Current transformer

dimensioning

© Siemens AG 2006
 CT dimensioning

Trainer: Claus Wagner

PTD PA15
Tel. 0911-433-8193
Fax 0911-433-8592

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer

i1 (primary current)

w2

i1
w2

R (burden)

i1
i1* = w L0
2 R
iron losses

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer Saturation

L0

knee point
voltage
High L0 for normal operation

L0=0 due to CT saturation

U=R*i1*

i1 i1
i1*= w i1*= w
2 2
L0=very
high value R U L0=0 R

Normal operation - the current flows through Saturation - the relay measures
the current transformer of no current
the relay

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Equivalent current transformer circuit

N1
I1 I2  I1 
jX1 R1 N2 jX2 R2 I2

P1 Im S1

N1 N2 U2 Zm Zb

P2 S2
Ideal CT

X1 = Primary leakage reactance

R1 = Primary winding resistance
X2 = Secondary leakage reactance
Z0 = Magnetizing impedance
R2 = Secondary winding resistance
Zb = Secondary load
Note: Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be negelected

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer, simplified replica circuit

1 : N2 jX2 R2

i1 i2
ZB

N2
i'1 =  i1 i2
1 L2<< LW R2

LW im
RB

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()

N1
I1 .
N2

I1 
N1
I2

N2
I2


Zb

Im

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Page 7 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer saturation

Saturation during steady-state current

Saturation during offset current

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CT saturation
Currents and magnetising

IP

saturation flux

IS

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Current transformer
magnetising and de-magnetising

P

t
BMax
t

B  BR  BMax.  BR   e TS

BMax BR
B
BR

m

t m

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Page 10 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution

Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure

BMax

tF1 =duration of 1st fault

t tSP dead time

tF1 tSP tF2 tF2 =duration of 2nd fault

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer
magnetising curve and point of remanence

I II III
B

up to 80%

< 10%
negligible

H = im  w

I: closed iron core (TPX)

II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
III: Linearised core (TPZ)

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Current transformers TPX und TPY
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure

closed iron core (TPX)

BR

core with anti-

remanence air-gaps (TPY)

BR

tF1 tSP tF2 t

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Page 13 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer with linearised core (TPZ),
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure

P

S
B

m
t
tF1 tSP tF2 t

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 14 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Example for a weak CT saturation

5P20, 200/1A, 15VA, Rct = 1Ω, R’b = 1.22Ω, 11·I/INCT ; TP =

100ms

10P10, 2000/1A, 10VA, Rct = 2Ω, R’b = 0.54Ω, 11·I/INCT ; TP = 100ms

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Page 15 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution

 Current Transformer Identification

10 P 20; 15VA
Transformer Nominal Power

Nominal Overcurrent factor

Core type: P = Protection

M = Measurement

Fault limits in % at n x IN

Attention!
M or n<5 means measurement-core
Not suitable for protection application!
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 16 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Standard Accuracy Classes 5P and 10P

Current Error at rated Phase Displacement at Composite error at rated

Accuracy
primary current rated primary current accuracy limit
class
% minutes %

5P +/- 1 +/- 60 5

10P +/- 3 not defined 10

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 17 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Accuracy limiting factor with various burdens

Begin of saturation defined by a max Um

N2 Um,N = I2max,N (Ri+RN)
i'1  i1
1 Ri i2 Um.N = I2max,b (Ri+Rb)
in both cases the max. voltages are the same:

Lm im Um RN / Rb
I2max,N (Ri  RN )  I2max,b (Ri  Rb )
(Ri  RN )
I2max,b  I2max,N
(Ri  Rb )
I2max,b I2max,N (Ri  RN )

IN I N (Ri  Rb )

(R i  R N ) (R i  R N ) (R i  R N )
k ALF  k ALF , N K 'SSC  K SSC n'  n N
(R i  R b ) (R i  R b ) (R i  R b )

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Kneepoint voltage

CT design according to BS 3938 / IEC 60044-1 (2000)

The design values according to IEC cl. P can be approximately transferred
into the IEC class PX (BS class X) standard definition by following formula:

VK 
R b  R i   I sn  K ssc
1.3

Example: IEC 60044 600/1, 5P10, 15 VA, Rct = 4 Ω

IEC PX or BS cl. X: VK 
15  4 110 V  146 V, R ct  4 Ω
1.3

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Page 19 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT Saturation: Under Steady State Conditions

Example: Current transformer data

5P20 20VA

Pi = 4 VA
CT1 1000/1 (10 x IN) P_rel = 0,2 VA
l = 200m (lead length)
A = 4mm2

2  0,018  200m
2ρ l mm 2
R lead   2
 1,8
CT2 100/1 (100 x IN) A 4mm
20  4
k ALF  20  80
10 kA 24

=> CT saturates at 80 x IN

CT1 does not saturate

CT2 saturates

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DC Displacement

Short circuit in Voltage-maximum

U
no displacement (DC element)

Short circuit in zero-crossing

Complete displacement (DC element)

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Current Transformer
Flux due to DC offset

Flux

Secondary Current

Primary Current

The DC component
in the current causes
a severe increase of flux

A CT that does
not saturate due to
steady state currents
can saturate due to
DC offset

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 23 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer
Flux due to DC offset - Transient Factor

BDC
KTF =
BAC BAC
Flux S
P
BDC KTF = 1 + S S  P
S
IF then the CT does
If n' > not saturate if
ICT there
is no DC offset
IF then the CT does
If n' > KTF not saturate if
Primary/Secondary ICT there
Current is DC offset
With: P = Primary System Time Constant
S = Secondary CT Time Constant

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Page 24 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution

Typical Transient Factors and Time Constants

Transient Factor Time Constant

X/R 
Generator/Transformer 30 - 50 95 - 160 ms
Major 330 kV Busbars 25 - 30 75 - 90 ms
330 kV line 10 30 ms
Major 132 kV Busbars 15 - 20 45 - 60 ms
132 kV line 3 10 ms
Major 66 kV Busbars 10 - 15 30 - 45 ms
66 kV line 5 - 10 15 - 30 ms

L X 1
= R = 
R 2 f

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Page 25 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution

Current Transformer
Time to saturation due to DC offset

-tM -tM
KTF SP
P S
tM =  KTF = 1 + -e
P  S e
30,00

25,00

20,00

tM = 60 ms tM = Time to Saturation
15,00
tM = 40 ms P = Primary system time
constant
10,00
tM = 20 ms S = CT secondary time
5,00 tM = 10 ms
constant (5 s)

0,00 P ms
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 26 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
 CT requirements of Siprotec: SIP 2006

Glossary of used abbreviations (according to IEC 60044-6, as defined)

Kssc = rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor (example: CT cl. 5P20  Kssc = 20)
K’ssc = effective symmetrical short-circuit current factor
Ktd = transient dimensioning factor
Iscc max = maximum symmetrical short-circuit current
Ipn = CT rated primary current
Isn = CT rated secondary current
Rct = secondary winding d.c. resistance at 75°C (or other specified temperature)
Rb = rated resistive burden
R’b = Rlead + Rrelay = connected resistive burden
TP = primary time constant (net time constant)
VK = kneepoint voltage (r.m.s.)
Rrelay = relay burden

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 27 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT requirements of Siprotec O/C, Line diff

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 28 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
SIP 2006: CT requirements of Siprotec Trafo,
Busbar and Distance protection

©Siemens AG 2006
Page 29 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution