Cuenca Institute, Inc.

Senior High School Department

Gen. Malvar Street, Brgy 3, Cuenca, Batangas
2
Module No.
(043) 342-2045 | [email protected]
SY 2021-2022 | Second Semester

Name of Learner _______________________ Approved by: _________________

Strand & Section _______________________ Approved Date: January 31, 2022

General Biology 2
Mrs. Joan Malabag-Sigua
09471703927/ [email protected]
Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 1 General Biology 2
MODULE TITLE– EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
This module is especially made for STEM students to enjoy learning General
Biology 2 hassle-free and effectively at home. This module is based on the
competency/ies from the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC)
developed by the Department of Education as a part of the Learning
Continuity Plan.

CONTENT STANDARDS
The learners demonstrate an understanding of Relevance, Mechanisms,
Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution.

PERFROMANCE STANDARDS
The learners should be able to make a diagram (e.g., pictogram, poster)
showing the evolution of a domesticated crop.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

The learners:
 describe the general features of the history of life on Earth, including
generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale
and characteristics of major groups of organisms present during
these time periods;
 explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations from
generation to generation;
 show patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to
produce the organismal diversity observed today;
 trace the development of evolutionary thought;
 explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography, fossil record,
DNA/protein sequences, homology, and embryology); and
 infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence
of evolution.

VALUES:
• Deeper understanding and respect for life.
• Acknowledgement of one’s strengths and weaknesses.
• Love and concern for the integrity of God’s creation.
• Uphold what is righteous and just in accordance with the law of divine
creation.
• Respect for the history of one’s beginning.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 2 General Biology 2

 Lesson 2.1 HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH
Many renowned scientists in the past were puzzled with the question
about life on Earth– why are there so many different species on the planet?
Some even questioned the age of Earth, which they believed may have a link
on the time it has supported life. Through countless scientific investigations and
discoveries, scientists struggled to learn the age of its formation. By
radiometric dating of rocks in its ever-changing crust and studying moon rocks
and fallen meteorites, scientists have estimated that Earth is about 4.54 billion
years old, with an error range of 50 million years. Through the years, Earth has
become witness to countless life-forms that have lived in its every conceivable
corner. Life emerged about 3.8 billion years ago with prokaryotic organisms,
while multicellular organisms evolved only in the last 540 million years. Forests
(385 million years ago) and land plants (475 million years ago) have followed,
populating the planet. Mammals have only evolved until 200 million years ago,
whereas, Homo sapiens first appeared 200,000 years ago, which makes us only
0.004 percent old in Earth’s life history. Because it would be difficult to map
Earth’s life long history in our existing calendar that has months, years, or
centuries, geologists have devised another scale to show Earth’s history. They
call Earth’s record of the appearance of life-forms and geological events as
geologic time scale. To construct the geologic time scale, geologists have
examined the different rock layers and fossil records all throughout the world,
and placed rocks in the order of relative age using radioactive dating.

Geologic Time Scale of the Earth’s History

Earth’s Age Significant Event

Ca. 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago Formation of Earth’s Crust and Ocean

Around 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago, debris

from the forming solar system crashed
into the early Earth, keeping its surface
burning hot. As the bombardment
decreases, the Earth’s surface also cooled
down. Around this time, the temperature
of the ocean fell to 49° from 88°C (120° to
190° F).

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 3 General Biology 2

 Only a handful of geochemists today seem
to agree on the composition of the earth’s
atmosphere during that period. Based on
evidence, it is now believed that the
atmosphere is then likely composed of: 20%
oxygen (mostly as water vapor), 10%
carbon dioxide, 5 to 7% hydrogen sulfide,
and small amounts of nitrogen, carbon
monoxide, free hydrogen, methane, and
inert gases.

Ca. 3.5 billion years ago Oldest Geological Evidence of Life

From the known fossil evidence, it appears
that life on Earth may have existed during its
boisterous first billion years. Sedimentary
rock formations called the stromatolites
(shown on the left) are strong piece of
evidence that the first microbes might have
existed during this time. During the
formation of the stromatolites, the sheets of
microbes captured sedimentary particles.
Successive layers of these sediments
resulted to striated pattern of settlements,
which enabled geologist to trace back their
geologic age.

