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Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and

Higher Education for Women
(Deemed to be University under Category ‗A‘ by MHRD)
Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956
Re-accredited with A+ Grade by NAAC,
Recognized by UGC under section 12B
Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India

UGC Sponsored National symposium on

Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism

ETGC 2019

Under
Special Assistance Programme (SAP - DRS I)
March 22nd, 2019
Supported by

The South India Textile Research Association (SITRA)

Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Coimbatore

&

The Southern India Mills’ Association (SIMA)

Coimbatore
Organized by

Department of Textiles and Clothing

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THE AVINASHILINGAM EDUCATION TRUST

COIMBATORE-641 043, TAMILNADU

Amarar Dr. T.S.Avinashilingam Dr.T.S.K. Meenakshisundaram

B.A.B.L M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D
Founder / President / Managing Trustee Managing Trustee

MESSAGE

Eco consciousness is playing a vital role in selection of clothing all over the world. Industrialization
and technical advancements has led to the increase in pollution. Environment issues are becoming
the major factors in today‘s living. Consumers are aware of the eco-products and eco-friendliness in
textiles is gaining importance. Eco-friendly, biodegradable products are available in the market and
still have a wide demand. This has brought natural and unconventional fibres into focus again.

India has abundant natural resources and exploring this will give us numerable solutions to solve
our environmental issues resulting in production of natural eco friendly textile products .The
increasing interest on eco textiles also has raised the necessity of finding newer materials.

I am happy that, at this context the Department of Textiles and Clothing, Avinashilingam Institute
for Home Science and Higher Education for Women is organizing the UGC Sponsored National
Symposium on Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism ETGC 2019. I hope that the deliberations
brought out in this symposium would benefit the students, academicians, researchers and all the
stakeholders of textile industry. I also hope that the out comings be transferred to the community
and help economical development as a whole.

I wish all the members of the department for the success of the symposium.

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Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women

(Deemed to be University under Category "A" by MHRD,
Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Re-accredited with "A+" Grade by NAAC. Recognised by UGC under Section 12 B
Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. P.R. Krishna kumar

Chancellor (Padmashree Awardee)

FOREWORD
Dear Delegates,
Warm greeting from Avinashillingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women!
It is indeed a great pleasure to welcome you all for the UGC Sponsored National Symposium on
Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism ETGC 2019 organised by the Department of Textiles and
Clothing.
Indian textile sector has been enjoying rich traditional reputation in the world market for a number
of decades. In the recent years it has been the victim of many challenges that have come up in the
context of industrialization. One of the most challenges for the human race today is the
environmental problem. As a result individuals, business organizations, the judiciary and the
government all over the world have recognised the need of eco-friendly textiles so as to avoid or
reduce environmental issues. Industries on a global basis have to decide to modify their technology
and production process in order to have an environmental friendly output to satisfy their customer
needs.
Moreover textile industry is committed to produce eco-friendly textiles in order to face the global
competition. Consumers on the other hand should engage in eco-friendly activities and should begin
to look into more eco-friendly ways of living and doing business.
With this note, I am happy that the department of Textiles and Clothing is organizing a UGC
sponsored National Symposium on Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism ETGC-2019 which is the
need of the day. The symposium is likely to be one of the finest opportunities for scientists,
technocrats, students etc., from all over India to participate and to share ideas. I am sure that the
symposium would be beneficial to the researchers, students and the industrialists.
On this occasion, I extend my best wishes to the organizing committee. My blessings and good
wishes will always be with the department.

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Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women

(Deemed to be University under Category "A" by MHRD,
Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Re-accredited with "A+" Grade by NAAC. Recognised by UGC under Section 12 B
Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. Premavathy Vijayan

M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil., Dip. Spl. Edn. (UK), Ph.,D
Vice Chancellor
MESSAGE

Go ―Green‖ is the growing trend in all aspects particularly in industries. Textile industry in spite of
being one of the major employment generators, is also considered as the most ecologically polluting
industries in the world. The issues which make the life cycles of Textiles and Clothing
unsustainable are the use of harmful chemicals, high consumption of water and energy, generation
of large quantities of solid and gaseous waste and use of non-biodegradable packaging materials.
Chemical processing of textiles ranging from preparatory processing to dyeing and finishing causes
serious environment hazard. Now -a - days environmental issues are becoming the major factors
during the selection of consumer goods. Natural fibers being bio-degradable are now considered as
earnest option to synthetic fibres for use in various fields. Moreover, global awareness on
environmental issues demand natural fiber – based textiles, natural dyed and finished textiles in
academic and industrial research.

I am happy to note that the department of Textiles and Clothing is organizing the UGC sponsored
National Symposium on Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism ETGC 2019. This Symposium will
provide a platform for all stakeholders to share their knowledge and expertise on key challenges
facing the sector. I hope the gathering of young scientists and industrialists have an opportunity to
interact and discuss on the current issues of sustainable textile production.

My best wishes to the organizers and all members of the department for the success of the UGC
sponsored National Symposium.

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Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women

(Deemed to be University under Category "A" by MHRD,
Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Re-accredited with "A+" Grade by NAAC. Recognised by UGC under Section 12 B
Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. (Mrs) S. Kowsalya

M.Sc.,M.Phil., Ph.,D
Registrar
MESSAGE
Eco friendliness and sustainability are the concepts underlying textile manufacture and marketing of
textile products. In India growing shortage of natural fibre producers lead the researchers to develop
new environmental friendly textile products. Today Eco-fashion movement has developed that
creates garments that are sustainable at every stage of their life cycle from production to disposal.
Going Green is the growing trend in all industries and textile industry is one of the most
ecologically harmful industries in the world. Use of natural renewable source for textile production,
processing and finishing helps in maintaining the ecological impacts. Renewable resources are
gaining popularity among the people due to their positive effects on agriculture, environment and
economy.
The concept of eco-textiles has already entered not only the shelves of natural textile shops but also
of the largest retailers and brand owners. The demand for sustainable textiles is increasing and
solutions need to be found to meet the requirements. It is appropriate that at this point the
Department of Textiles and Clothing, is organizing UGC sponsored National Symposium on Eco
Textiles and Green Consumerism ETGC 2019. I hope the concerted efforts of the experts in the
field of specialization would pay way to sustainable strategies to not only stakeholders of the
country but also to young researchers in India to fulfill the objectives of the National goals of
development set by the Prime Minister of India.
I wish the symposium all success and my best wishes to the organizers and the participants.

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Dr. N. Vasugi Raaja
M.Sc., M.B.A., M.Phil.,Ph.D
Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Dean, School of Home Science Professor
(Deemed to be University under Category "A" by MHRD, Department of Textiles and Clothing
Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956) E-mail : [email protected]
Re-accredited with "A" Grade by NAAC. Mobile : 94430 44416
Coimbatore - 641 043, Tamilnadu, India.

MESSAGE

Years of human ignorance has deteriorated our natural resources and to very extent aged our planet.
After realizing the importance of nature, now people are making an effort to change the way they
are treating the planet. Textile industry has a huge impact on the whole environment as the current
practices followed in the textile industries are unsustainable. Many environmentalist and consumers
are looking at strategies for reducing the textile carbon footprint and started seeking the alternative
sources to get back to the green environment.
Textile is the major part of the basic human needs. Going ―Green‖ is the growing trend in textile
industry.Therefore textile contributions to diminish global warming by developing eco-friendly
fibres, eco-friendly textile processing, healthy production environment and non-toxic chemical
usage in the textile unit.
Green clothing is catching up interest in huge group of consumers as people are aware of its hazards
caused to human life. I hope this symposium will be an bombshell for all the researchers,
environmental activists, industrialists and also academicians to think out of box in broader
perspective towards green consumerism.
I wish the symposium, the very best and I am sure deliberation will be of great interest to all.

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UGC Sponsored National symposium on

Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism
ETGC 2019

CHIEF PATRON T.S.K. Meenakshisundaram

Managing Trustee,
Dr. P.R. Krishna Kumar
Chancellor

PATRON Dr. Premavathy Vijayan

Vice Chancellor

CO PATRON Dr. S. Kowsalya

Registrar

CONVENER Dr. N. Vasugi Raaja

Dean, Faculty of Home Science

CO CONVENER Dr. G. Bagyalakshmi,

Associate Professor and Head
Department of Textiles and Clothing

ORGANISING SECRETARY Dr. S. Amasamani, Professor,

K.Sangamithirai, Assistant Professor

COMMITTEE MEMBERS Dr. R. Prabha, Assistant Professor

Dr. K. Kalaiarasi, Assistant Professor
Dr. U. Ratna, Assistant Professor
Dr. R. Sunitha, Assistant Professor
Dr. S.Aishwarya, Assistant Professor
Ms. S.Vijayalakshmi, Assistant Professor
Mrs. B. Sangeetha Priya, Assistant Professor
CONTACT PERSONS
Dr. S. Amasamani, Professor,
Mobile: 9944435506
K.Sangamithirai, Assistant Professor
Mobile: 8015772673

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ORGANISERS

Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women was founded
by Dr. T.S. Avinashilingam in the year 1957 as Sri Avinashilingam Home Science College
for Women. Sri T.S. Avinashilingam an eminent educationist, a true visionary, well known
social reformer, an advocate of womens emancipation and a great institution builder, was
the first Chancellor of the university in 1988. His noble vision touched the realm of reality
through the dedicated perseverance of the first Vice-Chancellor Dr. Rajammal P. Devadas,
the world-renowned nutritionist and educationist.
The institution aims at empowering women through education, incorporating a curriculum
that is both need based and Holistic.The University is currently functioning under the
leadership and guidance of Dr. T.S.K. Meenakshisundaram, Managing Trustee, Dr. P.R.
Krishnakumar, Chancellor and Dr. Premavathi Vijayan, Vice-Chancellor.
The Department of Textiles and Clothing was established with a PG course in the year
1967. The department has industrial and academic collaborations and this has positioned the
department as the highest stride of progressive changes and innovations. The department is
effectively functioning with a team of 11 faculty members who are specialized in research
areas like natural fibers, natural dyes, non-woven, knitting, wet processing, textile finishing,
technical textiles, fashion designing, enzymology and bio-remediation of textile effluent.

OBJECTIVES OF THE SYMPOSIUM

A national Symposium on ―Eco Textiles and Green Consumerism‖, - ETGC-2019 will be

held on March 22nd, 2019. It is organized by the Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu. The main theme of the symposium is on the emerging and cutting-edge
advancements in the frontier areas of eco textiles, eco standards, quality and technical
textiles.
It will be a common platform to bring together academician and experts from different parts
of the country to exchange knowledge and ideas.It will help to update scientific and
technological developments in Eco-Textiles and Green Consumerism.

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INVITED SPEAKERS

Dr. Anjali Karolia, Dean, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences

Professor, Department of Clothing and Textiles,
The Maharaja Sayaji Rao University of Baroda,
Gujarat, Vadodara

Dr. Saroj S.Jeet Singh Professor, Department. Of Textile and Apparel Designing,
I.C. College of H.Sc, CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana), India

Mr.S.Periasamy Chief Executive Officer,

AIC -NIFT Tea Incubation Centre, Tirup

Dr.R. Rajendran Associate Professor, Department Of Microbiology

PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore

Mr.T.Suresh Ram Scientific Officer

The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore

Dr.K.Selvaraju Secretary General,

The Southern India Mills' Association Coimbatore

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

SR. PAGE
PARTICULAR
NO. NO

ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA ON WOUND

1. HEALING 16-23

S. Kalaivani, Dr. S. Karpagam Chinnammal

REUSE OF EFFLUENT TREATED WATER FOR WET PROCESSING PRINTING

2. 24-27
Dr. P.Ramya, T.Karthikeyan

PROLOGUE PAVEWAY OF HERBAL DYED MEDICAL PRODUCTS

3. TOWARDS GREEN CONSUMERISM 28-34

Vinitha Paulose, Dr. Mrs. Jayalakshmi.I

A STUDY ON THE ECO FRIENDLY NATURAL DYEING OF SANDYNO

4. WOOL YARNS 35-41

Dr. Mrs. Jayalakshmi.I, Dr. S. Amsamani

DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVENS USING COIR FIBRE AND ITS BLENDS

5. WITH OTHER FIBRES 42-48

Dr.M.Kanimozhi, Dr.N.Vasugi Raaja

EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION OF NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS DYE

6. ON SILK FABRIC 49-55

Ms. K. Dharani, Dr. U. Ratna

AYURVEDIC DYEING OF COTTON FABRIC USING MICHELIA CHAMPACA

7. SOURCE 56-60

P. Dhana Priya, Dr.U. Ratna

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BIOSORPTION AND REUSE POTENTIAL OF ASPERGILLUS NIGERFOR

8. THE REMOVAL OF MALACHITE GREEN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 61-67

Ashwini. R, Poonkothai, M

PREPARATION OF COIR BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES USING STARCH

9. EXTRACTED FROM POTATO PEEL 68-72

Thamima.S, Dr. U. Ratna

FTIR ANALYSIS OF WATER RETTED BAST FIBERS

10. 73-78
Joyshree Ayekpam, N.Vasugi

A STUDY ON THE ETHICAL WAGES TO CONSERVE THE ECO FRIENDLY

11. KHADI WEAVERS IN VAVAKKAD 79-83

Lekha Sreenivas

MOBILTECH IN CONSUMER PRODUCT-CAR VARIANTS AS A CANDIDATE

12. 84-87
M.S.S.Mahalakshmi, Dr.S.Visalakshi Rajeswari

COLOUR FASTNESS OF PELTOPHORUMPTEROCARPUM FLOWERS ON

13. COTTON AND BANANA FABRICS 88-92

K.Sangamithirai, Dr. N. Vasugi

DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTION – NEED OF THE HOUR FOR

14. THERENAISSANCE OF ECO HERITAGE CRAFT - KALAMKARI 93-98

Ms. Thadepalli Srivani, Dr. Sundervel Amsamani

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR OF

15. HANDLOOM PRODUCTS IN HYDERABAD 99-101

Jyothirmai S, Dr. S. Amsamani

EXTRACTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVEN FABRIC USING

16. ARECA CATECHU AND COTTON FIBER BLENDS 102-109

Mrs.Vanitha.B, Dr. R.Prabha

EFFICACY OF NATURAL PRINTING ON COTTON
17. 110-116
Pavithra Kannan & Dr. Sundarvel Amsamani
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DEVELOPING NONWOVEN SHEETS USING KNITTED TEXTILE WASTE

18. AND ASSESSING THEIR PROPERTIES 117-123

Minakshi Hazarika, Dr. G.Bagyalakshmi

SUSTAINABLE DYEING OF SILK - COTTON BLENDED FABRIC WITH

19. SELECTED MORDANTING TECHNIQUES 124-130

Aneetta Vadakeveetil Josroy, Dr.Sundervelamsamani

EXTRACTION OF CORN HUSK FIBER IN DIFFERENT TYPES AND

20. COMPARE THE PHYSICO-COMPOUNDS 131-136

Asmitha. P. Viswanathan, Dr.Sundervelamsamani

MODIFICATION OF HEMP SISAL FABRIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR

21. COMPOSITE PREPARATION 137-150

Channa V S Vimala Bharathi Deepthi, Sunitha. R

EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE FROM SAW DUST OF PTEROCARPUS

22. MARSUPIUM USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS 151-156

Kandasamy Nadiya, Kaliappan Kalaiarasi

DECOLOURISATION OF SAFRANIN BY SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND ITS

23. TOXICITY EVALUATION 157-168

Maruthanayagam Alaguprathana, Mani Poonkothai

STUDY ON TODDLERS BEDDING

24. 169-182
Issvetha.P, Dr. S. Amsamani

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF BANANA PSEUDO STEM FIBER IN

25. TAMILNADU FOR TEXTILE APPLICATION 183-193

Dr. R. Sucharitha, Dr. N. Vasugi Raaja, Mrs.N.Vidhya

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAF AND FLOWER

26. EXTRACTS OF THE SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA 194-200

S.Jayapriya, Dr.G.Bagyalakshmi
REGENERATIVE CUSHIONS AND FOOTPADS FOR INDUSTRIAL TAILORS
27. 201-206
S.Thamarai Selvi, Dr.G.Bagyalakshmi

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES

28. FROM LEAVES OF TERMINALIA BELLIRICA 207-213

Nandhini.B, Priyanga A, S. Gayathri Devi

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF

29. LEAVES OF RHUSCHINENSIS MILL. 214-217

Mercy Nemneineng Doungel, Dr. S Amsamani

APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH USING IXORA COCCINEA ON

30. COTTON FABRIC 218-224

Pl .Umayal, Dr.R.Prabha

EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE FROM PAPAYA LEAF AND ITS

31. APPLICATION ON COTTON 225-228

S. Anitha Mary, K. Kalaiarasi

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA

ON WOUND HEALING
S. Kalaivani*; Dr. S. Karpagam Chinnammal**
*Assistant professor,
Department of Textile and Fashion Designing,
SSM College of Arts and Science,
Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Assistant Professor & Head,
Department of Costume Design and Fashion,
Chikkanna Govt Arts College,
Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Medical textiles are an innovative and growing sector in Technical Textile. Innovation in medical
textiles are emerging due to the enlargement in the fields like Wound healing, Bandaging,
implantable devices and expansion of new intellectual products. Innovative Researches on herbal
based products are growing nowadays. For applying specific finish in textiles, it is mandatory to
have various performances that may include: coating, spraying, padding etc. Such finishes must be
applied in an infection-free environment or the finished product may be required to be sterilized
before use. Nowadays an innovative idea of finishing the fabric with medicinal values using plant
extract is emerging with a fair degree of tolerability. Instead of consuming medicines with side
effects, we can rightly wear the health-giving fabric and get good effects in return. In order to
combat a broad spectrum of microorganisms that cause infections in wounds, new and innovative
herbal extracts have been applied onto fabrics with encouraging results.In this article, an attempt
has been made to impart the properties of wound healing in medical textiles producing ―Medicated
herbal gauze‖. An eco-friendly natural finish has been equipped from the pharmaceutical herb –
extracts to accomplish the properties of wound healing. Terminalia Chebula (Myrobalan) is an
herbal seed which has a lot of medicinal values. In this study, Cotton gauze cloth is treated with
Terminalia Chebula (Myrobalan) extract for wound healing purpose. The extract is being said to
have wound healing or injury curing property. Therefore, this can be used in Medical Textiles
products for curing different types of wounds.

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KEYWORDS: Cotton Gauze, Terminalia chebula (Myrobalan), Medical textile, wound healing
INTRODUCTION
Medical Textiles are one of the important sectors of the global Technical Textile industry. The
Majority of Health-care products manufactured worldwide is disposable, and the remaining can be
re-used. Although textile materials have been extensively implemented in medical and surgical uses
for many years, new uses are still being found. Research consuming new and surviving fibers and
fabric forming performances has led to the improvement of medical and surgical textiles.
An important and the growing field in the application of medical textile have been developed such
as wound care and precluding chronic wounds. A wound is an ailment in the outer layer of the skin.
Wounds are usually caused by cuts or scrapes. Different kinds of wounds may be treated differently
from one another, depending upon how they happened and how serious they are. Bandages and
wound dressings are most frequently used because they are inexpensive and recyclable. Dressings
are essential to preserve sterility and absorb blood and serum. Moisture improves the rate of
epithelialization.
Gauze is a thin, translucent fabric with a loose open weave used for the wound or surgical
dressings. Gauze offers a variety of options—woven or nonwoven, sterile or non sterile, plain or
impregnated, and fenestrated (perforated or with slits)—and is available in various sizes, shapes,
and thicknesses. Gauze can be used for cleaning, packing, scrubbing, covering, and securing in a
variety of wounds. Closely woven gauze is superlative for additional strength or superior
protection, while open or loose weave is enhanced for absorbency or drainage.
Terminalia Chebula is held in high esteem in Ayurveda for its properties to prevent and cure
diseases. It has valued the chief place between medicinal herbs in India since ancient times. It is
called the ‗King of Medicines‘ and is always listed first in Ayurveda because of its extraordinary
therapeutic benefits. This plant is used externally in wound healing, fungal infections,
inflammations of the mucous membrane of the mouth, etc., It is also useful in asthma, piles, and
cough.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Traditionally the term ‗Textile‘ was devoted to fabric or especially woven fabric produced from
yarns which were made from natural fiber [1-2]. Textiles are used in medical science in different
ways from Wound care material to new prosthetic non-allergic devices. The longer the cotton fiber
the easier it is to spin into a smoother, stronger yarn in turn this result in a more comfortable, more
durable, more attractive fabric and garments [3].
Medical textiles account for a huge market owing to the widespread need for them, in the hospital,
hygiene, and health care sectors. There has been a sharp increase in the use of natural as well as
synthetic fibers for producing various medical products. Growth of medical textiles can be
considered as one such improvement, which is really meant for changing the painful days of
patients into relaxed days.
In today's health care atmosphere, textile products are ruling innovative presentations which were
not presumable just a few years ago. The significance of textile materials in the medical ground is
formed to their excellent physical properties, such as strength, extensibility, flexibility, suppleness,
air and moisture permeability and wicking. Environment consciousness also ranks high buying
potential. All these factors have led to an increased demand for medicated products preferably
obtained from natural and renewable sources.
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Wound-healing depends not only on medication but also on suitable dressing materials. Dressings
should be easy to apply, should be painless on removal, should create the optimal environment for
wound-healing, and should require fewer dressing changes, thereby reducing nursing time. Wound-
dressing materials are mainly classified as absorbent and non-absorbent, depending on the type of
fibers used. Dressings differ with the nature of wound and wound management. Bandages and
wound dressings are most usually used because they are reasonable and ecofriendly.
Gauze and bandage fabric are very important in health care issues. It is mainly used for the healing
purpose of the human body [4]. Cotton fabric is known for its soft and comfortable wear, it is worn
close to skin because of its good moisture absorption qualities and charges of static electricity do
not build up readily on the clothes [5]
Gauze is a loose open weave fabric it is translucent in nature. The plain weave is variously known
as Calico or Tabby Weave [6].Cotton bandages and cotton gauze drop under the group of main
wound dressings and are positioned next to the wound surface and are usually secured by materials
of several types to absorb the wound discharge and minimize saturation. In technical expressions
"gauze" is a weave arrangement in which the weft yarns are organized in pairs and are intersected
before and after each warp yarn keeping the weft firmly in place. The basic requirements of gauze
fabrics are revealed in table I,
TABLE I
S. No. Characteristic Requirement
1 Count of yarn (for guidance only) a) Warp 17 to 25 tex (24s to 34s) (17 to 25 tex)
b) Weft 24s to 34s)
2 Threads/dm a) Ends, Min b) Picks, Min 75
3 Mass, g/m2 55
4 Length, m Tolerance 30 + 5
5 Width, cm Tolerance As agreed - 2 percent
6 Absorbency 10 seconds, Max
7 PH value of aqueous extract 6.5 to 8.5
8 Scouring loss 1 Percent, Max
9 Freedom from optical whitener Non fluorescence
Basic requirements of Gauze
This weave structure is used to add firmness to fabric, which is significant when using fine yarns
loosely spaced. However, this weave construction can be used with any weight of yarn and can be
seen in some rural textiles made from rough hand-spun plant fiber yarns. Some of the objectives of
Gauze are
 To support wound healing.
 To decrease the discomfort of the wound.
 To arrest the wounded part of body.
 To safeguard the wound and surrounding tissues.
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 To keep the wound clean and prevent infection by foreign bodies.
 To reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
Consumers desire specific performance characteristics in fabrics. They want fabrics that will serve
particular functions [7]. Terminalia chebula is a rejuvenative, purgative (unripe), sharp (ripe),
anthelmintic, nerving, cough medicine, tonic, carminative, and hunger stimulant. It is also
consumed by peoples who have leprosy (including skin disorders), anemia, narcosis, piles, chronic,
intermittent fever, heart disease, diarrhea, anorexia, cough and excessive secretion of mucus, and a
range of other illnesses and indications.
NEED OF THE STUDY:
During the past few years the world is starting to wake up to the idea of Ecofriendly fabrics. There
is an increasing awareness to produce biodegradable products in healthcare textiles. Hence an
attempt is made to finish the cotton gauze with ecofriendly herb extract which imparts wound
healing properties.
OBJECTIVES:
 To select the Ecofriendly biodegradable cotton material
 To identify the natural wound healing herbs
 To select the proper method of application of herbal extract
 To analyze the Antimicrobial property and wound healing property with different proportion.
 To develop the medicated gauze which safeguard the wound?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SELECTION OF FABRIC
A bleached white cloth or fabrics called medical gauze are used in bandages, dressings, and surgical
sponges and are the most widely used in wound care dressing. Woven cotton gauze has a loose,
open weave structure which allows fluids to be absorbed from the wound into the fibers that are
wicked away, or passed through into other absorbent materials in the wound‘s dressing. So 100%
cotton gauze is selected for the study.
SELECTION OF BINDER
The binder is a film-forming agent made up of long-chain macromolecules applied to the textile
material. Citric acid is considered to be a good cross-linking agent or binder. Citric acid is used to
carry out pH adjustment, replacement agent for more corrosive acids and textile finishing, based on
the above the investigator selected citric acid as the suitable cross-linking agent for the present
study.
EXTRACTION OF THE NATURAL SOURCE
The seeds of Terminalia Chebula were collected and it has been dried under the shadow of sunlight
to remove the moisture content present in the seeds. The dried seeds were ground into powder. The
powder is mixed with ethanol and the solvent is extracted by using Soxhlet apparatus at 78 o Celsius
for about one cycle. This cycle is repeated many times, over hours or days. After many cycles, the
required solvent extraction is removed and stored. The non-soluble percentage of the solid remains
in the cover and is thrown out.
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The extracted solution and water was taken in a beaker in three different proportions 50, 75 and 100
percent. The 100 percent extracted solution shows good healing activity. Hence it was chosen for
this study.
METHOD OF FINISHING
The aim of finishing is to render textile goods fit for their specific purpose or end use [8]. All types
of finish can be applied to fabrics by using the following methods:
 Exhaust – Ideal for batches of fabrics or even finished garment.
 Padding – Ideal for continuous production runs.
 Spray – Ideal for flexible sample production or as a possible
 Foam – Ideal for carpet treatment is normally added to other foam treatments when they were
applied.
The padding treatment gives uniform application throughout the body of the fabric. Thus the
padding process was selected for this study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
ABSORBENCY TEST RESULT (WICKING HEIGHT):
A well absorbent fabric behaves as a wick and water rise through it against gravity. If the water is
stained with dye, the height of the water level moving through the fabric strip can be distinguished.
Wicking height is greater for good absorbent fabric. The below table II shows the wicking behavior
of both treated and untreated samples.
TABLE II
Wicking Behaviour
Samples
1 min 5 min 10 min
A 8cm 10cm 11cm
B 8cm 12cm 14cm
Absorbency Test
A – Untreated Sample, B – Treated Sample
The above results show that the treated sample has high absorbency and high wicking behavior.
ANTI-MICROBIAL TEST:
Antimicrobial textiles are a huge investigation focus in the textile industry. There is an apparent
need for creating reusable and durable antimicrobial textiles [9]. First, the antibacterial test is done
on the crude extract of the Terminalia Chebula using Disc diffusion method with different
concentrations, before applied to the gauze fabric.
The Crude extract of Terminalia Chebula (Kadukkai) at different concentration (100, 200, 300 and
400μl) was tested against Protease mirabilis, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
spp, and H. pylori at 37oC for 24 hr. The crude extract exhibited more bactericidal action (Table-1)
with higher inhibition zone was found at 400μl concentration. Table III shows that H. pylori
showed higher bacterial growth inhibition than the other bacteria.
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TABLE III
Zone of inhibition (mm)2
Test Micro organism Different Concentration of crude Extracts (ul)
100 µl 200 µl 300 µl 400 µl
Protease Mirabilis 09 14 16 18
Vibrio Cholerae 7 10 13 16
Staphylococcus aureus 10 13 14.5 17
P Seudomonas sppa 07 11 13 16
H. Pylori 08 12 16 19
Antimicrobial activity
WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY TEST FOR TREATED FABRIC
L929 cells were grown in 24 well plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells/ml and cultured until ~ 80%
confluency. A small linear scratch was created in the confluent monolayer by gently scraping with
sterile cell scrapper as per the method described by Liang et al. (2007). Cells were thoroughly
rinsed with 1 × PBS to remove cellular debris and treated with different concentrations of the test
sample. Cell proliferation was monitored at different time points: 0 hr, 4 hr, 18 hr, and 24 hr. Figure
I shows the images of the migrated cells were taken at all different time points in the inverted phase
contrast microscope.
Figure I

Images of migrated Cells at different time points

TABLE IV
Time intervals (h) and
Wound
Sample Name Conc.(ul) percentage of healing (%)
area (um)
0 4 18 24
25 107 32 75 97
Kadukkai Terminalia 50 118 37 79 99
Chebula 75 112 35 81 >99
100 112 41 91 >99
Wound Healing Test at different time intervals
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Figure II
Percentage level of Wound healing
120
P
E
R 100
C
E
80
N
T
A 4Hrs
60
G 18 Hrs
E 24 Hrs
40
L
E
V 20
E
L
0
25 50
Concentration 75
Level 100

Wound Healing Test at different time intervals

Table IV and Figure II clearly explains the different percentage level of wound healing at different
time intervals.
CONCLUSION
Wound healing is a natural process that starts with pain and ends with mark formation. The present
review clearly revealed that nature provides a huge number of plants that show significant wound
healing activities.
A novel approach for wound healing finish was developed. This approach reveals that Terminalia
Chebula exhibits both Antimicrobial and wound healing property. Also, it can be observed that
natural wound healing property such as Terminalia Chebula on cotton woven gauze was found to be
good in its performance.
The present investigation shows the possibility of wound finish using natural herb on cotton fabric.
The same herb may be treated with different medicinal fiber with different extraction methods to
identify the best wound healing finish, in further studies.
REFERENCES
1. Azim AYMA, Sowrov K, Ahmed M, Hasan HMR, Faruque MAA. Effect of Elastane on Single
Jersey Knit Fabric Properties - Physical & Dimensional Properties. International Journal of
Textile Science. 2014; 3: 12-16.
2. Caursen (2007). ―Durable freshness through Antimicrobial Finishes‖, Textile chemists and
colorist and American dye stuff reporter, publications USA, Pp.44-49

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3. Gohl E.P.G., And Vilensky, L.D.,(2005), ―Textile Science‖, 2 nd Edition, Sathish Kumar Jain
For CBJ Publishers and Distributors, 4596/1-A, 11 Darya Gani, New Delhi, Pp: 41,125 and 127
4. Hall M.E., (2006). ―Bacterial and fungicidal qualities from bio – modified fibers‖ Asian Textile
Journal, December, pp. 9–13.
5. Hearle JWS, Morton WE. Physical Properties of Textile Fibres. 4th Edition. Woodhead
Publishing. 2008; 229-236.
6. Kaplan N.S., (2002). ―A practical guide to fiber science‖, Abhishek Publications, 57–59,
Sector 17 C, Chandigarh. p. 94.
7. Leila Elizabeth Borin. (2008). ―Environmental Microbiology‖, Orient Longman Publication,
2006 Reprinted (2008).
8. Shinde SJ, Jain PS, Kale NK. A critical review of the qualification of sterilization equipment in
aseptic processing. Journal of Pharmaceuticals and BioSciences. 2014; 1: 24-35.
9. Thomas k., (2006), ―Know About Fabric and Their Manufacture‖, Abishek Publications, 57 -59,
Sector 17 C, Chandigarh. Pp: 38, 155

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

REUSE OF EFFLUENT TREATED WATER FOR WET PROCESSING–

PRINTING
Dr. P.Ramya*; T.Karthikeyan**
*Associate Professor and Head in CDF,
Nandha Arts and Science College,
Erode, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected],
** Assistant Professor,
Department of Textiles Technology,
KSR CT, Tiruchengodu, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected],
ABSTRACT

Environmental protection has become a universal concern. In industrial countries, there is an

increasing demand for eco textiles and eco garments. Eco textiles are those which do not contain
any hazardous or toxic substances and which are biologically degradable so that they do not cause
any damage to the environment and ecology. Water is probably the most important natural
resource in the world, since without it life cannot exist and industry cannot operate. Water is the
number one chemical on consumption list and no other chemical is being consumed in quantities in
which water is consumed. More importantly there is no substitute of water. It is therefore important
to control the quality of water and also take a rational approach to its utilization for economy.The
environment is a legacy that the past has left for us to cherish and enjoy. Industrial growth is the
driver for progress and economic well being in the future. It is now up to us to marry the two, and
reap the resultant benefits for many years to come. Hence the major objective of the study is to
reuse effluent treated water for wet processing– Printing.

KEYWORDS: Resultant, Consumed, Degradable

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1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial advancement has its cost in the degradation of natural resources. The awareness of the ill
effects pollution created by uncontrolled human activity related to industrial development has
resulted in looking at ways and means in reducing pollution.Water is probably the most important
natural resource in the world, since without it life cannot exist and industry cannot operate. Water is
the number one chemical on consumption list and no other chemical is being consumed in
quantities in which water is consumed. More importantly there is no substitute of water. It is
therefore important to control the quality of water and also take a rational approach to its utilization
for economy. Hence the major objectives of the study are:
i) To reuse effluent treated water for wet processing- Printing
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 SELECTION OF MATERIAL
Cotton has always ruled the textile world, being, known as king among fibres. Cotton has a high
versatility, aesthetic value, is a renewable source and an agricultural commodity views Ragavan
(2001).The investigator selected grey cotton for the study. For this purpose, ten meters of pure
cotton material was purchased from Erode.
2.2 FABRIC PARTICULARS
Fibre : Cotton
Fabric : Grey
Fabric Warp Count : 20‘s
Fabric Weft Court : 16‘s
Reed : 54
Pick : 48
Width : 48‖
Weave : Plain Weave
Price per meter : Rs.20/-

2.3 SELECTION OF SITE

The site selected by the investigator to collect effluent treated water, well water and softwater and
to conduct the study was Sivasakthi Dyeing Unit, a small scale jig dyeing unit located in Sulai,
VeerappanChatram, Erode. The Unit dyes cotton fabric in jig dyeing machine that has a capacity of
dyeing about 500 kg of cotton cloth per day.
2.4 SELECTION OF WATER
Water is the only material that is used several hundred and thousand fold than any other chemical or
material opines Manivasakam (1995).
The investigator has selected three different sources of water namely Soft water (supplied by the
municipality), Well water (obtained from a well near the site) and Effluent treated water (obtained
from the effluent treatment plant of the unit) and has subjected the cotton fabric to various wet
processing treatments with the three different sources of water. The process of printing is discussed
in this paper

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2.5 PROCESS PARAMETERS
The bleached and mercerized fabric was hand screen printed using the following recipe.
TCL Binder: Turpetine Oil = 1:8
Pigment- 5 g.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 EVALUATION OF PRINTED SAMPLES
The printed samples were evaluated for general appearance, evenness of print, texture, sharpness of
print and lustre.
TABLE – 1 EVALUATION OF PRINTED SAMPLES
Judges Rating (in percentage)
S.No. Particulars
PRS PRW PRET
G 90 85 92
1. General appearance F 10 10 6
P - 5 2
E 94 94 94
2. Evenness of print M 4 6 4
U 2 - 2
S 94 92 94
3. Texture M 4 6 2
R 2 2 4
S 90 90 92
4. Sharpness of print M 10 8 6
P - 2 2
L 94 95 94
5. Luster M 6 5 6
D - - -

Key: G - Good E - Even S - Smooth

F - Fair M - Medium M-Medium
P - Poor U - Uneven R - Rough

S - Sharp L - Luster DYS- Dyed with soft water

M-Medium M-Medium DYW- Dyed with well water
D-Dull D-Dull DYET-Dyed with effluent treated water
From Table-1 it is clearly evident that the general appearance, evenness of print, texture, sharpness
of print and luster of samples printed over fabric processed with all the three kinds of water were
rated as good by almost more than 90 per cent of the judges. It may be noted that the samples
printed over fabric process used effluent treated water has the good general appearance and sharp
print.

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4. SUMMARY
The need for water conservation is accepted regionally as well as globally. Textile Processing has a
very high water consumption, which may vary from 30 to 50 m3/l depending on the product and
processing stages required. Hence steps have been taken to reduce the liquor/material ratio,
increase the dye bath exhaustion, production modification and reuse of wash baths with or without
intermediate precipitation filtration which has resulted in considerable reduction in water treatment
cost and has led to enable repeated reuse of dye bath and wash water.
The main objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using effluent treated water in
place of soft water or well water for the chemical processing of textiles.To this end, a selected grey
fabric was divided into three portions and each portion was desized, scoured, bleached, mercerized
and printed under identical conditions, using soft water, well water and effluent treated water. The
fabrics were evaluated for visual appearance in all the three cases.
5. CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this study are as follows.
i) The use of effluent treated water in place of well water or soft water is a feasible and economical
alternative in chemical processing.
ii) The use of effluent treated water in dye houses will serve two purposes. One is that it will
conserve the use of well water in these days of acute water shortage. The other and more
important purpose is that it would result in large savings for dye houses that buy water in tankers,
especially during the dry summer months, or if they do not have their own wells.
iii) The process of dyeing and printing require the use of soft water to get the maximum colour
yield and money value from the processes. The use of effluent treated water, which has better
characteristics than well water, will obviate the need for dye houses to establish expensive water
softening plants.

