑓 . 1⎤⎥⎦ + 2𝑥(𝑓
𝑢
∂𝑢
𝑢𝑣 ∂𝑦
+ 𝑓𝑣𝑣
∂𝑣
∂𝑦 )
[(
=− 2 𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑢. − 2𝑦 + 𝑓𝑢𝑣. 2𝑥 + 𝑓𝑢. 1 + 2𝑥 𝑓𝑢𝑣. − 2𝑦 + 𝑓𝑣𝑣. 2𝑥 ) ] ( )

8
 2 2
= 4𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑢 + 4𝑥 𝑓𝑣𝑣 − 8𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑢𝑣 − 2𝑓𝑢

( ) ( )
2 2
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓 2 2 2 2
∴ 2 + 2 = 4𝑥 𝑓𝑢𝑢 + 4𝑦 𝑓𝑣𝑣 + 8𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑓𝑢 + 4𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑢 + 4𝑥 𝑓𝑣𝑣 − 8𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑢𝑣 − 2𝑓𝑢
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦

2 2
(
= 4 𝑥 +𝑦 )(𝑓𝑢𝑢 + 𝑓𝑣𝑣)

( )
2 2
2 2 ∂θ ∂θ
= 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 2 + 2
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣

2
2 ∂𝑧 3 ∂𝑧 2 2
Problem 12: Transform
∂𝑧
∂𝑥
2 + 2𝑥𝑦 ∂𝑥 (
+ 2 𝑦 −𝑦 ∂𝑦) + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 = 0 by the substitution
1
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑣
. Hence show that 𝑧 is the same function of 𝑢 and 𝑣 as of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

1 1
Sol: Given that 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑣
⟹𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑦

∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑣
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑢 ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑥
= 𝑧𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣. 0 = 𝑦𝑧𝑢

⟹ 𝑧𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧𝑢

⟹𝑥𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑢 = 𝑢𝑧𝑢

∂𝑧 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑣 1
∂𝑦
= ∂𝑢 ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑣 ∂𝑦
= 𝑧𝑢𝑥 + 𝑧𝑣. − 2
𝑦

1
⟹𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑢 − 𝑦
𝑧𝑣

= 𝑢𝑧𝑢 − 𝑣𝑧𝑣

( ) = (𝑦𝑧 ) = 𝑦(𝑧 )
2
∂𝑧 ∂ ∂𝑧 ∂ ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣
2 = ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 𝑢 𝑢𝑢 ∂𝑥
+ 𝑧𝑢𝑣 ∂𝑥
∂𝑥

= 𝑦 𝑧𝑢𝑢. 𝑦 + 𝑧𝑢𝑣. 0 ( )
2
= 𝑦 𝑧𝑢𝑢

2
⟹ 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑧𝑢𝑢

2
2 ∂𝑧 3 ∂𝑧 2 2
Substituting these values in
∂𝑧
∂𝑥
2 + 2𝑥𝑦 ∂𝑥
+ 2 𝑦 −𝑦( ) ∂𝑦
+ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 = 0, we get

2 2 2 2 2
𝑦 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑦 𝑢𝑧𝑢 + 2 1 − 𝑦 . 𝑢𝑧𝑢 − 𝑣𝑧𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 = 0 ( )

9
⟹
1
𝑣
2 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 2
1
𝑣
2 𝑢𝑧𝑢 + 2 1 − ( 1
𝑣
2 ). (𝑢𝑧 − 𝑣𝑧 ) + 𝑢 𝑧 = 0
𝑢 𝑣
2

2 2 2
⟹ 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑢𝑧𝑢 + 2 𝑣 − 1 . 𝑢𝑧𝑢 − 𝑣𝑧𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 𝑧 = 0 ( )( )
2 3 2 2
⟹ 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑢𝑣 𝑧𝑢 + 2 𝑣 − 𝑣 . 𝑧𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 𝑧 = 0 ( )
Exercise 5.7

∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂(𝑟,θ)
Problem 1: If 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ , evaluate 𝐽 = ∂(𝑟,θ)
and 𝐽' = ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
. Also show that
'
𝐽𝐽 = 1.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
Sol: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ and 𝑣 = 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ then ∂𝑟
= cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ , ∂θ
=− 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ , ∂𝑟
= sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ , ∂θ
= 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
𝐽= ∂(𝑟,θ)
= || ∂𝑟 ∂θ ∂𝑟 ∂θ
| = |cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ | = 𝑟(θ + θ ) = 𝑟
|
2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟 ⇒𝑟 = √ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ( ) and 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
= tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ ⇒ θ = 𝑥

∂𝑟 1 𝑥 ∂𝑟 1 𝑦
∂𝑥
= 2 2
2𝑥 = 𝑟
, ∂𝑦
= 2 2
2𝑦 = 𝑟
2 (𝑥 +𝑦 ) 2 (𝑥 +𝑦 )
∂θ 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 ∂θ 1 1 𝑥 𝑥
= . − =− =− , = . = =
(1+ ) 2 2 2 2
(1+ ) 2 2 2
2 2
∂𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑟 ∂𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑟
2 2
𝑥 𝑥

2 2
𝐽 =
' ∂(𝑟,θ)
= || ∂𝑥
∂𝑟 ∂𝑟 ∂θ ∂θ | = || 𝑥 𝑦
−
𝑦 𝑥 |
|=
𝑥
+
𝑦
=
1
∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 | |𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2
𝑟
2
| 𝑟
3
𝑟
3 𝑟

' 1
Therefore 𝐽𝐽 = 𝑟 𝑟
=1

∂(𝑢,𝑣)
Problem 2: If 𝑥 = 𝑢(1 − 𝑣), 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then find ∂(𝑥,𝑦)

𝑦 𝑦
Sol: 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑦⇒𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑢
= 𝑥+𝑦