Ca 3.0 billions years ago Propagation of Cyanobacteria

Ancestors of the modern blue green algae

may have thrived as early as 3 billion years
ago. Photosynthesis allowed these primitive
cyanobacteria to start converting light
energy to chemical energy. As a result,
byproduct oxygen molecules were
eventually increased which transformed the
earth’s atmosphere and paved the way for
the beginning of biodiversity on the planet.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 4 General Biology 2

 Ca 2.0 billion years ago Appearance of the First Eukaryotes
Geological evidence points out that life
was only composed of prokaryotes until
around 2 billion years ago. Modern
eukaryotes are characterized as having
membrane-bound organelles like the
mitochondria and nucleus. Several
scientists suspect that this cellular
organelles and molecules may have
evolved from ancient relationships
between different bacteria
(endosymbiosis theory).

Ca 1.2 billion years ago Influx of Multicellular Organisms

During this period, it was believed that

multicellularity occurred several times.
According to some hypotheses,
multicellularity was the product of the
symbiotic relationship between cells of
similar or different species that
eventually led to interdependency
among organisms.
Ca 500 million years ago The Cambrian Explosion

Fossil records showed evidence that

there was a drastic increase in the
diversity of complex faunal species
during a relatively short time span. The
so-called Cambrian explosion took place
that cause major animal phyla to appear.

Ca 200 thousand years ago Arrival of Modern Human

Paleontological evidence suggests that

modern human might have evolved from
Home erectus approximately 250
thousand years ago.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 5 General Biology 2

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 6 General Biology 2
 Lesson 2.2 EVOLUTION IS A UNIFYING THEME IN THE STUDY OF
LIFE
The great diversity of life on Earth, as you know today, is the result of
Evolution, a continuous process that persists up to this very day and will go on as
long as there are organisms out there trying to survive. Today, scientists have
relied on scientific evidence that accepts evolution as an explanation for Earth’s
life diversity.
You probably first heard about the simple definition of evolution as
descent with modification. Descent here implies inheritance whereas
modification refers to changing of traits from generation to generation. In fact,
this definition is observable in present-day animals, such as in the cat family,
where lions, leopards, cheetahs, and tigers have all originated from an ancestral
cat species. Due to overwhelming scientific results, scientists have a more
precise definition of evolution. Evolution refers to the cumulative genetic change
in a population of organisms over time.

Antibiotic resistance is a startling example of evolution in action.

Many people think of evolution as something that takes a long time or

something that might require millions of years. Today, our experience with
antibiotic and pest resistance has revealed that bacteria and insects can ride an
evolutionary fast track. Within weeks, a population of bacteria can virtually
reinvent itself because they can reproduce quickly, generate mutations at a
rapid rate, and transfer adaptive traits among the different members of its
population. They have the ability to evolve quickly due to their adaptive
characteristics that allow them to survive the killing effects of drugs, to reignite
infections, or to infect more hosts in a single cough.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 7 General Biology 2

Lesson 2.3 CHANGES IN EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT OVER TIME
The present and extensive knowledge of evolution is a contribution by
many scientists who were bold enough to understand how life arose on the
planet. Although, Charles Darwin has been credited the most for developing
the theory of evolution, many scientists have also shed light to our present-day
understanding of how evolution occurs in nature.

Lamarck’s Theory of Adaptation

One of the first proponents of the idea Lamarck Darwin
of evolution is the French scientist Jean
Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829). Around
1800, some scientists started to question
whether living organisms could really
change their structure or form, and if they
are able to do so, how did this process
happen? Lamarck suggested the concept of
inheritance of acquired characteristics. He
proposed that if an animal could develop a
particular characteristic in its lifetime, then
this trait could be passed on to their offspring
and its succeeding generations. He cited as
an example the long neck of giraffe. In his
view, the reason why the giraffe has long
neck is because it stretches its neck to reach
for leaves on high tree branches. This
particular trait is developed and passed on to
the next generation. At that time, most
scientists thought that Lamarck was silly and
only a few radical thinkers, like Erasmus
Darwin, Charles Darwin’s grandfather,
believed in the concept of single origin and
changes in species.