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ISSUE ISSN: 2278-4853. Vol 8, Spl Issue 3, March 2019. Impact Factor: SJIF 2018 = 6.053

Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

PROLOGUE PAVEWAY OF HERBAL DYED MEDICAL PRODUCTS

TOWARDS GREEN CONSUMERISM
Vinitha Paulose*; Dr. Mrs. Jayalakshmi I**

*Research Scholar,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Fashion Designing,
St. Teresa‘s college, Kochi, INDIA
Email id: [email protected].
**Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Costume Design and Fashion,
Chikkanna Government Arts College,
Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Green fibres in textiles provide a way for healthy, comfortable clothing, which ultimately will be
fully biodegradable.Eco friendly textiles and fabrics cover a wide range of natural and recycled
fibres. Eco textiles are those which are produced from eco-friendly manner and processed under
eco-friendly limits. Eco friendly fabrics are considered eco-friendly, due to their availability from
nature without any harmful effects. Due to increasing demand and to the higher profit resulting
from the sale of products with environmental benefits, a new trend is gaining ground which is
called as green marketing or green consumerism.Dyeing eco textiles using green herbal plants
invoke green consumerism of utilised goods which serve consumers to a great extent,as are recently
called as Herbal Textiles or Herbal Clothing’s. Herbal Clothing is believed to help restore balance
within the body’s systems and strengthen the immune system. As major emphasis is now given to
eco-friendly production technique such as herbal application on clothing, this study focusses on the
selection of certain selected herbs and its application on eco-friendly fabrics,converting the same
into medical products to heal certain common ailments.The outcome of the results from subjects
proved to be satisfactory.

KEYWORDS: Eco Textile, Green Consumerism, Herbal Textile.

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INTRODUCTION
Organic and eco textiles cover a wide range of natural and recycled fibres. The term ―eco textiles‖
refers to a select group of textiles that have reduced carbon, energy, and pollution impact when
compared to the standard methods used to produce textiles and manufacture clothing.The textile
industry is today one of the biggest greenhouse gas emitters GHG) on earth owing toits size and
scope. The eco problems in textile industry occur during any phase of development of a textile
product. There are four major environmental factors associated with the making of textiles: water,
energy, pollution and the use of non-renewable resources. Sheeba (2015) suggests therefore the
need for eco textiles is very much felt in the textile world.
Renewable resources are gaining popularity among the people due to their positive effects on
agriculture, environment and economy. The use of natural renewable sources for the generation of
textiles includes lowest practical ecological impact during the growth stage and in the processing
of textile products.Green textiles refer to clothing and other accessories that are designed to use
organic and recycled material, raw materials, dyes, chemicals and textile processes.
Environmental activism among consumers has progressed due to more individuals adopting eco-
friendly habits. Consumers are becoming increasingly very much conscious to environmental
friendly consumer goods.They choose products which are non-toxic and cause no harm to both the
human society and the environment. This tendency for eco-friendly products has been extended to
textile and apparel products, particularly those products which directly come in to contact with the
skin for prolonged period of time, states Kumar(2013). Consumers‘ eco-sensitive attitudes and
behaviours have led to a new kind of shopping called as Green consumerism.
Dyeing eco textiles using green herbal plants invoke green consumerism of utilised goods which
serve consumers to a great extent, as are recently called as Herbal Textiles or Herbal Clothing‘s.
When the textile is dyed with the extractions obtained from various herbs, they are referred to as
Herbal Textile. Herbal substances are a diverse range of botanical materials including leaves, herbs,
roots, flowers, seeds, bark etc. When the dyeing is done with herbal extractions, no chemicals are
used in its dyeing process. Medicinal plants offer alternative remedies with tremendous
opportunities, states Arora et al. (2004).
The medicinal properties of herbs are known to cause no damage to the human body, declares
Rangari et al. (2012). The herbs used for dyeing have traditionally been used for treating various
ailments. Certain herbs contain natural energetic substances whose essence gently rectifies the
underlying deficiencies. Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants in various ailments also have an
additional important advantage of their easy availability suggestsPushpa (2013) The
traditional medical practitioners widely use medicinal plants in their day to day practice.
These Ayurvedic herbs are very effective in increasing the resistance of the body. This study was
undertaken by the researcher keeping this in mind to cure certain ailments.
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 SELECTION OF YARNS
The eco-friendly fibres likeorganic cotton and wool were taken in hundred per cent pure forms
(100% C, 100% W) and were spun into yarns.

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2.2 SELECTION OF FABRIC CONSTRUCTION
The selected hundred per cent organic cotton 100% C and wool 100% W yarns were then
constructed into fabric by handloom weaving. Hence hundred per cent handloom woven organic
cotton (100% HC) material and hundred per cent handloom woven wool (100% HW) material were
taken for the study.
2.3 SELECTION OF HERBS
The medicinal herbs Oregano, Calotropis Giganteawere selected for the study. Singletary (2010)
suggest that Origanumvulgare is a powerful anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent, oregano also has
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-parasitic properties.CalotropisGigantea commonly known
as Milkweed is used in cases of cough, asthma, bronchitis, dyspepsia, swellings and
inflammations describes Sethi (2014).The leaf of Oregano herb and Milk weed herb were taken to
desired quantity, washed, dried in shade and powdered.
2.4 SELECTION OF MORDANT
For the study Rhubarb (Rheum spp) was selected as a natural plant mordant. The leaves of rhubarb
when boiled acts as a natural mordant, which is good for almost all the fibres. It gives a vivid colour
ranging from reddish orange to brown shades.The leaf of Rhubarb herb was collected freshly before
the process.
2.5 PREPARATION OF HERBAL SOLUTION
The required quantity of each powdered herb of Oregano and Milk weed were taken separately and
mixed with water in the ratio of 1:50. It was then boiled at 75 - 80 degree Celsius for one hour until
the herbal solution becomes a viscous consistency. Then the extracts of Milk Weed and the extract
of Oregano leaves were filtered and set aside separately. The filtered extracts of oregano leaves and
leaves of milk weed herbs were thus kept ready for further application purposes.
2.6 PREPARATION OF THE MORDANT
The leaves of the rhubarb were finely chopped into small pieces and is mixed with water in the M:L
ratio of 1:30. The solution was then boiled in low temperature for one hour. The herbal extract was
filtered from the solution which became a thick viscous consistency. It was then cooled and kept
ready for application. Care should be taken to boil the solution in a well ventilated area, as the
fumes can cause problems.
2.7 DYEING PROCEDURE OF THE SELECTED HANDLOOM MATERIAL
2.7.1 PRE-TREATMENT PROCESS
The hundred per cent handloom woven cotton 100% HC and hundred per cent handloom woven
wool fabrics 100% HW which were selected for the study was immersed in water for about 10-15
minutes prior to the dyeing process for evenness in dyeing .
2.8 DYEING OF THE SELECTED HANDLOOM MATERIAL
The oregano herbal solution was taken and mixed with water in the ratio of M:L ratio of 1:20. The
mordant solution of rhubarb leaves were also taken in the ratio of 1:0.5 and mixed along with the
herbal solution The pre-treated cotton 100% HC and wool fabrics 100% HW were immersed in the
oregano herbal solution and was boiled for half an hour at 60 degree Celsiusfor cotton and 20-30
degree Celsius for wool material .The same process was thus repeated for the Milk weed herbal

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solution. Thus the following four herbal 100% - Handloom woven organic cotton + Oregano herb
(HCO), Handloom woven organic cotton + Milk weed herb (HCMw), Handloom woven wool+
Oregano herb (HWO) and Handloom woven wool +Milk weed herb (HWMw) dyed materials were
made ready for the study.
2.9 SELECTION OF PRODUCTS
Since Oregano leaves are good in treating knee pain, knee band (K) was selected and prepared for
the study. Hence, Knee band was prepared from hundred per cent cotton HCO and wool HWO
materials.
Milk weed herb was found to relieve pain in the heel and foot. Hence heel socks (S) were prepared
and selected for the study. So, a pair of socks were prepared from hundred per cent cotton HCMw
and wool HWMw fabrics.
Finally, products like HCOK, HCMwS, HWOK, HWMwS, were prepared from the herbal dyed
100% handloom materials. Thus four products were prepared for the final study.
2.10 SELECTION OF EVALUATION /TEST METHODS
2.10.1 PERFORMANCE STUDY
A performance study from the selected prepared products HCOK, HCMwS, HWOK, HWMwS was
conducted by a clinical trial in a Nature Cure Centre. Five patients suffering from pain in knee and
heel were selected. The patients suffering from knee pain were given HCOK, HWOK and patients
suffering from heel pain were subjected to HCMwS, HWMwS.They were instructed to carry out
the washing of the products with natural detergents and to dry them in shade to retain
the medicinal properties. They were also instructed to keep them in a cool and dry place
prior to use like medicines. The knee bands were worn for 7 hrs in the morning and heel socks
were worn at night time for 7 hours. The performances of the selected products were evaluated
once in every week and the clinical trials were conducted for 4 weeks duration.Detailed
feedbacks from the patients and also from the doctors were collected every week regarding the
performance of the product. They were asked about the comfort of wearing the product, whether it
caused any problems while wearing the product like itching, swelling, colour bleeding/staining.
They were also asked whether wearing the product made any significant changes in the area
covered. The details of the performance study were consolidated and are given in the results and
discussions.
2.10.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOUR FASTNESS OF THE HANDLOOM
DYED SAMPLES
The four herbal dyed hundred per cent handloom woven organic cotton and wool material dyed
with oregano and milk weed extracts HCO, HCMw, HWO and HWMw were subjected to sunlight,
crocking, washing, perspiration and hot iron to find out the colour fastness of the dyed samples. 10
consecutive samples were prepared and subjected to each testing methods. Results for each test
were recorded in the results and discussion

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSON
3.1 EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE STUDY
For the clinical study five patients suffering from knee pain and five patients suffering from heel
pain were selected for the study based on their personal approval. Subjects uffering from knee pain
were asked to wear the hundred per cent herbal dyed HCOK and HWOK knee bands. Similarly,
Subjects suffering from heel pain were given hundred per cent herbal dyed socks pair HCMwS and
HWMwS.
The knee bands were given to five patients having knee pain due to prolonged sitting and also while
driving vehicles. Each subject was given HCOK and HWOK knee bands. The prepared knee bands
were used while they were in the above conditions. The knee bands were worn for 7 hrs in the
morning.
Heel socks were given to five patients having heel pain due to overweight and also stress placed on
heels due to wearing improper sandals. Each subject was given HCMwS and HWMwS herbal heel
socks. The heel socks were worn at night time for 7 hours.The results are given in a concise format
in Table I
TABLE I: PERFORMANCE OF THE HERBAL DYED PRODCTS
Disease Product
Fabric Performance of the product
Selected Developed
100%
Curative
Handloo
Colour Colour performan
m Comfort Itching Swelling
Bleeding Staining ce of the
Herbal
product
Dyed
HCOK Knee Pain Knee Good No No 5 Nil 5
Band
HWOK Knee Pain Knee Good/ No No 5 Nil 5
Band Excellent
HCMwS Heel Pain Socks Good No No 4/5 Nil 5

HWMwS Heel Pain Socks Good/ No No 4/5 Nil 5

Excellent
Ratings: 5-Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair, 1- Poor
The feedback collected along with the doctor from the subjects revealed that the patient felt
comfortable while using the product. There was no discomfort from the product, for cotton and
wool yarns, and the herbs gave them a smoothing effect after a prolonged usage which was a relief
to the pain. They didn‘t have any itching, swelling or colour bleeding/staining from the product.
Most of the patients also stressed their view that products made out of wool produced warmth effect
which was smoothing at times of pain.

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3.2 EVALUATION OF COLOUR FASTNESS OF THE HANDLOOM DYED
SAMPLES
The hundred per cent handloom woven and herbal dyed HCO, HCMw, HWO and HWMw
materials were subjected to sunlight, washing, wet and dry crocking, acid and alkaline perspiration
and to hot iron and the result is shown in Table II.
TABLE II: COLOUR FASTNESS OF THE HANDLOOM DYED MATERIAL
Fabric Colour Fastness tests
100% Sunlight Rubbing Washing Hot Iron Perspiration
Handloom Herbal Acid Alkaline
Dyed Cc Cs Cc Cs Cc Cs Cc Cs
Material Cc Cs Cc Cs
HCO 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 4 4
HWO 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4
HCMw 3 5 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4
HWMw 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4
Ratings: 5-Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair, 1- Poor
The hundred per cent handloom woven and herbal dyed HCO, HCMw, HWO and HWMw
materials were subjected to sunlight, washing, wet and dry crocking, acid and alkaline perspiration
and to hot iron showed no colour change. Colour staining was also very good in all the four
samples. This showed good to very good to excellent results.
4 CONCLUSION
Textile contributions to diminish global warmingare of developing eco-friendly fibres and
textileswhich is a remedial measure to reduce the environmental pollution.Herbal clothing is devoid
of toxic chemicals and irritants and is absolutely organic and biodegradable viewsRangari et al.
(2012). Herbal extracts and plant products are coated on textile surfaces and used in medical
and protective textiles. Such products will have the functionality of textiles as well as the
curative ability of the herbal compounds. Herbal dyes also enhances the aesthetic quality of
fabrics in an eco friendly way. This eco-friendly green initiative isa highly supportive ingenuity
with the low carbon foot print, mainly offering added advantage towards green living.
REFERENCES
1. D.Sheebamercy (2015), Eco friendly Textile Processing, Proceedings of National Conference
on Eco textiles: A step towards sustainability, Laser Publishing House, Coimbatore. P.114.
2. Kumar.M.K.(2013), Eco-textiles: An Approach to Green consumerism,
www.fibre2fashion.com .
3. Pushpa.R, Nishant.R, Navin.K, Pankaj.G (2013), Antiviral Potential of Medicinal Plants: An
Overview, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, April, Volume 4, Issue 1 Moksha
Publishing House, Rampur, P. 8.
4. Rangari N. T, Kalyankar T. M, Mahajan A. A, Lendhe P. R (2012), Ayurvastra: Herbal
Couture Technology in Textile, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy,
June 14th,Volume 7, Moksha Publishing House, Rampur, pp. 733-736.
5. Rao.V.R, R.K.Arora (2004), Rationale for conservation of Medicinal Plants,Conference
proceedings - Medicinal Plants Research in Asia, The Framework and Project Plans,
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Volume 1, pp. 7-23ISBN: 9290436158.

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6. Sethi.P (2014),Morphological, Microscopical, Physico-Chemical And Antimicrobial
Investigations on Leaves of CalotropisGigantea Linn, International Research Journal of
Pharmacy, March–April, Volume.5, Issue.6, Moksha Publishing House, Rampur, P. 193.
7. Singletary. K (2010), Oregano- Overview of the Literature on Health Benefits,Nutrition Today,
May, Volume.45, Issue3, LWW publications, New York, pp. 129-138.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE ECO FRIENDLY NATURAL DYEING OF

SANDYNO WOOL YARNS
Dr. Mrs. Jayalakshmi.I*; Dr. S. Amsamani**
*Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Costume Design and Fashion,
Chikkanna Government Arts College,
Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Professor and Head,
Dept., Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Wool, a supremely oldest and universally valuable eco – protein fibre which can enhance other
fibre properties when blended, extends its application into a new product playing a pivotal role in
the textile industry. Natural dyes also provide a creative natural finish to the textile materials. Wool
dyeing, to improve its quality and appearance both in the pure and blended form is a challenging
art. Colouring of wool enhances its beauty and luster. Colouring started with natural resources and
because of its limited shades and fastness synthetic dyes over took the natural dyes. This study
focused on the selection of the new developed geno type sheeps wool from Sandynila, Ooty, Tamil
Nadu and blending it with other natural vegetable and protein fibres which will result in obtaining
of new spun wool yarns with selected proportions, eco dye the same and make wool as best suited
for apparel production suitable for green consumerism.

KEYWORDS: Eco Protein Fibre, Natural Dyeing, Wool.

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INTRODUCTION
Natural dyes also provide a creative natural finish to the textile materials annotates Thangavelu
(2001) et al.India has a long, rich cultural heritage and tradition of dyeing textiles and handicrafts
with natural dyes obtained from natural resources such as plants and herbs. Wool like cotton is
considered a relatively easy fibre to dye. It is more readily dyed due to the polarity of its polymers
and its amorphous nature. Wool dyeing, to improve its quality and appearance both in the pure and
blended form is a challenging art. Wool is being dyed in India since long. Wool dyeing can be done
in top, yarn or fabric stages. Colouring of wool enhances its beauty and luster. Colouring started
with natural resources and because of its limited shades and fastness synthetic dyes over took the
natural dyes. People started accepting these synthetic dyes due to their dark and vivid shades and
good fastness properties. Now people are aware that these synthetic cause number of hazards to life
like health, environmental etc. They are looking back for their renewal of natural dyes that can
produce vivid shades with good fastness properties. Both the dyeing and spinning technicians have
an upper hand in the job market. Shankar and Vankar (2005) predict awareness and concern for the
environmental issues has led to extensive research for use of natural dyes for wool dyeing. In some
parts of India, wool was dyed with natural dyes depending upon the availability of colour yielding
raw materials and their end use.
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 SELECTION OF WOOL FIBRE
Sandyno wool fibre obtained from Sandinila, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, was selected for the study.
2.2 SELECTION OF WOOL YARNS AND ITS BLEND
A pure wool yarn and two types of wool blended yarns, were spun as 100% Sandyno (100% S),
50:50 Sandyno (50:50 S) and 60:40 Sandyno (60:40 S) and taken for the study
2.3 SELECTION OF DYE
Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli were selected for the study. The dye materials were dried in shade
and powdered. The dye per centage used for the study was 2%, 4% and 6%.
2.4 SELECTION OF MORDANTS
Bio-Mordants namely Karuvelam Bark and Myrobalan were undertaken for the study. The
mordants were used in one per cent concentration.
2.5 SELECTION OF AFTER TREATMENT
Natural fixing agent Amaranthus Linn was used for the study.
[www.jungleseeds.com/AmaranthEdible, www.evergreenseeds.com/edamallred.html].
2.6 OPTIMIZATION OF DYEING VARIABLES
A series of experiments were conducted to determine the medium for dye extraction, optimum
concentration of dye material, time of extraction of dye, dyeing time and concentration of mordants.
2.7 MEDIUM OF DYE EXTRACTION
Dye from Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli were extracted in aqueous medium.

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2.8 METHOD OF MORDANTING
The wool samples were mordanted by four mordanting techniques. Pre-mordanting (mordanting
before dyeing), Simultaneous mordanting (mordanting and dyeing together), Post mordanting
(mordanting after dyeing) and Pad mordanting (mordanting is carried out before and after dyeing).
2.9 OPTIMIZATION OF DYE EXTRACTION TIME
Known amount of dye material was taken in three beakers, each containing 100ml of water and
selected medium. The dye was extracted after soaking for 48 hrs, 30 min, 60 min and 90 min
respectively. To each extracted solution known weight of woolen yarns were added and dyeing was
carried out, per cent absorption was calculated for each sample and on the basis of results, time for
dye extraction was optimized.
2.10 OPTIMIZATION OF DYE CONCENTRATION
To optimize the dye concentration dye solution of each concentration (i.e) 2%, 4% and 6% / 100 ml
of water were prepared separately and optical density of each solution recorded before dyeing. After
that wool samples were dyed in each of the respective dye solution. Optical density after dyeing
was measured and per cent absorption was calculated for each sample. Based on per cent
absorption, best concentration for Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli was optimized.
2.11 OPTIMIZATION OF DYEING TIME
Two dye solutions of Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli were prepared with optimized concentration of
dye material and extraction time. To each solution known weight of woolen yarns were added and
dyeing was carried out at 30 min, 45 min and 60 min respectively. Per cent absorption was recorded
for each sample and based on results, best dyeing time was optimized for each dyes.
2.12 DYEING OF WOOLEN YARNS
After optimization of dyeing variables, known amount of woolen yarns were dyed with optimum
concentration of dye at optimum dyeing time. Each 100% Sandyno, 50:50 Sandyno, 60:40 Sandyno
wool yarn were dyed using eclipta, turmeric and sevalli natural dyes with 2%, 4%, 6% with bio
mordant karuvelam bark, myrobalan 1% with four mordanting techniques pre, simultaneous, post
and pad and finally dipped in bio fixing agent amaranthus linn. Using the following combination
obtained 72 shades for each yarn, thereby obtaining a total of 216 shades for the study.
2.13 YARN TESTING
The yarn tests were carried out either after spinning or after dyeing to find out yarn count, yarn
strength and elongation, colour measurement and absorption and colour fastness tests for yarn dyed
samples.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMIZED DYEING VARIABLES
3.1.1 MEDIUM OF EXTRACTION
Dye for Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli were extracted using aqueous medium.

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3.1.2 DYE EXTRACTION TIME
The dye was extracted at 30 min, 60 min and 90 min and the results are shown in Fig.1. Figure
shows that maximum per cent absorption was found to be 60 min after soaking for 48 hrs, therefore
it was selected as optimum.
3.1.3 DYE CONCENTRATION AND DYEING TIME
Woollen yarns were dyed with different concentration of Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli at different
time. Maximum per cent absorption was obtained with 6% of dye per 100 ml of water and at 30 min
dyeing time, as optimum and is shown in Fig.1.

Fig. 1: OPTIMISATION OF DYEING

PER CENT ABSORPTION

VARIABLES

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
EXTRACTION

ATION(gm/10

Time(min)
CONCENTR

DYEING
0ml water)%
TIME(MIN)

DYE

3.1.4 SELECTED SHADES FOR WOOLEN YARNS

Out of the Seventy two shades obtained for each 100% Sandyno (100%S), 50:50 Sandyno (50:50 S)
and 60:40 Sandyno (60:40 S), one shade was selected based on the visual evaluation by a panel of
judges for each wool yarn as shown in Table I
TABLE I: SELECTED DYE SHADES FOR FINAL STUDY
S.NO WOOL NATURA NATURAL BIO-MORDANT MORDANTING BIO FIXING
YARN L DYE DYE % 1% TECHNIQUE AGENTS
1 100% S ECLIPTA 4% KARUVELAM PRE
BARK AMARANTH
2 50:50 S TURMER 6% MYROBALAN PAD US ASH
IC
3 60:40 S SEVALLI 6% KARUVELAM SIMULTANEOU
BARK S

3.1.5 FASTNESS GRADES

The Colour Fastness Properties of 100% S, 50:50 S and 60:40 S, natural Colours extracted from
Eclipta, Turmeric and Sevalli were found to be very fast on woollen yarn. The initial fastness
grades shows 2-3. But after the application of fixing treatment to the woolen yarns the fastness
grades increased to 4 – 5, which reveals that sunlight fastness was excellent in all the samples. No
colour change and staining were noticed to washing. No colour staining was found in dry and wet
rubbing whereas no colour change was there in dry crocking but negligible to slight colour change
was found to be in turmeric dye in wet crocking. Dye was found to be resistant to perspiration. In

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case of colour change negligible change was found in both acidic and alkaline perspiration but
whereas no samples showed colour staining.
3.2 YARN TESTS
3.2.1 YARN COUNT
The yarn counts of 100% S spun wool yarn was 2.16s Ne, 50:50 S spun wool yarn was 1.74s Ne
and 60:40 S spun wool yarn was 1.60s Ne.
3.2.2 SINGLE YARN STRENGTH TEST
The three spun wool and wool blend yarns were tested to find out their strength for original spun
wool yarns and dyed wool yarns and the result is shown in Table II and Fig.2.
TABLE II: SINGLE YARN STRENGTH
S.NO SPUN WOOL MEAN S.D S.E CV% t (PAIRED)
YARNS STRENGTH (g)
1 1o 829.24 185.41 41.46 22.36 18.469**
1d 1756.71 139.94 31.30 7.97
2 2o 1438.19 104.98 23.47 7.30 4.972**
2d 1192.01 195.96 43.24 16.44
3 3o 2169.97 144.63 32.34 6.66 5.428**
3d 1859.14 246.64 55.15 13.27
** - Significant at one per cent level
From the above Table II, it is evident that the strength of the dyed yarn has increased for 100%
Sandyno Yarn. A maximum increase of 111.8 per cent is seen in between sample 100% Sandyno
Yarn and the result shows that the strength of the original spun wool yarns and dyed wool yarns are
significant at one per cent level.
3.2.3 SINGLE YARN ELONGATION
The spun three original spun wool and wool blend yarns and dyed wool yarns elongation is shown
in Table III and Fig. 3.
TABLE III: SINGLE YARN ELONGATION
S.NO SPUN WOOL MEAN S.D S.E CV % t (PAIRED)
YARNS ELONGATION %
1 1o 19.71 2.45 0.55 12.42 10.764**
1d 12.09 1.33 0.30 11.02
2 2o 15.20 1.58 0.35 10.38 8.459**
2d 11.09 1.62 0.32 14.59
3 3o 13.84 1.55 0.35 11.20 3.750**
3d 12.27 1.17 0.26 9.57
** - Significant at one per cent level
From the above Table III, it is clear that all the dyed wool yarns have reduced in their mean yarn
elongation per cent and the result shows that the elongation of the original spun wool yarns and
dyed wool yarns are significant at one per cent level.

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20

MEAN ELONGATION %
15

10
100% S

5 50:50 S

60:40 S
0

ORIGINAL DYED

WOOL SPUN YARNS

Fig. 2: SINGLE YARN STRENGTH Fig. 3: SINGLE YARN ELONGATION

3.3 COLOUR MEASUREMENT AND ABSORPTION

The colour strength (K/S value) L, a, b values of D65 light at 10° absorber with its maximum
wavelength and dye absorption % (Dye pick up) is shown in Figs. 4,5 and 6. It is evident that the
dyed wool yarns had very good colour strength and the dye had absorbed to its maximum at the
given wavelength

Fig. 4: 100% SANDYNO Fig. 5: 50:50 SANDYNO

Fig. 6: 60:40 SANDYNO

Wool, a supremely valuable fibre which can enhance other fibre properties when blended, extends
its application into a new product playing a pivotal role in the textile industry. Wool is an ideal fibre
for use in the construction of clothing, attractive in appearance, pleasing to touch, dye easily and
permanently and resilient enough to retain their shape. Wool never wears out, not absorb odors,
afford protection from heat and cold alike and easily cleaned. In wool dyeing, with natural dyes, the
depth of the dyeing was very good on wool under the same dyeing conditions as for other fibres.
The natural products in general and natural dyes in particular are heading towards a period of
renaissance nationally and internationally after one and half centuries. The increasing interest in
natural dyes lately is due to the public awareness of ecological and environmental problems related
to the use of synthetic dyes and the world of growing environmental consciousness, natural
colourants have attracted the attention of everyone. A major emphasis is now given to eco friendly
production technologies also. Due to increasing demand and to the higher profit resulting from the
sale of products with environmental benefit, a new trend is gaining ground which is called as green
marketing or green consumerism.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK
 Alexander (1990), Textile Products Selection, Use and Care, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York, P.30
 Dagur.R.S (1996), Laboratory Scouring Yield, Advances in Wool Blending, Special Training
Course on Wool and Woolen Projects Development and Evaluation, 11 th September – 10th
October, Organized by Human Resources Development Section, Central Sheep and Wool
Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan. Pp.8-10.
 Davis. (2006), ―A Complete Guide to Fashion Designing‖, Abhishek Publications, Chandigarh,
pp. 102, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120 and 121.
 Gangakhedkar, N.S. (1991), ―Understanding Computer Colour Matching‖, Rutu Prakashan
Publishers, Bombay, pp. 32, 47 and 48.
 Shakyawar.D.B and Gupta.N.P (1996), Advances in Wool Blending, Special Training Course
on Wool and Woolen Projects Development and Evaluation, 11th September – 10th October,
Organised by Human Resources Development Section, Central Sheep and Wool Research
Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan. P.129.
 Sumant, V.D. (1999), ―Dyeing of Wool with Natural Dyes‖, Session 2, Sources and Application
of Natural Dyes, Book of Papers, Convention on Natural Dyes, Department of Textile
Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, P. 45.
JOURNAL
 Park.J and Shore.J (2000), Dyeing Blended Fabrics – The Ultimate Compromise, Textile –
Chemist and Colourist, January, American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol.32, No.1, Pp.47 to 49.
 Shankar.R and Vankar.P.S (2005), Dyeing with Celosia Cristata Flower on Modified Pre-
Treated wool, Colourage, July, Vol. LII, No.7, Colour Publication Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, P.53
 Sarkar.D, Mazumdar.K and Datta.S (2006), Solvent Extraction of Yellow Colouring Matter
from Natural Source Flowers and its Application on Hydrophobic Substrates, Man Made
Textiles In India, January, Vol.XLIX, No.1, SASMIRA Publications, Mumbai, P.20
 Sharma.A and Goel.A (2003), Blending Technology: A New Step for Performance
Improvement, Man Made Textiles In India, October, Vol.XLVI, No. 10, SASMIRA
Publications, Mumbai, P.379.
 Thangavelu, K., .Ghosh, S.S., Sreenivasa and Sengupta, D. (2001), ―Application of Lac Dye on
Tasar Silk‖, Indian Silk, August, Vol. 40, No. 4, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, P. 27.
 Uttam.M and Gangwar.A.K (2006), Effect of Single Yarn Strength on Tensile Strength of
Cotton Fabric, Man Made Textiles In India, January, Vol.XLIX, No. 4, SASMIRA Publications,
Mumbai, P.143.
WEBSITES
 www.tropilab/ecliptaalba.com
 www.jungleseeds.com/AmaranthEdible
 www.evergreenseeds.com/edamallred.html
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Asian Journal of
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Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVENS USING COIR FIBRE

AND IT’S BLENDS WITH OTHER FIBRES
Dr.M.Kanimozhi*; Dr.N.Vasugi Raaja**
*Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Home Science, Sri Sarada College,
Salem, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**
Professor and Dean,
Dept. of Textiles & Clothing,
Avinashilingam University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

Needle punched nonwovens have been developed by blending natural fibers such as coir and sisal
with recycled PET staple fibers in four different ratio’s to improve the stability and to provide
thermo formability to the nonwovens.. Physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation,
stiffness, thickness and weight were studied for all the samples. It was observed that the sample S4
showed higher tensile strength, stiffness, air permeability, thickness with lower elongation and
weight. The results depicts that fabric S4 can be applied as mulching sheet to ensure weed control
due to its good strength accompanied with good moisture retention capacity. It suits well for most
light weight structures in composites and in automobile applications as interior mats.

KEYWORDS: Coir, needle punching, physical properties, sisal, web formation.

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INTRODUCTION
Natural fibres are gaining attraction in every segment due to their biodegradable and eco-friendly
nature remark Kanimozhi and Vasugi (2012). According to Bhatia and Smith (2008) India remains
as one of the leading producer of coir fiber in the world. Nearly 70% of these coir fibres produced
remains squander. This fibre has good tensile properties with better resistance to microbial
degradation. Blending of one or two fibres offers an effective means of projecting the positive
attitude and overcoming the negative ones. Hence in this study an attempt has been made to
develop needle punch nonwovens using coir fibre by blending with PET and sisal fibre.
Coconut fiber is commonly called as coir but it was also termed as palm peat, coco peat, cocos,
kokos Morgan (2005). These fibers are commonly grown in the tropical regions, such as India, Sri
lanka, Malayasia, Indonesia and Philipines say Vijayakumar and Vittopa (2006). Gupta (2005)
suggests that there are two distinct varieties of coir- white fibre and brown fibre. White fibre is
extracted from retted coconut husk. Brown fibre is extracted from unretted husk.
Coir is a multi cellular fiber with the length varying from 50 mm to 150 mm and the diameter
varying from 12 to 24 microns. Among all the natural fibers coir has the highest tensile strength and
it retains much of the tensile strength under wet conditions. It contains 30 to 300 or more cells in its
cross-section. The cross-section of fiber is polygonal to round. The fiber is mainly composed of
cellulose and lignin along with hemi cellulose, ash and pectin. Cells of the fiber are sometimes
covered with silicised stigmata remark Mahish and Nayak (2007).
METHODOLOGY
The methodology consists of the following steps:
SELECTION OF FIBRES
The natural fibres namely coir and sisal were blended with recyclable PET fibers to improve the
stability and to provide thermoformability to the nonwovens. Coir and sisal fibers were procured
from local market in Salem, and PET fibers from Webtech Industries Chennimalai were selected for
the study. The blend proportions used were indicated in Table.1.
TABLE 1 PROPORTION OF FIBRES TAKEN FOR MIXING
Proportion ( per cent )
Samples
Coir Sisal PET
S1 50 - 50
S2 70 - 30
S3 25 25 50
S4 35 35 30

CONVERSION OF FIBRES INTO FABRIC

The Preparation of fibres includes preopening (fig.1), mixing (fig.2), coarse opening, fine opening
and finally web former feeding.

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Fig. 1 Fibre opening Fig. 2 mixing of fibers

PRE-OPENING
The opening process mechanically separates the fibers from each other thus creates a ‗cloud‘ of
fibre. Rieter MBO type of machine was used for this study which produces smaller tuft fibres, thus
creating a large surface area.
MIXING
The fibres after pre opening were intermixed before they enter into the card. The fibers were passed
into the mixing zones by air suction.
FINE OPENING
Fine fiber opening was essential to improve the intimacy of the blend and to achieve good web
qualities in the down-stream processes. So the fibre were passed through a Erko fine opener which
suits best for opening and cleaning of natural fibers.
CARDING
The carding operation was done in order to remove any impurities and to separate fibers, thus align
and deliver the fibers as a web opines Singh (2010).
CROSSLAPPING OR LAYERING
A single layer of carded web was too light to convert into a needle punch fabric. Hence
crosslapping (fig.3) was done to control the thickness of the web.
NEEDLE PUNCHING TECHNIQUE
The web was passed into the preloom and then through the main loom for converting it into fabric
by needle punching process (fig.4). Thus the integrity and strength of the web was improved
(www.scribd.com).

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Fig. 3 Cross lapping Fig. 4 Needle punching

EVALUATION OF THE FABRICS
BREAKING STRENGTH AND ELONGATION
ASTM D 5035 cut strip method was used for measuring strength and elongation of nonwoven
fabrics. The samples were tested for tensile strength in Eureka cloth tensile strength tester. 10inches
x 2inches specimen from each fabric samples were cut both in machine and cross directions. The
specimen was placed between the upper and lower clamps. The dial reading was set to zero by
adjusting the pendulum over the quadrant scale. The elongation pointer was checked for its position
in zero. Before starting the machine the pendulum lock was released and machine was switched
onto run. When the fabric started to break the machine was switched off and the dial reading in
kilogram was noted. Elongation reading was recorded from the elongation scale. The specimen was
removed and the machine positioned back to original and the five specimens of both the directions
for each sample were tested and readings were noted.
FABRIC WEIGHT
Saini (2004) says fabric weight refers to the relative weight of the fabric not the absolute weight. It
may be expressed as the weight of particular size, such as grams per square meter using ASTM D
6242. The samples were cut using GSM cutter by rotating the handle with pressure. The cut
specimens were weighed using digital weighing balance. The value in grams multiplied by 100
gives the final value. This was repeated for five readings to get accuracy.
FABRIC THICKNESS
Thickness of the fabric was defined as the distance between the upper and lower surface of the
fabric measured under a specified pressure. The thickness of needle punched fabric was measured
using thickness gauge following ASTM D 5736 standard. It is a hand operated instrument, which
has a dial that reads the thickness of the fabric. Two clamps are attached to the dial. Each of the
samples were placed between the clamps and pressed. Thickness was measured at ten different
places for each sample at random.
FABRIC STIFFNESS
Stiffness was an important characteristic of a fabric. The principle behind the stiffness test was to
measure a particular length of a fabric specimen of specified dimensions which when used as a
cantilever bends to a constant angle under its own weight (ASTM D 5732).

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As per Basu (2007) the stiffness of the samples were determined by Shirley stiffness tester. The
specimen from original samples of six inch were cut using template provided with the tester. Each
rectangular strip was mounted over a horizontal platform and pushed along with the template to
overhang until the edge of the fabric coincides with the index line. The readings were taken for each
specimen with each side up, first at one end then the other. This was done on both machine and
cross directions. The experiment was repeated for all the samples.
AIR PERMEABILITY TEST
The test specimens were preconditioned in the standard atmosphere, which was 21  1C (70  2F)
and 65  2% relative humidity. The specimen was placed onto the test head of the test instrument
and the test was performed. Water pressure differential of 125 pa (12.7mm or 0.5in of water) was
used. The individual results were recorded in S1 units as cm3/cm2 and in inch-pound units as
ft3/min/ft2 rounded to three significant digits as per ASTM D 737-04.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
FABRIC STRENGTH AND ELONGATION
Fig.5 reveals the mean strength and elongation of nonwoven samples. In machine direction the
sample S3 has the maximum strength of 34kg followed by S4 of 22kg which was followed by the
samples S1 and S2 of 16kg and 8kg respectively. In cross direction the highest strength was found
in S4 with 20kg followed by S1 of about 14kg which was followed by S3 and S2.
Elongation of the sample in machine direction was found to be higher in sample S3 of 6.6 inches
followed by S2, S1 and S4 with 6.4, 5.7 and 4.5 inches respectively. In cross direction, the highest
elongation was seen in sample S1 with 8.3 inches followed by S3, S2 and S4 which was 8.0, 7.2 and
5.2 inches respectively.