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 −𝑦 ∂𝑣 (𝑥+𝑦).1−𝑦.1 𝑥
∂𝑥
= 1, ∂𝑦
= 1, ∂𝑥
= 2 , ∂𝑦
= 2 = 2
(𝑥+𝑦) (𝑥+𝑦) (𝑥+𝑦)

∂(𝑢,𝑣)
= || ∂𝑥
∂𝑢 |
|=
∂𝑢 𝑥
+
∂𝑣
𝑦 1 ∂𝑣
2 = 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑢
| = ||1 1 −𝑦 𝑥
∂(𝑥,𝑦) | (𝑥+𝑦)2
∂𝑦 ∂𝑥
(𝑥+𝑦) ∂𝑦 | | (𝑥+𝑦)
2
(𝑥+𝑦)
2

Problem 3: If 𝑥 = 𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 η , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η , show that
∂(𝑥.𝑦) 1 2
∂(ξ,η)
= 2
𝑎 (cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2ξ − cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2η )

∂𝑥 ∂𝑥
Sol: ∂ξ
= 𝑎 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 η sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ and ∂η
=− 𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η

10
 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
∂ξ
= 𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η and ∂η
= 𝑎 sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 η

Formula
∂(𝑥.𝑦) ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
∂(ξ,η)
= || ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
| = |𝑎 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 η sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ − 𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η 𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η 𝑎 sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ
|
2 2
= (𝑎 sinh 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ξ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 η ) + (𝑎 cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ξ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 η )

2 2
= 𝑎 (ξ − 1)η + 𝑎 ξ η

2 2 2
=− 𝑎 η + 𝑎 ξ η + 𝑎 ξ η

2 2
=− 𝑎 η + 𝑎 ξ (η + η )

2 2
=− 𝑎 η + 𝑎 ξ

=− 𝑎 (
2 1+cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 2η
2 )+ 𝑎 ( 2 1+cosh𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2ξ
2 )
1 2
= 2
𝑎 (cosh 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2ξ − cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2η )

𝑢 𝑢 ∂(𝑢,𝑣) ' ∂(𝑥,𝑦) '

Problem 4: If 𝑥 = 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 , find 𝐽 = ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
, 𝐽 = ∂(𝑢,𝑣)
hence show 𝐽𝐽 = 1

𝑢 𝑢
Sol: 𝑥 = 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣

' ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
𝐽 = ∂(𝑢,𝑣)
=
| ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 | = 𝑒𝑢 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑒𝑢 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 𝑒𝑢 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 𝑒2𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑣 = 𝑒2𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑣 − 𝑒2𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑣 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣
| |
| ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 |

2𝑢 3 2𝑢 2
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 − 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 − 1 ( )
2𝑢 3 2𝑢 2𝑢 3
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 + 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

2𝑢
= 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

2 2 2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢
Consider 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑒 (𝑣 − 𝑣 ) = 𝑒

2 2
⟹ log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 ( ) = 2𝑢

⟹𝑢 =
1
2
log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 ( 2
) and 𝑣 = ( 𝑦𝑥 )
2

∂𝑢 1 1 𝑥 ∂𝑢 1 1 −𝑦
∂𝑥
= 2
. 2 2 . 2𝑥 = 2 2 and ∂𝑦
= 2
. 2 2 . − 2𝑦 = 2 2
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑥 −𝑦

11
 ∂𝑣 1 −𝑦 −𝑦 ∂𝑣 1 1 1
∂𝑥
= . 2 = 2 2
and ∂𝑦
= . 𝑥
= 2 2
𝑦
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑦
2
𝑥 −𝑦
1− 2 1− 2
𝑥 𝑥

| | 2 2 2
= (
∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 | = | 2𝑥 2 −𝑦 −𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 −𝑦 ) 1
𝐽= ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
= || ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 | | 𝑥 −𝑦 2 2 |= 3 − 3 = 3
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑦
2 2 2
𝑥 −𝑦
2
| (𝑥2−𝑦2)
2 2 2
𝑥(𝑥 −𝑦 )
2
2 2
𝑥(𝑥 −𝑦 )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑦
2

1
= 𝑢 𝑢
𝑒 .𝑒 sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

1
= 2𝑢
𝑒 sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

' ∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑥,𝑦) 1 2𝑢

𝐽𝐽 = ∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂(𝑢,𝑣)
= 2𝑢 × 𝑒 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 = 1
𝑒 sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

2 2 2 2
Problem 5: 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑦 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ show that
∂(𝑢,𝑣) 3
∂(𝑟,θ)
= 6𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2θ

∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑥, 𝑦)

Sol: ∂(𝑟,θ)
= ∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂(𝑟, θ)

∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
∂(𝑥,𝑦)
= || ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
| = |2𝑥 − 4𝑦 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 | = 12𝑥𝑦
|
∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
∂(𝑟,θ)
= || ∂𝑟 ∂θ ∂𝑟 ∂θ
| = |cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑟 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ | = 𝑟(θ + θ ) = 𝑟
|

∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑥,𝑦) 3

∴ ∂(𝑟,θ)
= ∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂(𝑟,θ)
= 12𝑥𝑦𝑟 = 12 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ . 𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ . 𝑟 = 6𝑟 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2θ

2 2 2 ∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
Problem 6: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, find ∂(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤
Sol: ∂(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= || ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
| = |2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑥 1 1 1 |
|

= 2|𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑥 1 1 1 |

= 2|𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 1 1 1 |

= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)|𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1 1 1 1 1 1 |

=0

2 ∂(𝐹,𝐺,𝐻)
Problem 7: Given 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑢 + 𝑣 − 𝑦, 𝐺 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 and 𝐻 = 𝑧𝑢 − 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤, find ∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)