Charles Darwin and Natural Selection

The theory of evolution was popularized in the middle of nineteenth
century when Charles (1809-1882), an English naturalist and geologist
developed his theory about evolution. His expedition around the world from
1831-1836 on HMS Beagle as a young naturalist enabled him to study different
specimens around the globe. During his expedition, he witnessed the diversity
of life forms including some fossil records that were as big as hippos. Darwin
had read Malthus’ essay about human population growth where he argued that
human population would increase more rapidly than food supply.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 8 General Biology 2

 This would lead to competition for food and only the
fittest and most able would survive. This idea, along
with his studies of various specimens, led Darwin to
formulate his now well-known concept of “natural se-
lection”. Darwin’s logic was that, if an organism de-
veloped and possessed a small inherited variation
that would increase the individual’s ability to
compete, survive, and reproduce, then this
characteristic will be passed on to the next
generation. The rest of the organisms that did not
have the trait will not survive. Therefore, through
time, species became gradually adapted to their
environment, leading to the evolution of new
species. In 1859, he published this idea in his Origin
of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Despite the fact that it took several
decades before the scientific community were convinced of his proposed
mechanism of natural selection, his theory of evolution (shared ancestry) was
widely accepted by biologists and scientists alike.

Alfred Russel Wallace: The Father of Biogeography

With an already accepted theory of evolution
in mind as a strong supporter of Darwin, Alfred Russel
Wallace started an expedition of his own in 1848
through the Amazon and Southeast Asian region. He
wanted to demonstrate that evolution took place by
showing how geography influenced the current
distribution of species. He studied hundreds of
thousands of animals and plants, meticulously
recording the exact localities where he had observed
them. In one of his journeys, he found a pattern that
corroborated the evidences of evolution: physical
barriers (i.e., rivers or mountain ranges) served as a
demarcation of many species distributional range. A
more conventional explanation that species had been
shaped with adaptations to the specific climate made
no sense because he could find very diverse animals
in similar climatic regions.

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Mendel’s Key to the Missing Link
While all this was going on, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel
(1822-!884) was carrying out imperative experiments that would finally prove
Darwin’s concept of natural selection. For seven years, Mendel crossbred
different strains of pea plants. He did this experiment to investigate how
characteristics like the pod shape, seed shape, or flower colors are inherited. In
a quite remarkable feat, he was able to cultivate almost thirty thousand pea
plants and in doing so figured out the basic foundation of genetics. He presented
that an offspring can receive characteristics from both its parents, but the
dominant trait is the one expressed. Unfortunately, Mendel’s work was ignored
by scientists in Britain and only in 1900 when Mendel’s work on Genetics was
finally “re-discovered”. His experiment becomes a plausible proof to support
the natural selection idea of Darwin. Using Mendel’s work in genetics, a couple
of studies showed how genetic traits in an animal or plant population could be
selected by environmental pressures and how these populations easily become
adapted to its environment.
Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, and Mendel are the key proponents and
developers of the concept of evolution that we know today. However, several
others had involvement in this concept as well.

Lesson 2.4 EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

In these modern times, several basic lines of evidence are used to prove
evolution. We can name two probable reasons why many biologists view these
lines of evidence as substantial: (1) these evidences are predicted by
evolutionary theory, and (2) they are independent of each other. Moreover,
information from many different areas of biology can only be interpreted
sensibly as the outcome of evolution itself. In the end, hopefully you would be
able to realize that biology simply would not make sense if evolution were taken
out of the picture.

Evidence from Paleontology: Fossil Records

The most direct evidences that evolution had occurred are the fossil
records. The study of the fossils and sedimentary rocks is the only way by which
we can learn about past environments and climatic conditions on Earth and the
ways by which life evolved and diversified. The sedimentary deposits contain
fossils, remains, or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the
remote past. Through dating of the rocks on which fossils were found, the
accurate age of the fossils is determined. In Darwin’s time, the location of the
rocks and the fossils in them were believed to be related to their actual age
(relative dating); rocks and fossils that were generally in the deeper strata were
assumed to be older while the younger ones were those found in the upper part.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 10 General Biology 2

 Having the knowledge of the relative positions of sedimentary rocks and
fossils and the rates of erosion of various sedimentary rocks in different
environments, geologists derived a fairly precise idea of the rocks’ relative
ages. However, nowadays, rocks are dated through radiometric age dating
where the most significant factor considered to identify a rock age is the
degree of radioactive decay (absolute dating). The older the rock, the more its
isotopes are decayed. Since radioactive isotopes (unchanged by factors like
temperature or pressure) decay in a constant rate, isotopes in a rock may serve
as an internal clock, measuring the time since the rock was initially formed.