Fig.5 Strength and elongation of needle punched samples

5.2
Elongation in %

Cross direction 8
7.2
8.3
4.5 S4
Machine direction 6.6
6.4
5.7 S3
20 S2
Tensile strength

Cross direction 10
4 S1
14
in Kg

22
Machine direction 34
8
16

STIFFNESS OF NEEDLE PUNCHED FABRIC

The stiffness of needle punched fabric samples in both machine and cross directions were shown in
fig.6. The stiffness in machine and cross direction was maximum for the sample S4 of about 8.7 and
6.3 inches respectively. Thus the stiffness along machine direction reduces gradually from sample
S4 to S1. In cross direction, the stiffness was found to be maximum in S4 which was followed by
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S2, S3 and S1 with 5.9 inches, 5.6 inches and 4.4 inches respectively. It could be declared that
stiffness was maximum for the sisal blended samples.

Fig.6 Stiffness of needle punched samples

8.7

Stiffness in inches
7.5 7.8
6.3 5.9 5.6 6.3
4.4
Machine direction
Cross direction
S1 S2 S3 S4
Samples

WEIGHT AND THICKNESS

From the Table II it was clear that weight was maximum in sample S1 of 521.5 followed by sample
S2. This variation may be due to the difference in the fibre density. Thickness of the fabric depends
upon the punch density of the needles. The sample S3 and S4 had the maximum thickness of
5.3mm followed by S2 and S1 with 4.2mm and 3.5mm respectively.
TABLE II WEIGHT AND THICKNESS OF NEEDLE PUNCHED FABRIC SAMPLES
Samples
Test
S1 S2 S3 S4
Weight (GSM) 521.5 480.5 370.5 346.5
Thickness (mm) 3.5 4.2 5.3 5.3
AIR PERMEABILITY IN NEEDLE PUNCHED FABRIC SAMPLES
As per fig.7 the air permeability was maximum in sample S2 with 365c.c/cm.sq./sec followed by
S4,S1 and S3 with 288, 235 and 195c.c/cm. sq./sec respectively. This implies that the sample S2
had highest air permeability and sample S3 had the lowest air permeability. The statistical analysis
of air permeability between the needle punched fabric samples showed one per cent significance.

Fig.7 Air permeability in (c.c/cm.sq./sec)

288 235 S1
S2
S3
195 S4
365

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CONCLUSION
Considering the environmental issues and the potential market growth for nonwoven materials
fabrics with coir and sisal were produced by needle-punching technology. From the fabric
evaluation it was concluded that nonwoven sample S4 with its compact structure has higher tensile
strength, stiffness, air permeability, thickness and lower elongation. The results depicts that fabric
S4 can be applied as mulching sheet to ensure weed control due to its good strength accompanied
with good moisture retention capacity. It suits well for most light weight structures in composites
and in automobile applications as interior mats.
REFERENCES
1. Basu (2007), Textile testing fibres, yarn and fabric, The South Indian Textile Association,
Coimbatore, P.298.
2. Bhatia, S.K. and Smith, J.L. (2008), bridging the gap between engineering and the global
World: a case study of the coconut (coir) fiber industry in Kerala, Morgan Claypool publishers,
India, P. 39.
3. Gupta, K.R. (2005), Environment: problems and policies: (encyclopaedia of environment),
Atlantic publishers & Distributors, Volume. 1, New Delhi, P.205.
4. Kanimozhi, M. and Vasugi, N. (2012) Characterization of lingo-cellulosic leaf fibre for textile
applications-an exploratory investigation, Biologically Active Molecules, Excel India
publishers, New Delhi, P.49.
5. Mahish, S.S. and Nayak, R.K. (2007), Coir fiber properties and application, Asian Textile
Journal, Vol.16, No.10, October, P.54.
6. Morgan, L. (2005), The best of the growing edge international, New Moon publishing, USA,
P.128.
7. Saini, M.S. (2004) Quality of testing of fabrics – A must for survival and growth, The Indian
Textile Journal, Business Press Publications, Mumbai, Vol. CXIV, No. 11, P. 74.
8. Singh, B.P. (2010), Industrial crops and uses, CABI publishing limited, UK, P.321.
9. Vijayakumar, K.A. and Vittopa, M.K. (2006), Softening of coir fibers to improve flexibility,
Asian Textile Journal, September, Vol.15, No.9, P.85.
10. www.scribd.com

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION OF NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS

DYE ON SILK FABRIC
Ms. K. Dharani*; Dr. U. Ratna**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Silk has always been the symbol of royalty due to its lustrous appearance, peach like softness and
strength. The coloration of this royal fibre is also an art form. There are numerous ranges of
dyestuff available for use of silk dyeing. India has a rich biodiversity and harbours wealth of useful
resources and there is no doubt that the plant kingdom is a treasure house of diverse natural
produces. Production of synthetic dyes involves many violent chemical reactions and products have
to be discharged in water or in atmosphere. Harmful effects of synthetic dyes have prompted the
researcher to revive the old art of dyeing with natural dye obtained from stalk of Nyctanthesarbor-
tristis commonly known as night flowering jasmine by simultaneous and post mordanting technique.
The dyed fabrics were subjectively and objectively analysed.

KEYWORDS: Eco-friendly, Dyeing, Mordanting, Nycanthes arbour-tristis, silk.

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INTRODUCTION
The world is becoming increasingly aware of environmental issues through discussions about the
green house effect, ozone layer depletion, water pollution and waste disposal. This in turn has led to
a traditional or ―more natural‖ way of life. The natural dye ensures that the discharge of dyeing unit
is devoid of any toxic chemicals and heavy metals protecting the precious water resources. Silk is
the most beautiful of all textile fibres is rightly called queen of textiles. It is cool to wear in the
summer yet warm to wear in winter. It has a look and feeling of richness that no other materials can
match.
Nyctanthesarbor-tristis popularly known as Parijatin India is a species of Nyctanthes. Parijat is also
considered to be a divine tree. This plant has many common names like Indian Night Jasmine and
the scientific name arbor-tristis. The flowers have been used as a source of yellow dye for clothing
(Chandra, 2010), considering the above facts in mind the investigator selected to study on
“Extraction and Evaluation of Nyctanthesarbor-tristis Dye on Silk Fabric” with following
objectives:
- To collect and extract dye from Nyctanthesarbortristis flowers
- To optimize the dye concentration, temperature, time, pH and mordanting technique
- To dye the silk fabric with extracted dye
- To evaluate the constructed fabric subjectively and objectively
MATERIALS
SOURCE
Nyctanthesarbor-tristis has many medicinal properties. The flowers are fragrant with five to eight
lobed white corolla with an orange-red centre. It provides an assured remedy for various body
disorders ranging from common cough and cold to arthritis. The Parijata is regarded in Hindu
mythology as one of the five wish granting trees (Chandra, 2010).
MATERIAL
The Indian silks are known for their quality, lustrous sheen and traditional colours. The silk fabric is
characterized by its good insulation properties, warm in winter, cool in summer, good elasticity,
absorbency, stronger and good affinity to dye. It is very comfortable for clothing. Hence 100% silk
fabric was selected.
SELECTION OF MORDANT
The mordant is the chemical link that fixes the dye to a substrate by combining with the dye
pigment to form an insoluble compound.A mordants help to keep dyes from fading, changing
colour, washing out or rubbing off. Keeping the above points in mind the mordants such as amla
powder, orange peel powder, alum were selected for the pilot study.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR MORDANTING
Mordanting is the process of impregnating textiles with a mordant usually salt or acid to fasten the
dye stuff which applied before or after mordanting; sometimes a mordant is applied along with the
dye stuff. The mordanting techniques selected are given below:
1. Without mordanting
2. Mordanting
 Pre mordanting
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 Post mordanting
 Simultaneous mordanting
The study was conducted among pre mordanting, post mordanting and simultaneous mordanting.
Out of this post mordanting gave best results. So, the investigator selected post mordanting
technique was selected for the study.
PRE-TREATMENT OF THE FABRIC
The aim of the preparatory process is to improve the quality by removing impurities and foreign matters
thoroughly and uniformly from the fabric and makes the fabric suitable for follow up process
(Anthappan et al., 2006).
 DEGUMMING:
Degumming removes accompanying substances like fats, oils, naturals pigments and mineral
components (Choudhury, 2006).
RECIPE:
Weight of the material - 100gms
MLR - 1:10
Wetting agent - 0.5 g/l
Natural soap - 20 g/l
Soda ash - 2 g/l
Temperature - 90-95oc
Time - 90-120 min
PROCEDURE:
The selected material was degummed in a bath containing 20gm of natural soap, 2g of soda ash and
0.5 g of wetting agent in 100 ml of water MLR 1:10 at 90-95oc for 1½ - 2 hours. Then temperature
was brought down to 70oc. After degumming the material is washed thoroughly with warm and cold
water successively.
 BLEACHING
Bleaching is removal of yellow colour matter from the raw silk. Bleaching helps to add desired
colour to the silk (Ananthanarayanan, 2008).
RECIPE:
Hydrogen peroxide - 2 per cent
Sodium silicate - 3 per cent
Wetting agent - few drops
Soda ash - 2 per cent
MLR - 1:20
Time - 30 min
Temperature - 85o c

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PROCEDURE:
The selected material was bleached in a bath containing 2gm of hydrogen peroxide, 3gm of sodium
silicate, 2gm of soda ash and few drops of wetting agent in a 100 ml of water MLR 1:20 at 85 oc for
30 min. After bleaching the material was taken out and rinsed thoroughly and dried.
PROCEDURE FOR DYEING THE FABRIC
The silk samples were dyed using following receipe.
RECIPE:
Material liquor ratio - 1:40
Dye soaking time - 1 hour
Dye extraction temperature - At boil
Dyeing temperature - At boil
Mordant soaking time - 1 hour
Mordanting temperature - At boil
pH for dyeing and mordanting -7
Dye extraction medium - Aqueous medium
The dyed samples were taken out rinsed thoroughly and soaping was done by boiling the samples
with 2g/lit of non-ionic detergent powder at 60oc for two minutes. Finally the samples were
thoroughly rinsed and dried in the shade.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION
VISUAL INSPECTION
The 20 Post graduate students from Textiles and Clothing department were selected for evaluating
the dyed fabric as given below.
TABLE I VISUAL INSPECTION
Rating in percentage

S.N Sam General Evenness in Brilliancy of Lustre

Texture
o. ple appearance dyeing colour
Go Fa Po Go Fa Po Go Fa Po Go Fa Po Go Fa Po
od ir or od ir or od ir or od ir or od ir or
Silk
dyed
1 93 7 - 86 14 - 90 10 - 80 15 5 96 4 -
fabri
c

Majority of the judges (90%) ranked Silk dyed fabric sample as good in evenness in dyeing. Eighty
percent ranked good regarding brilliancy of colour whereas (86 per cent) ranked good regarding

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texture and (96 per cent) ranked good for lustre and (93 per cent) ranked good for general
appearance.
COMFORT PROPERTY
DRAPABILITY
The fabric drapability of grey, bleached and dyed silk fabric and analysis of variance are shown in
Table VII and Figure 1.
TABLE II DRAPABILITY
Gain/loss Percentage of gain/loss
Drapability Test sample Mean F test
Over original over original
S1 0.2762 - -
SILK Bsf 0.3912 0.115 41.63 497.831**
Sdf 0.5800 0.303 91.08
** - significant at 1 per cent (p<0.01)

Grey
Fabric drape (co-

Dyed
0.58

Bleac

FIGURE 1: FABRIC DRAPABILITY TEST

From the Table II and Figure 5 it is evident that the Drapability of bleached (41.63 per cent) and
dyed (91.08 per cent) increased when compared to grey fabric. The processing of silk has improved
its drapability.
COLOUR FASTNESS TESTS
COLOUR FASTNESS TO SUNLIGHT, WASHING, PRESSING, DRYING AND CROCKING
The table III shows that the colour fastness to sunlight, washing, dry and wet pressing and dry and
wet crocking of dyed silk fabric.

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TABLE III COLOUR FASTNESS TO SUNLIGHT, WASHING, PRESSING,
DRYING AND CROCKING
Sample Sunlight Washing Crocking Pressing
Dry Wet Dry Wet

Colour Change

Colour Change

Colour Change

Colour Change

Colour Change

Colour Change
Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining
Sdf

5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5

5 – Excellent 4 – Very good 3 –Good 2 –Fair 1 – Poor

The above Table III shows that colour fastness to washing, sunlight, colour fastness to wet and dry
crocking, colour fastness to wet and dry pressing of dyed samples. Regarding the colour fastness to
sunlight it gave an excellent result. There is no change in the colour of the fabric due to the sunlight
as well as heat.
The colour fastness to washing was very good with regard to crocking method both wet and dry
tests. In the wet condition the result was very good. But in the dry condition the result was
excellent, there was no colour bleeding.
Colour fastness to pressing in both wet and dry conditions was done. Due to the wet pressing it
loses some colour but in staining it was very good. In dry pressing did not show any difference in
the colour and the rating was excellent.
CONCLUSION
Natural dye extracts from medicinally rich herbs, plants, flowers, fruits, stems, barks and
minerals makes the whole production cycle devoid of any chemical use with almost no carbon
footprint. Natural dyes are not only biodegradable, but also have medicinal properties like anti-
bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic which are beneficial for the skin of the person using it.
Nyctanthesarbor-tristis is an eco-friendly, natural dye. It will not cause any side effect and it has
anti viral and anti oxidant property. The flowers are used as carminative, astringent to bowel,
antibilious, expectorant, hair tonic and in the treatment of piles and various skin diseases and in the
treatment of ophthalmic purposes. The leaves and flowers are applied in the treatment of bone
fracture, cough, dysentery, fevers, rheumatism, malaria, snake bite and ulcers. Since
Nyctanthesarbor-tristis has enormous medicinal properties, the dye can be commercialized.

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REFERENCES:
1. Das, S., Sasmal, D. and Basu, S.P. (2010), Antispasmodic and Antihelmintic Activity of
Nyctanthesarbortristis Linn., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, P.
51-55.
2. Kumaresan, M., Palnisamy, P.N. and Kumar, P.E. (2011), Application of Ecofriendly Natural
Dye Obtained from flower of SpathodeaCampanulata on Silk, European Journal of Scientific
Research,Vol.52, No.3, Pp.306-312.
3. Parameswaran, S. (2011), Silk-Queen of Textiles, Colourage, Vol. LVII, No. 8, P. 77.
4. Rathod, N., Raghuveer, I., Chitme, H.R. and Chandra, R. (2010), Free Radical Scavenging
Activity of Nyctanthesarbortristis in streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats, Indian Journal
Pharmaceutical Educational Research, Pp. 288-294.
5. Teli, Shah, R. and Sabale (2010), Dyeing of Nylon with Natural Colourants, Colourage, Vol. lii,
No. 3, March, P. 96.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

AYURVEDIC DYEING OF COTTON FABRIC USING MICHELIA

CHAMPACA SOURCE
P. Dhana Priya*; Dr.U. Ratna**
*Ph.D.Research Scholar,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Assistant Professor (SS),
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Ayurveda is described as science of life. Ayurveda has the ability to treat the many diseases, which
are untreatable in the modern medicine. Ayurveda clothing and its products is very useful as it is
considered to help in bringing back balance in our body’s system. It also supports our immune
system. This clothing is free of all kind of chemicals and certain toxics which are harmful to the
human body. They are considered to be full organic, sustainable and biodegradable. Considering
this fact Michelia Champaca, commonly known as Swarna Champaca was selected as herbal
source to make ayurvastra. Reviewing the uses of this tree it is clear that the flower bud & fruits
can be used to heal wounds and skin disease. Therefore, Cotton fabric which has good absorbency
and has more softness was selected for the study. The pseudo stem was used as mordant to increase
the colour and medical property.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Michelia Champaca, Pseudo Stem.

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INTRODUCTION:
The Ayurvastra is an ancient technique used to dye the cloth with herbal dyes, which then acts as
the barrier to attack the various microorganisms. The most effective time to wear the Ayurvastra
cloth, when the body is at rest, such as sleep, relaxation or medication, that time the natural body
will be healing and re-establishing balance. The Ayurvastra includes product like Sleepwear, bed
sheets, towels, meditation clothes and cotton mats. (Rangari et.al, 2012).MicheliaChampaca L. is
commonly called as Swarnachampaca, and this tree is tall with yellow fragrant. This
micheliachampaca is widely used for many traditional herbal preparations. MicheliaChampaca also
have properties of wound healing, (Dwajani, 2009). It is used for ayuveda and siddha medicine and
the flower of this plant is used for healing ulcers, wounds and skin diseases, (Varier PS, 2003).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
SELECTION OF FABRIC:
The 100% cotton fabric were selected for study. The cotton fabric is very soft, cool and comfortable
for human body. The cotton fiber is often blended with other fibers, (Thomas, 2006). The cotton
fiber is most important in the textile industry. The cotton fabric has good appearance, easy care and
durability. The cotton fiber is a major fiber for blended fabrics, (Gienandt, 2006).
SELECTION OF SOURCE:
MICHELIA CHAMPACA:
The MicheliaChampaca Linn belongs to the family of Magnoliaceae, (Rout, 2006). Different
species of MicheliaChampaca is available. The threespecies of MicheliachampacaareMichelia Alba
(white chempaka), Micheliachampaca (orange chempaka) and Micheliafigo (dwarf chempaka).
Among the three species Michelia alba and MicheliaChampaca is most popular, (Ibrahim, 2005).
TRADITIONAL USES OF MICHELIA CHAMPACA:
 The most widely used for Ayurveda and Siddha medicine (Khan, 2002).
 The Micheliachampaca is mostly used for traditional healers and herbal preparations,
(Rajagopalan, 2000).

Dried MicheliaChampaca
MORDANT:
The use of mordant is to enhance the fixation of the natural colorant to fabric(Maulik, 2005). The
dye is not properly interacted to the fabric and the natural dyes need mordant to fix the dye on
fabric andprevent the colour from bleeding. (Siva, 2007).
The mordant is used for the dyeing the fabric to give bright and fast colour, (Jain, 2010).

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The Banana Pesudostemwere selected as mordant.The banana pesudostem are have huge biomass
are generated. The Simultaneous Mordant technique were selected. In this method of dyeing
system, both the substrate and mordant are immersed simultaneously in the dye bath solutionin a
definite quality and the dyeing is usually done with pre-determined condition, (Dayal et al., 2006).
One of the main advantages of this technique is the good absorption capacity and it is take less time
for dyeing.
PRETREATMENT OF THE FABRIC:
DESIZING:
The Desizing process was carried out to remove the sizing material from fabric.The Desizing
process were done naturally using soap nut. The soap nut was soaked in water for one hour, after
that water is used for desizing process.
BLEACHING:
The Bleaching is used for brightness of the fabric. The Bleaching process are done naturally in
Sunlight for 1-2 Days.
DYEING PROCESS:
The selected dye source was immersed in 100ml of water and boiled for one hour. Then kept for 2-
3 Days for dye absorption and intake of medicinal property into the fabric.
TABLE I MATERIALS
Materials
Desizing Sea salt
Bleaching Cow urine, Milk and Honey
Fabric Cotton
Dyeing MicheliaChampaca
Mordanting Banana Pseudostem
Washing Soapnut

MicheliaChampaca Dye

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
COLOR FASTNESS PROPERTY:
TABLE II COLOR FASTNESS TEST
Sample Sunlight Washing Crocking Pressing
Dry Wet Dry Wet

Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining
Change

Change

Change

Change

Change

Change
Colour

Colour

Colour

Colour

Colour

Colour
Dyed
Fabric
5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4
5- Excellent 4- Very Good 3- Good 2- Fair 1- Poor
Colour fastness to sunlight showed a excellent result. The colour fastness to washing showed very
good result. In the wet condition the result was very good and the dry condition of crocking test
ranked as excellent, and there was no colour bleeding.
Colour fastness to pressing in both wet and dry conditions was done. In pressing the wet conditions
result was excellent. But in dry condition of pressing there is slight difference of dyed fabric and
showed a very good result.
CONCLUSION:
Increasing awareness in environmental and challenges has led to the development of natural
biodegradable resources. Various research and development are being made for producing better
natural dyes and its products whichhave several properties like non-toxic, non-allergic effects and
create less pollution.The natural dyeing has become a thrust area in the field of textile research. The
natural dyed fabric is considered as eco-friendly for the environment. The herbal dye is eco-friendly
fabric and does not affect the skin. The eco friendly clothing is another feather to herbal dye.
REFERENCE:
1. Dayal, R., Dhobal, P.C., Kumar, R., Onial, P., and Rawat, R.D., (2006), Colourage, Vol.4 Pp.
53.
2. Dr. Jain, M. (2010). Ayurvedic Textiles: A Wonderful approach to handle health disorder.
Colourage, 57(10): 45-52.
3. Dwajani S, Shanbhag TV. MicheliaChampaca: Wound Healing Activity in Immuno suppressed
Rats. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medcine. 2009; 7(2): 1540-1545.
4. Gienannath, (2006), ―Cotton Items Outlast Others‖, Textile Magazine, Vol. 27.
5. Ibrahim, R., Salahbiah, A. M., Khoo, C. K., Azhar, M., Ashanul, K. A. W., Rasol, A., & Muse,
R. (2005). Development of embryogenic culture system for the production of essential oils
using bioreactor technology from Michelia alba. P-INCOBB-18.
6. Khan, M. R., Kihara, M., &Omoloso, A. D. (2002). Antimicrobial Activity of
MicheliaChampacaFitoterapia, 73(7), 744-748.
7. Rajagopalan, P. M., Siddha medicine. Madurai: Siddha maruthuvagurukulam, 2000.
8. Rangari NT, Kalyankar TM, Mahajan AA, Lendhe PR, Puranik PK; Review article: Ayurvastra:
Herbal couture technology in textile. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy, 2012; 3, 5: 733-736.

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9. Rout, P.K., Naik, S. N., & Rao, Y. R. (2006). Composition of the concrete, absolute, headspace
and essential oil of the flowers of Micheliachampaca Linn, Flavour and Fragrance Journal,
21(6), 906-911.
10. Siva R.(2007): Status of natural dyes and dye yielding plants in India. Curr Sci.; 92 (7): 916-
925.
11. SR Maulik; SC Pradhan. Man-Made Textiles in India, 2005, 48, 10, 396-400.
12. Thomas. R, (2006). Know About Fabric & their Manufacture, Abishek Publications,
Chandigarh. Pp- 46-47.
13. Varier PS, Indian medicinal plants, 1st Edition, Vol 4, orient Longman Pvt.Ltd, Chennai, 2003,
33-35.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

BIOSORPTION AND REUSE POTENTIAL OF ASPERGILLUS NIGERFOR

THE REMOVAL OF MALACHITE GREEN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Ashwini R*; Poonkothai,M**
1,2
Department of Zoology,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dyes are extensively used in the textile industries and they cause severe deleterious effects when
discharged into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. Dye removal is a key environmental concern in
the industrialized countries and has been the subject of scientific research. Biosorption using
fungus for the removal of dyes seems to be a cost effective and eco friendly remediation process
when compared to physico-chemical methods. The present study deals with the biosorptive
potential of Aspergillusniger for the removal of malachite green from the aqueous solutions.
Aspergillusniger was isolated from the textile effluent discharged soil and the removal of malachite
green was assessed at various ranges of dye concentration (100 – 500mg/L), biosorbent dose (100-
500g/L), pH (3,4,5,6,7,8,9), temperature (20ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC) and incubation period (1-
10 days). The decolourisation percentage of the dye by A. niger was assessed at regular time
interval. The fungal biomass after biosorption was treated with 0.1N HCl and 0.1N HNO 3 as
desorbing agent to remove dye from aqueous solution. The results depict that under optimal
conditions the maximum removal of malachite green (93%) was observed in the medium amended
with 200mg/l of malachite green inoculated with 300g/L of biosorbent in pH 5 at 30ºC on 5 th day of
incubation. The desorbing agent 0.1NHCl desorbed 90% of dye from the fungal biomass which
reveals that the desorbed biomass can be reused for further sorption studies. Hence, the biosorption
potential of Aspergillusniger may be exploited efficiently for the uptake of dyes from textile
industrial effluent, which seems to be an environmental friendly approach technology.

KEYWORDS: Malachite green, Aspergillusniger, Optimization, Desorption

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INTRODUCTION
Large volumes of water and chemicals are consumed by textile industries for wet processing of
fabrics. Over 7×105 ton and around 10,000 diverse dyes and pigments are produced per annum
globally, in which about 10% may be found in wastewater (Deveciet al., 2004). When compared to
natural dyes, synthetic dyes are complex aromatic molecular structures which have been used in the
textile and dyeing sector in large manner due to its easiness, cost-effectiveness in synthesis,
perseverance, high stability to light, temperature, oxidizing agents, detergents and microbial attack.
The use of variety of synthetic dyes imparts colour and are biologically non-degradable. Hence the
coloured solutions when discharged into environment may cause distress to the biota(Robinsonet
al., 2002 and Han and Yun, 2007).
As a widely used dye, malachite green (MG) is a basic cationic dye which is used as a strong
antimicrobial and antiparasitical agent in fish farming (Mall et al., 2005). It is also used for the
dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, paper, and leather. It is known to be highly toxic to mammalian cells
and acts as a tumor-enhancing agent. This dye may enter into the food chain and could possibly
cause carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effect on humans (Srivastavaet al., 2004).
The existence of dyes in aquatic bodies, even at extremely low concentration, is greatly visible and
disagreeable (Park et al., 2007). In generalcolour is evident at a dye concentration higher than
1mgL-1 and an average concentration of 300 mgL -1 has been documented in effluents from textile
sector (Goncalveset al., 2000 and O‘Neill et al., 2000). Colour not only affects the aesthetic value,
but also hampers sunlight penetration and reduces photosynthetic activity within the ecosystem,
inhibits the growth of aquatic flora and fauna and also interferes with gas solubility in water bodies
(Banat et al., 1996).
Various physical and chemical methods have been employed for the treatment of dye bearing
industrial effluents but their downside aspects in recent years suggest them as a costly and not an
eco friendly approach due to high amount of sludge generation resulting in pollution load (Crini,
2007). In comparison, the microbial-based biological treatment system is a competent, eco-friendly
and cost effective remedy to decolorize or degrade the recalcitrant‘s by mineralization the target
compounds. However, the success of this treatment method relies upon the endurance and
adaptability of microbes during the treatment processes. Hence an effort has been made to study the
ability and potential of Aspergillusniger towards the remediation of malachite green under optimal
conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHEMICALS AND MEDIA
The dye Malachite Green (C.I. 42000), Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar mediumand Sabauroud
dextrose agar medium were obtained from HiMedia laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. The
chemicals used in this study were of analytical-grade.
COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE
The soil sample was collected near the textile dyeing industry in Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu,
India. The lumps in the soil sample were crushed using a porcelain mortar and pestle and stored at
ambient temperature in cloth bags for subsequent analysis.

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ISOLATIONOF MALACHITE GREEN DECOLOURISING FUNGI
Ten grams of soil sample was serially diluted upto 10 -8 dilutions and pour plated on sterile Rose
Bengal Chloramphenicol agar medium(Dextrose - 10g, Peptone - 5g, MgSO4-5g, KH2PO4- 5g,
Rose Bengal - 0.03g, Chloramphenicol - 0.03g, Distilled water - 1000 ml,
Agar - 20g, pH - 5.0 ± 0.1) separately. The plates were incubated at room temperature (28ºC) for 5
days and after incubation period; the fungal colony which predominated in the media was isolated
and maintained on Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar slants at 4ºC for further study.
IDENTIFICATION OF DYE-DEGRADING FUNGI
The fungal isolate was identified macroscopically and further subjected to microscopic
identification by lactophenol cotton blue(Phenol Crystals- 20 g, Lactic acid- 20 ml, Glycerol - 40
ml, Cotton Blue (1% aqueous)- 0.05g (2 ml), Distilled water -100 ml)staining method (Cuppuchino
and Sherman, 1999).
INOCULUM PREPARATION
A loopfull of the isolated fungal colony was inoculated into 100ml of Sabauroud dextrose broth
(Peptone - 1g, Dextrose – 4g, distilled water – 100ml) separately. The broth was incubated at room
temperature for 5 days and the fungal growth obtained in the culture broth was used as inoculum for
the decolourisation study.
OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS AND DECOLOURISATION ASSAY
To determine the optimal conditions for malachite green decolourisation, the fungal isolate was
inoculated into a series of Erlenmeyer flask containing different concentrations of dye (100 -
500mg/l), at varying biosorbent dose (100-500g/L).The pH was adjusted to different ranges
(3,4,5,6,7,8,9)by adjusting with 1N HCl or 1N KOH. At each pHthe fungal colony was inoculated and
incubated at different temperatures (20ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC) for a period of 1-10 days. After
incubation period, the sample was removed, centrifuged at 10,000rpm for 10 minutes and the
supernatant was analysed for its colour intensity at 700nm in a spectrophotometer. The percent
decolourisation was calculated using the formula,
Initial absorbance - Observed absorbance
Per cent decolourisation= _____________________________________________ X100
Initial absorbance
Under the above stated optimal conditionAspergillusniger was inoculated into malachite green
solution and the percentage decolourisation was recorded.
DESORPTION STUDY
In order to evaluate the practical efficacy of the biosorbent, desorption experiments were conducted.
The malachite green loaded biosorbent was treated with the eluents namely 0.1N HCl and 0.1N
HNO3optimized conditions. At the end of the incubation period the percentage desorption
efficiency of the dye was determined

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED FUNGAL ISOLATE
Based on the macroscopic view and lactophenol cotton blue staining the fungal isolate was
identified as Aspergillusniger. The taxonomic position of the Aspergillusnigerwas determined
microscopically based on the conidial morphology, size and shape under low and high power
objectives. The colonies were covered with white fluffy arial mycelia when immature. The colonies
exhibited salt and pepper effect with black spores when mature. The hyphae are aseptate with large
black to brownish conidial heads. The conidia are globose, radiate and then split into divergent
spore columns. The conidiophore is a erect hyaline or brownish near the vesicle
OPTIMIZATION STUDIES FOR MALACHITE GREEN DECOLOURISATION
The result of various physicochemical parameters on the decolourisation of malachite green by
Aspergillusniger was presented in Fig 1(a-e).The decolorization of dye was greatly influenced by
thecritical factor, the dye concentration. When the concentration of the dye was increased in a
medium the growth response of fungi and the decolourisation rate decreases in relation to its
incubation period. The maximum decolorization (91%) was observed in the medium amended with
200 mgL-1 dye and further increase in dye concentration from 300–500mgL-1showed reduction in
the colour removal by Aspergillusniger indicating the toxicity of dye (Fig 1a).Similar such findings
was observed by Khehraet al. (2005) and Kalmeet al. (2007) stating that high concentration of dye
stuff strongly inhibits the growth or may have toxic effect on the growth of dye degrading
microbes. The dyes may also block the active sites of the enzymes degrading the target compounds
with different structure (Sarataleet al., 2009). Ali et al. (2009) reported the potential of
Aspergillusflavus and Alternariasolani to degrade or decolourise different concentrations of
malachite green (10-50 micro molar) to 96% within 6 days of incubation. Parshettiet al.(2007)also
observed that decolorization of ReactiveBlue-25 by the mycelium of Aspergillusochraceus NCIM-
1146 required 20 days of incubation to decolorize100 mgL-1dye and elevated concentrations of the
dyeproved to be toxic for fungal growth. This implied that the decolorization is inversely related to
the concentration of the dye in the aqueous medium.
The dye adsorption based on the amount of fungal biomass was investigated for five different
biosorbent dosages (100 – 500g/L). It was observed from Fig. 1b that the dye removal efficiency
was maximum in the medium amended with 300mg/L (92%) of biosorbent dose and there was no
considerable removal efficiency after optimal condition. The increase in decolourisation efficiency
might be due to the interaction of dye with the high number of available adsorption sites in the
biosorbent in lower dose. Whereas, as the dose increases the active sites on the biosorbent gets
saturated or the biomass gets aggregated and blocks the dye to bind with then and thereby the
decolourisation rate decreases (Ozer, 2006).
For the ideal biosorption the relationship between the adsorption of dye and contact time is
important. At the earlier stage of incubation period the adsorption of dye to A. niger was high
(94%) at 5th day and it started to decline thereafter (Fig 1c). This might be due to the fact that
physical and rapid adsorption of dye molecule onto the active surface site of the fungal biomass has
occurred. The decrease in the adsorption of the dye after 5 th day of incubation might be due to the
complexation or micro precipitation or saturation of binding sites in the fungal biomass (Daneshwar
et al., 2007).

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Optimization studies with reference to initial medium pH against dyedecolorization showed that
decolorization in creased with an initial increase in pH and peaked at pH 5.0 (93%) after 5 days of
incubation. There was a decrease in pH level when it was increased from 6-9
(Fig 1d). It was observed that an optimum pH for growth favoring textile dye removal by different
fungi varied between pH 4 and 6 which was reliant on the dye present and the composition of the
decolorization medium (Asgheret al., 2008). The medium pH also influenced the surface electrical
charge of the fungal biomass which inturn influenced the adsorption of charged groups or ionic
forms of the dye in the solution (Fu and Viraraghavan, 2002).There exist an electrostatic repulsion
between the positively chargedsurface of the biosorbentand the positively charged dye molecule at
lower pH, thereby resulting in the decreased amount of malachite adsorption onto the biosorbent.
Also, at lower pH, the hydrogen ions in the biosorbent effectively compete with cationsof the dye
causing a decreased adsorption (Mallet al., 2005 and Porkodiand Kumar, 2007).
Temperature plays an important role in the treatment of waste water biologically. The consequence
of temperature on the decolorization efficiency using A. niger was studied at the range of 20–40◦C
at an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l. Maximum decolorization ability of malachite green
(90%) was observed at a temperature range of 30◦C which was selected to be optimal (Fig 1e).
Temperature above 30◦C resulted a decline in the extent of decolorizationwhich might be due to the
increased surface activity and kinetic energy of each dye molecule(Kaushik and Malik, 2009).The
results revealed that there is no thermal deactivation of decolorization activity under optimal
temperature.
Thus under optimal conditions the maximum removal of malachite green (93%) was recorded in the
medium amended with 200mg/l of malachite greenat 30ºC with 300g/L of biosorbentat pH 5 on 5 th
day of incubation.
DESORPTION STUDIES
The frequent accessibility is an essential feature for a biosorbent. Such biosorbent should not only
acquire higher adsorption potential, but also show enhanced desorption, which will drastically
decrease the overall expenditure for biosorbent. The desorption efficiency was high in 0.1N HCl
(90%) followed by 0.1N HNO3 (81%).
Thus to conclude that fungus Aspergillus niger have theprospective to hastily, efficiently and
successfully remove malachite green. Moreover the biosorption method could beimplemented as an
less economic and resourceful approach for decolorizationof effluents and it may be an substitute to
moreexpensive resources such as activated carbon.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to place their record of thanks to the management of Avinashilingam Institute for
Home Science and Higher education for Women, Coimbatore, for providing infrastructure facility
to carry out this research work.
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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

PREPARATION OF COIR BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES USING

STARCH EXTRACTED FROM POTATO PEEL
Thamima.S*; Dr. U. Ratna**
*Email id: [email protected]
**Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

Conventional plastics and synthetic resins are fossil fuel product that is widely known for
environmental pollution. These product are non-degradable and when burned release large amount
of carbon dioxide and other toxic gases which will harm every living organisms. The world wide
usage of plastics has become a major problem. The ease and the comfort it provides have made it to
become a part of our lifestyle. It is nearly impossible to avoid the usage of plastics in our
sophisticated lives. The only solution is to find a product that can replace plastic and other
petroleum products which also does not harm environment. Bio plastic is a compound made from
renewable resources which can degrade over time. It can be used to make several products that can
replace the conventional plastics. A composite is a material composed of two or more materials like
matrix, fiber and interface. In this paper an attempt has been made to create a bio—composite from
starch based polymer and coconut waste. The starch is extracted from potato peel that is intended
to be thrown away and which has no economical value. Since all the materials used are natural
sources, the coir-bioplastic composite is 100% degradable. The absorbability and the density of the
composite were examined to determine the application of the product. Since coir and starch are
hydrophilic in nature, the composite was found to be able to absorb high amount of moisture. The
density was apt to be able to utilise as material for packaging items for short span time.

KEYWORD: Absorbability, Bio-Composite, Bio-Degradation, Bio Plastic, Coconut Waste Or

Coir, Density, Potato Starch.

