ESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN FM TRANSMITTER ABSTRACT An FM transmitter is an electronic

device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a
radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this
alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. Frequency modulation (FM) transmitter
generates the radio waves by varying the radio signal’s frequency slightly. FM transmitter is basically
a VHF colipits oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any standard FM receiver. The
circuit works on a D.C source which makes it for a pure rectification. FM transmitter also has a
capacitor microphone which picks up very weak sound signals. This FM transmitter was designed
using transistors and other component such resistor, inductor and capacitors. This project transmits
frequency on 100MHz± 5%. The transmitting distance is l00metres. It is powered with 9volts D.C
battery using suitable F.M receiver tuned to the transmitting frequency of this project. F.M
Transmitter can be used as cordless microphones, mobile phone and for public address purposes.
The distant of transmission is limited to 100m and fixed frequency of transmission, away from all
other radio station. This gives best range and least interference. The antenna is attached to the
outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door
openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a
separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1
PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT 1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT 1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT 1.6 DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 2.2
REVIEW OF PARTS OF RADIO TRANSMITTER 2.3 REVIEW OF FM BROADCAST BANDS 2.4
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 2.5 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS 2.6 REVIEW OF
MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER THREE 3.0 CONSTRUCTION 2/16/22, 8:01 AM design and
construction of an fm transmitter- for B.Sc, HND, and OND ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC/TELECOM/
POWER EN… www.hyclassproject.com/design-and-construction-of-an-fm-transmitter.html 2/5 3.1
BASICS OF FM TRANSMITTER 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN FM TRANSMITTER 3.3 FUNCTION OF FM
TRANSMITTER BLOCK 3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM 3.5 CIRCUIT PARTS 3.6 CIRCUIT
OPERATION 3.7 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS 4.1
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING 4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING 4.3 ASSEMBLING OF
SECTIONS 4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION 4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN 4.6
SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING METHOD 4.7 COST ANALYSIS CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION 5.1
RECOMMENDATION 5.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION In electronics and
telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of
an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating
current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna
radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component
parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer
networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and
spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to
equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar
and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as
microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they
often have similar circuits. The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast
transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter. This usage usually
includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in. A transmitter can
be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device.
A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often
abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio
communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the
form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone. The transmitter
combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the
radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can
be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter. In a frequency
modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other
types of modulation are used. The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the
outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door
openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a
separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line. 1.1
PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The main purpose of this work is to construct a device that will allow
music or other audio content from a 2/16/22, 8:01 AM design and construction of an fm transmitter-
for B.Sc, HND, and OND ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC/TELECOM/ POWER EN…
www.hyclassproject.com/design-and-construction-of-an-fm-transmitter.html 3/5 portable media
player, CD player or other portable audio system to be played through a nearby FM radio. It can
either be a capability built into a portable media player, or a portable appliance that plugs into the
headphone jack or proprietary output port of a portable media player or video device. The sound is
then broadcast through the transmitter on an FM broadcast band frequency and picked up by the
receiver. The purpose is generally to allow portable audio devices to make use of the better sound
quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection between them.
The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output into
an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car or portable radios. 1.2
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT The objective of this work is to design and construct a long range FM
transmitter which transmits a frequency modulated signal to an fm radio. That is, to construct a
device that can broadcast signals on an FM broadcast band and picked up by the receiver. To review
some modern digital technologies that has been developed for effective FM signal generation. To
show the design and components of a FM transmitter To show the construction process of an
electronically operated system known as FM transmitter capable of transmitting a frequency
modulated signal. 1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT The relatively low power output of FM
transmitters sometimes makes it unsuitable for use in some large urban areas because of the
number of other radio signals. This is compounded by the fact that strong FM signals can bleed over
into neighboring frequencies making the frequencies unusable with the transmitter. Removing a
car’s radio antenna has been found to significantly improve transmitter reception. Some frequencies
below 88.1 have even been supported as reception frequencies on some car stereos, and some
indegeneous FM transmitters even take advantage of those unused frequencies which are generally
more reliable as no frequency below 88.1 is used for mainstream broadcasters in the US. Some
models which connect via ports other than the headphone jack have no means of controlling the
volume, which can force the sound to transmit out from the device harshly (causing over
modulation, audio distortion and possible radio interference), or too low. In theory a device could
use an automatic level control or audio limiter circuit to overcome this problem although there are
few (if any) devices with such a facility available out on the market yet. 1.4 APPLICATION OF THE
PROJECT FM transmitters used in many different environments. Some of the more popular uses are
churches, sporting events, fitness centers, homes, cars, correctional facilities and holiday light
shows. Other applications include • Non-commercial broadcasting. • Commercial broadcasting. •
Television audio. • Public Service communications. • Radio Service Communications. • Point-to-point
microwave links used by telecommunications companies. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The
project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital
aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency
modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio
stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart
AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless
morpheme. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS FM – Frequency Modulation VHF – Very High Frequency
(30MHz to 300MHz) 2/16/22, 8:01 AM design and construction of an fm transmitter- for B.Sc, HND,
and OND ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC/TELECOM/ POWER EN… www.hyclassproject.com/design-and-
construction-of-an-fm-transmitter.html 4/5 UHF – Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz) VFO –
Variable Frequency Oscillator VCO – Voltage Controlled Oscillator PLL – Phase Locked Loop Oscillator
– device that generates a frequency