Since rocks sedimentary layers are arranged sequentially, the sequential

order of organisms can be inferred from where the fossils are found. The
chronological order of the major groups found via fossil record shows a
succession of species that was foreseen by evolutionary theory. For instance,
single-celled prokaryotes that lacked a membrane-bound nucleus are thought
to be the most ancient group of organisms. Thus, evolutionary theory predicted
that fossilized prokaryotes should appear before the eukaryotes. Record shows
the early evolution of cetaceans (e.g., whales, dolphins, and porpoises), which
were documented to have lived 50 to 60 million years ago. Series of fossils have
been found in different countries such as Pakistan, Egypt, and North America
showing the transition of cetaceans from terrestrial to aquatic life. It was
previously thought that most mammals were terrestrial only. However,
fossil records have shown how cetacean evolution had resulted to the loss of
hind limbs and the development of flippers. Given the low probability of fossil
preservation and recovery, it is still not surprising that there are still gaps in the
fossil record.

Fossil interpreted as a nesting

oviraptorid Citipati at the American
Museum of Natural History

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Evidence from Geographic Distribution: Biogeography
Biogeography is an interesting filed in biology where geographic spatial
distributions of certain species are investigated. The distribution of species in a
particular landscape provides resounding proof about evolution. For example, if
species were static (unchanging) in a certain locale, then you would at least in
theory expect to find similar species in localities where there is similar
environmental conditions around the world. However, evolutionary theory had
predicted that descendant species should be found in localities close to where
their ancestors were regardless of the environmental settings. A clear pattern of
how the current distribution of species offers evidence for shared ancestry can
be perceived in archipelagos. Using the theory evolution, islands that have
similar environments but are found in different regions of the world will harbor
totally different species assemblages. These islands should be inhabited with
species that are closely related to the species on the nearest mainland, albeit the
environment is very different from the island. For example, the Philippines
undoubtedly shaped its rich biodiversity wherein biotic similarities of certain
island groups only make sense in the light of our country’s ancient geologic
timeline. Certain islands of the Philippines formed during the Pleistocene era, an
important event causing glacier meltdown, which disconnected our major is-
lands. During these repeated glacial events, five major Pleistocene island
groups became prominent, namely, greater Luzon, greater Mindanao, Panay,
greater Sulu, and greater Palawan. With the exception to Palawan, these
Pleistocene island groups were never connected to one another or even to the
mainland Asia. Thus, each of these Pleistocene islands of the Philippines harbors
unique species: 76% of the non-flying mammals in greater Luzon do not exist
elsewhere.

Evidence from Comparative Anatomy

An alternative piece of evidence that supports evolution is the concept
that biologists have coined as homology. Homology is defined as any anatomical
feature originally possessed by an ancestor that has subsequently been modified
by its descendants for a specific function. Due to these modifications in the
anatomy, comparisons can be made. For example, the human skeleton is very
similar to that of the gorilla, our close relative, but both are very different from
the exoskeleton of the birds or reptiles. Yet even primates and birds or reptiles
share some basic anatomical features such as bilateral symmetry signifying that
they are all distantly related species in the Tree of Life.
Another example is the pattern of limb bones called pentadactyl limb,
which can be traced back to the fins of certain fish fossils. The “original” limb
has a single proximal bone (humerus), two distal bones (radius and ulna), a
series of carpals (wrist bones), followed by five series of metacarpals (palm
bones) and phalanges (digits).