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INTRODUCTION
Plastics are non-degradable long chain synthetic polymer obtained from crude oil. It is widely used
because of it mechanical and physical properties. The characteristics of plastic make it possible to
mould and create variety of products according to our needs. Plastics makes our life easier and
cleaner. Due to its world wide use, a huge amount of plastic waste has accumulated in the
environment which is a major problem to all living organisms. The hazards that followed plastics
and other petroleum compounds is increasing to an alarming rate that an immediate action had to be
taken. Bio based polymers have garnered considerable interest recently as they are non-pollutants
to environment. These are macro molecules obtained from polysaccharide, proteins, polyamides
found in sources like starch, algae, plants, and other natural resources. Bio based polymers can
replace conventional plastics and can be pollutant free.
A composite is a constituent of more than two materials of different properties when combined
produces a characteristic different from individual material. A fibre reinforced composite consist of
a matrix like resin and fibre like sisal, hemp, coir etc,. A bio composite is a compound in which the
materials used are renewable natural sources which can degrade over time. It neither pollutes nor
discharges harmful gases to the environment. Starch based bio plastic is used as matrix and coir
fibre is used to make a bio-composite. The chemical formula of starch is (C6H10O5) n. It is the
main source of carbohydrates for growing seeds and leaf tissue development and is found in tubers,
fruits, leaves, and seed. There are two types of starch molecules: amylose and amylopectin.
Amylose is linear chain while amylopectin has many branches spread in all direction.
POTATO STARCH FOR BIOPLASTIC:

Fig.1 Starch constituents

Starch is extracted from potato waste (peel) which has no economical value and are meant to
thrown away. Starch consist of 25% amylose and 75% amylopectin. Amylopectin is responsible for
plasticising characteristic and amylose is responsible for degradation characteristic. The granular
size ranges between 5 to 20 microns. Here, starch is obtained from potato waste in order to utilise a
natural substance to its maximum potential. It has good absorption capacity, rapid gel forming
property, cheap, and widely available.

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FIBER SELECTED:
Coir can be used to make fiber reinforced composites due to its mechanical and physical
characteristics. Coir finds application in various industries due to its strong and abrasion resistance
feature.

Fig.2. Coir fiber

Considering the above facts, this study is framed to extract starch from vegetable waste namely
potato waste and bind it with coir to develop 100 percent composite. The major objectives of the
study are
2. OBJECTIVES
To extract starch from potato waste.
To create a bio-composite using starch extracted from potato skin and coir fiber
To study the absorbance and density of the developed bio-composite
3. METHOD
The experimental process was carried out following the steps discussed below
3.1 SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
Potato starch (peel) , distilled water, glycerin as plasticiser, diluted acetic acid or vinegar, shade
dried coconut husk(coir), a vessel to mix the materials, a wooden or silicon spatula, silver foil to
make a mold and oven to dry the sample.
3.2 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
3.2.1 EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM POTATO
The potato waste (peel) that ends up as waste is collected and grinded using a mixer. It is immersed
in water and let to boil for 20 to 30 minutes. This must be done with continuous stirring. Then it is
sieved and the water obtained is left to settle overnight. The starch will be settled at the bottom of
the vessel which can be separated by letting off excess water. It is dried and weighed.
3.2.2 PREPARATION OF COIR
The coconut husk (coir) is carefully collected and shade dried for 1 week to remove the moisture in
the fibre. The dust and other waste particles are removed from it before further proceedings.

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3.3 MAKING OF BIO PLASTIC
15g of potato starch, 5ml of glycerin, and 5ml of diluted acetic acid is added to 50ml of distilled
water. These contents are poured in a vessel and kept to boil for 10 to 15 minutes. It is continuously
and thoroughly stirred till gel is formed. (Pillai (2011))
3.4MAKING OF BIO COMPOSITE
The bio plastic and dried coir fibre is mixed thoroughly and spread evenly onto a mold made by
silver foil. It is left to dry for 24 hours. (Sen et al., 2015).
3.5. EVALUATION
3.5.1 ABSORBABILITY
Absorbability of the sample can be calculated by change in weight percentage method. First, the
sample is kept in oven for 30 minutes at 110oC to remove the moisture content and it is weighed.
Then the sample is dipped in a beaker containing water. It is removed after 30 minutes and it is
again weighed. Water absorptivity (M%) of sample can be calculated as:
(𝑀1−𝑚 0)
Absorptivity M% = × 100
𝑀1

Here, M1 = mass of the wet sample in grams. M0 = mass of dry sample.

3.5.2 DENSITY MEASUREMENT BY ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE METHOD.
𝜎𝑤
Density = Mw = 𝑀𝑤 −𝑀𝑎
Here, Ma = mass of the sample. Mw = mass of sample weighed in distilled water for 1 min and =
density of distilled water at NTP.
4. RESULT
The absorbability test was conducted and the absorptivity of the bio composite was found to be
39.48%. The density of the composite was also determined and was found to have 2.798g of
weight. From the obtained results, this materials can be successfully used to make bio degradable
composite.
5. CONCLUSION
The need to go eco friendly is very important now than ever before. The accumulation of non
degradable plastic in the environment is hazardous to every life. It is imperative to replace synthetic
polymers with biodegradable polymers .The bio composite prepared from starch, water, glycerin,
acetic acid and coir is 100% degradable. It was found to have good moisture absorbability and
enough density required to utilise it to create packaging materials.
6. REFERENCE
Ashter Syed Ali (2016)‖Introduction to Bioplastics Engineering‖, Oxford, Elsevier Inc.
Mao Lijun, Imam Syed, Gordon Sherald, CinelliPatrizia, ChielliniEmo (2000) ―Extruded
cornstarch- Glycerol-Polyvinyle Alcohol Blends: Mechanical properties, morphology and
biodegradability‖, journal of polymer and the environment, vol.8, No.4,

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Melissa GurgulAdeodato Vieira, Mariana Altenhofen da Silva,Lucielen Oliveira dos Santos, Marisa
Masumi Beppu(2011) ― Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films : a review‖, European
Polymer Journal, vol.47, issue 3, pages 254-263.
PillaSrikant (2011)‖Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications‖, New
Jersey, scrivener publishing L.L.C
Rahul Sen, Upadhayay.N.C, UpenderPandel (2015) ―Bio degradable composites made from starch
and coconut fiber: mechanical strength and biodegradation characteristic‖, IJETSR, volume 2, ISSN
2394-3386.
Sarasa.J, Gracia.M.J, Javierre.C (2009),‖Study of the bio disintegration of a bio plastic material
waste‖, bio resource technology, vol.100, No-15,pp.3764-3768.
Sperling, L.H, ―Introduction to physical polymer science‖, 2nded, JohnWiley and Sons. New York
(1992), 487.

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Asian Journal of
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Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

FTIR ANALYSIS OF WATER RETTED BAST FIBERS

Joyshree Ayekpam*; N.Vasugi**
*Ph.DScholar,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women University,
Coimbatore (T.N.) INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Professor and Dean,
School of Home Science,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

In the present scenario of environmental concern and issues, several approaches of research and
developments are being made in the application of natural fibers as they are abundant, renewable ,
biodegradable and eco- friendly features. Two medicinal bast fibers (Castor and Turmeric ) were
extracted bydifferent retting process. Retting plays a vital role in the extraction of fibers. The
different retted fibers were compared through visual inspection. It resulted water retted fibers
shows a better quality. FT-IR analysis were carried out for the two pool retted fibers to find out the
functional groups present in it.

KEYWORDS: Bast fibers, Castor, FTIR analysis, Retting, Turmeric.

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INTRODUCTION:
Natural fibres have been widely use in the applications of textiles. It has began to focus in
becoming the main alternative source in most of the industries as natural fibers are biodegradable,
renewable, abundance and low cost. The potential uses of natural fibers came into more light
because of the growing awareness in sustainability and certain environmental issues and challenges.
Natural fibers are also one of the effective and proficient material that can replaces various
synthetic products for less weight as well as energy conservation.(Sanjay et al,2016). However, the
major issuesof natural fibers is that they have irregular consistency in quality when compared to
synthetic fibers. The inconsistency is due to certainreasons like climatic condition, crop variety,
extraction process etc.
The process of Retting plays a vital role in the extraction of natural fibers. It is one of the major
issues associated in the extraction of fibers and a highly complex scientific natural microbial
process. It is the degradation of non-fibrous matter, removal of non-cellulosic components like
pectin, hemi-cellulose, waxes, fats etc. Improper retting can result in poor separation and quality
degradation of the fibers. So, the process has to be carried out with great importance as it has
several effects in fiber yield and quality (Ruzica et al, 2015)
The objective of this study was to extract fiber from two bast fibers (Castor and turmeric) by
different types of retting process. FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) were analysed for the pool
retted bast fibers as they produce a better result through visual inspection when compared with
other retting process.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1Selection of the plant Source- The source of the study were selected after conducting a pilot
study. Two plants (Castor and turmeric) were selected for the study. Castor plant were sourced and
collected from the roadsides of Madhampatti village, Coimbatore. The turmeric stem werecollected
from Virudhunagar District, Coimbatore.
2.1.1. Castor, RicinuscommunisL. Is a flowering plant species. It belongs to a genus Ricinus. It is
an important medicinal plant which belongs to family Euphorbiaceaethat possess properties like
anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant activity, anti-tumour, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic and anti-
asthmatic. The castor stalk is round covered with a waxy bloom that gives red or green stems and
shows a bluish appearance on the field. The colour of the stem may vary from green, red or purple.
The cortex of castor stalk primarily contains mostly of long fibers.The stem generally becomes
hollow with age.
2.1.2. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a flowering plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae . It
possess natural anti-inflammatory, anti- ulcer properties, contains bio-active compounds. The plant
is rhizomatous, herbaceous and perennial, and is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast
Asia, and requires certain temperatures in between 20 and 30 °C . It needs a significant amount
of annual rainfall to thrive.
2.2EXTRACTION PROCESS OF FIBER
Retting: It is the process to dissolve or rot away the cellular tissues, pectins, waxes, dirts
surrounding the bundles of the bast fibers by the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants
to help in the separation of the fiber from the stalk of the plant. One of the main retting techniques
is the water retting. It results in better quality of the fiber. (NIIR Board, 2005)

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Dew-retting: It usually depends upon the climatic condition. In this method, the fiber remains on
the ground or the field of about 2 weeks and 2 months for the rotting away of the cellular tissues.
The exposure in the rain and sun, several enzymatic action degrades the pectinous substance that
bind fibres. The stem has to be turned over during retting process so as to evenly ret the plant stalk.
It normally continues for a month or more depending on the condition of the stalk. This method
produces good quality of fibres with the least pollution.
Mechanical Retting: It is also known by the name Vat retting. In this, the stalks are immersed in
wooden vats of warm water at temperature ranging from 75 to 900F, fasten the decomposition of the
woody bark. After removing from the vats, it is pass between rollers to crush the decomposed bark.
This method shortens the process of retting and is used primarily in certain European countries
(Corbman, 1983).Mechanical separation of fibres can also be carried out by using decorticating
machines, steam explosion (STEX), ammonia fibre extraction. In this study the fibers were
decorticated by the decortications machine at Production laboratory, Avinashilingam Institute.
Water retting: It can be of two types- pond retting and stream retting. Pond retting is one of the
fastest retting. The fiber is usually kept in a pool of water for a couple of days or weeks. Stream
retting takes longer than pond retting, usually left in the stream for around 2 or 3 weeks.
In this study, the pond retting process was performed by submerging the bundles of stalk in the
stagnant water tub. The Castor stalk and Turmeric stem were submerged in different normal water
tub. The process was carried out for 17 days by changing the water in alternate days. In the process
of water retting, certain bacteria which are responsible for the retting mechanism enter through the
stomata for breaking the pectinous substances that binds the fiber bundles in the plant stalk. During
the process, the stalks were beaten by a woodenhammer to separate the fibers until it becomes
loose.
For the castor stalk, it was observed that the fibers were seen separated from the outermost layer,
epidermis of the castor plant as seen in the figure 2.a. and 2b. The turmeric stem fiber were
extracted by following the same procedure of castor stalk. Water retted fibers images were shown in
Figures 3a and 3b. For this fiber, the extraction was also carried out by mechanical decortications in
a decorticator machine. It was observed that the water retting process provides a better result in the
extraction of fiber. After the retting operation, proper separation of the fiber was carried out by
manual process so as to get a better and uniform fibers. After the separation, both the fibers were
dried in the shade for 24 hours at room temperature.
Dew retting process was also carried out by spreading in the ground for both the castor stalk and
turmeric stem. The stalks were beaten by a wooden hammer and water was sprinkle in every
morning to fasten the process and to make the fiber easily separated. The process was carried out
for 1 month. It resulted that the castor stalk and turmeric stem became more dried, brittle and
difficult to extract the fibers.
The following tables show the comparison of different retted fibers through visual inspection.

Figure 1. Comparison of different rettedfibers through Visual Inspection

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Parameters
Samples Colour Texture Lustre General Appearance
Castor pool retted Good Good Fair Excellent
Castor dew retted Fair Poor Fair Fair
Castor decorticated fiber Good Poor Fair Fair
Turmeric pool retted Good Excellent Good Good
Turmeric dew retted Fair Fair Fair Fair
Turmeric decorticated fiber Good Fair Fair Fair

Figure:2a Castor stalk Figure: 2b separated fibers Figure: 2 c Dried retted fibers

Figure :3a Turmeric stem Figure: 3b Dried retted

fiber
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR Spectroscopy)
It is an analytical technique which are normally used for identifying organic, polymeric and
inorganic materials. In this analysis, infrared lights were use to scan the samples to observe the
functional groups present in it to examine the chemical properties. FTIR spectroscopy can be serve
as the first step in the process of material analysis. If there is a change in the characteristic pattern
of absorption bands, then it clearly indicates a change in the composition of the material or the
presence of contamination. The technique is useful for analyzing the chemical composition of
minute particles, which are of around 10 -50 microns, as well as larger surface areas.
Here in this study, as the pool retted fibers gives better result so these fibers were analyzed for
knowing the presence of functional groups in FTIR- Shimadzu. Figure 4a and 4b expressed the
FTIR analysis of the Castor and Turmeric fiber samples. The figure showed the peak level in
certain functional groups.
In the Fig.3a shows the FTIR spectra of Castor fiber sample which indicate the frequency ranges
from 4000 to 400 cm-1. Prominent peaks were observed and noted in between 3000-2850 cm-1
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indicating the presence of Alkanes (C-H group) with a few absorption bands in the infrared
spectrum. Several peaks were also noted which indicates the presence of Ester (C=O) between
1750-1730 cm-1, Alkene (C=C) between 1680-1600 cm-1. Peaks were noted from 1400-1000 cm-
1
,785-540 cm-1 and < 667 cm-1 indicating the presence of Fluoride, Chlorides and Bromides, iodides
functional groups.

Figure4a :FTIR spectra for Sample Castor fiber

Figure 4b: FTIR spectra for Sample Turmeric stem fiber

The Fig.3b shows the analysis of FTIR spectra of Turmeric fiber sample indicating the
frequencyranging from 4000 to 400 cm-1. Prominent peaks were observed and noted in between
3400-2400 cm-1 that indicates the presence of carboxylic acids (O-H group). Peaks noted between
3650-3600 shows the presence of free alcohols and phenols functional groups. The Primary and
secondary amines and amides in the bend form were also present as there was a peak in the
frequency between 1640-1550 cm-1. The frequency between 1350-1000 cm-1, 1000-650 cm-1, 785-
540 cm-1 and < 667 cm-1 indicates the presence of Amines (C-N), Alkenes(C-H), Chloride ,Bromide
and Iodide (C-X)groups.
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4. CONCLUSION
Environmental awareness has created everyone to focus for the better development of the
sustainable and environmental friendly products. In the application of technical textiles, the
utilization of renewable natural fiber resources are increasing in order to replace several synthetic
fibers. In this paper, Castor stalk and Turmeric stem fibers were successfully extracted through the
process of water retting. All the retted fibers were compared through visual inspection and it was
found that the water retted fibers give good result in texture, luster, colour and general appearance.
The pool retted fibers were then analysed by FTIR. The result shows the presence of Alkanes,
Ester, Alkene, Fluoride, Chlorides and Bromides, Iodides functional groups in the sample of Castor
stalk fiber. And in the case of Turmeric stem fibers there shows a group of free Alcohols and
Phenols functional groups, Primary and secondary amines and amides,Amines (C-N), Alkenes(C-
H), Chloride ,Bromide and Iodide (C-X) groups.
5. REFERENCES:
1. Corbman, P.B. 1983. Textiles: Fibres to Fabric. International Editions, McGraw-Hill. 258- 260.
2. Manimekalai. G and Kavitha . S. 2017, A Review on Application of Retting Techniques for
Natural Fiber Extraction. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT).Vol.5 (4).
ISSN: 2320-2882. pp; 372-377
3. NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers, 2005, Natural Fibers Handbook with Cultivation &
Uses, National Institute of Industrial Research. pp; 3,31-34.
4. Pavia, Lampman, Kriz and Vyvyan, 2015, Introduction to Spectroscopy , Fifth Edition, Cengage
Learning India Private Limited. pp; 27-31.
5. Ruzica. B, Jasminka. B, Anita T. 2015. Bio-Innovative Flax Retting. 8th Central European
Conference on Fiber-Grade Polymers, Chemical Fibers and Special Textiles .pp;1-6
6. Sanjay. M.R, Arpitha. G.R., LaxmanaNaik. L. Gopalakrishna and Yogesha. B.2016. Applications
of Ntaural Fibers and its Composites: An Overview. Natural Resources.Vol.7 .pp: 108-114.
7. Srinivasababu. N, Murali Mohan Rao. K and Suresh Kumar J. 2010. Tensile Properties of
turmeric fiber reinforced polyester composites. Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research. Vol.35.
pp:324-329.
8. SalihuBolaji Z., Gana, Andrew K. and Apuyor Benson O. 2014 Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinuscommunis L.): Botany, Ecology and Uses. International Journal of Science and
Research(IJSR). Vol.3( 5).pp:1333-1341.
9. Udeani and Nkemdilim Angela, 2011. Extraction and Textile Qualities of Fibers from Some
Xerophytic Plants.Asian Journal of Textile. Vol.1: 34-41
10. Wanda Konczewicz, MalgorzataZimniewska and Miguel Angel Valera. 2017. The selection of a
retting method for the extraction of bast fibers as response to challenges in composite
reinforcement. Vol.88(18) pp; 2104-2119
11. Xiaoping Li, Guanben Du, Siqun Wang and Guanxia Yu. 2014. Physical and Mechanical
Characterization of Fiber Cell Wall in Castor (Ricinuscommunis L.)Stalk. Bioresources. Vol. 9(1)
pp: 1596-1605.

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UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE ETHICAL WAGES TO CONSERVE THE ECO

FRIENDLY KHADI WEAVERS IN VAVAKKAD
Lekha Sreenivas*
*Associate Professor,
Department of Fashion Designing,
St.Teresa‘s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, INDIA
ABSTRACT

KHADI – is the most sustainable and eco friendly fabric which played an important role in the
Indian independence movement headed by Gandhiji. The making of khadi is eco-friendly since it
does not rely on electric units and not generates any toxic waste during production. The Gandhi
Smaraka Grama Seva Kendram is one of the earliest centres in Kerala which adopted Gandhiji’s
ideals of rural self-employment and self reliance. The investigator conducted a study in Vavakkad
near North Paravur to study the characteristics of khadi as an eco friendly fabric and to study the
problems of weavers in context with their wages. The government is initiated many schemes to
support these weavers financially, but these were not sufficient enough to lead a family in this
present scenario. Due to this, many weavers switched over to sea food industry which is near to
this place and the wages paid there is much higher when compared to weaving. Some of the women
have still sustained in the weaving field only because of the respect they get being a weaver and has
an alternative source of income for running a family. These skilled women weavers have to be
sustained by providing ethical wages inorder to sustain the eco friendly khadi fabrics.

KEYWORDS: Khadi, Eco Friendly, Weavers, Ethical wages

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INTRODUCTION
KHADI – is the most sustainable and eco friendly fabric which played an important role in the
Indian independence movement headed by Gandhiji. The term Khadi or Khaddar is a term for
handspun and hand-woven cloth from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan mainly made out of cotton.
India is said to be the original home of cotton where the cultivation of cotton is said to have started
about 8000 years ago. The Khadi is considered as eco friendly because it is the most sustainable
products, which does not use any electrical support. It is the only textile activity which does not
depends on fossil fuel (Sharma Yovesh Chandra,1999). The production of one meter khadi fabric
consumes three litres of water whereas a conventional textile mill would need 55 litres. The
production of khadi does not generate any toxic waste products.
The Gandhi Smaraka Grama Seva Kendras were founded in several parts of the country with an
intention to promote Gandhiji‘s ideals and khadi products. The Gandhi Smaraka Grama Seva
Kendram of North Paravur was founded in the year 1956 by U.N.Dhebar, president of Indian
National Congress and was inaugurated by Morarji Desai in 1957. The centre involved local
communities in several khadi village industries. There are 12 weaving units functioning under this
Kendram in the around Ernakulam district
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Khadi is a soft, comfortable and durable fabric to wear in all seasons. Babji Y, mentioned in his
blog about the characteristics of Khadi and also mentioned that different Indian states produce
different varieties of Khadi
A press report by Menon Anasuya on the khadi weavers of Nanthiattukunnam, in North Paravur,
brought into light that the Khadi women weavers were struggling to continue this job. It also
reported that the artisans were continuing this tough job because they don‘t have another option.
A report published in The Hindu, titled ―Chendamangalam‘s hour of woes‖ presented the problems
and new crisis of the handloom sector in Ernakulam district. The industry is mainly concentrated in
Paravoor taluk of the district and within the taluk, Chendamangalam weaving centre has a
traditional reputation. The report focused on the inability of handloom sector to adjust itself to the
changing times
According to a report in Daily Pioneer, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
increased the wages of khadi artisans by more than 100 percent and approved a Market
Development Assistance (MDA) for the artisans. The wages rose from Rs.90 to Rs.190 which came
into effect from 1st April, 2016.
The CSR journal reports that the Union Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)
has approved to increase the wages of artisans by over 36%. This results in an increase in the
wages from Rs.5.50 per hank to Rs. 7.50 per hank. Modified Market Development Assistance
(MMDA), will be implemented from 15th August , 2018.
OBJECTIVES
 To study the characteristics of Khadi as an eco friendly fabric
 To study the problems of weavers in context of their wages

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METHODOLOGY
In order to accomplish the objectives of the present study, the investigator selected the women
weavers from the training unit of Gandhi Smaraka Grama Seva Kendra in Vavakkad village near
North Paravur, which is 25 kms from Ernakulam District in Kerala. This unit was started in the year
2008 to support the traditional weavers and train the present generation in weaving for reviving
these eco friendly fabrics.
The characteristics of khadi fabric was studied by observing the fabric produced by the weavers of
the Vavakkad unit.

INTERVIEW METHODS:
The Investigator conducted a detailed survey by conducting interviews with the women weavers
and in house trainers regarding the challenges faced by the weavers

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The Gandhi Smaraka Grama Seva Kendram is one of the earliest centres in Kerala which adopted
Gandhiji‘s ideals of rural self-employment and self reliance. Under this Kendra there are 12
weaving units in and around Ernakulam district. One such unit in Vavakkad near North Paravur
has 12 trained women weavers. It was started to support the traditional weavers and to train the
present generation of Vavakkad village. There is an in-house spinning, weaving and dyeing unit
and the weavers produce 100% fine khadi cotton fabrics. The khadi fabrics had a beautiful array of
colours and it provided immense possibilities for the fashion designers to explore. The weavers are
trained on regular basis by in-house trainers. These women weavers are not restricted to an eight
hour time schedule but instead they can come according to their convenience and hence the time is
flexible. The weavers are paid on the basis of meters of fabric that they weave. An amount of
Rs.33/- is paid per meter as wages. Production based incentives and marketing development
assistance (MDA) are provided by the Government as an additional incentives. Even after the
Government support the weavers are not satisfied with their wages as it is not sufficient to lead a
family in this present scenario. Due to this many weavers, both traditional and trained, have
switched over to shrimp cleaning job in a sea food industry which is located near to this place. The
main reason for this job change is the wages paid in seafood industry is much higher and less labour
intensive when compared to weaving. But some of the women who have still sustained in this

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weaving field is only because of the respect they get being a weaver and has an alternative source of
income for running a family.
In order to attract more women into this profession, ethical wages have to be given. The term
Ethical wages conveys the wages deserved by the weavers for this labour intensive job. Ethical
wages has become the imperative aspect of the local weavers. It helps to improve the standard of
living of the Khadi weavers and to retain and sustain the Khadi weavers, thereby increase the
productivity of Eco friendly fabrics.

CONCLUSION
The eco friendly fabric has become the need of the hour to conserve the earth. The weavers of
Vavakkad village produced 100% fine khadi cotton fabrics which had a beautiful array of colours
and it provided immense possibilities for the fashion designers to explore. There has been a
significant decline in the employment generated by the Khadi sector. The entry barrier to Khadi
needs to be removed which will help in the increased production of khadi fabrics. The eco friendly
Khadi has to be sustained by sustaining the weavers through ethical wages thereby empowering the
younger generation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Book:
Sharma Yovesh Chandra (1999).‖Cotton Khadi in Indian Economy‖, Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad.
Press Release:
K.A Martin, The Hindu (2002), ‗Chendmangalam’s hour of woes’, 15th September.
WEB REFERENCES:
1. Y Babji (2009), Blogger, Retrieved from http://khadi-n-crafts.blogspot.in/2009/11/khadi-eco-
friendly.html
2. Menon Anasuya, The Hindu (30th September, 2012) ‗Keeping alive a culture‘, Retrieved
fromhttp://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/keeping-alive-a-
culture/article3951371.ece
3. Khadi Village and Industries Commission, Daily Pioneer (September, 2016)‗KVIC set to hike
Khadi artisans wages‘, Retrieved from (https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/kvic-set-to-
hike-khadi-artisans-wages-by-100.html)
4. CSR Journal(4th Sept, 2018), ‗Government clears over 36% hike in artisan wages‘, Retrieved
from https://thecsrjournal.in/csr-hike-khadi-artisan-wages/

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

MOBILTECH IN CONSUMER PRODUCT-CAR VARIANTS AS A

CANDIDATE
M.S.S.Mahalakshmi*; Dr.S.Visalakshi Rajeswari**
*Professor and Head,
Department of Resource Management,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
**Research Scholar,
Department of Resource Management,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

The automotive ecosystem is dynamic and vast, launching various new products in developing
countries including India. Today, every global automotive company is introducing new innovative
models with improved technologies, reduced fuel emission, active safety and drive assistance
especially in cars to compete on a global scale. Informed customers are also seeking cars which
afford the needed comfort, safety aspect and user-friendly approaches. Mobiltech entail the
technical textiles that are used in the automotive sector. It has becomes a part and parcel of
automotive industries by which they consume a lot of textile material in car manufacturing, which
afford the needed comfort and safety in car interiors. Mobiltech application is seen in carsin two
ways: Visible components and Concealed components. In automotive industry the rate of
consumption of Mobiltech segment is directly proportional to the growth of passenger cars and
commercial vehicle segment. This article is about consumer preferences and behaviour regarding
comfort, safetyand style provided with the active incorporation of Mobiltech fibres or materials in
corporated in car interiors as well as in their concealed components.

KEYWORDS: Concealed components, User-Friendly, Visible components.

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INTRODUCTION
The automotive sector is one of the largest sector launching new products everyday with number of
features incorporated in it. The upcoming models have updated version of technical features
including safety and drive assistance for user‘s wellbeing. The preference over the product is being
increased and users start seeking for many innovations, value additions in addition to technical
features (i.e., safety, comfort, and style. Utmost preference isprovided to the customer side and the
automobile industry offers a large platter of car segments ranging from A1 to A6, B1, B2 and SUV
(as per SIAM classification), which roll out as different
variants. Segments
Car types
Available
Price: A car‘s features like length, comfort, safety, and
security determine the price and it is popularly A Mini cars or city cars
classified into A, B, C, D and SUV segments. B Subcompacts, Super mini
Body type: A car body has been divided into three C Compacts
areas such as engine, seatingand luggage area
(www.indiamarks.com/car-segmentation-society- D Mid-size
indian-automobile). E Full size, Non-luxury
In line with the segments and technical features
F Full size, luxury
adopted in the car, textile material used also plays vital
roles in ensuring safety, comfort and style to the S Sport coupes
product. Technical textiles put to use adopted in the
SUV Sport Utility Vehicle
automotive industry is known as Mobiltech.The
application of Mobiltech is seen in various components Minivan and Multi Utility
M
in cars. Vehicles

The Technical textiles are functional fabrics. The applications of technical textiles are seen in
various sectors including automotive sector, civil and construction sector, agriculture sector,
health sector etc.Source: (www.textileassociationindia.org)

With this backdrop, the need for a research work was felt imperative to study the consumer
behaviour exhibited by a selected sample population on technical and safety aspects incorporated
with Mobiltech products in cars and the showrooms which sold cars.
RESEARCH METHOD
As Coimbatore is a hub for many engineering good industries especially motors and textile
accessories, Coimbatoreans have the drive for trying out the new arrivals and value additions
incorporated in consumer products. Therefore Coimbatore was the study area chosen adopting
purposive sampling. A sample of 100 was selected for conduct of the studyto obtain the primary
data from car users/owners. The survey of consumers belonging to both the genders (20 each) from
different occupational backgrounds such as Doctors, Professors, IT Employees, Government
Employees and Business persons was the method chosen and the sample on whom a structured
interview schedule requesting details on the cars possessed was administered. The selected area
boasted of accommodating a cluster of 12 exclusive car showrooms dealing with MNC and Indian
make cars. A field survey using an interview schedule as a tool on a purposive sample was

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done.Through direct personal interview on selected sample details were collected on the cars for the
knowledge on Mobiltech.
SALIENT FINDINGS
The survey revealed that from the selected sample of 100 the consumers were to be the owners
of totally 69 multinational cars and 58 cars of
Mobiltechis the part of technical textiles is
Indian origin. It is clear that the consumers of the used in various sectors for the fabrication of
cars were very cautious and conscious about the such as automobile products, ships, aircraft,
value for money. The customer‘s preferences railways and spacecraft.
were majorly seen in the area of technical, safety Source: www.technotex.gov.in
aspects incorporated in the product.Some
technical and safety components embedded in
the carswere made up of technical textile
products.
1. The survey conducted in showrooms pointed Visible components and Concealed
out rather enlightened the investigator on the components are the two main categories in
presence of Mobiltech in various interior and Mobiltech products. The visible components
exterior components of the cars. With this include seat upholstery, carpets, seat belts,
technical knowledge owners of the cars were headliners, airbags, etc. The concealed
to find out the awareness of the sample on components include Noise Vibration and
the use of mobiltech in the cars possessed by Harness (NVH) components, insulations,car
them. tyre cords and liners.
2. The finding of the study revealed the Source: www.technotex.gov.in
following. The car owners were aware of the
presence of mobiltech in components of the
cars. It was evident that the mobiltechwas
used mainly to ensure technical and safety
aspects in cars.
3. The mobiltech was found to be used in visible components like seat upholstery, mats/carpets,
seat belts, wipers, steering cover, air bags, door interiors, and the line.Mobiltech products such
as tyre cords and liners that come under the concealed components in the car were also found.
Concealed value addition to comfort and safety like insulation, gaskets, and thermal insulations
also come under this category.
4. Preferential differences were visible in the choice of airbags offered in different variants
/models and upholstery in terms of materials and fabrics and tailoring done. Airbags came with
several safety features like passenger knee airbag, standard air bag, thorax airbag, front airbag,
driver and passenger airbag etc. Higher the variant larger the options. In several cars, the cabin
quietness was achieved using Mobiltech products such as mats, insulationmaterials, and Noise
Vibration and Harness (NVH) components.
CUSTOMIZATION:
Nowadays, consumers are looking forward to customising their car according to their wish. The
customization is mostly done with visible components such as seat upholstery, carpets, seat covers,
mats, Steering wheel cover, and car cabin interior colours. Today several customization car centres
are rolling out to satisfy the consumer needs and desires. The application of Mobiltech products is
high in these customization processes.

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CONCLUSION:
Awareness on variants /models in cars was found to be higher. Nevertheless, car owners were not
much aware of Mobiltech used in cars despite revealinghigh preference for upholstery,carpets/mats,
insulations, comfort, thermal efficiency, safety, and the like.
REFERENCES:
1. Car segmentation in India, Retrieved from www.indiamarks.com/car-segmentation-society-
indian-automobile, dated on 15.03.2019
2. MobiltechRetrieved from www.technotex.gov.in dated on 15.03.2019
3. Technical Textiles, Retrieved from www.textileassociationindia.org dated on 15.03.2019

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

COLOUR FASTNESS OF PELTOPHORUMPTEROCARPUM FLOWERS

ON COTTON AND BANANA FABRICS
K.Sangamithirai*; Dr. N. Vasugi**
*Assistant Professor,
Department of textiles and Clothing,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
** Dean,
School of Home science& Professor,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

People the world over are increasing consciousness about ecology, and preference for natural
products and dyes is increasing. Increasing awareness on a global level on the benefits of using
natural fiber has been the lead cause for development of agro based fibers. India has abundant
natural source and there is ample scope to explore and rebuild the use of natural fibres and
traditional dyeing methods to meet the needs of the consumers. The possibilities of using non
conventional natural fibres in regular basis need to be explored. Today banana fibre products are
done in small scale. Value addition such as natural dyed banana fabrics can be of use in providing
better oppurtunities and income generation for the farmers and developing agrobased small scale
rural industries. India has abundant dye source and there is ample scope to explore and rebuild
the traditional dyeing methods. This study has been for extracting coloring materials from flowers
of Peltophorum pterocarpumand use of natural mordants and pretreatments for a pollution free
dyeing process and assessing the colour fastness.

KEYWORDS: Natural dye, mordant, eco pretreatments, banana fabric, Peltophorum pterocarpum

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1. INTRODUCTION
There is a rising interest in the use of natural fibres and natural dyes in the textiles due to ecological
reasons and awareness among the consumers. Uses of non conventional fibres are also increasing
due to various factors like sustainability, eco friendly, commendable properties and low
cost.Banana is a well known important fruit crops grown in all over the world and can also be used
as alternative source of useful quality fibres. Banana farming generates huge quantities of biomass
most of which goes as waste due to non‐availability of suitable technology for its commercial
utilization. (Sarma & Deka, 2016).
All varieties of banana plants have fibers in abundance. In India, the fibers are being used for
preparing handicrafts, ropes etc., which otherwise can be used for making fabrics, home furnishings
and good quality papers.This plant has long been a good source for high quality textiles in many
parts of the world, especially in Japan and Nepal. (Vigneswaran et al, 2015).Value addition such as
natural dyeing on banana fabrics may enhance its application and end use.The alarming increase in
pollution level demands us to immediately alter for ecofriendly processes and finishes. Though
natural dyes have some limitations such as availability, fastness , dyeing process and reproduction
of shades, they have their own place in the market.Not only dyes but the pretreatments, process, and
mordantsused in preparation also need to be eco safe. This study attempts to evaluate the colour
fastness of dye from flowers ofPeltophorumpterocarpumon cotton and banana fabric.
2. SELECTION OF FABRICS
Increasing awareness on a global level on the benefits of using natural fiber has been the lead cause
for development of agro based fibers. In India, banana fibre is primarily used in cottage industry
situated in Southern India. .(Ray 2013). Banana fibre is known for its good qualities and now its
applications are increasing in various fields. Due to its distinct characteristics like low cost, less
weight, biodegradability etc there appears to be good scope of profitable use of this fibre in textile.
Number of value added products can be developed from bananafibre and it has bright scope for
performance in the forthcoming years. Cotton is an ideal fabric for wear in all seasons and also
possesses number of suitable technical qualities like high tensile strength, good dyeability. It is
commomnly used fabric. Hence cotton and banana fabrics were used for the study. Woven Fabrics
with banana yarn in the warp and weft and warp cotton yarn and weft banana yarn and 100% cotton
fabric was used for the study.
2.1.FABRIC PRE TREATMENTS
The woven fabrics were desized by soaking the material in boiling water for fifteen minutes. Later
the fabric was washed in five percent detergent solution and thoroughly rinsed in soft
water.Treating the fabric with butter milk is traditional method of treatingfabrics (Shenai, 1997).
The desized material was soaked in buttermilk for 24 hours as pretreatment. The fabric was then
rinsed thoroughly and dried.
3. DYEING
3.1.DYE SOURCE
Peltophorum pterocarpum commonly called as Yellow flame tree is a commonly found shade tree.
Flowering occurs from March-May, although sporadic flowering may occur throughout the year
particularly in young trees ( Orwa et al, 2009), Flowers orange-yellow, each about 2.5 cm in
diameter, fragrant, particularly at night, with rust-coloured buds. Flowers of
Peltophorumpterocarpum (Tamil: Iyalvakai) were collected dried in the shade and powdered.
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3.2.SELECTION OF MORDANTS
The natural dyes having limited substantively for the fibre, require use of the mordant which
enhances the fixation of the natural colorant on the fibre by the formation of the complex with the
dye (Prabhu and Bhute, 2012). The metallic mordants produce bright and fast colours, but are not
always eco-friendly. Some of the metallic mordents are hazardous (Siva,2007 ). Considering the
same points natural mordant myrobalon was selected for the study. Mordanting techniques used
were pre, post and simultaneous mordanting
3.3. DYEING PROCEDURE
The weighted quantityof dye powder was dissolved in 100ml soft water. Mordanting solutions was
prepared in 100ml soft water.
Different variables were attempted for dying process. This included mordant concentration,
mordanting technique, dyeing time and mordanting time. The optimum concentration of dye source
was found by varying dye concentration. Five and ten grams of dye powder/100ml of soft water
were taken. The soaking time was kept constant for all concentration. The samples were visually
inspected and based on the results ten percent was decided as the optimum dye concentration.
TABLE 1 .PARAMETERS OPTIMIZED FOR DYEING
PARAMETERS OPTIMIZED PARAMETER
Dye Concentration in % 10
Dyeing time in minutes 60
Mordant concentration in % 5
Mordanting time in minutes 45
Based on the optimization results the materials were dyed using the dye source, mordant and
mordantingtechnique.
All the samples were soaked in soft water prior to dyeing. Later they were taken out, squeezed and
shaken to avoid crease formation. The dye powder was dissolved in the required quantity of soft
water and boiled for the specified temperature. The wet material was boiled at the chosen
temperature for the specific duration with occasional stirring. The mordanting solution was
prepared by dissolving the mordants in water. The material was mordanted following the suitable
technique selected. Each dyed sample was rinsed thoroughly in soft water and dried in the shade.
3.4.SELECTION OF WASHING METHOD
Vast majority of people still do their washing manually. Hence the samples were given hand
washing by using kneading and squeezing method.
The samples were soaked in detergent solution for ten minutes and washed by kneading and
squeezing. It was rinsed in three changes of soft water and dried in the shade.
3.6.7. NOMENCLATURE OF SAMPLES
Nomenclature of the dyed and washed samples are given as follows.O-cotton fabric, CB- warp-
cotton yarn/ weft- banana yarn fabric, BB – warp and weft banana yarn fabric, 1- pre mordanting,
2- simultaneous mordanting, 3 - Post Mordanting; W - Washed samples.