Sol:
∂(𝐹,𝐺,𝐻) ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐺 ∂𝐺 ∂𝐺 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐻
∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
= || ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤
| = |𝑥 1 0 2𝑢 𝑦 1 𝑧 − 1 + 𝑤 𝑣 | = 𝑥(𝑦𝑣 + 1 − 𝑤) − 1(2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑧
|

12
 = 𝑥(𝑦𝑣 + 1 − 𝑤) + 𝑧 − 2𝑢𝑣

∂(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 2
Problem 8: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑢𝑣𝑤 = 𝑧, show that ∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
=𝑢 𝑣

Sol : 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ⇒𝑥 = 𝑢 − (𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣

𝑢𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 ⇒𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤 and 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤

∂(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) |
= 𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑣 𝑥𝑤 𝑦𝑢 𝑦𝑣 𝑦𝑤 𝑧𝑢 𝑧𝑣 𝑧𝑤 = |1 − 𝑣 − 𝑢 0 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑣𝑤 𝑢𝑤 𝑢𝑣 | 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 |
= |1 0 0 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑣𝑤 𝑢𝑤 𝑢𝑣 |

2
= 𝑢𝑣(𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤) − 𝑢 𝑣𝑤

2
=𝑢 𝑣

3 3 2 2 3 3 ∂(𝑢,𝑣)
Problem 9: Let 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 . Find ∂(𝑥,𝑦)

3 3 2 2 3 3
Sol: Suppose 𝑟 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑠 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

∂(𝑟,𝑠)
= || ∂𝑢
∂𝑟 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑠 | = 3𝑢2 3𝑣2 2𝑢 2𝑣 = 6𝑢2𝑣 − 6𝑢𝑣2 = 6𝑢𝑣(𝑢 − 𝑣)
| |
∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 |

∂(𝑟,𝑠) ∂𝑟
= || ∂𝑥
∂𝑟 ∂𝑠 ∂𝑠 | = 1 1 3𝑥2 3𝑦2 = 3(𝑦2 − 𝑥2)
| |
∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 |
2 2
∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑢,𝑣) ∂(𝑟,𝑠) 1 ∂(𝑟,𝑠) 1 2 2 1 𝑦 −𝑥
∴ ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
= ∂(𝑟,𝑠)
. ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
= ∂(𝑟,𝑠) . ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
= 6𝑢𝑣(𝑢−𝑣)
. 3(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) = 2 𝑢𝑣(𝑢−𝑣)
∂(𝑢,𝑣)

𝑥+𝑦 , ∂(𝑢,𝑣) .
Problem 10: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 1−𝑥𝑦
then find ∂(𝑥,𝑦)
. Are 𝑢 and 𝑣 functionally related. If so, find
the relationship.
2 2
∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑢 1 ∂𝑣 (1−𝑥𝑦).1−(𝑥+𝑦).−𝑦 1+𝑦 ∂𝑣 (1−𝑥𝑦).1−(𝑥+𝑦).−𝑥 1+𝑥
Sol: ∂𝑥
= 2 , ∂𝑦
= 2 , ∂𝑥
= 2 = 2 , ∂𝑦
= 2 = 2
1+𝑥 1+𝑦 (1−𝑥𝑦) (1−𝑥𝑦) (1−𝑥𝑦) (1−𝑥𝑦)

2 2
∂(𝑢,𝑣)
= || ∂𝑥
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 | = || 1 2 1 1+𝑦 1+𝑥 |
|
∂(𝑥,𝑦) ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 | | 1+𝑥 1+𝑦
2
(1−𝑥𝑦)
2
(1−𝑥𝑦)
2
|
2 2
1 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑦
= 2 . 2 − 2 . 2
1+𝑥 (1−𝑥𝑦) 1+𝑦 (1−𝑥𝑦)

1 1
= 2 − 2
(1−𝑥𝑦) (1−𝑥𝑦)

=0

Hence 𝑢, 𝑣 are functionally related.

13
We have 𝑣 = 𝑥 = ( 𝑥+𝑦
1−𝑥𝑦 ) = 𝑢 ⟹ tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑢

Problem 11: If 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 and 𝑤 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧). Show that they are

functionally related, and find the relation.

Sol: Given 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑤 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
∂𝑥
=3 ∂𝑦
=2 ∂𝑧
=− 1

∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
∂𝑥
=1 ∂𝑦
=− 2 ∂𝑧
=1

∂𝑤 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 ∂𝑦
= 2𝑥 ∂𝑧
=− 𝑥

∂(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤
∂(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= || ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
| = |3 2 − 1 1 − 2 1 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 2𝑥 − 𝑥 |
|

= 2|3 1 − 1 1 − 1 1 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑥 |𝑐2 → 𝑐2 + 𝑐3

= 2|3 1 − 1 − 1 1 − 1 + 1 1 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 |

= 2|3 0 − 1 1 0 1 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 0 − 𝑥 |

=0

Hence 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functionally related.

We have 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧

2 2 2 2
⟹𝑢 = 9𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥(− 2𝑦) + 2𝑧(− 2𝑦) + 2𝑧𝑥

2 2 2
= 9𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 6𝑧𝑥

We have 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧

2 2 2 2
⟹𝑣 = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥(− 2𝑦) + 2𝑧(− 2𝑦) + 2𝑧𝑥

2 2 2
= 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑢 − 𝑣 = 9𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 6𝑧𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑥

2
= 8𝑥 + 16𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑧𝑥

= 8 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)

= 8𝑤

14
 Excircise 5.8

Problem 1: Find the equation of the tangent plane and equation of normal line of the surface

2 2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3 at (2, 1, − 3).