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 These structures were present throughout the tetrapods; however, some
of the fundamental structures have been modified to serve different functions
based on environmental needs and living conditions. For example, in monkeys,
the forelimbs are much elongated and more adapted for climbing and swinging
among trees. In horses, the forelimbs are used in running and modified for an
elongation of the third digit bearing a hoof. In ant eaters, they use their
enlarged third digit for tearing down termites, and ant nests. In whales, the
forelimbs become flippers for steering and maintaining equilibrium during
swimming.

Principle of Homology illustrated by the adaptive radiation of the forelimb of mammals.

Embryology
During vertebrate development, all embryos
exactly look the same during the very early stages of
development. The best explanation for this similarity in
embryos is a shared history of vertebrates. All vertebrate
embryos are characterized by having gill pouches and
tails. Thus, even if they will develop into different adult
stages, a reptilian embryo, an avian embryo, and a human
embryo look very similar.

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Contrivances
Some characters that are passed on through generation will not be
“perfectly” adapted based on evolutionary theory. Since natural selection occurs
on the genetic variation that is presently available in a population, the “best”
alternatives cannot constantly be found. Most of the time, existing traits are
modified (contrived) to serve a new function. For example, thumbs of giant
pandas are found to have a modified wrist bone, another example of an
imperfect adaptation is the human eye. The design of the vertebrate retina is
technically “inside-out” since it is behind the nerves that form the optic nerves.
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there is a hole, which results into a blind
spot. This human eye structure has never found any functional explanations, but
a “more acceptable” idea is that it could be that better retina was not yet
available in the common ancestors of all vertebrates. Ironically, the eyes of
lower forms of animals like the mollusks (squids and octopuses) do not have any
blind spot since their retina is found in front of the optic nerve. Their ancestors
perhaps have the structures that were already modified into functional eyes
without needing any blind spot.

Vestigial Structures and Organs

Evolutionary theory predicts that
different species will evolve different forms of
homologous traits. As the ancestries of
organisms increase their ranges to unusual
environments, they adapt to function in those
new surroundings. The comparable traits that
different populations inherited from their
common ancestors may be modified and
diverge from each other. Whereas ancestral
anatomical features can be adapted to new
functions, they can also find that these
structures can be redundant altogether
resulting to vestigial organs. These are structures that are currently of slight use
to the organism or there are no clear physiological function known.
They may be considered as the historical remnants of structures that did
have a function in the earlier ancestors and provided evidence for shared
ancestry. One example is the human coccyx or tailbone, which is a much more
condensed version of a bony tail possessed by our ancient lineages. Previously
adapted to help in balance and climbing, a tail has small function for human
movement. It probably remained in a vestigial form because it has some use as a
point for muscle attachment.

Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 14 General Biology 2

 Hind limbs and pelvic bone (encircled) of Baleen whales showing evidence of
modification by descent by retaining a vestigial structure

Evidence from Physiology and Biochemistry

Considering again the evolutionary theory which tells us that if all

organisms have a shared ancestry, then all living things should have some
characteristics in common. All living things passed on genetic information from
generation to generation via the DNA molecule. Also, another basic shared
characteristic is the use of the ATP molecule to transport energy around the cell.
These two fundamental similarities then suggest that all living things evolved
from a single common ancestor. If life was generated through evolution then we
might expect that closely related species will be more similar to one another
than their more distantly related species. Comparing the human genetic code
with that of other organisms will show that chimpanzees and baboons are
human’s closest relations. The genetic similarities between the chimpanzees
from humans only differ by around 1.2%, whereas the more distantly related
mouse differs by almost 15%. This concept will be further elaborated in the
section of this book about systematics.
Another example of a biochemical evidence for evolution is the protein
Cytochrome c found in living cells. Different organisms show variance of
Cytochrome c, which is measured in the number of differing amino acids. The
difference is due to mutation and/or substitution, which can be used to estimate
how long ago the two species diverged.

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 There are 100 amino acids forming the primary structure of Cytochrome c
and many higher order organisms have 104 amino acids. Organisms such as
chicken and turkey, pig, cows, and sheep have identical sequence homology.
Chimpanzees and humans also share identical molecule, while rhesus monkey
has one differing amino acid.