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3.7. EVALUATION
The dyed and washed samples were visually evaluated and rated for their eveness of dyeing,
texture, luster and general appearance.Objective evaluation includes fabric thickness, tear strength,
and colour fastness
4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY
4.1.VISUAL INSPECTION
The visual examination reveals that the samples were evenly dyed. They had maximum luster and
medium texture. The general appearance was rated to be fair.
4.2. OBJECTIVE EVALUATION
4.2.1. FABRIC THICKNESS
Dyeing increased the thickness of all samples but washing reduced the same slightly. Sample O3W
had a maximum decrease of twelve percentages.
4.2.2. TEAR STRENGTH
Dyeing reduced the tear strength of all samples in the warp direction. Sample O3PW had a
maximum loss of ten percent. While sample BB3P had a minimum loss of two percent. Washing
further reduced the strength of all dyed samples. Dyeing improved the tear strength sample BB3 by
three percent in the weft direction. Washing reduced the tear strength of all dyed samples.
4.2.3. COLOURFASTNESS
TABLE.3. COLOUR FASTNESS
Washing Pressing Crocking Sunlig
Wet Dry Wet Dry ht
Colo colour
Sampl
S.No ur Stainin Colou Colo Colou
Stai chang
es r Staini ur Staini r Colour Staini
chang g nin e
e chang ng chan ng chang change ng
g
e ge e
1. O1 ¾ 4 4/5 ¾ 5 4/5 4 4 4/5 4 ¾
2. O2 ¾ 4 4 ¾ 4 4/5 4 4 4/5 4 ¾
3 O3 4 4 4/5 2 5 4/5 4 ¾ 4/5 4 4
4 CB1 2 4/5 4 3/4 4/5 4/5 4 ¾ 4/5 4 4
5 CB2 ¾ 4/5 3/4 ¾ 4/5 4/5 4 ¾ 4 4 3/4
6 CB3 4 4/5 3/4 4 4/5 4/5 4 ¾ 4 4 4
7 BB1 ¾ 4/5 ¾ 3/4 5 4/5 ¾ ¾ 4/5 4 2
8 BB2 ¾ 4/5 ¾ 4 5 4/5 ¾ ¾ 4 4/ 2
9 BB3 4 4/5 4 4 4/5 4/5 3/4 3/4 4 4/5 3/4
Note : 1 - very poor ½ - 2 - poor ¾ - Fair 2/3 - 3 – Moderate 4 - Good 4/5 Very good 5 -
Excellent
As regards colourfastness samples BB3 and CB3 had good wash fastness while CB1 had poor
fastness to washing.
In wet pressing samples O1and O3 had very good fastness and excellent colour fastness to dry
pressing. Staining tests also proved that all samples had very good fastness. Samples had good to

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fair fastness to wet crocking and very good fastness to dry crocking. Samples O3, CB1, CB3 and
CB3 had good fastness to sunlight. Staining test proves that samples were good to colour fastness.
5. CONCLUSION
It may be concluded that banana fabric may be used as an eco-friendly substitute in textile industry
finisning with natural dye, as it reduces the effluent. Though the fastness properties are only fair
further treatments and research may improve the dye ability . It may be useful for the rural
population through generation of employment in the fiber producing and processing industry. Also
value added products would enhance the profitability of banana farmingThis also reduces the
chemical usage in fabric pre treatments and can produce eco friendly fabrics.
REFERENCES:
1. Ortega,Zaida, , Moisés Morón, Mario D. Monzón, Pere Badallóand Rubén Paz, (2016),
Production of Banana Fiber Yarns for Technical Textile Reinforced Composites, Materials,
9(5), 370, http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/5/370/htm,
2. Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. (2009), Agroforestree Database:a tree
reference and selection guide,
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)
3. Prabhu ,K. H. and Aniket S Bhute, Plant based natural dyes and mordnats: A Review,J. Nat.
Prod. Plant Resour., 2012, 2 (6):649-664
4. Ray D.P, L.K. Nayak, L. Ammayappan, V B Shambhu,D Nag (2013), Energy Conservation
Drives for Efficient Extraction and Utilization of Banana Fibre, International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-
2459, Volume 3, Issue 8, p 296
5. Sarma, Indrani & A.C. Deka(2016) Banana Fibre Extraction By Mycogenic Pectinase
Enzyme(S)- An Eco-Friendly Approach, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-10, ISSN: 2454-362, http://www.onlinejournal.in, Page 997
6. Siva, R., Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India, Current Science, Vol. 92, No.
7, 2007, 924-925
7. Shenai, VA., Technology of Textile Processing, Sevak Publications, 1997
8. Vigneswaran,C.Pavithra,V .Gayathri,V.and Mythili,K.(2015), Banana Fiber: Scope and Value
9. Added Product Development, Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management,
10. Volume 9, Issue 2
11. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/banana-fibre-has-good-market
potential/article6082539.ece

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTION – NEED OF THE HOUR

FOR THERENAISSANCE OF ECO HERITAGE CRAFT - KALAMKARI
Ms. Thadepalli Srivani* & Dr. Sundervel Amsamani**
*Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Fashion Technology,
NIFT, Hyderabad, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Professor,
Dept. of T & C, Avinashilingam University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

The Traditional Block printed Textile Industry of India involves Craftsmen with intrinsic traditional wisdom
of Natural Dyeing and Hand Block Printing using indigenous and eco-friendly substances. The port town
Machilipatnam/ Masulipatnam of Krishna district is known as the birth place of the heritage craft
Kalamkari, practiced since 15th Century. The craft isslowly getting transitioned to the use of synthetic dyes
and screen printing with pigments causing hazardous effluent and adverse environmental impacts. An
attempt was made to highlight the aesthetic, utilitarian and market-oriented changes that Kalamkari has
experienced under the influence of modern urban markets as the Kalamkari artists attempt to shift from
sustainable craft tradition. A survey was conducted with the master craftsmen of Pedana. The results and
findings of the survey emphasises the need for reviving the traditional craft of Kalamkari and re-establishing
the skilled craft communities. This paper is suggestive of an integrated design and technology intervention
based on triple bottom line approach (social, economy, environmental) and includes multiple interventions
like awareness generation, skill up-gradation and product development to strengthen and improve the value
chain of natural dyed/printed textiles of India. This will result in mainstreaming the eco-craft products and
reduce the impact of pigments and other related chemical substances on eco-system.

KEYWORDS: Eco Textiles, Textile Crafts, Block Printing, Kalamkari, Technology Intervention

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INTRODUCTION:
The Coromandel Coast of southern Andhra Pradesh of India
was once a world renowned source of fine hand-printed
textiles. Unlike the Kalamkari of Sri Kalahasthi (known for
exclusive pen work) Masulipatnam practiced the art of
application of resists in combination with mordants using
printing blocks producing intricate Persian stylised motifs.
Vegetable colours derived from plants like Chiruveru,
Chiranji, Manjijstha, Madder root, Karakkaya, Jaji leaves,
Indigo, Myrobelon Flowers and Pomegranate rind are used
for dyeing, Tamarind seed powder used as gum, fermented
solution of date palm Jaggery and rusted iron for black out
lines on myrobelon treated fabrics, Blocks made of teak
wood, specialised process of natural bleaching by soaking in
goat/buffalo/cow dung and washing in flowing river water are
significant to the craft.

Figures 1&2: Block Printed Kalamkari and

Block with Traditional motifs carved

Picture Courtesy: All pictures are original from the craft site

CHANGING SCENARIO OF THE CRAFT:

Figure 3 & 4: Screen Printed Kalamkari using Pigments; Image courtesy: Google Images

The MachilipatnamKalamkari got the GI status in 2008 (Application no 90). With the onset of
mechanization and changing social values, machine-made clothes reduced the demand for hand
block printed textiles while demand for original craft form faded away. Falling demand pushed the
cash-starved printers to undercut each other‘s wages at the cost of quality. Moreover, as running
water started to dry up, the falling trust within the cluster reduced the propensity to collaborate for
the revival of crumbling infrastructure. Search for survival led to finding easier ways for making
money and closed all avenues related to building of new knowledge base and progressive working
on improving productivity, survival and sustainability of the craft. The Craft at present is facing a
new challenge producing machine made imitations products which are cheaper and almost
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indistinguishable to end customer. Machine made imitations are quickly becoming more successful
than the originals because of cost advantage and also for use of bright and fast chemical pigments in
place of natural dyes.
With the influence of screen printing (once practiced only by local printers of that area for domestic
products like kerchiefs, lungisand bedsheets), which is 10 to 20 times faster and much cheaper
offered a severe threat to the traditional craft of block printed Kalamkariand swept the mass market
with near similar products being prepared both by block and screen printing.
METHODOLOGY:
A sample of ten Master Craftsmen of Block printed Kalamkari, who are also members of the
―Vegetable Hand Block Kalamkari Printers Welfare Association, Krishna Dt. of Andhra Pradesh
were chosen for the study out of the population of master crafts men distributed in the established
geographical areas of Kalamkari production, which include Machilipatnam town and surrounding
villages namely Guduru, Polavaram and Kappaldoddi and also Chirala of Prakasham Dt. The
study was a result of several field visits undertaken and also documentation of the craft as it is
practiced in their units located at Pedana, which contribute a major share of Kalamkariproduction.
Personal Interview was chosen as a method of primary data collection with individual master crafts
men initially followed by a group discussion with all members gathered at one place. An in depth
interaction was undertaken with major focus on understanding the present status of the craft (Post
GI) in terms of its continuation of practice of Kalamkariin its traditional / sustainable form, Reasons
for the shift from block printing with natural dyes to screen printing using pigments, improvement
in the livelihood of artisans, Required interventions for the sustenance of craft and present
positioning of the craft in the market.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:
 The Traditional process of Block printing is intermittent and time consuming, resulting in less
production and low profits (as cost of production is comparatively high to that of screen
printing)
 Process gets interrupted in rainy season and also in summers due to lack of canal water; Thus
resorted to pigment printing which doesn‘t require flowing water
 Limited range of natural colours, demand for bright and fast shades resulted in use of pigments
for second and third colours/ filling colours; which also reduces need for washing in between
kalamkari production process.
 Units disorganised with low level infrastructure and no ergonomics observed
 Emergence of many small units who undertake job works for screen printing
 Practice of traditional process majorly for items of export as they can charge at premium for GI
registered the craft, which is well honoured by export markets
 Lack of guidance /monitoring by Govt. or GI officials; which led to severe abuse of craft; no
financial assistance or marketing support
 Need for a common facility center, raw material bank, Design assistance and technology
intervention for few processes related to fabric preparation and dyeing
 Lot of resistance by the residents and local formers for the use of canal water for washing of
pigment printed fabrics posing major threat of contamination of water table
 Recent investigation by AP pollution board certified that the water in which fabric with
pigments is washed is not advisable to purify for drinking purpose.

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 District collector has imposed a ban on using canal water washing pigment printed kalamkari
and initiated an enquiry on use of chemicals and estimation of hazard
PROPOSED RESEARCH INTERVENTIONS:
The survey indicatedthe need for the technology integration in the craft as a means to retain
craftsmen from shifting to other crafts by providing alternate means of eco- friendly processes and
technologies for achieving quality products in less time for more production. Based on the findings
of the research and analysis, the following possible interventions are suggested to achieve the
overall objective.
1. STANDARDIZATION OF NATURAL DYE
 Developing new colour palette of Natural Dyes in bright shades with improved fastness
 Use of Scientific methods of extraction for better yield of colour and reproducibility of shade or
standardisation of production norms
2. TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTION:
 To conduct method study and time study and related ergonomics of the craft
 Identification of the processes/stages requiring technology intervention
 Exploring technology as an alternate means for achieving best quality in less time and for more
production
3. ORIENTATION WORKSHOPS AND SKILL TRAINING: EDUCATE TO SUSTAIN
 Dye extraction and application processes
 Quality control, Testing for Colour fastness
 Skill upgradation for implementation of technology intervention
 Imparting entrepreneurial skills and financial literacy
 Development of Training modules and assessment of impact of trainings
4. PRODUCT RANGE:
Developing a range of Fashionable clothing (as a result of pilot intervention) consisting of a smart
range of sustainable Eco- Fashion products & Ethical luxury clothing (Men /Women/Kids) there by
adhering to standards of global safety forusing energy efficient production processes
5. ESTABLISHING MARKET CONNECTS:
Local to Global:Sustainable linkages and trust has to be evolved between Natural dye plant
cultivators, aggregators, research institutions/testing laboratories, suppliers, traders, industry players
and destined markets to achieve transparent and ethical business through fair trade practices.
Exhibitions may be conducted for Buyer seller meets.
6. BRANDING AND PROMOTION:
 Development of Natural dye kitsand booklets of literature pertaining to selection and
application of Natural dyes
 Catalogues featuring the story line of the socio economic profile of the traditional artisans
practicing the craft and characteristic features significant to the craft
 Designing packages and brand labels; Craft souvenirs

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NEED FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS GOVT. SCHEMES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
HANDICRAFTS:
The office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), an attached office of Ministry of
Textiles, Government of India formulates & Implements various schemes for the development of
Handicrafts in the country. The following Govt. schemes when implemented can bring a positive
harmonious change in the craft.
 Design and Technology Upgradation Scheme: The objective of the scheme is to develop
newprototypes to suit the tastes and preferences ofcontemporary market using the traditional
skill ofartisans and introduction of new techniques and technologies for enhanced production

 Mega Clusters – The objective for setting up these clusters is to assist the artisans &
entrepreneurs to set up world-class units with modern infrastructure, latest technology, and
adequate training and HRD inputs, coupled with market linkages and product diversification,
design of clusters following Standard Models of units of SSI and SME with infrastructure that is
customized to give a competitive edge and these centres have greater potential to become
globally competitive.
 Research & Development Schemeis to generate feedbackon economic, social, aesthetic and
promotionalaspects of various crafts and artisans in the sector.The interventions carried
outunder this component are conducting Surveys & Studies on different topics, Problem relating
to availability of raw material, technology, design, common facilities,Registration of Crafts
under GI Act & necessary follow up onimplementation,Assisting handicrafts exporters in
adoption ofglobal standards like bar coding, includinghandicrafts mark for generic products,
Financial Assistance for taking up problems relating to brand building and promotion of Indian
handicrafts, Conducting of seminars on issuesof specific nature relating to handicraftssector.
CONCLUSION:
To conclude, we can say that in India, arts and crafts are not necessarily practiced for commercial
reasons alone; they also serve a social, ritualistic or decorative purpose. Aesthetics in everyday life
is common to all communities and can be found across the mediums. Introduction of natural
colours in the form of trendy market led products (Fashion apparel, Home furnishings and
accessories) and its strategic promotion will help the revival of the dyeing craft. Product
diversification into utilitarian items coupledwith technologyintervention would be a prudent idea.
With the advent of synthetic dyes and pigments, it seemed that natural colours would lose their
importance for ever. However, the uniqueness of these materials, properties, processes and the
glorious colours produced remained unmatched. The demand for eco-friendly dyes has been a
resurrection in their use on textiles and in art. Raw material producers, Craftsmen, Designers,
industrialists and marketers will be the key agents to create sustainable value chain for the Natural
dyes and henceforth, creating job opportunities for themselves.
Research in this area provides an opportunity for experimentation and innovation. The consumers
are also quality/eco/fashion conscious and socially responsible. Thus, in order to address these
challenges and to provide tangible & Sustainable solution to the indigenous heritage craft industry,
there is a dire need to re-invent the sector and devise pragmatic strategy for the overall benefit of
the stakeholders/ communities at large.

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REFERENCES:
 Barnard, N and Gillow John, 2014, Indian Textiles, Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd.,
London, p 54,55
 In Pursuit of Fine Handicrafts, Compendium of Handicraft schemes for 12 th Five year plan,
Published by Indian Handicrafts, Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of
Textiles, Govt. of India.
 LakwalRicha, Dyeing to Sustain, Back stitch- Design Magazine of Arch, Volume 2, Issue 9,
Dec 2013
 National Handicraft Development Programme (NHDP)-Guidelines 2017-18 to 2019-20,
Published by Indian Handicrafts, Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of
Textiles, Govt. of India.
 Screen printing in kalamkari to be banned, The Hindu, 20 th March 2015, Machilipatnam
 https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/; Klamkari pigment effluent pose
threat to water bodies, 18th September 2017; Pedana, Krishna Dt. (17.03.19)
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3487/13/13_appendices.pdf (17.03.19)
 https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/collector-warns-kalamkari-units-using-chemical-
colours/article17697744.ece(17.03.19)

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR OF

HANDLOOM PRODUCTS IN HYDERABAD
Jyothirmai S*; Dr. S. Amsamani**
*Assistant Professor,
Department of Textile Design
National Institute of Fashion Technology,
Hyderabad, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Professor
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Understanding consumer interests and buying behavior is very important to make products and
to get a better chance of gravitating consumer towards specific products. This article includes a
survey of 50 consumers to understand their influencing factors to choose handloom products
when they go out for shopping

KEYWORDS: influencing, Agriculture, consumer

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1. INTRODUCTION
Indian textile industry is the 2nd largest industry next to agriculture. Handloom industry is one of
the main contributors to it. Production of hand-woven / handloom fabric from India constitutes 95
percent of global production. A value of US$ 355.91 million handlooms were exported from India
in 2017-18. Though it has great value worldwide. Handloom industry in India losing its glory in
Indian market. It is important to have local consumers to regain its glory. Understanding the
buying behavior of the consumer is the most important as the seller has a better chance of
gravitating them towards specific products.
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the knowledge of the consumers towards handloom fabrics
2. To understand factors influencing of the consumer to choose the handloom fabrics
3. LITERATURE REVIEW:
A study conducted by Paul, R., & Goowalla (2018) in Dimapur District-Nagaland explains that
Quality and comfort are the most major factors which influence the buying decision of handloom
customers followed by price and location. A self decision is the most major persuasion which
influences the buying decision of handloom customers followed by parents spouse and children.
Similarly, in another study conducted by Gayathri V Nair and Kinslin D (2016) in Trivandrum
district revealed that consumers are more aware of handloom product but not much aware of
descriptions and quality checking methods. Hence enough measures have to be taken place in order
to increase the awareness to make handlooms as a sustainable Industry in the mind of a customer.
4. METHODOLOGY:
50 questioners were filled by personally interviewing the consumers who are going for the
purchase of garments in the city of Hyderabad, India.
The questionnaire was structured as follows. The first part includes demographic questions such
as age, gender educational qualification, annual income and dichotomous questions with Yes and
No as two possible responses. These questions are to understand the consumer and measure
general consumers‘ knowledge about handloom fabrics. The second part of the questionnaire
consisted of factors variables in a 5-point scale to understand the factors influencing of the
consumer to choose the handloom fabrics. The survey scale is adapted from Roberts and
Bacon‘s (1997) Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior (ECCB) scale. Scores on the scale
items varied from a low of 1 (strongly disagree) to a high of 5 (strongly agree), with disagree,
neutral, and agree as interval points. Mean, standard deviation techniques were used to analyze the
results.
5. RESULTS AND ISCUSSION:
Among the 50 respondents, 100% are married 64 %of the respondents were females and 36 %
males with mean age ranging from 21years to 50 years where 83 % are aged between 21 to 40
years. 84 % of them for graduates and above. 54% of them are having household income between 3
to 5 lakhs per annum.
Among the respondents, 100% female respondents have knowledge about handloom fabrics, where
88.9% of male have knowledge about handloom fabrics. 84% of the responders are the consumers of
the handloom fabrics. 78% of respondents mention that handloom fabrics are sustainable.
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Majority of the respondents, i.e.; 94% hear about handloom fabrics from their family and friends.
5.1 Mean analysis of factors influencing consumer choice
Factors Mean (M) SD
Handlooms fabrics are uniquely different from other materials 4.04 1.11
Handlooms fabrics feel good on skin 3.92 0.92
Handloom fabrics are made authentically 3.56 0.91
Handlooms fabrics have the cultural value 4.44 0.93
Handlooms fabrics have unique colors 3.26 0.90
Will buy Handlooms fabrics for festivals and special occasions 4.36 0.90
Do you buy handloom fabrics because those are eco friendly 4.28 1.14
Handloom fabrics are highly priced 4.72 0.78
Will buy handloom fabrics because of its value for money 4.68 0.71
Can you identify the difference between handloom and power loom 2.26 1.16
SD-Standard
fabrics
DEVIATION
Above table demonstrates that though consumers agree about high price of the handloom fabrics
with a mean of 4.72 and SD of 0.78 , they likely to buy the handloom fabrics due to its value for
money (M=4.68, SD=0.71) followed by its cultural value (M=4.44, SD=0.93), Eco friendliness
(M=4.28, SD=1.14) and uniqueness of the handloom fabrics(M=4.04, SD =1.1). Most of the
responders buy handloom fabrics manly for festivals and special occasions (M=4.36, SD=0.90).
6. CONCLUSION
Most of the consumers are aware of handloom fabrics. Consumers show more interested to buy
handloom fabrics in festivals and special occasions. Though most of the consumers choose to buy
handlooms due to its value for money, they are not sure whether they are buying handloom or
power loom fabrics. hence it's very important to create awareness among consumers on how to
identify handloom fabrics, hence consumer is sure about the product what they are paying for.
7. REFERENCES:
1. Brand India. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/exports/handloom-industry india.aspx
2. Gayathri V Nair and Kinslin D. (2016). Attitude of consumer towards handloom products with
special reference to Trivandrum district.Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.9
(4):1873-1876
3. Paul, R., & Goowalla, H. (2018). A Study on Consumer Awareness of Handloom Products with
Special Reference to Dimapur District-Nagaland. International Journal of Management
Studies, 5(3)
4. Roberts, J. A., & Bacon D. R. (1997). Ecologically conscious consumer buying. Journal of
Business Research, 40, 79-89.

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( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EXTRACTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVEN FABRIC USING

ARECA CATECHU AND COTTON FIBER BLENDS
Mrs.Vanitha.B*; Dr. R.Prabha**
1,2
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

The growing environmental problems, the problem of waste disposal and depletion of non
renewable resources have stimulated the use of green materials compatible with the environment
impacts; natural fibers seem to be a good alternative since they are abundantly available. Number
of possibilities to use all the components of fiber yielding crop, one such fiber yielding plant is
Areca Catechu the husk of this plant yield fibers. Along with all the natural fiber-reinforcing
resources, areca appears to be a capable material because it is inexpensive; accessibility is rich
and a very high potential constant crop. It belongs to the species Areca catechu L., under the
family palmecea.Husk fiber are characterized by length is high, high cellulose fiber. These fibers
are easily biodegradable therefore we can look this fiber as a sustainable resource for
manufacturing and technical application. Extraction of fibre made in two method, one is
conventional method another one is chemical extraction Detailed discussion is carried out a
method of extraction in this paper.

KEYWORDS: Areca Catechu, Conventional method, chemical extraction.

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INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the urge to replace synthetic fibre with natural fibre is increasing due to environmental
concerns. Synthetic fibres are commonly used in non woven fabrication, owing to their excellent
mechanical properties. However, synthetic fibres are non- biodegradable; hence many attempts are
made to find alternatives for synthetic fibre. Natural fibres are available everywhere, and
researchers are attracted towards them as promising alternative material to traditional glass fibres
due to their good specific strength, low cost, renewability, market appeal, fully biodegradable
nature, and non-abrasive character (Jawaid and Khalil 2011).
Environmental issues have resulted in considerable interest in the development of new non woven
materials based on biodegradable resources. The thrust on developing innovative and weight less
material from locally available, cheaper and renewable sees was of greater interest. Presently the
annual production of natural fibers in India was approximately 14.5 million tons. The natural fibers
have been classified into many types such as bast, leaf, seed, fruit and wood fibers. These fibers
were traditionally used for various purposes such as rope, roofing, house hold appliance, bandage
etc. The main advantages of these natural reinforced composites are high specific strength and
modules, availably, low cost, high weight, recyclability, bio degradability, lack of health hazards
and nonabrasive nature (Sathis Kumar, 2013). The application of natural fiber are growing in many
sectors such as automobiles, furniture, packaging, and construction etc. (Sanjay ,2016)
The husk of the areca constitutes about 60–80% of the total weight and volume of the fresh fruit.
The husk fiber is composed of cellulose with varying proportions of hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin
and protopectin. The average filament length (4 cm) of the areca husk fiber is too short compared to
other bio fibers. Mainly two types of filaments are present – one very coarse and the other very fine.
The coarse ones are about ten times as coarse as the jute fibers and the fine are similar to jute fiber
(Srinivasa, 2011).The Areca catechufiber traditionally used as a housing insulation material and
fabrication of value added products such as cushion, hand craft and nonwoven fabrics
(lazim,2014).Lignin is the main constituent of Areca catechufiber, responsible for hardening of
plant cell wall and the reason for the fiber stiffness.Areca catechufiber is a hard fibrous portion
covering endosperm, mainly composed of hemicellulose (Padmaraj, 2013).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
SELECTION AND COLLECTION OF SOURCES
In majority of places the Areca catechu shells are wasted which become a breeding ground for
mosquitoes used as fuel. All natural fibers are mostly used for reinforcing material Areca appears to
be budding fiber as it is inexpensive, abundantly available, and very high potential perennial crop.
So the researches utilized the study. The areca husks were collected from Palakkad in Kerala. Many
varieties of areca husk are available in the varieties depend on cultivated places, soil and climatic
condition. About two kilograms of dried areca husk was collected.
EXTRACTION OF ARECA CATECHU FIBER
The fiber extraction of Areca catechu was done in retting method. The cold water retting process
was selected for the extraction of fiber from Areca catechu. The dried Areca catechu empty fruit
husks were soaked in cold water, for required number of days. The soaking process loosened the
fibers and fibers were extracted easily and quickly. Areca catechu fibers were removed from the
fruit and separated. Finally, the fiber were washed again with water and dried. Thus the areca nut
fiber was extracted.
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Plate I Areca Catechu Fruit Plate-II Cold water retting process Plate III Areca catechu fibre
NEED AND SELECTION OF SOFTENING SOURCES
Areca catechu fiber is a strong, stiff, and natural fiber. The fibers contain lignin and hemicelluloses.
There are responsible for the dark color and harshness. The spinning property of the fiber was less
because of poor elongations and high flexural rigidity. Hence the present study confirms aim to
soften the fiber using eco friendly method and make the fiber suitable for fabric formation .Natural
enzymes used for fiber softening selectively remove the lignin content without the, properties of
fiber like color softness are improve by using natural enzymes. Natural enzyme was selected for
softening process; three plant sources (papaya peel, potato peel and cabbage peel) were selected for
enzyme preparation for the softening of Areca catechu fiber. The softening was find out the visual
evaluation .The papaya peel gave good result than the other in softening process. Hence the
investigator select of natural papaya peel which is rich source of pectinase for softening Areca
catechu fiber.

Plate -IV Enzyme process Natural enzyme natural enzyme (papaya peel)
SELECTION OF SOFTENING PROCESS
Based on the pilot study, the papaya peel was selected for softening process. The papaya peel was
cleaned and weighed. From the selected natural enzyme the treatment of cold water and hot water at
two hour‘s were carried out. Among the two treatments the best result was given by the cold water
method and it is carried out further process. The softening treatments which make the fabric more
flexible and important the impression of softness are known as softening.

Plate -V Fiber softening process

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SELECTION OF FIBER BLENDING
Cotton is the world‘s most used fiber .It is cool, soft and comfortable and principle clothing fiber of
world (Singh, 2009). Cotton fiber is composed primarily of cellulosic; it is very absorbent good
drape ability (Mishara, 2009). Hence the cotton fiber select for blending with Areca catechu husk
fiber .The Areca catechu husk fiber was short fiber and does not have crimp .Fibers were blended to
give good properties of the fabric. The blending proportion is 50:50 ratio of Areca catechu fiber
and cotton fiber.

Plate VI - Blending
CARDING PROCESS
Carding is a process to individualize and parallelize to the fiber .The carding process was the final
step in individualizing fibers before they were collected from a web like state into the silver strand.
The main purpose of the carding machine is fiber individualization, which is absolutely essential for
the uniform placement of fibers during the formation of a high quality web. The process are
provides the ultimate cleaning of the fiber mass by elimination of the remaining impurities of even
the smallest size, such as dust (Batra, 2012).
The carding is a mechanical action. In which the fibers are held by one surface while the other
surface combs, the fibers causing individual fiber separation (Clifton G. overholser, 2013). The
carding process with Areca catechu fiber and cotton fiber is blend with 50:50 percent ratios.

Plate -VII Carding process Plate- VIII Web formation

FABRIC FORMATION OF NEEDLE PUNCHING
The separated soft fiber was converted into fabric using needle punching technology. Needle
punching is a method of bonding fibers fleeces mechanically. The fiber are mechanically entangled
to produce a fabric by reciprocating barbed needles through a moving batt of fibers in a needle loom
.The needle punching process is well suited to produce medium and heavy weighted nonwoven
from 300 GSM to 3000 GSM (Subhankar maity, 2012).The web was placed on the feed rollers,
which the webs pass through the loom. The needles are carry bundles of the fiber through the bed

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plate holes. A fiber from the needle after the materials comes out through the needle loom. The
needle punched fabric is drawn out from the machine by taken up rollers.

Plate – IX Needle punching process

Plate –X Unsoftened needle punched fabric Plate – XI Softned needle punched fabric
EVALUATION OF THE NEEDLE PUNCHED FABRIC
FABRIC WEIGHT
The weight of a fabric can be expressed in weight per unit area or the weight per unit length. The
term that was in use before the arrival of the GSM (grams per square meter) was 1b/100yard. This
expression is used by the British standard for measuring this there is a template and a quadrant
balance. The GSM cutter is used to cut the fabric and weight is measured using a balance (Amutha,
2016). The GSM cutter on the test sample and rotate the knob of the cutter. The blades provided on
the cutter will cut the fabric. The sample of 100 cm and weighted the electronic balance to obtain
the grams per square meter. The reading was recorded.
FABRIC THICKNESS
Determination of thickness of fabric samples in laboratory is usually carried out with the help of a
precisian thickness gauge. In this equipment, the fabric thickness is to be determined is kept on a
flat anvil and a circular pressure foot is pressed onto it from the top under a standard fixed load. The
dial indicator directly gives the thickness in MM (textilelearners.blogspot.in).The eureka thickness
gauge was used for the measurement of the fabric thickness. The sample is placed in anvil plate and
the lower of the pressure foot is release very slowly. Pressed slightly on the sample. The reading
were taken then mean value was calculated.
FABRIC STIFFNESS
A bending test measures the severity of the flexing action of a material. The bending length is a
measure of the interaction between fabric weight and fabric stiffens in which a fabric bends under
its own weight. The stiffness of a fabric in blending is very depend on its thickness. The thicker the
fabric is stiffer (Jinalian Hu, 2008).The test is carried out using Shirley stiffness tester. A

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rectangular strip of fabric, six inch to one inch is mounted on a horizontal plat form in such a way
that it overhangs. The fabric is bends downward from the length one and the angles 0, a number of
values are determined. The samples were tested both in warp and weft direction to determine the
stiffness of the sample. The readings are noted and the mean value was calculated.
TABLE I NOMENCLATURE OF NEEDLE PUNCHED FABRICS:
S.No NOMENCLATURE PARTICULARS
1 OACF Original Areca catechu Needle punched fabric
2 SACF Softened Areca catechu Needle punched fabric

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

FABRIC WEIGHT
The fabric weight and analysis of variance of the sample OACF and SACF are shown in Table II
Fabric Weight (GSM)
Samples Mean ± SD Loss/gain Percentage of Loss/gain 't' value
OACF 2.36 ± 0.50
SACF 3.14 ± 0.01 0.78 33 4.629**
** - Significant at 1% level (p<0.01)
From Table II, it is evident that the mean weight of the SACF was increased 3.14 when comparison
made with OACF. There was 33% of weight gain in SACF due to the enzyme treatment. To make
the fiber more soft and closer the fiber each other. Statically analysis also proved that there is a
significant difference at 1%level between the samples, OACF and SACF with the ―t‘ value of
4.629.
FABRIC THICKNESS
The thickness and analysis and of variance of the sample of OACF and SACF are shown in Figure
1.

3.7
Fabric thickness (mm)

4 7
3. 2.6
3
52.
5
3
2

1.
5
Figure 1 Fabric Thickness
1 the mean value of the SACF was increased in 3.77. When
From Figure 4, it is evident that
comparison made with OACF .There was 43.3 percent of thickness increased in SACF due to the
enzyme treatment to make the0. fiber softened and closer to each other .So the thickness was
5
increased in SACF sample. Statistically analysis also prove that there is a significant difference
among the sample at 1%Level with t‘ value of 7.591.
0
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FABRIC STIFFNESS
The stiffness and analysis of variance of OACF and SACF are presented in the Figure 2.
Fabric Stiffness

CONCLUSION
Environmental consciousness, new rules, and legislation are forcing industries to seek new
materials that are more environmental friendly. In a textiles industry to replace synthetic fiber with
natural fiber is increasingly due to environmental issues. Softened areca husk fibre to be utilized for
needle punched fabric production. Areca husk fibre is blending with cotton fibre and it is suitable
for nonwoven fabric. The softened needle punched fabric has good physical properties to compare
with unsoftened needle punched fabric. The evaluation of fabric weight, fabric thickness, was
increased in after natural enzyme treatment but the stiffness ,air permeability and pore sizes was
decreased because the fibres are closely interlocked after enzyme treatment.
REFERENCES
Amutha .K (2016), A practical guide to textile testing, Woodhead publishing pvt.ltd. Delhi, P: 71
Batra ,Behanam Pourdeyhim (2012), Introduction to nonwovens technology, DES tech publication
.Inc. Pennsylvania USA, P:43-44
Clifton G.Overholser (2013), Design and structure of fabric,
Jawaid M, and Abdul Khalil, H.P.S (2011), Effect of layering pattern on the dynamic mechanical
properties and thermal degradation of oil palm –jute fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composite ,Bio
resources, Vol.6, P:721
Jinalian HU (2008), Fabric testing, Woodhead Publication ltd. England,
Lazim, Sapuan mohd Salit, Edi syams zainudin, Mariatti Mustapha and Mohammed Jawaid (2014),
Effect of alkali treatment on the physical, mechanical and morphological properties of waste betel
nut (Areca catechu ) husk fiber, review article, Bio resources , Vol.9 (4), P:7721
Mishara S.P (2009), A text book of fiber science and technology, New Age International
Publication ltd. Delhi, P: 70 P: 115
Padmaraj N.H,Vijay Kini M,Raghuvir Pai B,Satish Shenoy (2013), Development of short areca
fiber reinforced biodegradable composite material, Procedia Engineering Journal Vol 64,P:968
Random publications Delhi

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Sanjay M.R,Arpitha G.R,Laxmana L,Gopala Krishna K,Yogesh B (2016), Application of natural
fiber and it composite :An overview, Natural Resources Vol.7, p:109
Sathis Kumar T.P ,Navaneetha Krishnan P,Shankar S, Rajasekar and Rajini N (2013),
Characterization of natural fiber and composites-a review, Journal of Reinforced Plastics And
Composites 32(19), P:1457
Singh A (2009), Cotton fabric printing with reactive dye using guar yum, The Indian Textile
Journal, vol.119, no.11.P:26
Srinivasa C.V,Bharath K.N,(2011),Impact and hardness properties of areca fiber–epoxy reinforced
composites, J.Mater.Environ.Sci.,Vol.2 Issue4, P:352

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EFFICACY OF NATURAL PRINTING ON COTTON

Pavithra Kannan*; Dr. Sundarvel Amsamani**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing
Avinashilingam Institute for Home science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Mother Nature has provided mankind with all abounded sources to satisfy all his needs. Among
them colourful clothes rank the highest priority. Recently environmental issues have focused man to
think about natural colouring agents. Considering this printing uses natural sources and thickening
agents is focused in this study. The trials were undertaken to print the cotton fabric with natural dye
extract such as Lawsoniainnermis L (henna) and natural thickening agent such as seed of the
Tamarindusindica L (tamarind) with the help of wooden blocks. Aloe Vera is used as mordant for
pre mordanting. The block printed sample was tested for thickness, GSM, stiffness, colour fastness
to washing and crocking.

KEYWORDS: Dye source, henna, thickening agent, tamarind seed, block printing

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1. INTRODUCTION:
Printing is the technique of applying colour to the required designs and patterns in the fabric.
Printing paste is required to print the fabric. Printing paste is made up of dye pigments, thickening
agent and the water. The fabric printing cannot be done perfectly without the use of the thickening
agent. The main function of thickening agent is to provide the viscosity to the printing paste andto
prevent the thickening agent from spreading and bleeding. Both synthetic thickeners and natural
thickeners are used to print the fabric. But synthetic dyes and thickening agent has lot of
disadvantages such as longer drying time, cause pollution to the environment. Natural dyes and
thickening agent does not affect the environment and are biodegradable.
Henna leaf powder is used as dye source. Henna has many advantages such as antiviral,
antibacterial and antifungal properties.They are used as colouration of hair, skin and fingernails.
Henna also has many health benefits. It helps to relieve headaches, detoxify the body, improve
nails, protect the skin, boost hair health, cool the body, reduce inflammation and speed healing.It
has been used for dyeing and printing fabric such as cotton, silk and leather.
Aloe Vera is used in many areas such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. It has
antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It helps to accelerate the healing process.Without the
mordant the dye will not fix with the fabric well. Synthetic mordant have more of chemicals which
doesn‘t consider as eco-friendly printing and cause lot of problems to the environment. Aloe Vera is
not only used for mordanting but it also works as antibacterial and antiviral. Tamarind seed is used
as thickening agent which is renewable and sustainable. Tamarind seed has 65% of gum and
remaining are protein, fibre and ash. The tamarind seed gum is used to increase the viscosity of the
printing paste which is very important factor in printing.
Considering the above factors the study on printing cotton fabrics using henna, tamarind seed and
Aloe Vera has been framed
The main Objectives are
 To collect the natural sources
 To pre mordanting the fabric with Aloe Vera
 To extract dye pigment from henna
 To extract thickening agent from tamarind seed
 To prepare printing paste
 To print cotton fabric using prepared printing paste
 To evaluate the fabric
2. METHODOLOGY:
2.1. SELECTION OF SOURCES FOR PRINTING:
Henna has been used since antiquity; it is a material and a method of making design. As dye, it has
been used in sticking and staining on various substrates which it penetrates either by itself or
through a mordant (Udeani-2015). Hence, Henna leavesare selected as dye source. It was collected
from the trees in the neighbourhood. The leaves were thoroughly washed. It is dried in shade and
made it as powder.

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2.2. SELECTION OF THICKENING AGENT:
Thickening agent is used to hold the printing paste on the fabric. It is also used to get the required
viscosity of the printing paste. The tamarind seed kernel has 11.4-22.7 moisture content, 15-20.0
protein, 3.9-16.2 oil, 7.4-8.8 crude fibre, 50-57 carbohydrates, ( Kumar et.al., 2008)Tamarind seed
is used as thickening agent for the study. It is dried and ground into powder.
2.3. SELECTION OF MORDANT
Metal salts of aluminium, iron, chromium, copper and tin are used as mordants. But they are not
eco-friendly. Hence, Aloe Vera is used as mordant. In this study Aloe Vera gel is extracted and
directly applied onto the fabric.
2.4. FABRIC PRE-TREATMENT
Cotton fabric is sized during the weaving process. It is applying on the cotton yarn during warp
winding for the stiffness. Desizing is used to remove the sizing material from the fabric. Starch used
as sizing material. Sizing material makes dye difficult to adhere to the fabric. The fabric is boiled in
the water containing 5% detergent for 100 degree Celsius for 3 hours. The fabric was removed
washed thoroughly and dried.
2.5. PRE-MORDANTING
Aloe Vera is used as mordant. Ten gm of Aloe Vera is mixed with the 100ml of water and stirred
well. The fabric sample is dipped in that solution and kept for two hours in room temperature. Later
it was dried, ironed and kept ready for printing. Mordanting is used to fix the printing paste in the
fabric.
2.6. EXTRACTION OF DYE
The dye is extracted from the henna leaves and leaf powder by the boiling method. The dried
powder of 5gm is boiled in the 100 ml of water in the water bath at 100 degree Celsius for one hour
and it was filtered and kept aside for preparation of printing paste (Md. Mahabub H et. al., 2015).
2.7 . PREPARATION OF PRINTING PASTE
The printing paste was prepared b boiling the 50ml of dye extract with 4gm of thickening agent
namely tamarind seed powder for 20 minutes. The tamarind seed powder is added to get the
required viscosity of the printing paste. The powder was added slowly and the liquid was stirred
continuously. The prepared paste is shown in Plate 1.

Pigment Paste (Plate 1)

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2.8. PRINTING
The printing is done on the cotton fabric using wooden blocks. Then the printed fabric is dried in
shade and ironed. The printed fabric is shown in the Plate 2

Printed Fabric (Plate 2)

2.9. EVALUATION OF FABRIC
2.9.1 FABRIC THICKNESS
The thickness of the original and printed samples was tested by the thickness gauge according to the
ASTM standard. Ten readings were taken and the mean value was calculated.
2.9.2. FABRIC WEIGHT (GSM)
The GSM of the printed fabric is calculated. In this fabric is cut in the GSM cutter and weighted in
the electronic weigh machine. Ten samples were taken and mean value is calculated.
2.9.3. STIFFNESS (ASTM D1388-18)
Stiffness of the fabric is calculated by the use of fabric stiffness tester. In that the fabric sample is
placed on the equipment and the measuring plane is placed over the sample. The plane is moved
forward, at one point the sample begins to fall, this denotes stiffness. Ten samples were taken,
stiffness was measured and mean value is calculated.
2.9.4. COLOUR FASTNESS TO WASHING
Colour fastness to washing is measured by comparing the washed sample and the printed sample in
the grey scale. The washed fabric is shown on the Plate 3.

Washed Fabric (Plate 3)

2.9.5. COLOUR FASTNESS TO RUBBING
Colour fastness to rubbing is calculated by the crock meter. Here the printed sample is rubbing
against the plain white fabric. The colour which is bleed in the white fabric decides the
colourfastness of the printed fabric. The rubbed fabric is shown on the Plate 4.

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Rubbed Fabric (Plate 4)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Analysis of the physical properties of original and printed fabrics:
The original and printed fabrics sample compositions and their physical properties are shown in
Table 1.
TABLE 1.PARAMETERS OF ORIGINAL FABRIC AND PRINTED FABRIC
Sample Thickness(mm) Weight(gm) Stiffness(cm)
mean Loss or Mean Loss or gain over mean Loss or gain
gain over original over original
original
Original 0.32 - 1.226 - 1.35 -
Printed 0.40 0.08 1.437 0.11 1.77 0.42
TABLE 2. PARAMETERS OF COLOUR FASTNESS TEST
Colour fastness to washing Colour fastness to rubbing
Dry Wet
¾ 5 3

Results are discussed for original and printed fabrics were apparent from Table 1.Mean thickness
for the original and printed fabric is found to be 0.32 mm and 0.40 respectively. It is concluded that
there is a gain of thickness for the printed fabric up to 0.08 mm which shows that the printed fabric
has gained thickness which might be due to the deposition of the printing paste. With reference to
weight the mean values of original and printed fabric is found to be 1.226 g and 1.437 respectively
and as such printed fabrics gains it weight up to 0.11.It is concluded that the fabric weight is more
than the original fabric weight after printing. The printed fabric has highest absorbency than
original fabrics. The Mean stiffness for original and printed fabric is 1.35 and 1.77 respectively. It is
concluded that the printed fabric has gained stiffness up to 0.42 cm. from the above results it is
cleared that the printed fabric has gained thickness, weight, stiffness.
3.3 Statistical Analysis of parameters tested for original and printed fabrics
The statistical analysis for the parameters for thickness, weight and stiffness for the original and
printed samples is presented in Table 3 a, b, c.

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TABLE 3(A)-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS TESTED FOR ORIGINAL AND
PRINTED FABRICS
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Original .3230 .00949 .00300
Thickness -5.330 .000*
Printed .4020 .04590 .01451
*-Significant at 1% level
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value of
original thickness and printed thickness is 0.000(i.e., p = .000), which is below 0.05 and, therefore,
there is a statistically significant (at 1% level) difference between the original and printed fabric
with reference thickness.
TABLE 3(B)- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GSM TESTED FOR ORIGINAL AND
PRINTED FABRIC
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Original 1.2260 .00843 .00267
GSM -20.377 .000*
Printed 1.4370 .03164 .01001
*-Significant at 1% level
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value of
original thickness and printed thickness is 0.000(i.e., p = .000), which is below 0.05 and, therefore,
there is a statistically significant (at 1% level) difference between the original and printed fabric
with reference GSM
TABLE 3(C)- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STIFFNESS TESTED FOR ORIGINAL AND
PRINTED FABRIC
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Original 1.3500 .15811 .05000
Stiffness -4.882 .000*
Printed 1.7700 .22136 .07000
*-Significant at 1% level
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value of
original thickness and printed thickness is 0.000(i.e., p = .000), which is below 0.05 and, therefore,
there is a statistically significant (at 1% level) difference between the original and printed fabric
reference stiffness.
The above table shows the output of the samples T-Test analysis for the significant values of
original and printed fabrics are -5.330 for thickness,-20.377 for weight and -4.882 respectively
which is below 0.05 that shows that there is significant difference between original and printed
fabrics. Hence it can be concluded that there is significant difference between the original and
printed fabrics with reference to weight, thickness and stiffness.
4. CONCLUSION:
This article clearly shows that the cotton fabric can be printed by henna dye and tamarind seed
thickener without the use of synthetic dyes and thickeners. The colour fastness to dry rubbing is
good and has poor colourfastness to wet rubbing and washing. Hence it could be concluded that this
process of printing could be suitable for fabric require less washing and rubbing like curtains and
draperies.

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REFERENCES
1. Babel, S. and Gupta, R. (2015). Block printing with dye concentrate of
butea monosperma flowers with gum extracted from waste mango kernel and cassia toraseeds
on cotton fabric. International Journal of Science and Research, 4 (4): 357-360
2. CS Kumar, S Bhattacharya-tamarind seed: properties, processing and utilization-critical reviews
in food science and nutrition 48(1), 1-20,2008
3. Md. Mahabub H, Khandakar A. N, Abu Y, M. A. A,Nayon C. G (2015). Application of Purified
Lawsone as Natural Dye on Cotton and Silk Fabric. Journal of Textiles. Vol. 2015 (2015)
Article ID 932627, 7 pages
4. Nkem Angela Udeani, potential of Henna leaves as Dye and its Fastness properties on Fabric,
international journal of chemical and molecular engineering (2015)

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

DEVELOPING NONWOVEN SHEETS USING KNITTED TEXTILE WASTE

AND ASSESSING THEIR PROPERTIES
Minakshi Hazarika*; Dr.G.Bagyalakshmi**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT
“Nothing is squander until and except if we realize how to utilize it.‖Growing new items from
material waste by utilizing nonwoven strategies turns out to be increasingly vital wonder, in today’s
world. Using material waste is turning into an essential perspective for the earth. In the recent
times hosiery industry has become more popular and important means of economical income
generation in spite of herein effort taken by the industries to minimize the wastage while marking,
cutting and sewing each garment has at least 2% of wastage. The utilization of this waste could
create a new outlook and increase the economical income. Therefore, this study focuses on
collecting knitting industry waste for nonwoven preparation. The result of the study proves the use
of knitwear waste for production of needle punched and thermal bonding sheets.

KEYWORDS: Textile Waste, Needle Punching, Thermal Bonding, Nonwoven Sheets

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1. INTRODUCTION
The extent of the loss from piece of clothing industry stretches out its items to upholstery fabric,
spread materials, cover, towels, shirting, quilts, clothing, cover, mechanical roller material, electric
cabling, hosiery and in the assembling of asbestos yarn, paper, tile and recovered filaments. It has
been accounted for that the aggregate sum of waste produced in India is around 80,000 to 85,000
tons for each annum and this needs legitimate treatment separated from transfer as landfill. This
landfill has increased pollution and decomposition of these fabrics may run up to years. Therefore it
is the problem of industries and academician‘s to find means of reducing landfill waste (Saravanan,
2011).

Figure 1.Statistical Analysis of Knitted Waste

As the name indicates nonwovens are not woven fabrics. These fabrics are made by different
chemical, mechanical as well thermal bonded techniques which gives the fabric a new look as well
as it gives strength to the fabrics. Nonwovens sector had a more significant on technical textiles
where the performance and the value addition are essentially referred than its aesthetical appeal.
Considering the above facts the study focuses on reusing knit waste from industries to produce
nonwoven fabrics. Therefore objectives of the present research are as per the following:-
 To give a new approach of utilizing knitted textile waste
 To obtain nonwoven sheets
 To test and evaluate the various properties of developed nonwoven fabrics, and
 To analyze the best blended nonwoven fabrics.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1. SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
The worry over the earth incited substantial quantities of organizations to begin creating fabricating
process utilizing elective materials for their items and looking for new markets. With the critical
generation of waste stringy materials, diverse organizations are searching for applications wherein
squander materials may speak to an additional esteem material. Knitwear has getting to be main
stream these days for using the waste materials and forming it into nonwoven item for better utility.
Considering the above conditions this knitwear textile wastes were chosen for creating nonwoven
sheets.

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2.2. COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
Tiruppur is a city located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Tiruppur is said to have risen amid the
Mahabharata period. Thiruppur is a noteworthy material and sew wear center adding to 90% of
complete cotton knitwear exported from India. The material business gives work to more than six
lakh individuals and added to sends out worth $200 billion out of 2014-15.Therefore the
investigator visited Tirupur “The Hub” of knit wearand collected white coloured knitted waste
fabrics from the hosiery readymade garment industries. The waste materials were collected and kept
in neat containers for further uses.
2.3 BLENDING
In this process recycled PET and polypropylene fibers were blended manually in two ratios but in
different techniques to prepare web for nonwoven fabrics. Blending ratios are of 20:30,20:20 i.e.in
first ratio 20% PET and 30% Polypropylene then equal amount of each fiber 20% PET and 20%
polypropylene and this blending fibers is then mixed with another ratio comprises of knitted fibers
to make a nonwoven fabric.
2.4 CARDING
Carding process was done on marzoli c60 carding machinewhichwas utilized in the present research
work. It consists of seven rollers secured with iron spikes of various length and thickness in every
roller. (Sharma,2017).In carding machine the reused fibers i.e. polyester and polypropylene were
mixed and made into a lap and then were passed to web feeder for further processes.
2.5 WEB FEEDING
Layers of reused PET and reused polypropylene web is then set over the woven squander material
in appropriate way maintaining a strategic distance from wrinkles and after that feed them into the
needle punching machine by methods for web feeder.
2.6 PRE-NEEDLING PUNCHING LOOM
The cushy layers of fiber web were then fed through a progression of needle punching machine to
interweave different layers utilizing low needle thickness. It was a primer 3D intertwining to
ensnare filaments. Through this procedure the cushioned mass of filaments web get marginally
minimized. The more the needles penetrate the web the more thick and solid the web.
2.7 NEEDLE PUNCHING
Needle Punched nonwovens are made by precisely situating and interlocking the filaments of a
spun fortified or checked web. This mechanical interlocking is accomplished with a huge number of
pointed felting needles over and over going into and out of the web (ReetaGhosh, 2018).The fiber
web is then laid on the needle punched machine for needle punching.
2.8 THERMAL BONDING
In order to perform thermal bonding of the fibrous web structures fibrous web must include
thermoplastic strands or if nothing else then thermoplastic powders. Most commonly used
thermoplastic filaments are polypropylene and polyester. The needle punched fiber web is then
passed through thermal bonding at 105ºc which gives more firmness to the knitted fiber and in that
capacity improves its properties.

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Therefore the produced nonwoven Needle Punched and Thermal Bonded fabrics are shown below
on Figure 3.

a. Thermal Bonding b. Needle Punching

2.9. EVALUATION
The physical properties of all the developed nonwoven samples were tested according to the ASTM
standard. This test were carried out to evaluate its properties like fabric weight (GSM g/m2),
stiffness test (cm), fabric thickness (mm), wick ability and sinking test of the prepared nonwoven
samples as per their applicability.
2.9.1 FABRIC WEIGHT (ASTM D3776-96)
Fabrics are differing in their weight some may be light weight while some others may be heavy
weight so it is necessary to evaluate the weight of the fabric. To calculate the weight of the fabric
GSM cutter method is used commonly. In this method place the test specimen on the rubber pad
without wrinkles and then keeping the GSM cutter on top of the specimen rotate the knob of the
cutter. Blades are there on the cutter which helps the fabric to cut it in a circular shape .Then
removing the GSM cutter and collecting the circular specimen of 100cm2 and then two needle
punching and thermal bonding samples were being weighed and recorded.
2.9.2 FABRIC THICKNESSES (ASTM 01777-2002)
A fabric thickness is determined according to ASTM 01777-2002.The thickness tester has 2 parts
anvit and pressure foot which works under a lever spring action on top.Anvit indicates the thickness
of the sample in 1000 inch. In this process the sample is placed in anvit plate and the lever of the
pressure foot is released slowly which is pressed slightly on the placed sample. The dial indicates
the thickness of the fabric and as such readings were taken for two needle punching and thermal
bonding samples and the mean value is calculated and recorded.
2.9.3 WICKING TEST (AATC Test Method 197)
Wicking test is the test done as per the procedure to evaluate the wick ability of the fabric. This test
strategy is utilized to assess the capacity of vertically adjusted texture example to transport fluid
along as well as through them and is pertinent to woven, weaved or nonwoven textures.
(Priyalatha,2018).In this strategy a piece of texture (30 cm *2cm) was cut and submerged vertically
with an edge inside the measuring utensil of refined water. At that point the texture is being kept for
some consistent time for example for 1 min to record the sponginess of the strip. To recognize the
situation of the water line on that strip around few measure of color was added to the water to
assimilate the water. In this manner ten readings were taken.

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2.9.4 FABRIC SINKING TEST (AATC/AASTM TESTS METHOD TS-018)
Fabric sinking test technique is intended to quantify the water receptiveness of materials by
estimating the time it takes a drop of water set on the texture surface to be totally ingested into the
texture.(AATCC/AASTM Test Method TS-018, Procedure for Absorbency)In this method samples
were cut into small square specimen which is about 1*1 and is placed inside the beaker filled with
distilled water. It is then kept for one minute to evaluate the absorbency, the shorter the time greater
the wet ability.
2.9.5 FABRIC STIFFNESS TEST (ASTM D1388-18)
Fabric stiffness tester is used to determine the bending height, flexural rigidity and bending
modulus of a fabric by simple procedures and calculation by ASTM D1388, BS3356, DIN 53362,
etc. The specimen is placed flat on the measuring plane of the instrument and then moving forward
it slowly, so that one end of the specimen is gradually detached from the plane support and
suspended. Affected by the gravity of the example itself, one end of the sample is bowed down to
the slanted plane, and then measurement of the expansion length is taken and recorded for needle
punched and thermal bonding samples.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Analysis of the Physical Properties of Blended Nonwoven Fabrics:
The needle punched and thermal bonding sample compositions and their physical properties are
shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 PARAMETERS OF NEEDLE PUNCHING AND THERMAL BONDING:-
Weight Thickness Wick ability Sinking Stiffness
`
Mean (GSM) Mean (mm) Mean (cm) Mean (sec) Mean (cm)
Needle 658 4.194 1.18 35 2.6
punching
Thermal 558 3.384 0.22 36.4 3.5
bonding

Results are discussed characteristic wise as under fabric weight of both the needle punched and
thermal bonded samples were apparent from the Table 1. Mean weight of needle punching and
thermal bonded nonwoven samples is found to be 658 GSM and 558 GSM respectively. It is
concluded that the mean weight of thermal bonded sample is less as compared to needle punched
sample as such thermal bonded nonwoven has more firmness than needle punched. With reference
to thickness the mean values of needle punched and thermal bonding is found to be 4.194 mm and
3.384 mm respectively. It is found that the thermal bonded sample has low weight as compared to
needle punched and has more compressed effect. As such then compared sample compositions and
their mean wick ability values of needle punched and thermal bonded samples are found to be 1.18
cm and 0.22 cm respectively and concluded that thermal bonded nonwoven have low absorbency
than that of needle punched sample.
Then sinking capacity of the blended nonwoven fabrics is observed from the experimental testing
which is found to be 35 seconds and 36.4 seconds which shows that thermal bonded nonwoven
fabrics has less sinking capacity and as such takes more time to absorb than needle punched fabrics.
With reference to the fabric stiffness 3.5 cm and 2.6 cm is the stiffness of needle punching and

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thermal bonding respectively. This results leads to the conclusion that the fabric stiffness of thermal
bonded sample is more than needle punched as such it shows that thermal bonded samples have
good stiffness and has more compressed nature.
Analysis of the physical properties of nonwoven samples
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
WEIGHT THICKNESS SINKING
WICKING STIFFNESS
MEAN MEAN MEAN
MEAN (cm) MEAN (cm)
(gsm) (mm) (min)
NEEDLE PUNCHING 658 4.194 1.18 35 2.6
THERMAL BONDING 558 3.384 0.22 36.4 3.5

Figure 4. .Parameters of nonwoven samples

3.2 Statistical Analysis of Parameters Tested For Needle Punching And Thermal Bonding
TABLE 2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR NEEDLE
PUNCHING AND THERMAL BONDING
Parameters Mean SD SE F-value Sig
651.600 7.76316 2.45493
Weight (gsm) 814.592 .000*
550.200 8.12130 2.56818
4.198 .165219 .052247
Thickness (mm) 226.418 .000*
3.336 .074144 .023446
1.260 .05637 .01783
Wick ability (cm) 2568.008 .000*
.1730 .03773 .01193
32.900 2.51440 .79512
Sinking (sec) 17.795 .001*
36.570 1.11659 .35310
Stiffness 2.490 .19692 .06227
257.753 .000*
(cm) 3.610 .09944 .03145
*=Significant at 1% level
The ANOVA Table shows 814.592 as F value for weight, 226.418 for thickness, 2568.008 for wick
ability, 17.795 for sinking, 257.753 for stiffness respectively which is significant at 1%. Hence it
can be concluded that needle punched and thermal bonded nonwoven samples have significant
difference between its thickness and weight because of the compression of the samples in thermal
bonding.

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4. CONCLUSION:-
Pollution is becoming a major problem in today‘s world because of the increasing number of
industries and factories. And so to reduce the impact of pollution specially in textile industries and
with the development of new technologies, machineries considerable efforts are being made in
developing nonwoven materials which are becoming more popular nowadays because of its eco-
friendly and disposable nature which plays a significant role in reducing the environmental
pollution. From the above mentioned experiment it can be concluded that blended thermal bonding
nonwoven fabric is the best combination with high thickness and weight because of its compressed
nature and make it more suitable eco friendly fabric for use in various applications of textiles.
REFERENCES:
1. AATCC 197 (2011), Vertical Wicking of Textiles, Association of Textile Chemists and
colorists, U.S.A
2. Priyalatha S, Raja D .An overview of Objective Evaluation of Wicking property of the Textile
Material used in Sports. Trends Textile Engineering and Fashion
Technology.24TTEFT.000541.2018.D.O.I.1031031.TTEFT.2018.0000541
3. Reeta Ghosh (2014) Nonwoven fabric and the difference between bonded and Needle punched
nonwoven fabrics. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) e-ISSN:
2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume I.
4. Saravanan K (2011) Environment pollution by textile recycling. The Indian textile journal.
5. Sharma R, Geol A (2017) Development of Nonwoven Fabric from Recycled Fibers. Journal of
Textile Science & Engineering 6:289.doi:10.4172/2165-8064.1000289.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

SUSTAINABLE DYEING OF SILK - COTTON BLENDED FABRIC WITH

SELECTED MORDANTING TECHNIQUES
Aneetta Vadakeveetil Josroy*; Dr. Sundervelamsamani**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute.,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Use of chemical mordants in naturally dyed fabrics is not an eco-friendly method. Tannins and
other natural extracts from plants have been investigated for mordanting natural dyes. The natural
dye used was extracted from Jackfruit tree bark and pre or post mordanted with mango bark
extract. Pre-mordanting and post-mordanting properties of naturally dyed fabric was compared.
And it was found that post mordanting with mango bark extract gives good wash fastness
performance than pre-mordanting. This research reveals the use of many untapped natural
materials as mordants when dyeing silk-cotton blended fabric. The result have proved good
physical and colour properties.

KEYWORDS: Natural Dye, Natural Mordant, Fastness Property, Eco-Dyeing, Silk

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1. INTRODUCTION:
Natural dyes are considered to be eco-friendly as these are obtained from natural resources as
compared to synthetic dyes which are derived from petroleum resources (Gulrajani, (2001)).
Mordants are used to fix natural dyes to fabric(Siva, (2007)). Therefore, mordants form a link
between the fiber and the dye, which helps certain natural dyes with no or little affinity for the fiber
to be fixed on to them(Vankar, et al. (2009)). However, the use of chemical mordants during natural
dyeing questions the eco-friendliness of natural dyes.
To find new natural mordants plant sources with Tannins have also been investigated for
mordanting natural dyes. As per the reviews mango bark contains 16% to 20% tannins (Mahajan, et
al. (2013)). In this research possibility of dyeing silk-cotton fabric using two natural dye extracts
has been looked upon where one is used as dye and the other as mordant. To achieve this, yellow
dye was extracted from Jackfruit tree Bark (Artocarpusheterophyllus) and used it as the main
natural dye. The bark is golden-yellow coloured without any odour. The Artocarpusheterophyllus is
native to Southwest India. The jackfruit bark is used for building furniture in India. Mango bark
extract (Mangiferaindica) with a yellow colour has been used as a mordant. It is also a native to
Asia where it is locally available. The wood is used for musical instruments, plywood and low-cost
furniture. Considering the above facts the study focuses on dyeing and mordanting using the
available natural sources. The objectives of the present research are
 Selection of Natural Dye and Mordant
 Extraction of Mordant from Mango tree bark and Dye from Jackfruit tree bark
 To dye the silk-cotton blended fabric using mango bark extract as mordant and jackfruit tree
bark as dye
 To dye using pre-mordanting and post-mordanting techniques
 To compare the pre-mordanting and post-mordanting properties of fabric after dyeing
2. EXPERIMENTAL:-
The experimental process is explained under the below mentioned headings
2.1. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:-
Crushed powder of mango bark and jackfruit tree bark, degummed silk-cotton blended fabric
2.2. EXTRACTION OF DYE FROM JACKFRUIT TREE BARK AND MANGO BARK
POWDER:-
Crushed powder of Jackfruit tree bark and Mango tree bark was collected from lumber mills. 15 g
of Jackfruit tree bark powder were extracted using 200 ml of water at 90°C for 1 hour. For mango
bark extraction also same procedure was followed and the extract was directly used without any
dilution
2.3. PRE-MORDANTING:-
A piece of fabric sample weighing 25 g was pre-mordanted with mango extract. The fabric sample
was placed in 50 ml of respective mordant solution and heated at 60°C for one hour. After one hour
the fabric was dried in open air.

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2.4. DYEING USING JACKFRUIT TREE BARK:-
One sample was previously pre-mordanted and the other fabric sample only degummed but not
mordanted were all dyed separately using the same conditions. Each fabric was placed in similar
100 ml jackfruit tree bark dye solution and dyed at 80°C for 2 hours. After dyeing the samples were
dried.
2.5. POST MORDANTING:-
The un-mordanted dyed samples were post mordanted using mango following the same procedure
as pre-mordanting.
2.6 EVALUATION:-
2.6.1 FABRIC THICKNESS (ASTM 01777-2002)
Thickness gauge is the equipment used for testing the fabric thickness. The sample is placed in
anvil plate and the lever of the foot is released which press slightly on the sample placed. Ten
readings were taken for dyed, pre and post mordant dyed samples and the average mean value was
found and recorded.
2.6.2 FABRIC WEIGHT:-
To calculate the fabric weight the fabric sample was placed on a rubber pad and then placing the
GSM cutter on top of it and rotating the knob of the GSM cutter ten samples were cut for all the
three type of dyed samples. Then the weights of all these samples were calculated using the
electronic balance.
2.6.3 FABRIC STIFFNESS (ASTM D1388-08):-
Stiffness tester is the equipment used to find the stiffness of the fabric. The template and the fabric
sample is placed on the platform .The strip of the fabric will droop over the edge of the platform
until the fabric viewed in the mirror cuts both index lines. The bending length was read from the
scale on the side of the platform. Following this processes ten reading were taken for the dyed, pre
and post mordant dyed samples.
2.6.4 WICKING TEST (AATCC Test Method 197):-
A strip of the fabric sample is cut out and suspended in the liquid, the rise of liquid on fabric during
a speculated time period is noted. In this manner ten reading were noted for dyed, pre and post
mordant dyed samples.
2.6.5 SPRAY TEST:-
The fabric sample is fastened so that it presents a smooth wrinkle free surface. Place the embroidery
hoop on the tester at 450. Pour 250ml of distilled water into the funnel and allow it to spray onto the
fabric in 25-30 seconds. After spraying the fabric is tapped to remove the surplus water. Observe
the surface of the fabric with the values in the spray rating chart.
2.6.6 CROCKING:-
Crock meter is the equipment used for testing the colour fastness of dyed fabrics by rubbing. It is
the transfer of colour from dyed fabric to undyed fabric under wet and dry conditions during
rubbing. After rubbing for a specific number to times, the amount of colour transferred to the white

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fabric is compared to ASTM colour chart and evaluated. The test for fastness was done for the
dyed, pre and post mordant dyed samples
2.6.7 WASHING:-
To determine the colour fastness of the fabric while washing was carried out at home. The pre-
mordanted and post mordanted samples were washed separately.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Physical Parameters of the Dyed Samples
SAMP THICKNESS TEST (mm) FABRIC WEIGHT (GSM) STIFFNESS TEST (cm)
LE Mean Loss/ Percentage Mean Loss/ Percentage Mean Loss/ Percentag
gain over loss/gain gain over loss/gain gain over e loss/gain
original original original
Origin
al 0.31 - - 78 - - 2.38 - -
fabric
Pre-
morda
0.306 0.004 (-) 1.30% 75.96 2.04 (-)2.68 2.8 0.42 (+)15
nted
fabric
Post-
morda
0.31 0.0 0.0 78.8 0.8 (+)1.01 2.725 0.345 (+)12.6
nted
fabric

100
THICKNESS (mm)
80
60
FABRIC WEIGHT
40 (GSM)
20 STIFFNESS TEST
0 (cm)

To test the physical properties of the pre-mordanted and post-mordanted samples Thickness, Fabric
weight and Stiffness test were carried out. By analysing the thickness test results it is understood
that there is no much difference in the thickness after pre and post mordanting the fabric. In pre-
mordanted fabric there is an increase of 0.004mm, which is not a significant difference.
With reference to the Fabric Weight test, there is a loss of weight in pre-mordanted fabric and an
increase in weight by 0.8 can be seen in post-mordantedfabric. From Stiffness test it was found that
there is an increase in the stiffness of the fabric after mordanting. The increase in stiffness shows
that the mordant and dye particles are attached to the fabric.

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3.2 Analysis of Spray Test
Spray test was carried out to check the absorbency of the fabric samples and it was found that both
the pre-mordanted and post-mordanted fabric sample have good absorbency. While the test
specimen was analysed with the standard spray rating chart it showed a grade of ‗0‘ i.e. complete
wetting of whole upper and lower surface.
TABLE -1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE DYED SAMPLES
SAMP THICKNESS TEST (mm) FABRIC WEIGHT (GSM) STIFFNESS TEST (cm)
LE Mean Loss/ Percentag Mean Loss/ Percentage Mean Loss/ Percentage
gain over e loss/gain gain over loss/gain gain over loss/gain
original original original
Original
0.31 - - 78 - - 2.38 - -
fabric
Pre-
(-)
mordant 0.306 0.004 75.96 2.04 (-)2.68 2.8 0.42 (+)15
1.30%
ed fabric
Post-
mordant 0.31 0.0 0.0 78.8 0.8 (+)1.01 2.725 0.345 (+)12.6
ed fabric

3.3 Colour fastness test for Crocking

TABLE-2
CROCKING
SAMPLE WICKING (cm)
DRY WET
Pre-mordanted fabric 5 3/4 2.3
Post-mordanted fabric 5 4/5 2.1
Original Fabric 2.5

With reference to colour fastness to crocking post-mordanted sample scored a rating of 4/5 and 5
for wet and dry crocking. Proving the samples to have good and excellent colour fastness
properties, whereas for pre-mordanted sample scored a rating of 3/4 and 5 for wet and dry crocking.
Proving the sample to be moderate in wet and excellent when dry.
When wick ability of the original fabric sample was observed it was found that it has high
absorbency when compared to pre and post mordanted samples.
Independent T-Test have done for the follwoing analysis
TABLE 3.1STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR PRE-
MORDANT AND POST-MORDANT
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Pre .3090 .01197 .00379. -.192 .850NS
Thickness
Post .3060 .01075 .00340 .405 .691NS
NS – Not Significant

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The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value is
0.850 and 0.691, which is above 0.05 and, therefore, there is a no statistically significant difference
between the Pre-mordant and Post Mordant
TABLE 3.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR PRE-
MORDANT AND POST-MORDANT
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Pre .75680 .018743 .005927 3.394 .003*
Weight
Post .78300 .016364 .005175 .257 .800NS
*-Significant at 1% level, NS – Not Significant
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value of
Pre–mordantedWeight is 0.000 (i.e., p = .000), which is below 0.05 and, therefore, there is a
statistically significant (at 1% level)
TABLE 3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR PRE-
MORDANT AND POST-MORDANT
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Pre 2.6900 .72793 .23019 -1.343 .196NS
Stiffness
Post 2.7500 .69162 .21871 -1.660 .114NS
NS – Not Significant
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value is
0.196 and 0.114, which is above 0.05 and, therefore, there is a no statistically significant difference
between the variables.
TABLE 3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR PRE-
MORDANT AND POST-MORDANT
Variables Mean SD SE T-value Sig
Pre 2.1700 .11595 .03667 7.985 .000*
Wicking
Post 2.1100 .09944 .03145 9.714 .000*
*-Significant at 1% level
The above table shows the output of the Independent T-Test analysis, that the significance value of
Pre–mordantedWicking and Post-mordanted Wicking is 0.000 and 0.000 (i.e., p = .000), which is
below 0.05 and, therefore, there is a statistically significant (at 1% level) difference between the
variables.
Paired T-Test have done for the follwoing analysis
TABLE 3.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS TESTED FOR PRE-
MORDANT AND POST-MORDANT
Variables T-value Sig
Thickness Pre & Post .449 .664NS
Weight Pre & Post -2.925 .017**
Stiffness Pre & Post -.144 .889NS
Wicking Pre & Post 1.616 .140NS
NS – Not Significant, ** Significant at 5% level

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The above table shows the output of the Paired sample T-Test analysis for the significant values of
pre- mordant and post mordant of Thickness, Stiffness and Wicking is 0.664, 0.889 and 0.140,
which is above 0.005 that shows there is no significant difference between pre- mordant and post
mordant of the variables. Whereas the weight of pre- mordant and post mordant is 0.017 which is
significant at 5 percent level. Hence it could be concluded that there is significant difference
between post and pre mordanting with reference to weight.
CONCLUSION
Natural dyeing should be 100% eco-friendly hence it should not contain any hazardous chemicals
like metal salts used for mordanting. Synthetic dyes and mordants are causing so much pollution so
people are looking out for natural dyes but the results obtained are not satisfactory so mordanting
will help in getting better shades and if using the same colour with different techniques we are able
to produce different tints(Teklemedhin (2018)). Considering this the above experiment was carried
out and from the experiment it is clear that the stiffness and weight have increased and post-
mordanting with mango-bark extract gives better wash fastness than pre-mordanting. Hence this
study can be taken as a basis for taking up many more natural materials for dying and mordanting
and applied in other textile products.
REFERENCES
1. M. L. Gulrajani, (2001), ―Present status of natural dyes‖, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile
Research, 26, 191-201
2. MalviyaNeelu and SarojMahajan (2013), ―Preliminary Phytochemical screening of bark of
some important Trees of College Campus with special reference to Tannin, Glycoside and their
Medicinal Properties‖. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 2(11),
13-17, November
3. P. S. Vankar, R. Shankar, S. Wijayapala, (2009), ―Dyeing Cotton, Silk and Wool Yarn with
Extract of Garniciamangostana Pericarp‖, JTATM, qfe 6(1).
4. R. Siva, (2007), ―Status of Natural Dyes and Dye-Yielding Plants in India‖, Current Science,
92,
5. Taame Berhanu Teklemedhin (2018), ―Dyeing of Wool Fabric Using Natural Dye And Natural
Mordant Extracts‖, Trends In Textile Engineering And Fashion Technology.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EXTRACTION OF CORN HUSK FIBER IN DIFFERENT TYPES AND

COMPARE THE PHYSICO-COMPOUNDS
Asmitha. P.Viswanathan*; Dr. Sundervelamsamani**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

The recent demand for natural fibers could be satisfied using agro waste for fiber extraction. More
are less corn husk is used only for cattle feed therefore this was being used for extraction. Cornhusk
filaments were extricated with step-wise treatment utilizing soluble base, protein. There moved
filaments were breaking down for different physico-compound parameters. Considering this corn
husk is treated with tank water retting, acid retting and alkali retting among that tank water retting
is good. The yield of extraction is better in alkali solution.