2 2
Sol: 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3

∂𝐹
∂𝑥
= 4𝑥 , 𝐹𝑥 at (2, 1, − 3) = 8

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 , 𝐹𝑦 at (2, 1, − 3) = 2

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2 , 𝐹𝑧 at (2, 1, − 3) = 2

Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )

( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝑦 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝑧 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

⟹ 8(𝑥 − 2) + 2(𝑦 − 1) + 2(𝑧 + 3) = 0

⟹ 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 12 = 0

⟹ 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

Equation of the normal line at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( ) ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
)
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1

𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+3

⟹ 8
= 2
= 2

𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+3

⟹ 4
= 1
= 1

Problem 2: Find the equation of the tangent plane and equation of normal line of the surface

3 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 3 at (1, 2, − 1).

3 3
Sol: 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3

∂𝐹 2
∂𝑥
= 3𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑧 , 𝐹𝑥 at (1, 2, − 1) = 3 − 6 =− 3

∂𝐹 2
∂𝑦
= 3𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 , 𝐹𝑦 at (1, 2, − 1) = 12 − 3 = 9

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 3𝑥𝑦 , 𝐹𝑧 at (1, 2, − 1) = 6

15
Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝑦 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝑧 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

⟹ − 3(𝑥 − 1) + 9(𝑦 − 2) + 6(𝑧 + 1) = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 3 = 0

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

Equation of the normal line at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( ) ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
)
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1

𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+1

⟹ −3
= 9
= 6

𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+1

⟹ −1
= 3
= 2

Problem 3: Find the equation of the tangent plane and equation of normal line of the surface

2
𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎 at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 . ( )
3 3
Sol: 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3

∂𝐹
∂𝑥 (
= 𝑦𝑧 , 𝐹𝑥 at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 = 𝑦1𝑧1 )
∂𝐹
∂𝑦 (
= 𝑥𝑧 , 𝐹𝑦 at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1𝑧1 )
∂𝐹
∂𝑧 (
= 𝑥𝑦 , 𝐹𝑧 at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1𝑦1 )
Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1
() 𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝐹∂𝑦 )(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝐹∂𝑧 )(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

( )
⟹ 𝑦1𝑧1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 + 𝑥1𝑧1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥1𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 0 ( ) ( )
⟹ 𝑦1𝑧1𝑥 + 𝑥1𝑧1𝑦 + 𝑥1𝑦1𝑧 − 3𝑥1𝑦1𝑧1 = 0

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⟹ 𝑥1
+ 𝑦1
+ 𝑧1
=3

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

Equation of the normal line at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( ) ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
)
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

⟹ 𝑦1𝑧1
= 𝑥1𝑧1
= 𝑥1𝑦1

16
 ( )
⟹𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑧1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 ( ) ( )
Problem 4: Find the equation of the tangent plane and equation of normal line of the surface

2
2𝑥𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 7 at (1, − 1, 2).

2
Sol: 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 7

∂𝐹 2
∂𝑥
= 2𝑧 − 3𝑦 − 4 , 𝐹𝑥 at (1, − 1, 2) = 7

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=− 3𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 at (1, − 1, 2) =− 3

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 4𝑥𝑧 , 𝐹𝑧 at (1, − 1, 2) = 8

Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )

( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝑦 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝑧 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

⟹ 7(𝑥 − 1) − 3(𝑦 + 1) + 8(𝑧 − 2) = 0

⟹7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 26 = 0

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

Equation of the normal line at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( ) ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
)
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1)

𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2

⟹ 7
= −3
= 8

2 2 2
Problem 5: If the plane 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 17 = 0 touches the conicoid 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9𝑧 + 17 = 0.
Find also the point of contact.

2 2 2
Sol: Suppose 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 17 = 0 is the tangent plane to the curve 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9𝑧 + 17 = 0
( )
and 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 be the point of contact.

∂𝐹
∂𝑥
= 6𝑥⟹ ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 6𝑥1

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=− 12𝑦⟹ ( )( ∂𝐹
∂𝑦
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
=− 12𝑦1

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 18𝑧⟹ ( )( ∂𝐹
∂𝑧
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 18𝑧1

17
Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝑦 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝑧 )
∂𝐹

(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )
(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(6𝑥1)𝑥 + (− 12𝑦1)𝑦 + (18𝑧1)𝑧 − (6𝑥21 − 12𝑦21 + 18𝑧12) = 0

Comparing with 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 17 = 0 , we get

6𝑥1
=
−12𝑦1
=
18𝑧1
=
( 2
− 6𝑥 1−12𝑦 1+18𝑧1
2
)
2

=
−(−34)
=− 2
3 12 (−6) (−17) (−17)

2
⟹ 𝑥1 =− 1, 𝑦1 = 2, 𝑧1 = 3

∴ The point of contact is − 1, 2, ( 2

3 )
2 2
Problem 6: If the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 touches the conicoid 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0, showthat
2 2
𝑎 𝑏
𝑝
+ 𝑞
+ 2𝑑𝑐 = 0.

2 2
Sol: Suppose 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 touches the conicoid 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 . ( )
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
= 2𝑝𝑥⟹ ( )(∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 2𝑝𝑥1

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑞𝑦⟹ ( )(∂𝐹
∂𝑦
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 2𝑞𝑦1

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2⟹ ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
=2

Equation of the tangent plane at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( )

( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1
() 𝑥 − 𝑥1) + ( ∂𝐹∂𝑦 )(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1) + ( ∂𝐹∂𝑧 )(𝑥 ,𝑦 ,𝑧 )(𝑧 − 𝑧1) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

( )(
⟹ 2𝑝𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 + 2𝑞𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 + 2 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 0) ( )( ) ( )
( )
⟹ 2𝑝𝑥1 𝑥 + 2𝑞𝑦1 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2 𝑝𝑥 ( ) ( 2
1
+ 𝑞𝑦
2
1 )
+ 𝑧1 = 0

Comparing with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0

⟹
2𝑝𝑥1
=
2𝑞𝑦1
=
2
=
( 2
−2 𝑝𝑥 1+𝑞𝑦 1+𝑧1
2
)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑

