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Intellectual Revolution

The document discusses several important intellectual revolutions throughout history that shaped society's understanding of science and technology. It focuses on three major revolutions: the Copernican Revolution established the sun-centered model of the universe; the Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution through natural selection; and the Freudian Revolution developed the field of psychoanalysis. The document also notes intellectual revolutions occurred in other parts of the world like Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa that further advanced scientific thinking. Intellectual revolutions represent paradigm shifts that changed views on nature and how knowledge is acquired, influencing science, technology, and society.

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KAYELYN JOY REGALA
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119 views4 pages

Intellectual Revolution

The document discusses several important intellectual revolutions throughout history that shaped society's understanding of science and technology. It focuses on three major revolutions: the Copernican Revolution established the sun-centered model of the universe; the Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution through natural selection; and the Freudian Revolution developed the field of psychoanalysis. The document also notes intellectual revolutions occurred in other parts of the world like Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa that further advanced scientific thinking. Intellectual revolutions represent paradigm shifts that changed views on nature and how knowledge is acquired, influencing science, technology, and society.

Uploaded by

KAYELYN JOY REGALA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY

RIZALTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Intellectual Revolutions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:


1. Identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society’s perception of science
and technology across time;
2. Discuss how intellectual revolutions changed the way modern science was
understood and approached; and
3. Explain the importance of other intellectual revolutions that also took place in
other parts of the world, such as Meso America, Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

Topic Presentation

INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW
This module analyses the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people
perceive the influence of science and technology on society in general. It gives
emphasis on three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history: Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian. Moreover, the module focuses also on the intellectual
revolutions that took place in many parts of the world, such as North America, Asia,
Middle East, and Asia. By discussing these intellectual revolutions in the framework of
science, technology, and society, the students are drawn to understand its relevance
to the development of modern science. This section also engages student in a critical
analysis of the current intellectual and scientific revolutions, which they may find
themselves to be part of.

Content 1 Three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history

Copernican Revolution

The Copernican Revolution discusses the 16 th-


century paradigm shift named after the Polish
mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus.
Nicolas Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of
the universe, meaning sun-centered. At that time, the
Earth was believed to be the center of the universe based
on geocentric model of Ptolemy, Ptolemaic model. The
idea that the Sun is the center of the universe instead of
the Earth agitated many of the scientists.
In the years that follows, similar to the Ptolemaic model, the Heliocentric model
had been found to have shortcomings also. Nonetheless, regardless with the problems
of the model, many scientists, especially Galileo Galilei, supported and accepted the
model. The Copernican Revolution ultimately caught on among other astronomers who
further polished the model and finally paved way for the birth of a new science, modern
astronomy. In the next century that follows, Sir Isaac Newton recognized the model and
this made a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy.

Darwinian Revolution
The English naturalist, geologist, and
biologist, Charles Darwin is recognized
for inspiring another important intellectual
revolution in the mid-19th century. His
literary paper regarding science of
evolution, On the Origin of Species, which
was published in 1859 had stirred a
revolution that brought society to a new
phase of intellectual innovation.
The Darwinian Revolution profited
from the earlier intellectual revolutions specially during the 16 th and 17th century, such
that it was directed with the assurance brought about the human’s capacity to
rationalize and explain various phenomena. Darwin collected evidences pointing to
what is know as natural selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms,
including humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favored survival and
reproduction.

Freudian Revolution

The Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud, is


recognized for stirring a 20 th-century intellectual
revolution named after him the Freudian Revolution.
Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in psychology
is the main focus of this revolution. Freud's
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis is considered
a "great" idea in personality. It is a scientific method
of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts
embedded within one’s personality, spring from free
associations, dreams, and fantasies of individuals.

Freud suggested that humans are intrinsically pleasure-seeking individuals.


These beliefs brought the argument of whether psychoanalysis fit into the scientific
study of the mind and the brain. Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is
generally recognized for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20 th
century.

Content 2 How intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society about


modern science

• Influence of intellectual revolutions on science and technology


• Understanding how society is transformed by intellectual revolutions
Scientific Revolution

The scientific revolution refers to the


16th and 17th centuries paradigm shift in the
scientific thoughts. It refers to successions
of occurrences that shows evidences on the
emergence of modern science during the
early modern period. The period manifested
how the developments of chemistry,
physics, and astronomy transformed the
views of humanity on nature.
This intellectual revolution is associated with the contributions made by the
following scientists in the field of astronomy, such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler,
Rene Descartes, Robert Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton and many others, which in reality
created modern science. A method was discovered for the progressive acquisition of
knowledge, the famous empirical method of science. Ultimately, this revolution ended
with the idea presented by Albert Einstein on his general relativity.

Content 3 Other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and


scientific ideas

• Intellectual Revolutions in Meso America


• Intellectual Revolutions in Asia
• Intellectual Revolutions in Middle East
• Intellectual Revolutions in Africa

Intellectual Revolutions in Other Parts of the World

Aside from the first three intellectual


revolutions and scientific revolutions just
discussed, other intellectual revolutions
occurred across history in in various parts of
the world, such as Meso America, Asia,
Middle East and Africa. These intellectual
revolutions that took place in the four
geographical locations made their own
contribution in the advancement of modern
science and scientific thoughts.

Discussion / Forum

In the study of the history of science and technology, one of the most important
areas of interest involves the various intellectual revolutions across time. In this aspect,
focus lies in how intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the interaction of
science, technology, and society. It covers how intellectual revolutions altered the way
modern science was understood and approached.
For this discussion, intellectual revolutions in science and technology refers to
the series of events that led to the development of modern science and the progress
of scientific thinking in various periods of our history. Although there are many
intellectual revolutions, this topic focuses on the three of the most important ones that
changed the perspectives of society on how they view science: Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian. Moreover, other intellectual revolutions from other parts of
the world are discussed: Meso America, Middle East, Asia and Africa. In
understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions are
paradigm shifts in the history of science and technology development.
It is common knowledge that at present we are facing global health crisis, the
Covid-19 pandemic. Science and technology innovation has helped society in
addressing this problem. We can see throughout history how technological
advancements in the modern science evolve from intellectual and scientific revolutions
that shape the society.
To understand intellectual revolutions in the context of science, technology,
and society, the following problems are posed: (a) How does intellectual revolutions
shaped science, technology, and society? (b) Cite instances in the present situation
how these revolutions advance modern science and scientific thinking.

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