Evidence from Selection

Antibiotic Resistance

The Kirby Bauer Antibiotic Sensitivity testing showing resistance of microorganisms

with common antibiotics; the bacteria in the culture on the left are sensitive to the
antibiotics contained in the white paper discs. The bacteria on the right are
resistant to most of the antibiotics
An ultimate and perhaps especially convincing piece of evidence for
evolution is the way that bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria have a
very rapid life cycle and can produce millions of new generation of new bacteria
every 24 hours. Taking into account that natural selection acts on each
generation, this means bacteria can quickly respond to changing environmental
pressures. In effect, the antibiotics act to weed out those bacteria with low
resistance in each generation. Bacteria with high resistance survive and pass
their genetic make up to the next generation. Consequently, in just a very short
time, the resistance level of bacterial population increases due to natural
selection. This is an example of a clear on going evolution amongst the simplest
organisms on our planet but creating a major impact on the most complex
organisms.

Selection in Humans
The most common example of selection in human population is lactose
intolerance or the inability to metabolize lactose from the lack of the required
enzyme lactase in the digestive system. In non-dairy consuming societies, a drop
in lactase production is observed in the first four years of life. The difference in
the MCM6 gene eliminates the shutdown in lactase production if modified. This
makes it possible for these populations to consume raw milk and other dairy
products. This appears to be an evolutionarily recent adaptation to dairy
consumption.

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 Evolution Pick-up Lines

• Without you in my life, my heart would become vestigial.

• Thinking just about you makes my head go for Cambrian
explosion.
• Right now we’re just two RNA, but maybe we could
transcribe together and become DNA.
• If apes are really our ancestors, I think your family are the
most beautiful descendants of monkeys.
• You are really awesome because all you selected are really
natural.

REFERENCES:

Ramos, A.C., Ramos, J.D. (2017). Exploring Life Through Science– Biology 2. Quezon
City, Ph: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Rea, M.A., Dequillo, Dagamac, Nikki A. (2017). General Biology 2. Sampaloc, Manila,
Ph: Rex Bookstore

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ACTIVITY 2
A. TRUE or FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct otherwise write
False.

_____1. Evolution is a scientifically valid theory.

_____2. Darwin took Mendel’s idea on inherited traits into account in his work
on natural selection.
_____3. Lamarck thought that giraffes developed long necks in stretching their
necks to reach leaves on the branches of trees.
_____4. Gregor Mendel gave the most important contributions that led to the
understanding of the concept of evolution.
_____5. Fossil records are substantial evidences, which enable a detailed
understanding of the evolution of life through time.
_____6. All living things are composed of complex cellular structure and are
able to grow, develop, and response to particular environmental
stress.
_____7. Embryology is defined as any anatomical feature originally possessed
by an ancestor that has subsequently been modified by its
descendants for a specific function.
_____8. The study of the fossils and metamorphic rocks is the only way by
which we can learn about past environments and climatic conditions
on Earth and the ways by which life evolved and diversified.
_____9. Geologists use a geologic time scale to measure the time span of
Earth in supporting life.
_____10. Wallace, like Darwin, also advanced the concept of “evolution by
means of natural selection.”

B. Make your own Evolution Pick Up Lines.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

C. Evolution is forever. Do you agree or disagree. Defend your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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 D. Complete the table below to summarize the history of the theory of
evolution from pre-1800s to 1900. Write only one key concept involved
on each box.

Pre-1800s Evolutionary thought of:

Andreas Vesalius on Comparative Anatomy

Nicholas Steno on Paleontology

Carolus Linnaeus on Nomenclature and
Classification

Period: 1800s-1900
Thomas Maltus on Human Population
Georges Cuvier on Extinction

Jean Baptiste Lamarck on Evolution

Karl Ernst von Baer
Charles Lyell on Uniformitarianism
Gregor Mendel on Genetics
Charles Darwin on Natural Selection
Ernst Haeckel on Embryology
Wallace and Wegener on Biogeography
Thomas Morgan on Modern Genetics
Francis Crick and James Watson on DNA
structure

E. PERFORMANCE TASK
Make a diagram (e.g., pictogram, poster) showing the evolution of a
domesticated crop. Do this in Oslo paper.

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Cuenca Institute, Inc. - Senior High School 20 General Biology 2