18
 𝑝𝑥1 𝑞𝑦1 ( 2
− 𝑝𝑥 1+𝑞𝑦 1+𝑧1
2
) 𝑧1
⟹ 𝑎
= 𝑏
=
1
𝑐
= 𝑑
= 𝑑 (∵𝑝𝑥 2
1
+ 𝑞𝑦
2
1
+ 2𝑧1 = 0 )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑝𝑐
, 𝑦1 = 𝑞𝑐
, 𝑧1 = 𝑐

2 2
substituting in the curve 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
2 2
𝑎 𝑏 2𝑑
⟹ 2 + 2 + 𝑐
=0
𝑝𝑐 𝑞𝑐

2 2
𝑎 𝑏
⟹ 𝑝
+ 𝑞
+ 2𝑑𝑐 = 0

2 2 2 2
Problem 7: Find the equation of the normal to the surface of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 .

2 2 2 2
( )
Sol: Suppose 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is a point on the surface 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 .

2 2 2 2
Suppose 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦. 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑎

∂𝐹
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥⟹ ( )(∂𝐹
∂𝑥
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 2𝑥1

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦⟹ ( )(∂𝐹
∂𝑦
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 2𝑦1

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧⟹ ( )(∂𝐹
∂𝑧
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
= 2𝑧1

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

Equation of the normal line at 𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1 is ( ) ( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=
( )(
∂𝐹
∂𝑧
)
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )
𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 𝑥1,𝑦1,𝑧1 )

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

⟹ 2𝑥1
= 2𝑦1
= 2𝑧1

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

⟹ 𝑥1
= 𝑦1
= 𝑧1

Excircise 5.9

Problem 1: (i) Expand sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 and 𝑦 up to third degree terms.

Sol: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥 = cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓𝑥(0, 0) = 1

19
𝑓𝑦 =− sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓𝑦(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑥 =− sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑦 =− cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑦𝑦 =− sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 =− cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥(0, 0) =− 1

𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 =− sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦(0, 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦(𝑥, 𝑦) =− cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦(0, 0) =− 1

𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦(0, 0) = 0

The Taylor’s series expansion for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) in powers 𝑥 and 𝑦 is

[
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(0, 0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥(0, 0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦(0, 0) + ] 1
⎡⎢𝑥2𝑓 (0, 0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓 (0, 0) + 𝑦2𝑓 (0, 0)⎤⎥
2! ⎣ 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑦 ⎦

+
1
⎡⎢𝑥3𝑓 (0, 0) + 3𝑥2𝑦𝑓 (0, 0) + 3𝑥𝑦2𝑓 (0, 0) + 𝑦3𝑓 (0, 0)⎤⎥ + …
3! ⎣ 𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦 ⎦

⟹ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 +

1
6 [− 𝑥3 − 3𝑥𝑦2] + …

⟹ sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 −

1
6 [𝑥3 + 3𝑥𝑦2] + …

𝑥 π
Problem 1: (ii) Expand 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 − 4
up to second degree term.

𝑥
Sol: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , 𝑓 − 1, ( π
4 )= 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
1
2𝑒

𝑥
𝑓𝑥(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥 − 1, ( π
4 )= 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
1
2𝑒

𝑥
𝑓𝑦(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦 − 1, ( π
4 )= 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
1
2𝑒

𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑥(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 − 1, ( π
4 )= 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
1
2𝑒

𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑦(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 − 1, ( π
4 )= 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
1
2𝑒

𝑥
𝑓𝑦𝑦(𝑥, 𝑦) =− 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 1, ( π
4 ) =− 1
𝑒
.
1
2
=
−1
2𝑒

20
Taylor’s series expansion for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) in the neighbourhood of (𝑎, 𝑏)

[
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥(𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦(𝑎, 𝑏) + ]
1
⎡⎢(𝑥 − 𝑎)2𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)⎤⎥ + …
2! ⎣ 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑦 ⎦

Taylor’s series expansion for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) in the neighbourhood of − 1, ( π

4 )
𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓 − 1, ( π
4 ) + ⎡⎢⎣(𝑥 + 1)𝑓 (− 1, ) + (𝑦 − )𝑓 (− 1, )⎤⎥⎦ +
𝑥
π
4
π
4 𝑦
π
4

π 2
1
2!
⎡(𝑥 + 1)2𝑓 − 1,
⎢
⎣ 𝑥𝑥 ( π
4 ) + 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 − )𝑓 (− 1, ) + (𝑦 − ) 𝑓 (− 1, )⎤⎥⎦ +
π
4 𝑥𝑦
π
4 4 𝑦𝑦
π
4
…

𝑥
⟹ 𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 =
1
2𝑒
+ ⎡⎢(𝑥 + 1)
⎣
1
2𝑒
+ 𝑦−( π
4 ) 1
2𝑒
⎤
⎥
⎦

π 2 −1
+
1
2!
⎡(𝑥 + 1)2
⎢
⎣
1
2𝑒
+ 2(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 − ( π
4 ) 1
2𝑒
+ 𝑦− ( 4) 2𝑒
⎤+ …
⎥
⎦

⟹
𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 =
1 ⎰
2𝑒 ⎱
1 + (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 −( ( π
4 )) + 1
2! ( 2
(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 − ( π
4 ) − (𝑦 − ) ) +
π 2
4
…
⎱
⎰

Excircise 5.10

3 3
Problem 1: (i) Discuss the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

3 3
Sol: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

2 2
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = 3𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥

2 2
Suppose 𝑢𝑥 = 0⟹3𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 = 0⟹𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦

2 2
𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥 = 0⟹𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥

( )
2
𝑦
⟹ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑦

3 3
⟹𝑦 =𝑎

⟹ 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑎

The stationary points are (0, 0), (𝑎, 𝑎)