KEYWORDS: Tank Water Retting, Alkali Extraction, Naoh and Hcl, Corn Husk Fiber, Crimp

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1. INTRODUCTION
Gathering of unmanaged agro-squander particularly from the creating areas has an expanded natural
concern. Reusing of such squanders into reasonable, vitality effective material materials is a
suitable answer for the issue of contamination and common asset protection for who and what is to
come. Using cornhusk for material applications could turn into a noteworthy leap forward in this
direction. Many different filaments have been removed from various plants like milkweed stems,
water hyacinth and so forth and by results of certain plants like bagasse which are being connected
in different fields of materials. Barely any investigations have been done before too to use cornhusk
for extraction of strands. The present investigation additionally went for extraction of filaments
from cornhusk by treating it with acid, alkali and plain water. The removed cornhusk filaments
were then evaluated for different physico-substance parameters to discover their reasonableness for
different material applications. ( Jain, et.al.,2017)
Non-accessibility of good quality cotton has additionally upheld the move enormously. Following a
sharp decrease in yield gauges for the present harvest year, costs of cotton have recorded more than
five percent increase subsequent to bottoming out. Non-accessibility of good quality for over 50
years, an extreme move has been occurring in the overall wellspring of strands. During the 1960s,
80% of filaments were common, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics
overwhelm the market in light of the fact that petro-based strands have been shoddy and solid,
while normal filaments require higher interests in land and water to develop. Overall utilization of
material filaments has multiplied in the previous 15 years. It will twofold again in the following 10-
15 years. Yet, our changing world is affecting the material supply (Vora, 2019,)therefore; there is
considerable need to meet the various end uses of mankind. With this in view the study was framed
to extract corn fiber. The major objectives of the study are:
 Extract fiber from corn husk
 Evaluate the properties of the extracted corn fiber
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. EXTRACTION OF CORNHUSK STRANDS
The extraction of filaments from cornhusk was completed by step-wise treatment with tank
water retting, acid and alkali methods. These steps are explained below.
2.1.1. COLLECTION OF CORN HUSK
Nowadays corn is a very favourite item in shops and it is also will available on roadsides .It is just
steamed and sold out. The investigator collected the corn husk and put it in neat cover and kept it.
Next day it was bought to the university.
2.1.2. RETTING
Retting is a procedure utilizing the activity of small scale life forms and dampness on plants to
break down or spoil away a great part of the cell tissues and gelatines encompassing vast-fiber
packs, thus encouraging partition of the fiber from the stem. It is utilized in the creation of fiber
from plant materials, for example, flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks.
(Biagiotti,et.al., 2004)

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2.1.3. TANK WATER RETTING (A)
Tank retting, an inexorably vital technique, permits more prominent control and delivers
progressively uniform quality. The procedure, for the most part utilizing solid tanks, requires
around four to six days and is possible in any season. In the initial six to eight hours, called the
draining time frame, a great part of the soil and shading matter is evacuated by the water, which is
normally changed to guarantee clean fiber. Squander retting water, which expects treatment to
lessen unsafe dangerous components before its discharge, is wealthy in synthetic concoctions and is
once in a while utilized as fluid compost.(Manchanda, 2007)
Fifty gms of the husk was cleaned and then weighed then it was put into water retting. As shown in
the Table-1 material liquor ratio was exactly socking amount was taken and the temperature was
maintained as room temperature and every day it was taken and cleaned. After 16 days only slight
modification among the husk on the time the investigator was extract the fiber from the corn husk
by using and the thoroughly washed and dry it in shade.
TABLE-1 PARAMETERS OF TANK WATER RETTING
MLR : Till corn husk dipped
Temperature : Room temperature
Days : 16 days

2.1.4. ACID RETTING (B)

Retting is a procedure utilizing the activity of small scale life forms and dampness on plants to
break down or spoil away a great part of the cell tissues and gelatines encompassing vast-fiber
packs, thus encouraging partition of the fiber from the stem. It is utilized in the creation of fiber
from plant materials sodium hydroxide (Hcl) is used.
50gms of the husk was cleaned and then weighed then it was put into alkali retting (NaoH). As
shown in the Table-3 material liquor ratio 1:40 was taken in the temperature was maintained at
room temperature and every day it was taken and cleaned. After 4 days only slight modification
among the husk on the time the investigator was extract the fiber from the corn husk by using slight
scraper and the thoroughly washed and dry it in shade.
TABLE-2 PARAMETERS OF ALKALI RETTING
Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) : 5%
MLR : 1:40
Temperature : Room temperature
Days : 4 days

2.1.5. ALKALI RETTING(C)

For alkali retting follow the above procedure.
Fifty gms of the husk was cleaned and then weighed then it was put into acid retting (Hcl). As
shown in the Table-3 material liquor ratio 1:40 was taken and the temperature was maintained as
room temperature and every day it was taken and cleaned. After eight days the investigator found
that there was slight modification among the husk on the time the investigator was extract the fiber
from the corn husk by using slight scraper and the thoroughly washed and dry it in shade.(
Peter,et.al.,2002)
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TABLE-3 PARAMETERS OF ACID RETTING
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) : 5%
MLR : 1:40
Temperature : Room temperature
Days : 8 Days

3. EVALUATION
3.1 FIBER THICKNESS
Fiber thickness is determined according to ASTM 1777-2000 the thickness tester has two parts the
anvit and pressure foot which works under a lever spring action on a top aanvit indicates the
thickness of the sample in 1000 of an inch. Each dimension on the dial is in mm. The sample is
placed in anvit plate and the lever of the pressure foot is released very slowly and pressure slightly
on the sample. The dial showed the thickness of the sample. Ten readings were taken; mean value
was calculated and recorded.
3.2 FIBER CRIMP TEST
Fiber crimp test instrument consists of a scale fixed in the bare at the end of the base and balancing
head. A fixed clamp is provided and the other end of flame underlined is noted. Another clamp is
provided on the scale noted in groups 0.85gms to 0. 175gsm.
The crimp %= stretched length - original length/original length×100 in this manner ten readings
were taken and mean value was calculated.
3.3 FIBER LENGTH MEASUREMENT
Fiber length is measured by using the length scale. Ten neat fibers extracted from all the three
procedure where taken one of the other where stretched neatly in metallic mater scale and readings
were taken and the mean value was calculated
3.4. WEIGHT OF THE FIBER
After each retting the fibers where taken and dried in shade for 48 hour to ensure complete removal
of moisture. The weights of the fibers were calculated to find out the yield % of the fibers
extracted.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
THE EXTRACTED FILAMENT
The corn husk was treated with water, acid & alkali for extraction. The results are given below.
4.1.1. ANALYSIS OF THE FIBERS THICKNESS OF THE EXTRACTED SAMPLES
The fibre thickness result of the sample was presented in Table-4. The mean thickness of the water
retting, acid retting and alkali retting samples was found 1.752mm, 1.75mm and 1.54mm from the
acid retting, alkali retting thickness is reduced. Hence it could be concluded that thickness of the
acid retting and alkali retting is less than water retting.
4.1.2. ANALYSIS OF THE FIBERS CRIMP OF THE EXTRACTED SAMPLES
The fibre crimp result of the sample was presented in Table-4. The mean crimp of the water retting,
acid retting and alkali retting samples was found by0.26cm, 0.24cm, 0.24cm from the acid retting,
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alkali retting crimp is reduced. Therefore it is clear that crimp of the acid retting and alkali retting is
less than water retting.
4.1.3. ANALYSIS OF THE FIBERS LENGTH OF THE EXTRACTED SAMPLES
The fibre length result of the sample was presented in Table-4. The mean length of the water
retting, acid retting and alkali retting samples was found by19.34cm,19.22cm,19.32cmfrom the acid
retting, alkali retting length is reduced. Thus it could be concluded that length of the acid retting
and alkali retting is less than water retting.
4.1.4. ANALYSIS OF THE FIBERS WEIGHT OF THE EXTRACTED SAMPLES
The fibre weight result of the sample was presented in Table-4. The mean weight of the water
retting, acid retting and alkali retting samples was found by 4.890gms, 4.568gms, 3.756gms from
the acid retting, alkali retting weight is reduced. Thus it could be concluded that length of the acid
retting and alkali retting is less than water retting.
TABLE-4 PARAMETERS OF FIBRES OBTAINED
Sample Thickness Crimp Length Weight
A 1.752mm 0.26cm 19.34cm 4.890gms
B 1.75mm 0.24cm 19.22cm 4.568gms
C 1.54mm 0.24cm 19.32cm 3.756gms

TABLE-5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR PARAMETERS OF WATER, ACID AND

ALKALI FIBRES
Variables Mean SD SE F-value Sig
Water 1.7610 .04748 .04748
Thickness Acid 1.7440 .03273 .03273 92.448 .000*
Alkali 1.5540 .03098 .03098
Water .2600 .05164 .05164
Crimp Acid .2300 .04830 .04830 1.918 .660NS
Alkali .2200 .04216 .04216
Water 19.2800 .94257 .94257
Length Acid 19.1500 .60782 .60782 .082 .922NS
Alkali 19.2000 .56765 .56765
Water 4.84660 .025105 .025105
Weight Acid 4.54490 .051684 .051684 2535.859 .000*
Alkali 3.75700 .021045 .021045
*= Significant at 1% level, NS = Not Significant
The above Table-5 shows the output of the ANOVA analysis, that the significance value between
the water, acid, and alkali treatments fiber is 0.000, 0.660, 0.922 and 0.000, there is a statistically
significant (at 1% level) difference between the water, acid and alkali with Thickness and weight,
but there is no statistical significance between water, acid and alkali with crimp and length.

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Figure-1 Analysis of Physical Properties of Water, Acid and Alkali Fibers
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
THICKNESS(mm) CRIMP(mm) LENGTH (cm) WEIGTH(gms)

A B C

5. CONCLUSION
In the modern days people are looking out for biodegradable fiber in the textile industry the
availability of natural fibers is not in bar with the demand of maters it hence new fiber could solve.
This fiber from corn husk which is agro waste has be convert as fiber and physical properties has
checked can be manufacture this which able the economy.
REFERENCES:
1. Anders Peter S. Adamsen, Danny E. Akin, Luanne L. Rigsby , (2002),Chemical Retting of Flax
Straw Under Alkaline, ―Textile Research Journal‖ Volume 72 Issue
2. Archana Jain, Deeply Rastogi, BhawanaChanana, M.S.Parmar, AditiDhama, (2017),IOSR,‖
Extraction Of Cornhusk Fibres For Textile Usages ―, Journal of Polymer and Textile
Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 4, Issue 1 (Jan. -
Feb. 2017), PP 29-34
3. J. Biagiotti, D. Puglia, J. M. Kenny (2004) A Review on Natural Fiber Based Composites
Part I: Structure, Processing and Properties of Vegetable Fibres Journal of Natural
Fibers, 1(2), 37-68 DOI: 10.1300/J395v01n02_04
4. KokilaManchanda, (2007) ― International Jute Study Group – Fiber Retting‖, Britannica
5. RutamVora,(2019), Weak Global Prices, Poor Crop To Push Cotton Imports By 80%, ―The
Hindu – Business line‖

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

MODIFICATION OF HEMP SISAL FABRIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR

COMPOSITE PREPARATION
Channa V S Vimala Bharathi Deepthi*; Sunitha. R**
*M.Sc. Textiles and Apparel Designing,
**Assistant Professor SS,
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Fibre reinforced polymer composites have acquired a dominant place in variety of applications
because of higher specific strength modulus. The natural fibres are currently replacing the use of
synthetic fibres as reinforcement for polymer composites. A composite is a material made of more
than one substance that is used as building things. Composite materials have higher specific
strength, stiffness characteristics, which enables structural design to be more versatile. Natural
fibres such as hemp and sisal have been studied as a reinforcement and filler in composites. Among
various natural fibres, Sisal is fairly coarse and inflexible. It possesses moderately high specific
strength and stiffness, durability, ability to stretch, and resistance to deterioration in salt water.
Therefore, it can be used as a reinforcing material in polymeric resin matrices to make useful
structural composite materials. Composites made up of hemp fibres with thermoplastic, thermostat
and biodegradable matrices have exhibited good mechanical properties. In this study, composite
structures were prepared by using epoxy resin as a matrix and the reinforcement used was the
hemp sisal woven fabric. Before, the composite structure preparation the surface tension of the
fabric surface can be increased by the alkaline treatment of different concentrations namely, 5%,
7.5%, 10%, 15% and the fabric which exhibited the best mechanical properties was selected for
resin coating. The prepared specimens were examined for tensile properties. The strength and
elongation of the single layer untreated composite structure is higher compared to alkaline treated
single layer composite structure and the strength and elongation of the Two-ply untreated
composite structure is higher compared to alkaline treated Two-ply composite structure. Thus, the
present study aims to develop the natural fibre based polymer composites with different
characteristics and to analyse their mechanical behaviour.

KEYWORDS: Biodegradable, Thermoplastic, Composites

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INTRODUCTION
Green environment for future motivated researchers to seek for an eco-friendly alternative. The
interest in exploring the other available materials from agro industries has grown in recent years.
Due to the increase in community interest and environmental consciousness, the new environmental
regulations and unsustainable consumption of petroleum leads to thinking of the use of
environmentally friendly materials such as natural fibers which have good properties compared to
synthetic fibers. The growing factors such as environmental challenges, biodegradability and non-
toxicity lead the researchers to focus their studies on exploring the features of natural materials 1.
Natural fibers are attractive over man-made and synthetic fibers due to their advantages low-cost,
bio-degradability, light weight, High specific strength2Due to the constant increase in the
environmental concern in the past years, the environmental issues have resulted in the development
of new composite materials, such as natural fibers as an alternative for synthetic fibers3.
Natural fibers can be classified according to their origin. The vegetable or cellulose base class
includes fibers such as cotton, hemp, flax and jute etc. The animal or protein base fibers include
wool and silk. The most important fiber in the mineral class is asbestos. Important factors for
choosing the natural source for reinforcement are its availability, proximity, cost and the need for
complementary processes4.Natural fiber, any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an
animal, vegetable, or mineral source and convertible into nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper or,
after spinning into yarns, into woven cloth5. Natural fiber reinforced polymers are gaining more
attention from researches and industry due to their cost-effectiveness, lighter weight, lower abrasion
of equipment and renewability, among the several benefits of natural fiber composites.
Compared to other natural fibres, Sisal is highly coarse and inflexible. It also possesses high
specific strength and stiffness, durability, ability to stretch, and resistance to deterioration in salt
water. Composites made up of hemp fibres with thermoplastic, thermostat and biodegradable
matrices have exhibited good mechanical properties. Composites are materials based on the
controlled distribution of one or more materials, termed as reinforcement, in continuous phase of
second materials, called matrix. The reinforcement is added to provide strength and stiffness to a
composite. The matrix is also known as ‗Binder‘ material. Broadly, the composite material can be
grouped into three categories depending upon the nature of the matrix. Thus, the classifications are
a) Metal matrix composites b) Ceramic matrix composites and c) Polymer matrix composites 6.
Polymer matrix composites are commonly used in weight sensitive structures due to their high
stiffness-to-weight ratios.
Epoxy resins are a class of thermo set materials used extensively in structural and specialty
composite applications because they offer a unique combination of properties that are unattainable
with other thermo set resins available in a wide variety of physical forms from low-viscosity liquid
to high melting solids, they are amendable to wide range of processes and applications. The, first
production of Epoxy resins occurred in Europe and in the United states in the late 1930s and early
1940s7. Epoxy resin, plays a vital role in polymer matrix materials because of their superior
mechanical and adhesive properties. They have been used widely as a matrix to hold the high-
performance fiber reinforcement together in composite materials, as well as structural adhesives 8.
Hardener, a substance of mixture added to a plastic composition to take part in and promote or
control the curing action, also a substance added to control the degree of hardness of the cured
film9.

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Among various surface treatments, Alkali treatment is a common method to clean and modify the
fiber surface in order to lower the surface tension and enhance the interfacial adhesion between the
natural fiber and the polymer matrix. 10So this study was taken up to treat Hemp sisal fabric with
sodium hydroxide in different concentrations, to assess the mechanical properties of the alkaline
treated Hemp sisal fabrics of various concentrations and the selection of the best suited
concentration, to coat the Hemp sisal woven fabrics using Epoxy resins and to evaluate the tensile
properties of treated and untreated resin coated composite structures.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Composite material is prepared by mixing two or more different elements in order to make a
material with superior properties from its parental materials11.
COMPOSITE

Matrix Reinforcement Binder

LY - 556 Hemp sisal woven fabric HY - 951

Alkaline treatment Fabric coating

Concentration

One-ply composite
5% 7.5% 10% 15% Two-ply composite

Evaluation

Selection of best fabric

Fabric coating

Two-ply composite One-ply composite

Evaluation

Evaluation
Flow chart indicating the methodology of the study

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The methods followed for the study are explained under the following heads.
2.1 PROCUREMENT AND TREATMENT OF FABRIC
The fabric of plain woven construction with warp Hemp and weft as Sisal was Procured.The
procured fabric was treated with Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). NaOH treated composites show better
tensile strength and water absorption tendency of epoxy composite also decreased due to the
chemical treatments of the fibers6.So, the fabrics were treated with NaOH of different
concentrations 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15%. The treated Hemp Sisal fabrics were evaluated and
compared with the untreated Hemp sisal fabric.
2.2MIXING AND COATING OF CHEMICALS
To coat the fabrics, the mould releasing agent PVA was applied on the surface of the OHP sheet to
facilitate easy removal of the composite from the surface after curing. The low temperature curing
epoxy resin LY556 and suitable hardener HY951 are mixed in the correct of ratio 10:1 12(Plate
1).Thus, the low temperature curing resin and corresponding hardener were used for the study.
These had the properties as given below.
Properties of epoxy resin: LY556 - Viscosity at 250oC -10,000 -12,000 MPa, Visual aspect
- clear liquid, Density - 250oC- 1.15 - 1.20 gm/cm3,Flash point - 1950⁰ C and the properties of the
hardener HY-951 were,Density - 0.95 g/cm3, Melting point - 120oC, Boiling point- 266 – 267o C,
Water solubility – soluble and Flash point - 143oC.These were mixed thoroughly in the proportion
10:1.The untreated fabric as well as the selected, treated with NaOHand coated with the above
mixed chemicals namely the resin and binder. This was left on the OHP sheet for curing.(Plate
2)&(Plate 3)
2.3EVALUATION OF HEMP SISAL ALKALINE TREATED FABRICS
The Hemp sisal plain woven fabrics treated with different concentrations of NaOH were evaluated
for salient properties such as moisture content, moisture regain, fabric weight, thickness, strength,
elongation, spray, wicking and sinking tests.
Thus, the test methods for the treated Hemp sisal fabrics were as follows:
2.3.1 MOISTURE CONTENT
Moisture content is defined as, the weight of water is expressed as a percentage of the total weight.
It is expressed as Moisture content = [(100 × W) / (D – W)] %
The samples of fabrics HS,HST1, HST2, HST3andHST4to be tested were cut and weighed. The
weight of the each samples was noted and then, the samples were kept in a woven at a temperature
of around 45⁰ C for about one and half hour. After then, the samples were taken out of the oven
and then weighed again. Thus, the percentage of the moisture content can be achieved by the
substitution of both the readings (actual sample weight W and the dry sample weight D) in the
above formula. Thus moisture content was analysed for all the untreated and treated samples.
2.3.2 MOISTURE REGAIN
Moisture regain refers to, the weight of water in a material is expressed as a percentage of the oven
dry weight. It is expressed as Moisture regain = [(100 × W) / D] %
This was the continuous test of the moisture content. After, finding out the moisture content
percentage the samples were to be conditioned in the room temperature for about 24 hours. After

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then, the samples were again weighed and the weight of the each sample was noted. The, moisture
regain percentage can be achieved by again substituting the values in the above given formula.
Thus, moisture regain was analysed for all the untreated and treated samples.
2.3.3 FABRIC WEIGHT
Fabric weight is an important component for comparing the two similar fabrics construction 13. The
fabric weight is the relative weight of the fabric and express as the weight of a particular size of
piece such as grams per square meter. It is a device to cut circular specimens of 100 square
centimeters of a fabric very accurately. It has four blades that cut the fabric when the nano wheel is
rotated by applying light pressure. Three samples for each of HS,HST 1, HST2, HST3andHST4were
carried out. Then these were weighted accurately using digital balance having 0.01sensitivity. The
value obtained in grams multiplied by 100 gives grams per square meter (GSM) of the fabric. Thus,
moisture content was analysed for all the untreated and treated samples. Three samples for each of
the concentrations was calculated and to be tabulated.
2.3.4FABRIC THICKNESS
Fabric thickness is the distance between the upper and the lower surface of the material where
measured under a standard pressure using Shirley‘s Thickness Tester with an accuracy of
0.01mm14.The fabric was placed between the pressure foot and anvil the reading was noted from
the dial. Five readings were taken from different places of the HS,HST 1, HST2,
HST3andHST4fabrics. Thus, fabric thickness was analysed for all the untreated and treated samples.
Five readings for each of the concentrations was calculated and to be tabulated.
2.3.5 FABRIC STRENGTH
The strength of a fabric is defined as its ability to withstand an applied load without failure. Two
rectangular specimens of size 3inches × 8inches were cut both in warp and weft direction of the
fabrics HS,HST1, HST2, HST3andHST4and were placed in between the jaws of the tensile strength
tester. One side of the cut end is clamped into the upper jaw and the other end into the lower jaw.
When the tester was started, the jaws move apart at a constant rate until the fabric begins to tear. At
that moment, the tester was stopped the readings shown in the dial of the tester are to be noted.
2.3.6 FABRIC ELONGATION
Fabric elongation is the increase in the length of the specimen from its starting length expressed in
units of length. The distance that a material will extend under a given force is proportional to its
original length, therefore elongation is usually quoted as strain or percentage extension. This, test is
be conducted in tensile strength tester, with the same procedure that was followed for the fabric
strength test. But, the readings for the samples were shown clearly on the elongation scale placed at
the left side of the tensile tester. Thus, the samples of the fabrics HS,HST 1, HST2,
HST3andHST4were tested and the readings are to be noted.
2.3.7 SPRAY TEST
The spray rating test is one used to measure the resistance of a fabric to surface wetting but not to
penetration of water. It is therefore a test which is particularly used a shower proof finishes. It is
often the case that water proof coating are applied to the inner surface of a material and a water
repellent finish is then applied to the outer surface to stop it absorbing water as it would otherwise
become waterlogged. In such cases the test is used on the outer layer of fabrics which are otherwise
considered as waterproof15.

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In the test five specimens HS,HS1, HS2, HS3andHS4are tested. Each sample is 180mm in square.
Each specimen in turn is held over a 150mm diameter embroidery frame which is mounded at 45 o
to the horizontal. A funnel which is fitted with a standard nozzle containing 19 holes of a specified
diameter is held 150mm above the fabric square. 250 ml of distilled water is poured into funnel at
25 ± 2⁰ C the shower is continued onto the fabric. After the water spraying is stopped the frame
and sample is removed and it is tapped twice smartly against a solid object in an opposite point of
the frame, the fabric being kept horizontal. This removes any large drops of water. The fabric is
then assigned a spray rating either wing the written grading.The, spray test was analysed for all the
untreated and treated samples as per the ratings16.
2.3.8 WICKING TEST
A strip of fabric is suspended vertically with its lower edge in a reservoir of distilled water. The rate
of rise of the leading edge of the water is then monitored. To detect the position of the water line a
dye can be added to the water or in the case of dark colour fabrics, the conductivity of the water
may be used to complete an electrical circuit. The measured height of raise in a given time is taken
as a direct indication of the wick ability of test fabric.The simple form of the test does not take into
account the mass of the water that is taken up. This will depend on the height. The water has risen
to the thickness of the fabric and the water holding power of the fabric structure one way of
allowing for this is to weight the fabric at the end of the test and hence obtain the mass of the water
taken up by the fabric. The mass then can be expressed as a percentage of the mass of the length of
dry fabric. This is equivalent to the measure height of water rise 17.Thus, the samples of HS,HST1,
HST2, HST3andHST4 were tested for wicking and the readings were recorded.
2.3.9 SINKING TEST
A 200ml beaker was filled with distilled water. Samples of size 25mm × 25mm were cut from the
HS,HS1, HS2, HS3andHS4fabrics and were dropped on the surface of the water from a standard
height. The stop watch was started when the fabric stuck the surface of the water and stopped when
the last corner sank below the water surface and the time required for each of the sample of
HS,HST1, HST2, HST3andHST4 to sink sample was to be noted. If the sample does not sink within
1minute then, the sample is considered to as having floated 18.Thus the sinking test was analysed for
all the untreated and treated samples.
2.3.10 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST FOR COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
The tensile strength was carried out for all the four samples as per standards ASTM A370:20. The
load, tensile strength and elongation at peak were noted and tabulated. It was analysed for both the
samples with one-ply and two-ply composite structures.(Plate 4)
2.4 NOMENCLATURE
The nomenclature used for the samples are presented in the following Table I.
TABLE I NOMENCLATURE
S.no Nomenclature of Sample Details of Samples
1 HS Hemp sisal fabric
2 HST1 5% NaOH treated Hemp sisal fabric
3 HST2 7.5% NaOH treated Hemp sisal fabric
4 HST3 10% NaOH treated Hemp sisal fabric
5 HST4 15% NaOH treated Hemp sisal fabric
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6 HSUC1 Untreated 1-ply Hemp sisal composite structure
7 HSUC2 Untreated 2-ply Hemp sisal composite structure
8 HSTC1 Alkaline treated 1- ply Hemp sisal composite structure
9 HSTC2 Alkaline treated 2-ply Hemp sisal composite structure

PLATE 1 MIXING OF PLATE 2 Untreated PLATE 3 Treated

CHEMICALS Composite structure Composite structure

PLATE 4 Tensile tester used for

composites
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results and discussions of the study are expressed under the following heads.

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3.1 MOISTURE CONTENT
The moisture content of the fabric samples is expressed in the figure 1.
Figure 1 Fabric Moisture Content
7.9
8
6.66

Moisture content (%)

6 5 5.08

4
2.12
2

0
HS HST1 HST2 HST3 HST4
Samples

From Figure 1, it could be concluded that the sample HST 1 which was treated with 5 percentNaOH
exhibited minimum moisture content among all the treated samples.The moisture content of the
sample HST1 decreased over the original sample HSwhereas, it increased in all the other treated
samples.
3.2 MOISTURE REGAIN
The results of moisture regain observed are presented in the Figure 2.
Figure 2 Fabric Moisture Regain

12 10.5
10
Moisture regain (%)

8
5.17
6

4 2.38
1.78
2
0
0
HS HST1 HST2 HST3 HST4
Samples

From Figure 2, it could be concluded that the sample HST 1 did not regain moisture whereas, all the
other treated samples gained moisture from the atmosphere but that was lesser than the original
sample.
3.3FABRIC WEIGHT
The results obtained from the fabric weight analysis is expressed in the Table II.

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TABLE II FABRIC WEIGHT
S.no Sample Weight (GSM) Gain (%)
1. HS 408 -
2. HST1 443 8.57
3. HST2 445 9.06
4. HST3 494 21.07
5. HST4 552 35.29

From the Table II, it could be concluded that the fabric weight was increased on NaOH treatment
and it was the highest exhibited highest in sample HST 4.
3.4 FABRIC THICKNESS
The results obtained in the fabric thickness test are expressed in Table III.
TABLE III FABRIC THICKNESS
S.no Sample Thickness (mm) Gain (%)
1. HS 2.43 -
2. HST1 2.46 1.02
3. HST2 2.70 11.0
4. HST3 2.73 12.4
5. HST4 2.78 14.5

From Table III, it could be concluded that the fabric thickness increased on treatment with NaOH
and it was the highest in HST4.
3.5 FABRIC STRENGTH
The fabric strength in warp and weft directions is presented in Table IV.
TABLE IV FABRIC STRENGTH
S.no Sample Warp Weft
Strength (kgs) Loss (%) Strength (kgs) Loss (%)
1. HS 78 - 163 -
2. HST1 48 -38.46 64 -60.73
3. HST2 40 -48.71 73 -55.21
4. HST3 68 -12.82 60 -63.19
5. HST4 76 -2.56 56 -65.64

From Table IV,it could be concluded that there exists a drastic loss in strength in samples of which
it was the minimum in samples HST4and HST2 in warp and weft directions respectively.
3.6 FABRIC ELONGATION
The fabric elongation is expressed in the Table V.

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TABLE V FABRIC ELONGATION
S.no Sample Warp Weft
Elongation (%) Gain percentage Elongation (%) Gain
(%) percentage (%)
1. HS 17.6 - 23 -
2. HST1 29.4 67.04 23.5 2.17
3. HST2 27.0 53.4 24 4.34
4. HST3 29.4 67.04 35.3 53.47
5. HST4 23.5 33.52 41.2 79.13

From Table V, it could be concluded that there exists a drastic increase ofelongation in the treated
samples in the warp direction whereas, the treated samples exhibited slighter increase in elongation
in the weft direction when compared to warp treated samples.
3.7 SPRAY TEST
The observations obtained in the spray test are presented in the Table VI.
TABLE VI SPRAY TEST
S.no Sample Result
1. HS 70
2. HST1 0
3. HST2 0
4. HST3 0
5. HST4 0

From Table VI,it was obvious that the sample HS exhibited the partial wetting of the whole upper
surface with the rating of 70whereas, all the treated samples showed complete wetting of the whole
upper and lower surface of the fabric with the rating of 0.
3.8 FABRICWICKING
The results of wick ability of the fabric are expressed in the Figure 3.
Figure 3 Wicking Test

6 5.5
5
4.6
5 4.2
Wicking height (cm)

4
3
2
1
0
0
HS HST1 HST2 HST3 HST4
Samples

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From theFigure 3,it could be concluded that wicking was highest in sample HST 1, showing more
absorbency and it was the least in the sample HST 4.
3.9 FABRIC SINKING
The results obtained in the sinking test are presented in the Table VII.
TABLE VII SINKING TEST
S.No Sample Time seconds
1. HS 86
2. HST1 0.04
3. HST2 0.23
4. HST3 0.14
5. HST4 0.08

From the Table VII,it could be concluded that the sinking of the fabric was the quick in all the
treated samples and was the quickest in sample HST 1 depicting highest absorbency and the least
absorbency was exhibited in the sample HST 2among all the samples.
3.10 TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
3.10.1 TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF 1-PLY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
The tensile strength and elongation of the untreated and treated 1-ply composite are presented in
Table VIII.
TABLE VIII TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF UNTREATED AND
TREATED 1-PLY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
S.no Sample Load at peak Elongation at peak Strength at peak
(kN) (mm) (N/mm2)
1 HSUC1 1.261 9.044 11.271
2 HSTC1 0.298 5.528 6.690

From theTable VIII, the one-ply untreated composite structure exhibited higher elongation and
higher strength than the one-ply alkaline treated composite structure.
3.10.2 TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF 2-PLY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
The tensile strength and elongation of the untreated and treated 2- ply composite structures are
presented in Table IX.
TABLE IX TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF UNTREATED AND
TREATED 2-PLY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
S.no Sample Load at peak Elongation at peak Strength at peak (N/mm2)
(kN) (mm)
1 HSUC2 2.132 4.980 12.404
2 HSTC2 0.402 2.465 4.381

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From theTable IX,the two-ply untreated composite structure exhibited higher elongation and
strength than the two-ply alkaline treated composite structure.
Figure 4
Stress Vs. strain graphs for composite structures

Untreated one-ply composite structure Treated one-ply composite structure

Untreated two-ply composite structure Treated two-ply composite structure

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4 CONCLUSION
The fabric weight and thickness increased in all the samples on treatment with NaOH with more
increase in sample HST4 treated with NaOH of 15percent concentration. There was a loss in
strength in all the samples whereas the elongation was increased in all the treated samples. The
moisture content and moisture regain showed favourable result in the sample treated with NaOH of
5per cent concentration. But, water absorbency of the samples was good in all the treated
samples.The strength and elongation of the single layer untreated composite structure is higher
compared to alkaline treated single layer composite structure and the strength and elongation of the
Two-ply untreated composite structure is higher compared to alkaline treated Two-ply composite
structure. Keeping the above results in mind, the investigator has concluded that, the untreated
Hemp sisal resin composite structures has high strength and elongation when compared to the
alkaline treated resin treated composite structures were, treated with treated with 5 percent sodium
hydroxide and hence, the untreated Hemp sisal resin composites can be used in technical
applications where necessary.
REFERENCE
1. Boyle A et al., Epoxy Resins, p 78
2. Experimental investigation of the tensile and bending behavior of fabric composites. (Book
reference)
3. Goud E et al., 2016, Mechanical Properties of Natural Composite Fibre ProsopisJulifora,
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol-5, p
17037
4. Korla S, 2013, Environmental Studies on Coconut Coir Fiber Epoxy Composite having TiO2 as
Filler, p 1.
5. Koyuncu M, 2017, Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties of voile fabric reinforced
epoxy composites, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol-42, pp 89-90
6. Kumar A et al., 2015, Development and Behaviour of Mechanical, Chemical resistance and
Morphology Properties of Silicon / Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites,
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Vol-59, pp 124-125
7. Mohammed A A et al., 2016, Effect of sodium hydroxide on the tensile properties of sugar palm
fibre reinforcement thermoplastic polyurethane composites, Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Sciences (JMES), Vol-10, pp 1765-1766
8. Mustafa Hauwa and Dauda Benjamin, 2015 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alkali
Modified Nigerian Sisal Fibres, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
Vol-6, pp 401-402
9. Physical testing of textiles (Book reference)
10. Principles of Textile Testing (Book reference)
11. Raj K L and Ashok K G, 2016, Design and Fabrication of Vibration Damping Pad using
LuffaCylindricaFiber Reinforced Polymer Composite, International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Modern Education (IJMRME), Vol-II, 441-443
12. Rey R et al., 2017, Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Treatments on Tensile Strength and the
Interphase Quality of Hemp Core Fiber - Reinforced Polypropylene Composites, p 1-3.

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13. Sakthivel R and Rajendran D, 2014, Experimental Investigation and Analysis a Mechanical
Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composite Plates, International Journal of Engineering Trends
and Technology (IJETT), Vol-9, p 408
14. Sakthivel R and Rajendran D, 2014, Experimental Investigation and Analysis a Mechanical
Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composite Plates, International Journal of Engineering Trends
and Technology (IJETT), Vol-9, p 408
15. Samal N, 2012, Fabrication and characterization of Acetone Treated Natural Fibre Reinforced
Polymer Composites, pp 1-5
16. Shahzad S, 2012, Hemp fiber and its composites - A review, Journal of Composite Materials, pp
1-4.
17. Textile testing (Book reference)
18. www.britannica.com> natural fibre

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Asian Journal of
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Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE FROM SAW DUST OF PTEROCARPUS

MARSUPIUM USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
Kandasamy Nadiya*; Kaliappan Kalaiarasi**
* Ph.D Scholar,
Department of Textiles & Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Assistant Professor,
Department of Textiles & Clothing
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

The present study aims on the extraction of eco-colourant from Pterocarpus marsupium using
different solvents such as water , alkali and acid by conventional extraction method . Cotton fabric
was mordanted using premordanting technique with myrobalan mordant . The dyeing was carried
out at 90 ͦ C for 60 minutes using the extract obtained from different solvents. The dyed fabrics were
then assessed using spectrophotometer to analyse for color strength and CIE L*a*b*. The results
show that the colour strength value of alkaline dyed fabric was the best and bright colour, and the
next good result was obtained in the order of water and acid. The fastness properties of cotton
fabric dyed with mordant was found to be very good whereas the fastness properties of
unmordanted dyed fabric were observed to be satisfactory. The results of colour measurement and
colour fastness properties of the fabric samples indicate that alkali extract is more efficient than the
other two medium.

KEYWORDS: Alkaline Extraction, Colourfastness, Colour Strength, Natural Dye, Saw Dust.