21
𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥⟹𝑟 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) = 6𝑎

𝑠 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 =− 3𝑎⟹𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) =− 3𝑎

𝑡 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦 ⟹𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) = 6𝑎

2 2 2 2
And 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 36𝑎 − 9𝑎 = 27𝑎 > 0 and 𝑟 = 6𝑎 < 0 if 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑟 = 6𝑎 > 0 if 𝑎 > 0

3
⟹ 𝑢 has a maximum value at (𝑎, 𝑎) and 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =− 3𝑎 if 𝑎 < 0

3
And 𝑢 has a minimum value at (𝑎, 𝑎) and 𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 =− 3𝑎 if 𝑎 > 0

3 3
𝑎 𝑎
Problem 1: (ii) Discuss the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥
+ 𝑦

3 3
𝑎 𝑎
Sol: 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥
+ 𝑦

3 3
𝑎 𝑎
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2 and 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 𝑦

3
𝑎 2 3
Suppose 𝑢𝑥 = 0⟹𝑦 − 2 = 0⟹𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎
𝑥

3
𝑎 2 3
𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 − 2 = 0⟹𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎
𝑦

( ) 𝑦 =𝑎
3
𝑎 3
⟹ 2
𝑦

3 3
⟹𝑦 =𝑎

⟹ 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑎

The stationary points are (0, 0), (𝑎, 𝑎)

3
𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2 3 ⟹𝑟 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) = 2
𝑥

𝑠 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 1⟹𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) = 1

3
𝑎
𝑡 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 3 ⟹𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) = 2
𝑦

2
And 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 4 − 1 = 3 > 0 and 𝑟 = 2 > 0

22
 2
⟹ 𝑢 has a minimum value at (𝑎, 𝑎) and 𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3𝑎

3 2 2 2
Problem 1: (iii) Discuss the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 15𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 72𝑥

3 2 2 2
Sol: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 15𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 72𝑥

2 2
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 30𝑥 + 72 and 𝑢𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦

2 2
Suppose 𝑢𝑥 = 0⟹3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0

𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 = 0⟹(6𝑥 − 30)𝑦 = 0⟹𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5

2 2
When 𝑦 = 0, 3𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0⟹𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 24 = 0⟹(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) = 0⟹𝑥 = 4, 6

The stationary points are (4, 0), (6, 0)

𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 30⟹𝑟 𝑎𝑡 (4, 0) =− 6

𝑠 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦⟹𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (4, 0) = 0

𝑡 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 30 ⟹𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (4, 0) =− 6

2
And 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 36 − 0 = 36 > 0 and 𝑟 =− 6 < 0

⟹ 𝑢 has a maximum value at (4, 0) and 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 112

𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 30⟹ 𝑟 𝑎𝑡 (6, 0) = 6

𝑠 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦⟹ 𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (6, 0) = 0

𝑡 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 30 ⟹ 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (6, 0) = 6

2
And 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 36 − 0 = 36 > 0 and 𝑟 = 6 > 0

⟹ 𝑢 has a minimum value at (6, 𝑎) and 𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108

Problem 1: (v) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

Sol: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑓𝑥 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 {sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 } = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)

23
𝑓𝑦 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 {sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 } = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 2𝑦)

Suppose 𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0

sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0 and sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 0

Then 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = π 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = π⇒𝑥 = π

3
,𝑦 =
π
3

(
∴
π
3
,
π
3 ) is the stationary points.
Now 𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)

𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2𝑦)

𝑟 𝑎𝑡 ( π
3
,
π
3 ) = 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 π
3
π
3
+
π
3 ) =− 3

𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ( π
3
,
π
3 ) = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4π
3
= − 2
3

𝑡 𝑎𝑡 ( π
3
,
π
3 ) = 2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 π
3
π
3
+
π
3 ) =− 3

2
Consider 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = (− 3)(− 3) − −
2
( 2
3
) =3−
3
4
=
9
4
> 0 and 𝑟 =− 3 < 0

Therefore 𝑓 has maximum value 𝑎𝑡 ( π

3
,
π
3 ) and
π π 2π 3 3 3 3 3
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
= 2 2 2
= 8

5𝑥𝑦𝑧
Problem 2: If 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 8, find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 for which 𝑢 = 𝑥+2𝑦+4𝑧
is a maximum.

5𝑥𝑦𝑧 40
Sol: Given 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 8. Then 𝑢 = 𝑥+2𝑦+4𝑧
= 32
𝑥+2𝑦+ 𝑥𝑦

32
Now 𝑢 is maximum if 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
is minimum.

⟹ 𝑣𝑥 = 1 +
32
𝑦 ( )= 1 −
−1
𝑥
2
32
𝑥𝑦
2

⟹ 𝑣𝑦 = 2 −
32
𝑥 ( )= 2 −
−1
𝑦
2
32
𝑥𝑦
2

32 32
Suppose 𝑣𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣𝑦 = 0. Then 1 − 2 = 0 and 2 − 2 =0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

24
 2 2
⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 = 32 and 𝑥𝑦 = 16

2
⟹ ( ) 𝑦 = 32
16
𝑦
2

3
⟹𝑦 = 8

⟹ 𝑦 = 2 then 𝑥 = 4

i.e. (4, 2) is stationary point for 𝑣.

−32 −2 64
⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 3 = 3
𝑥 𝑥𝑦

−32 −1 32
⟹ 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑥𝑦 = 2 . 2 = 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦

−32 −2 32
⟹ 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥
. 3 = 3
𝑦 𝑥𝑦

1 1
Then 𝑟 at (4, 2) = 2
, 𝑠 at (4, 2) = 2
and 𝑡 at (4, 2) = 2

2 1 3
Then 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 1 − 4
= 4
> 0 and 𝑟 > 0.

∴𝑣 has minimum value at (4, 2)

Hence 𝑢 has maximum value when 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 1 ∵ 𝑧 = ( 8

𝑥𝑦 )
2 2 2 3
Problem 3: (i) Find the minimum value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , given that 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎

2 2 2 3
Sol: Given that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 and φ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑎

2 2 2 3
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + λ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑎 ( )
∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ. 𝑦𝑧

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ. 𝑥𝑧

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ. 𝑥𝑦

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹 2𝑥
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ. 𝑦𝑧 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦𝑧

25
∂𝐹 2𝑦
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ. 𝑥𝑧 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥𝑧

∂𝐹 2𝑧
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ. 𝑥𝑦 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
⟹− λ = 𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦 2 2
Consider 𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥𝑧
⟹𝑥 = 𝑦

2𝑦 2𝑧 2 2
Now 𝑥𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦
⟹𝑦 = 𝑧

2 2 2
Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 ⟹𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

3 3 3
Since 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎 ⟹𝑘 = 3𝑎 ⟹𝑘 = 𝑎

i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎

2 2 2 2
Therefore the minimum value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 is 3𝑎 .

2 2 2
Problem 3: (ii) Find the minimum value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , given that 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑝

2 2 2
Sol: Given that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 and φ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑝

2 2 2
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + λ(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑝)

∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ𝑎

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ𝑏

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ𝑐

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹 2𝑥
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ𝑎 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑎

∂𝐹 2𝑦
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ𝑏 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑏

∂𝐹 2𝑧
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ𝑐 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑐

2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
⟹− λ = 𝑎
= 𝑏
= 𝑐

λ𝑎 λ𝑏 λ𝑐
⟹𝑥 =− 2
, 𝑦 =− 2
, 𝑧 =− 2

26
 λ𝑎 λ𝑏 λ𝑐
We have 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑝⟹𝑎. − 2
+ 𝑏. − 2
+ 𝑐. − 2
=𝑝

2𝑝
⟹ −λ= 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐

𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑝 𝑐𝑝
Therefore 𝑥 = 2 2 2 , 𝑦= 2 2 2 , 𝑧= 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐

By substituting these values in 𝑢, we get the minimum value.

2
2 2 2 𝑝
Therefore the minimum value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 is 2 2 2 .
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐

2 2 2 2
Problem 3: (iii) Find the minimum value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , given that 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 = 3𝑎

2 2 2 2
Sol: Given that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 and φ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 − 3𝑎

2 2 2 2
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + λ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 − 3𝑎 ( )
∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ(𝑦 + 𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦)

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ(𝑦 + 𝑧) = 0, ∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑧) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0

Adding all these we get 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) + 2λ(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 0⟹ − λ = 1

2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
We have − λ = 𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑥+𝑧
= 𝑥+𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
⟹ 1= 𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑥+𝑧
= 𝑥+𝑦

𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 𝑥+𝑦

⟹𝑥 = 2
, 𝑦= 2
, 𝑧= 2

⟹𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

2 2 2
Since 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 = 3𝑎 ⟹3𝑘 = 3𝑎 ⟹𝑘 = 𝑎

i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎

2 2 2 2
Therefore the minimum value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 is 3𝑎

27
Problem 4: Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, open at the top, of max capacity whose surface
area is 432 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚

Sol: Let 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 units be the sides of the box and 𝑆 be its surface area.

Then 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 432 and 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + λ(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 − 432)

∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 𝑦𝑧 + λ(𝑦 + 2𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
= 𝑥𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 2𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦 + λ(2𝑦 + 2𝑥)

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹 𝑦𝑧
∂𝑥
= 𝑦𝑧 + λ(𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦+2𝑧

∂𝐹 𝑥𝑧
∂𝑦
= 𝑥𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥+2𝑧

∂𝐹 𝑥𝑦
∂𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦 + λ(2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 0⟹ − λ = 2𝑥+2𝑦

𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
⟹− λ = 𝑦+2𝑧
= 𝑥+2𝑧
= 2𝑥+2𝑦

𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
Now 𝑦+2𝑧
= 𝑥+2𝑧
⟹𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 𝑥(𝑦 + 2𝑧) ⟹𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
and 𝑥+2𝑧
= 2𝑥+2𝑦
⟹𝑧(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑧)⟹𝑦 = 2𝑧

Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

𝑘 𝑘 2 2
Since 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 432⟹𝑘. 𝑘 + 2. 𝑘. 2
+ 2. 2
. 𝑘 = 432⟹3𝑘 = 432⟹𝑘 = 144

⟹𝑘 = 12

Hence 𝑆 has minimum value when 𝑥 = 12 𝑐𝑚, 𝑦 = 12 𝑐𝑚, 𝑧 = 6𝑐𝑚.

Problem 5: the sum of three numbers is constant. Prove that their product is maximum when they are
equal.

Sol: Let the number be 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)

Suppose φ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑘 and 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

28
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑘)

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧 + λ

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 + λ

𝐹𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + λ

Assume that, 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦𝑧

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥𝑧

𝐹𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥𝑦

Therefore − λ = 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦

Consider 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥𝑧⟹𝑥 = 𝑦

Consider 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑦

∴𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑘

Hence their product is maximum when they are equal.

2
Problem 6: Find the points on the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 1 nearest to the origin.

2 2
Sol: Given surface is 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 1 i.e. φ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 + 1

2
Let the point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be any point on the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 1

2 2 2
Distance from the origin to 𝑃 is 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

2 2 2
Take 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦. 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

2 2 2 2
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑢 + λφ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + λ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 + 1 ( )
∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ𝑦 , ∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ𝑥 and ∂𝑧
= 2𝑧 − 2λ𝑧

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹 2𝑥
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + λ𝑦 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦
…..(i)

29
∂𝐹 2𝑦
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + λ𝑥 = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥
…. (ii)

Adding these two we get 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0⟹λ =− 2

From (i), we get 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0⟹𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0

From (ii), we get − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0⟹𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

⟹ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0

2 2
We have 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 1⟹𝑧 = 1⟹𝑧 = ±1

∴ The points (0, 0, 1) and (0, 0, − 1) are nearer to the origin.

Problem 7: Show that, if the perimeter of a triangle is constant, the triangle has maximum area when it is
equilateral.

Sol: Let the sides of a triangle be 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.

Given perimeter of triangle is constant. Suppose. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑠(𝑠𝑎𝑦)

Area of triangle 𝐴 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧)

2
Suppose 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐴 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧)

Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑢 + λφ = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧) + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑠)

∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧) + λ

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑧) + λ

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦) + λ

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
= 0 and ∂𝑧
=0

∂𝐹
∂𝑥
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧) + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑦
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑧) = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑧)

∂𝐹
∂𝑧
=− 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦) = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)

∴ − λ = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧) = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑧) = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)

⟹𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑦)(𝑠 − 𝑧) = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑧) = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑥)(𝑠 − 𝑦)

30
 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑠−𝑥
= 𝑠−𝑦
= 𝑠−𝑧

1 1
Consider 𝑠−𝑥
= 𝑠−𝑦
⟹𝑥 = 𝑦

1 1
Again consider 𝑠−𝑥
= 𝑠−𝑧
⟹𝑥 = 𝑧

Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧.

Hence the triangle has maximum area when it is equilateral.

Problem 8: Find the maximum and minimum distances from the origin to the curve

2 2
5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0

2 2 2 2
Sol: Given surface is 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0 i.e. φ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 8

2 2
Let the point be 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be any point on the surface 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0

2 2
Distance from the origin to 𝑃 is 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 +𝑦

2 2
Take 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦

2 2 2 2
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑢 + λφ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + λ 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 8 ( )
∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Then ∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 10λ𝑥 + 6λ𝑦 , ∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + 6λ𝑥 + 10λ𝑦

∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
Suppose ∂𝑥
= 0, ∂𝑦
=0

∂𝐹 2𝑥
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 10λ𝑥 + 6λ𝑦 = 0⟹ − λ = 10𝑥+6𝑦

∂𝐹 2𝑦
∂𝑦
= 2𝑦 + 6λ𝑥 + 10λ𝑦 = 0⟹ − λ = 6𝑥+10𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦
∴ −λ= 10𝑥+6𝑦
= 6𝑥+10𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦 2 2
Consider 10𝑥+6𝑦
= 6𝑥+10𝑦
⟹𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟹𝑥 = ±𝑦 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

If 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑘

2 2 2 1 1
We have 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 8⟹𝑘 = 2
⟹𝑘 = ±
2

2 2 1
Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2

31
 1 1
The minimum distance from the origin is 2
+ 2
=1

If 𝑥 =− 𝑦 = 𝑘

2 2 2 2
We have 5𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 8⟹4𝑘 = 8⟹𝑘 = 2

2 2
Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2

The maximum distance from the origin is 2 + 2 = 2

2
Problem 9: The temperature 𝑇 at any point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in space is 𝑇 = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧 . Find the highest
2 2 2
temperature on the surface of the unit sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol: since 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 i.e. φ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1.

2
Given 𝑢 = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧

2 2 2 2
Define 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧 + λ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 . ( )
2
𝐹𝑥 = 400𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥λ.

2
𝐹𝑦 = 400𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦λ.

𝐹𝑧 = 800𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧λ

Suppose 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0.

2
2 200𝑦𝑧
𝐹𝑥 = 400𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑥

2
2 200𝑥𝑧
𝐹𝑦 = 400𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦

𝐹𝑧 = 800𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧λ = 0⟹ − λ = 400𝑥𝑦

2 2
200𝑦𝑧 200𝑥𝑧
∴ 𝑥
= 𝑦
= 400𝑥𝑦 = −λ

2 2
200𝑦𝑧 200𝑥𝑧 2 2
Consider 𝑥
= 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥 =𝑦

2
200𝑥𝑧 2 2
Again consider 𝑦
= 400𝑥𝑦 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2𝑦 .

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 2
2 2 𝑧
⟹𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2
= 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦)

2 2 2
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑦 = 𝑘, 𝑧 = 2𝑘

2 2 2 1
We have 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1⟹𝑘 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 = 1 ⟹𝑘 = 4

2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
𝑥 = 4
⟹𝑥 = 2
, 𝑦 = 4
⟹𝑦 = 2
and 𝑧 = 2
⟹𝑧 =
2

At the point ( 1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2 ), 𝑢 has maximum and 𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 400 .
1
2
.
1
2
.
1
2
= 50.

∴ Highest temperature on the surface of the unit sphere 𝑇 = 50

Problem 10: Divide 24 into 3 parts such that continued product of first, square of the second and the cube

of the third may be maximum.

Sol: Let the number be 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 24

2 3
Suppose φ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 24 and 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑧

2 3
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 + λ(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 24)

2 3
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑧 + λ

3
𝐹𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + λ

2 2
𝐹𝑧 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 + λ

Assume that, 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0

2 3 2 3
i.e. 𝑦 𝑧 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 𝑦 𝑧

3 3
2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧

2 2 2 2
3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 + λ = 0⟹ − λ = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧

2 3 3 𝑦
Consider 𝑦 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 ⟹𝑥 = 2

3 2 2 𝑦 𝑧
Consider 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 ⟹ 2
= 3

𝑦 𝑧
∴𝑥 = 2
= 3
= 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

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Then 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑦 = 2𝑘, 𝑧 = 3𝑘

We have 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 24⟹𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 24 ⟹𝑘 = 4

∴𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 8, 𝑧 = 12.

Problem 11:

Sol:

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