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INTRODUCTION
Natural dyes have been known to be in use extensively for colouring of textile, handicraft, drug,
food, leather, cosmetic (Siva, 2007) as well as paper, candles, shoe polish, wood from pre-historic
times. Natural dye sources are difficult to obtain in huge quantity as raw material. The raw
materials for natural dyes needs careful exploration of sources from plants and animals, which
should be easily available at low cost and harmless on the environment when used (Verma and
Gupta, 2017). Natural dyes produce graceful, soothing and artistic colours as compared to manmade
dyes. Natural dyes contribute to the efficiency of measure to conserve the environment (Singh et al.
2010). From the olden days, plants are used for dyeing silk, wool and cotton material later it was
replaced by synthetic dyes. There has been a growing interest for natural dye production and
application on textile for sustainable and non-toxic alternative to synthetic dyes (Wanyama et al.
2010). The extraction of plant or vegetable dyes basically depends on the medium in which the dye
is extracted (Samanta and Konar, 2011). Saw dust from Pterocarpus marsupium wood, which is
available as a waste from saw mill all over world and can also used as textile eco-friendly colorant.
Hence we chosen Pterocarpus marsupium commonly known as vijaysar that has been recommended
for the dyeing of textiles (Nadiya and Kalaiarasi, 2018; Gokhale et al 2004). In this paper we report
results on extraction of dye using different medium and application on cotton fabric.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Dye Sources: The saw dust from the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium was collected from Sivasamy
saw mill located at Alandurai, Coimbatore, Tamil nadu, India.
Substrates:
Desized, scoured and mercerized 100% cotton fabric has been selected for the study. It was
purchased from NTC, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Used:
AR grade chemicals such as acetic acid and sodium carbonate were used for extraction. Myrobalan
was purchased in local market and used for mordanting.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
PREPARATION FOR DYE EXTRACTION
Dye was extracted using three different solvent such as water, alkali and acid (Samanta and Konar,
2011).
Aqueous Extraction: In the present study, five gram of the saw dust of Pterocarpus marsupium
was taken and soaked overnight with 50ml of distilled water.
Alkaline Extraction: Five gram saw dust of Pterocarpus marsupium was taken and soaked
overnight in the 1% alkaline solution (0.5 g of sodium carbonate).
Acidic Extraction: Five gram saw dust of Pterocarpus marsupium was taken and soaked overnight
in the 1% acidic solution (0.5 ml of acetic acid).

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CONVENTIONAL DYE EXTRACTION METHOD
The prepared dye mixtures were placed in the water bath at 100ºC for 60 minutes. At the end of
extraction, the beaker was cooled down to room temperature and the mixtures were filtered using a
muslin cloth. The filtrates were kept at 4 ºC and used for dyeing.
FABRIC DYEING
The extracted natural dye solutions were used to dye the selected cotton fabric keeping M:L ratio
1:30. Dyeing was carried out in lab dyer at 90ºC for 60 minutes.
MORDANTING
The cotton fabric samples were premordanted with 10 % myrobalan at room temperature for 1 hour.
COLOURFASTNESS TESTS
Dyed cotton fabrics were tested for light fastness, wash and rub fastness. Colourfastness to
washing was tested by washing the dyed fabrics with nonionic detergent (1g per litre).
Colourfastness to light was carried out by exposing the dyed fabrics to sunlight for 12 hours.
Colourfastness to rubbing was determined by rubbing the dyed samples for 10 times in dry and wet
conditions and checked for fading of colour (Das and Mondal, 2013).
COLOUR MEASUREMENT
Spectral reflectance techniques were used to measure the color strength of the dyed fabric using a
spectrophotometer (Premier Colorscan SS 5100H). The K/S values were calculated by Kubelka-
Munk equation.
K/S = (1-R) ² /2R
Where K is the absorption coefficient, S is scattering coefficient and R is the decimal fraction of the
reflectance of the fabric dyed samples at λmax. CIELab values were also recorded for all dyed
samples.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EVALUATION OF DYED FABRICS
The selected cotton fabrics were dyed with dye extract of Pterocarpus marsupium saw dust
obtained using different medium with myrobalan as mordant and the dyed samples were observed
that the absorption of dye was found to be higher.
FASTNESS PROPERTIES
The fastness properties of cotton fabrics dyed with Pterocarpus marsupium saw dust extract of
different medium are shown in Table 1. The dyed samples were compared between mordanted and
unmordanted samples.

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TABLE 1 FASTNESS PROPERTIES FOR COTTON FABRIC DYED WITH
PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM SAW DUST
Colourfastness test
Solvent Mordant Rubbing
Washing Light
Dry Wet
Water Without 4 5 4 3/4
With 4/5 6 4 4
Alkali Without 4/5 6 4 4
With 5 7 4/5 4
Acid Without 3/4 4 3/4 3
With 4 5 4 4
(Ratings for Washing and Rubbing fastness 1-5; where 1-poor, 2-fair, 3-good, 4-very good and 5-
excellent; Ratings for light fastness - 1-8; where 1-poor, 2-fair, 3-moderate, 4-good,
5-better, 6-very good, 7-best and 8-excellent)
Colour fading by sunlight was evaluated by comparing the dyed samples and observed that all dyed
samples showed good to best result. Washing fastness of all dyed samples ranged between good to
excellent. Rubbing fastness of all dyed samples showed good to excellent fastness in dry condition
and good to very good in wet condition. On the whole, the premordanted cotton fabric dyed with
alkaline extract showed very best result and followed by water and acid extract dyed fabrics.
COLOUR STRENGTH
Colour strength curves for all dyed samples with different solvent of extract from Pterocarpus
marsupium saw dust as presented in Figure 1. All the samples show similar shades because they
were from same source but different medium used for extraction. The colour strength values were
highest for cotton dyed with dye from alkaline extraction and treated with myrobalan as a mordant.
In contrast, the colour strength value was lowest for cotton fabric dyed with dye from acidic
extraction
Figure 1. K/S Curves of dyed samples

Standard – Undyed fabric; WE - Water extract Dyed fabric;

ALE - Alkali extract Dyed fabric; ACE - Acid extract Dyed fabric
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TABLE 2. CIELAB VALUES FOR PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM ROXB BARK
EXTRACT DYED FABRICS
Color co-ordinates
Parameter K/S
L* a* b* C* H*
Standard 0.930 87.224 2.142 -6.622 6.960 287.954
WE 26.149 60.635 2.487 23.699 23.829 83.975
ALE 26.907 60.651 2.290 24.469 24.576 84.619
ACE 20.801 63.265 3.533 22.567 22.842 81.070
CIE L* a* b* VALUES
The L* a* b* values for cotton fabric dyed with extract of Pterocarpus marsupium saw dust are
tabulated in Table 2. The dyeing with myrobalan premordanting technique imparted a shade change
from light yellow to dark yellowish tinge. Also, the lightness value decreased for cotton fabric dyed
using alkaline extract, and retains the brightness while the highest was obtained with cotton fabric
dyed with acid extract having dullness. The a* b* plot of dyed cotton samples are shown in Figure
2 show the colour range of dyed cotton samples with with Pterocarpus marsupium saw dust of
different extraction medium. Figure 2 show that all the cotton samples dyed with Pterocarpus
marsupium saw dust which lies in the yellow zone.
Figure 2. Represents the colorimetric values of extracted dyed cotton fabric
using different extraction medium

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CONCLUSION
Saw dust of Pterocarpus marsupium was found to be a potent natural dye source for textile
coloration. It is economical and easily available source throughout the world. Different Shades can
be obtained using different medium of extraction on cotton fabric. Enhancement of dye uptake was
very good when compared to the unmordanted fabrics. The fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed
with myrobalan premordanted were found to be quite good. Of the different medium used for
extraction, alkali medium yielded the best results in colour fastness tests. Since this dye will not
pollute the environment, the dye has good scope in eco-friendly industrial purposes.
REFERENCE
1. Das Pijush Kanti and Mondal Amal Kkumar 2013, ‗Studies on the application of some less
known ethno medicinally dye yielding plants for dyeing in cotton cloth with focus on
conservation strategies in Paschim medinipur District, West Bengal, India: A new approach‘,
International Journal of Phytopharmacology, vol. 4 , no. 1, pp. 54-59.
2. Gokhale SB, Tatiya AU, Bakliwal SR and Fursule RA 2004, ‗Natural dye yielding plants in
India‘, Natural Product Radiance, vol.3, no.4, pp. 228-234, [july-august].
3. Nadiya K and Kalaiarasi K 2018, ‗Evaluation of different extraction methods for extraction of
Eco-colorant from Pterocarpus marsupium saw dust‘, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, vol, 118, no. 20, pp. 4463-4471.
4. Singh Renu, Fatima Nargis and Grover Ekta 2010, ‗Dyeing of Banana blended fabric with
natural dyes‘, Man-made Textiles in India, vol. 53, no. 1, pp.10-14 [January],.
5. Siva R. 2007, ‗Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India‘, Current Science, vol.
92, no. 7, pp.916-925 [April].
6. Shivani Verma and Gunjan Gupta 2017, ‗Natural dyes and its applications: A brief review‘,
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, vol 4, no. 4, pp. 57-60, [October –
December].
7. Samanta Ashis Kumar and Konar Adwaita 2011, ‗Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes‘,
Natural Dyes, pp. 29-56.
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/natural-dyes/dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-
dyes
8. Wanyama PAG, Kiremire BT, Ogwok P, Murumu JS 2010, ‗Characterization of colour strength
from some dye-yielding plants in Uganda‘, African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.
4, no. 10, p. 233-239, [November].

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( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

DECOLOURISATION OF SAFRANIN BY SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND

ITS TOXICITY EVALUATION
Maruthanayagam Alaguprathana*; Mani Poonkothai**
1,2
Department of Zoology,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In the present study, an agricultural waste product sugar cane bagasse was used as a eco-friendly,
effective and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye safranin from aqueous solutions.
The dye adsorption was evaluated under different experimental conditions such as initial dye
concentration (100-700mg/L), biosorbent dose (100-600mg/L), solution pH (1-8), temperature (25-
55oC) and contact time (1-7 days) respectively. The phytotoxicity studies such as germination
percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, vigour index, phytotoxicity percentage and
relative toxicity were evaluated on 7 days old Cicerarietinum seeds to determine to toxic nature of
untreated and degraded metabolites respectively. Maximum adsorption capacities for removal of
dye was 100mg/L initial dye concentration, 400mg/L biosorbent dose at pH 5 with 30 oC in 5th day
of contact time. The phytotoxicity results of control (T1) and degraded metabolites (T3) were
showed maximum seed germination and growth whereas decreased significantly in untreated dye
solution (T2). This was evidenced by germination percentage (50), shoot length (4.67±0.41), root
length (0.20±0.94), fresh weight (0.49±0.25), vigour index (244), phytotoxicity percentage (97) and
relative toxicity (44%) respectively. It was concluded that the treated dye solution is non-toxic in
nature and can be used as an alternative source for irrigation purposes.

KEYWORDS: Adsorption, sugarcane bagasse, optimisation, degraded metabolites and

phytotoxicity.

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INTRODUCTION
Water and soilis the wellspring of life which plays a vital role for the function of our ecosystem.
Colour is one of the major pollutant to be recognized in water as well as in soil. It is fouled due to
the disposal of waste water and sludge generated from the dyeing and finishing industries can be
one of the biggest contributors to aquatic pollution (Firbas, 2015, El-Haddad et al., 2013, Gupta et
al., 2012and Daneshvaret al., 2004).
Over 1,00,000 different dyes have been synthesized and more than 7x105tons of dyestuff produces
annually. Azo dyes are the largest group of synthetic dyes which is commercially used by textile
industries because of their ease and cost effectiveness in synthesis, stability, high wet fastness
profiles, high stability to temperature, detergent, microbial attack and variety in colour compared
with the natural dyes (Tehrani-Bagha and Holmberg, 2013 and Chequer et al., 2013).
Textile dyeing industries are one of the important sources of water pollution because the 50 per cent
unfixed dyes are released as waste water into aquatic bodies can cause flora and fauna (Crini 2006).
The environmental problems such as the inhibition of photosynthesis due to the reduction of
sunlight penetration in water bodies, increasing biochemical and chemical oxygen demand and
contaminate soil and ground water resource (Boyer et al., 2010 and Al-Degset al., 2008).
Dyes are inflexible to photochemical and biological degradationbecause of the degradation products
may be toxic in nature which is highly harmful to living organisms including human beings.
Therefore, the development of effective, inexpensive, renewable and sustainable dye removal
processes is of a great importance for the removal of dyes from untreated waste water before
discharge to the environment (Dakhil, 2016, Rahman, 2016.,Garget al., 2004 and Gupta et al.,
2013).
Several treatment techniques including coagulation, electrochemical degradation, flocculation,
photocatalytic degradation, membrane filtration, adsorption, ozonation, advanced oxidation
processes, radiolysis, reverse osmosis and aerobic and anaerobic treatment methods have been
applied to treated textile effluents (Gupta et al., 2015). Among these adsorption is extremely
gaining prominence. It is the most efficient method for the removal of different types of dyes
(Calveteet al., 2010).
Adsorbents from renewable sources are gained more attention because they are easy to handle, able
to function at low concentrations, safe and cost effective for dye removal from the aqueous
solutions (Gupta and Suhas, 2009). Some of the lignocellulose materials are proven as a good dye
adsorbent because of the presence of functional groups on their surface (Ferreira et al.,
2015,Gurgelet al., 2008, Gusmaoet al., 2013, You et al., 2016 and Martins et al., 2017).
The agro- industrial waste namely sugarcane bagasse can be obtained in the sugarcane milling
process which is the scum left when crushing the sugarcane stems for extraction of the sucrose-rich
juice and it consists of 45 per cent cellulose, 18 per cent lignin and 28 per cent hemicellulose
(Oliveira et al., 2006, Soccolet al., 2010 and Pehlivanet al., 2013). Over the years, a large amount
of bagasse has gathered due to the growth of sugarcane crops.Henceforth, sugarcane bagasse is a
seemly and economically attractive alternative for the removal of dyes from the textile effluent and
also can solve the agricultural waste disposal problem (Masson et al., 2007).
The cationic dye, safraninis selected as a candidate dye for the present study because it is widely
used as food dye in flavouring and colouring candies and cookies, textile industries, leather, paper
as well as in researches related to histology, textile cytology and bacteriology (Shariatiaet al.,
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2011). Commercially used as a photosensitizer in electron and energy transfer reactions, redox
indicator in analytical chemistry, analytical reagent for the determination of nitrite in acidic medium
and it is reacted with nitrite to form a diazoniumcation, which caused the change of the reddish-
orange colour of the dye solution to blue (El-Haddad et al., 2013).
The present study describes the biosorption of safranin by using sugarcane bagasse from the
aqueous solutions under optimised conditions. The effects of various factors such as biosorbent
dose, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and contact time are reported. The toxic effect of
untreated and treated dye solution on the germination of Cicerarietinum seeds to determine the
toxicity of the resulting solutions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE
The sugarcane bagasse was collected from road side juice hawker, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.
The collected bagasse were cut into fine pieces (0.5-1cm) and washed in running tap water for three
times and finally washed with distilled water to remove dust and dirt and then dried at room
temperature for five days. The dried bagasse were grounded into fine powder using mortar and
pestle, sieved (100-120µm) and stored in air tight container for further use.
PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION
Safranin dye (C. I. Name –Safranin O or basic red 2; CAS.No – 477-73-6; molecular formula –
C20H19ClN4 ; λmax – 530 - 534nmand molecular mass - 350.85 g·mol-1) was obtained from
chemical company (Hi media) Ltd. A stock solution was prepared by dissolving exactly weighed
dye. Seven different dilutions of stock solutions (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700mg/L) were
also prepared for adsorption studies.
BATCH DECOLOURIZATION EXPERIMENTS
To evaluate the decolourization efficiency of sugarcane bagasse, the batch experiments were
conducted in 1000ml conical flasks containing 1L safranin dye solution with different
concentrations (100-700mg/L), biosorbent dose (100-600g/L), solution pH
(1-8), temperature (25-55oC) and contact time (1-5days). The required pH values of the dye solution
was adjusted with 1N HCL and 1N NaOH. The batch study was repeated twice to confirm the
results with controls. Afterwards, the maximum absorbance of control and decolourised samples
was scanned at 530-534nm in calorimeter. The percentage decolourisation was calculated using the
formula
(Ai)-(At)
Decolourisation (%) = -------------- x 100 ------------------------------ (1)
(Ai)
Where Ai was the initial absorbance and At is the absorbance at contact time t.
PHYTOTOXICITY STUDIES
The healthy, uniform sized Cicerarietinum (Bengal gram) seeds were selected and the surface was
sterilized with 0.1%HgCl2 for 1min and then washed with tap water. 10 seeds were placed with
equal distance in plastic cups filled with soil. The seeds were irritated with different treatment
solutions such as tap water (T1) served as a control, untreated dye solution (T 2) and degraded

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metabolites (T3) respectively for 7 days. Three replicates were maintained for each treatment. The
germination percentage, shoot length, root length and fresh weight (Sajani and Muthukkaruppan,
2011) were recorded on 7th day and the vigour index, phytotoxicity percentage and relative toxicity
(%) were also calculated.
GERMINATION PERCENTAGE
After 7 days of seeding, germination percentage of the seedlings were calculated using the formula
Number of seeds germinated
Germination percentage = ------------------------------------ X 100 ------------------ (2)
Total numbers of seeds sown
SHOOT LENGTH AND ROOT LENGTH (cm/seedling)
The maximum length of each shoot and root was measured in each treatment
(T1, T2 and T3) using cm scale from the ground level to the tip. The plants were uprooted during the
7thday after sowing and washed in running water to remove soil particles and pressed between filter
paper folds to remove water droplets before the shoot length was measured.
FRESH WEIGHT (g/seedling)
The seedlings were taken from each treatment and their fresh weights were recorded using electrical
balancer.
VIGOUR INDEX
Vigour index was calculated as the product of germination percentage and plant height. The vigour
index of each seedling was calculated using the formula
Vigour index = germination percentage X (root length + shoot length) ----------------- (3)
(Abdul-Baki and Anderson, 1973)
PHYTOTOXICITY PERCENTAGE
Phytotoxicity percentage was calculated using the formula of Chou and Lin (1976).
RC -Rt
Phytotoxicity (%) = -------- x 100 ------------------------------------------- (4)
Rc
RELATIVE TOXICITY (% RT)
Relative toxicity of each treatment exposed seedlings were evaluated using the formula (Chapagain
1991).
x-y
RT = -------- X 100 ------------------------------------- (5)
x
where, RT = Relative toxicity (%), x= germination percentage in control on 7 th day and
y= germination percentage in the presence of treatment solutions at the same time.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EFFECT OF VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON DYE DECOLOURISATION
The dye concentration is one of the important parameter in adsorption process which overcomes the
mass transfer resistance of adsorbate between the aqueous and solid phases (Murugan,et al., 2010).
The effect of initial dye concentration of safranin onto sugarcane bagasse was studies and shown in
figure 1. The experiments were carried out at 400mg/L biosorbent dose, temperature 30 oC, pH 5
and different initial dye concentration (100-700mg/L) at 5th day of contact time.The results showed
that the maximum dye removal was attained at initial dye concentration (94%). Beyond 100mg/L
dye concentration, gradual decrease in the decolourisation was observed probably due to by the fact
that the binding sites of the adsorbent surface would be saturated (Sarataleet al., 2010a).

Figure 1 Effect of initial dye concentration on the percentage colour removal of safranin by
sugarcane bagasse
The results discovered that the dye removal was decreased with an increase in initial dye
concentration which might be due to the saturation of adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface
(Sallehet al., 2011). The percentage removal was decreased from 94% to 43% as the initial dye
concentration increased from 100-700mg/L. Hazzaa and Hussein (2012) stated that a large number
of surface active sites are available during initial dye adsorption and after a period of time, the
residual surface active sites are occupied and when the dye concentration increases, the surface
active sites required for adsorption will not be available.
EFFECT OF BIOSORBENT DOSE ON DYE DECOLOURISATION
Adsorbent dose is also an important parameter in adsorption studies because it determines the
capacity of adsorbent for a given initial concentration of dye solution (Fatiha and Belkacem
2016).In order to evaluate the effect of biosorbent dose on the removal efficiency was studies by
varying the quantity of biosorbent dose (100-600mg/L) while keeping the initial dye concentration
of 100mg/L. Figure 2 depicts the amount of dye adsorbed by biosorbent from 65% to 95% with an
increasing biosorbent dose 100-400mg/L. the dye uptake was decreased with increasing biosorbent
dose is might be due to the concentration gradient between solute concentrations in the solution and
on the biosorbent surface (El-Haddad et al., 2013). The optimum biosorbent dose was found to be
400mg/L of sugarcane bagasse per 100mg/L of safranin dye solution.

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Figure 2 Effect of biosorbent dose on the percentage colour removal of

safranin by sugarcane bagasse
From this study, the decrease in the adsorption capacity at higher dosage is probably
due to the decrease of surface area of the biosorbent by the overlapping during sorption
(Kovacevicet al., 2000).
EFFECT OF pH ON DYE DECOLOURISATION
The solution pH is one of the important factor in adsorption process, particularly for dye
biosorptionas it may be affects the surface active sties of the adsorbent and the ionization degree of
the dye (Ahmad et al., 2018). Figure 3showed the percentage of dye removal at different pH.The
dye removal was maximum (94%) with increasing the solution pH up to 5 followed by reached
equilibrium.

Figure 3 Effect of pH on the percentage colour removal of safranin

by sugarcane bagasse
At lower pH, the percentage dye removal was decreased in cationic dyes and increased in anionic
dyes. This is probably dye to the presence of excess H+ ions opposite with the cation groups on the
dye for adsorption sites. In contrast, at higher pH, the percentage dye removal was increased in
cationic dye adsorption and decreased in anionic dye adsorption. This could be explained by the

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electrostatic attraction between the positively charged dye and the surface of the adsorbent is
lowered, which results in an increase of adsorption (Shallehet al., 2011 and Wang et al., 2012).
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DYE DECOLOURISATION
Effect of changes in temperature on dye adsorption is an indicator of the nature of thebiosorption
process that is whether an endothermic or exothermic process (Demirbaş and Alkan 2013) is. The
effect of temperature on dye removal was investigated at different temperatures (25-55oC) and
keeping all other parameters constant (initial dye concentration: 100mg/L, biosorbent dose:
400mg/L, pH 5 and contact time: 5 days). From the figure 4, it was observed that the rapid
enhancement in the dye adsorption was observed with increase in temperature from 25-30oC which
suggest that the adsorption is an endothermic in nature.

Figure 3 Effect of temperature on the percentage colour removal of

safranin by sugarcane bagasse
Beyond 30oC, the dye removal efficiency was significantly reduced; this is because of the
weakening of the physical interactions between dyes and active adsorbent sites. Increasing
temperature may decrease the adsorptive forces between dyes and the active sites on the adsorbent
surface as a result of decreasing adsorption capacity (Chowdhury and Saha 2010 and Bharathi and
Ramesh, 2013).
EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME ON DYE DECOLOURISATION
The influence of contact time on dye removal by sugarcane bagasse from aqueous solution was
investigated at different contact times (1-7days). It was evident from the figure 5, the rate of dye
removal was rapid initially (54%-97%) and then there is no significant raise in dye removal. This
could be considered as an equilibrium state for dye uptake.

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Figure 5 Effect of contact time on the percentage colour removal of

safranin by sugarcane bagasse
A large fraction of dye was removed upto 5days of contact time (97%). Beyond which there was no
significant increase in the rate of dye removal. Therefore, it was concluded that 5 th day as an
optimum time for maximum decolourisation (Figure 5). These results indicate that the contact time
improves the diffusion of dye molecules toward the surface of the biosorbent. The overall
adsorption is seen to consist of high adsorption rate at the early period which may be due to the
electrostatic attraction on the adsorbent surface (Uddinet al., 2007).
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR SAFRANIN DECOLOURISATION USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE
The optimisation of multiple interacting factors seems useful in improving the biosorption process.
The maximum colour was removed by sugarcane bagasse found to be 95%. The higher
decolourisation was achieved due to the effect of coordinated metabolic interactions under optimal
environmental conditions with initial dye concentration (100mg/L), biosorbent dose (400mg/L), pH
(5), temperature (30oC)at 5th day of contact time.
PHYTOTOXICITY STUDY
Use of untreated and treated textile effluent for agriculture purpose has direct impact on the fertility
of soil. Therefore, it is of concern to assess the phytotoxicity of the textile dye effluent before and
after degradation by any mode of treatment. Seed germination and plant growth bioassays are the
most common techniques used to evaluate the phytotoxicity (Jadhavet al., 2010).
The biometric parameters such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight,
vigour index, phytotoxicity percentage and relative toxicity (%) were recorded on 7 days old
Cicerarietinumexposed to tap water (T1), untreated dye solution (T2) and degraded metabolites (T3)
and the results were showed in table 1.
Germination Shoot Root Fresh Vigour Phytotoxicity Relative
Treatments
Percentage length (cm) Length(cm) weight (g) index percentage toxicity
T1 90 15.35±0.34 6.53±0.54 1.52±0.2 1969 - -
T2 50 4.67±0.41 0.20±0.94 0.49±0.25 244 97 44
T3 80 10.83±0.75 6.10±0.46 1.10±0.14 1354 7 11
T1 - Control (Tap water), T2 - Untreated dye solution, T3 – degraded metabolites
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Table 1 Biometric parameters of 7 days old seedlings of Cicerarietinum grown with different
treatments
The biometric parameters ofCicerarietinumseeds exposed to T1 and T3showed maximum
germination and growth whereas minimum growth and germination was observed in T 2treatment as
shown in table 1. Decrease in the germination and seed vigour irrigated with untreated dye solution
(T2) might be due to the interaction of different pollutants with the developing radical. From the
results it was observed that the reduction in shoot and root length of seedlings grown using T 2
might be due to the presence of higher dye concentration of dye which exhibited the uptake of
micro and macro elements by plant system.
From the table, it is concluded that the untreated dye solution is more toxic as compared to
degraded metabolites. This result finally proves that the present study is successful in reducing the
toxicity level of safranin by using sugarcane bagasse and its degraded metabolites can be used for
irrigation purposes. Jolly et al. (2012) studied the impact of dyeing industry effluent on wheat
cultivation. Who revealed that wheat irrigated with treated effluent shown better performance in
growth and yield compared to untreated irrigated wheat which supports the present investigation..
CONCLUSION
Water scarcity has a great impact on human life as it becomes one of the most pressing problems.
The global challenges to meet future demand are constrained by sustainable fresh water availability.
Therefore new and novel methods are required for efficient and ecofiendly treatment of existing
polluted resources of water. Promising results obtained from this study. On the basis of results it is
concluded that the sugarcane bagasse successfully reduced the toxicity level of safranin and can be
used for irrigation.
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contaminated soil and its effect on seed germination of paddy (Oryzasativa L.), International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 2(5)., 1469-1472.
36. Salleh M.A.M., Mahmoud D.K., Karim W.A.W.A and Idris A. (2011). Cationic and anionic dye
adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review, Desalination, 280., 1-13.
37. Saratale R.G., Saratale G.D., Chang J.S and Govindwar S.P. (2010a) Decolorization and
biodegradation of reactive dyes and dye wastewater by a developed bacterial consortium,
Biodegradation, doi:10.1007/s10532-010-9360-1.
38. Shariatia S., Farajib M., Yamini Y and Rajabib A.A. (2011). Fe 3O4 magnetic nanoparticles
modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate for removal of safranin next term O dye from aqueous
solutions, Desalination, 11., 270-160.
39. Soccol C.R., Vandenberghe L.P.D., Medeiros A.B.P., Karp S.G., Buckeridge M., Ramos L.P.,
Pitarelo A.P., Ferreira-Leitao V., Gottschalk L.M.F., Ferrara M.A., Bon E.P.D., Moraes L.M.P
and Araujo J.D. (2010). Bioethanol from lignocelluloses: status and perspectives in Brazil,
Bioresource Technology, 101, 4820-4825.
40. Tehrani-Bagha A.R and Holmberg K. (2013).Solubilization of hydrophobic dyes in surfactant
solutions, Materials, 6(2)., 580-608.

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41. Uddin, M.S., Zhou J., Qu Y., Guo J., Wang P and Zhao L. (2007).Biodecolorization of azo dye
acid red b under high salinity condition, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 79., 440-444.
42. Wang J., Gao F., Liu Z., Qiao M and Niu X. (2012). Pathway and Molecular Mechanisms for
Malachite Green Biodegradation in Exiguobacterium sp. MG2.PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51808.doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0051808.
43. You H., Chen J., Yang C and Xu L. (2016). Selective removal of cationic dye from aqueous
solution by low-cost adsorbent using phytic acid modified wheat straw, Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 509., 91-98.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

STUDY ON TODDLERS BEDDING

Issvetha.P*; Dr.S.Amsamani**
*Textiles and Fashion Apparel,
Email id: [email protected],
**Professor
Department of Textiles and Clothing
Avinashilingam Institute of Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In the present world most of us are very conscious about our hygiene and cleanliness.
This study is done to enhance the qualities in toddlers bedding. Toddlers are the children from the
age between 1- 3years . They must be taken care by their mothers to improve their good habits and
thoughts. At this stage the mothers should pamper toddler’s brain. Bedding is a part of enjoyment
for kids. Toddlers and babies are the important stage where they get attracted to the colours and
designs. In addition to the decoration, the bedding requires comfort, soft, safe, good texture and
shapes. Mothers are focused for this study to collect information about their toddlers bedding. It is
proved that majority of the mothers prefer Organic cotton for the fabric, natural dyes for the
colour, and special finishes like antimicrobial finish for their toddlers bedding.

KEYWORDS: Bedding, Organic cotton, Natural dye, antimicrobial finish.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Bedding is a part of enjoyment for kids. Toddlers and babies are the important stage where they get
attracted to the colours and designs. In addition to the decoration, the bedding requires comfort,
soft, safe, good texture and shapes. These are the characters of bed results with a restful sleep to the
toddlers. Mothers are the first person who took lot of care on their children. Special care must be
taken on children because “Today’s Children are Tomorrows Future World”. Therefore the
mothers are selected to take the survey based on Toddlers Bedding. From this mothers gained
knowledge about the theme based bedding to their children‘s taste.
Main Objectives of the study is to collect information regarding toddlers bedding
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Interview schedule is done by face to face which will be in good results to get correct data
(Groves,Fowler, et.al, 2009). The interview was schedule is conducted among 50 mothers with
toddlers (Fowler, 1995). This interview was done when the mothers are free to spend their time in
deciding their toddlers bedding. They preferred theme based toddlers bedding (Leon, 2003). It was
collected in a systematic manner and consolidated.
3. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The Results and discussion of the topic entitled ―Toddlers Bedding preferred by their Mothers‖ is
given below:
3.1 Results of the title to elect information about Bedding preferred by young mothers for their
Toddlers:
3.1.1 AGE DETAILS OF THE MOTHERS PREFERRING BEDDINGS FOR THEIR TODDLERS:
The age details of mothers who prefer bedding for their toddlers is presented by conducting
Interview Schedule and results are given below in Table-I and Figure: 1
TABLE I- AGE OF THE MOTHERS PREFERRING BEDDINGS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
AGE(yrs.) No. of mothers Percentage
20-23 4 8
24-27 35 70
28-30 5 10
31-33 6 12
TOTAL 50 100

20-23
24-27
28-30
31-33
TOTAL

Figure-1: Age of the Mothers Preferring Beddings for Their Toddlers

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From the above Table-I and Figure-1, most of the mothers are from the age group 24-27 is noticed
as higher percentage. That is, the age group 20-23 is basically considered as the studying period.
And the most important factor is the age period 31-33; at this stage the mothers have least chance of
getting pregnancy. Hence it is concluded that age period 24-27 is considered that most of the
women get married and have children.
3.1.2 EDUCATIONAL DETAILS OF THE MOTHERS PREFERRING BEDDINGS FOR
THEIR TODDLERS:
The Educational details of mothers who prefer beddings for their Toddlers is shown below by
Interview schedule and the results are given in Table II and Figure-2.
TABLE II- EDUCATIONAL OF THE MOTHERS PREFERRING BEDDINGS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS
Education No. of mothers Percentage
10thStd 2 4
th
12 Std 2 4
UG 29 58
PG 17 34
TOTAL 50 100

10th Std
12th Std
UG
PG
TOTAL

Figure-2: Educational of the Mothers Preferring Beddings for Their Toddlers

From the above Table-II and Figure-2 it is noted, that all the mothers are littered in which some of
them are credited by UG degree and a few by obtaining PG degrees. Therefore, all the mothers have
the content of literature, studying and writing ability as by the interview schedule. Hence it is
concluded that majority of the mothers have studied up to UG.
3.1.3 Age details of the Toddlers:
Age details of toddlers are shown below by Interviewing with their mothers and the results are
given below in Table III and Figure-3.
TABLE III- AGE OF THE TODDLERS
AGE(months) No. of toddlers Percentage
Birth-6 4 8
7-12 8 16
13-18 3 6
19-24 11 22
25-30 15 30
31-36 9 18
TOTAL 50 100
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Birth-6
07-Dec
13-18
19-24
25-30
31-36

Figure-3: Age of the Toddlers

From the above Table-III and Figure-3, most of the toddlers are ageing from the range 25-30
months, which is then followed by 19-24. And the least range is from 13-18. Hence it is concluded
that the maximum range is from 25-30 months.
3.1.4 Gender of the Toddlers:
Gender details of toddlers are shown below by Interviewing with their mothers and the results are
given below in Table IV and Figure-4.
TABLE IV- GENDER OF THE TODDLERS
GENDER No. of toddlers Percentage
Male 30 60
Female 20 40
TOTAL 50 100

100
0
MALE FEMALE

Figure-4: Gender of the Toddlers

From the above Table-IV and Figure-4, the male gender is higher than the female by the total count.
That is due to the biological factor of the ―Y‖ chromosome in the sperm. The presence of ―Y‖
chromosome results the baby in male gender when there is an absence of ―Y‖ and presence of ―X‖
chromosome results the baby in female gender. Hence it is concluded that male toddlers is large in
amount.
3.1.5 PRODUCTS PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS BEDDINGS:
Products preferred by the mothers for their Toddlers Beddings are shown below by Interviewing
with their mothers and the results are presented below in Table V and Figure-5.

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TABLE V- PRODUCTS PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
BEDDINGS
No. of products preferred by mothers Percentage
Bed 50 100
Pillow 41 82
Bed covers 50 100
Pillow covers 41 82
Bolster 19 38
Cushion 21 42
Soft toy 39 78
Hanging 16 32
others - -
TOTAL 277 554*
*Multiple responses

100
50
0

Figure-5: Products Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Beddings

From the above Table-I and Figure-2, it is clear that all the mothers prefer the bed and bedcovers as
the basic need in their toddlers bedding. And majority of the mothers include pillow and pillow
covers in their toddlers bedding as neck rest and also for protection to avoid baby falls from the
bed. Hence it is concluded that bed and bed covers are preferred by all the mothers for their
toddlers.
3.1.6 TYPE OF BED USED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS:
Types of bed used by the mothers for their Toddlers are presented below by Interviewing with their
mothers and the results are shown below in Table VI and Figure-6.
TABLE VI-TYPE OF BED USED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
TYPE OF BED No. of beds Percentage
Mosses basket 7 14
Mattress 32 64
Sleeping bag 4 8
Bunker cot 7 14
others - -
TOTAL 50 100

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BUNKER COT
SLEEPING BAG
MATTRESS
MOSSES BASKET

0 20 40 60 80

Figure-6: Type of Bed Used by the Mothers for Their Toddlers

From the above Table-VI and Figure-6, the least selection is done on the sleeping bag, where it is
mainly used in the cold countries. And the higher selection is on mattress that is commonly used in
our country, where it can be easily shifted and also it can kept aside of the mother while sleeping.
Hence it is concluded that mattress is preferred by most of the mothers.
3.1.7 THEME BASED BEDDING PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS:
Mothers who are interested and not interested to have theme based beddings for their toddlers are
counted by conducting interview to the mothers. The below Table-VII and the Figure-7 represents
the preference of theme based bedding by the mothers.
TABLE VII- THEME BASED BEDDING PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS
THEME No. of mothers Percentage
Yes 33 66
No 17 34
TOTAL 50 100

TOTAL
No
Yes

0 10 20 30 40 50

Figure-7: Theme Based Bedding Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers
From the above Table-VII and Figure-7 it is noted that majority of the mothers are wished to have
theme based bedding for their toddlers based on their own interest on selection. It can be either
depends on colour or texture and so on. Hence it is concluded that theme based bedding is preferred
by most of the mothers for their toddlers.
3.1.8 COLOURS PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS BEDDING:
Colours preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding is shown by interviewing with their
mothers and so the results are mentioned below in Table VIII and Figure-8.

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TABLE VIII- COLOURS PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
BEDDING
COLOUR No. of mothers Percentage
Primary 9 18
Secondary 8 16
Monochromatic 10 20
Analogous 3 6
Warm 1 2
Cool 18 36
Others 1 2
TOTAL 50 100

Primary
Secondary
Monochromatic
Analogous
Warm
Cool
Others

Figure-8: Colours Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding

From the above Table-VIII and Figure-8, the least preference is on warm colours (red, yellow,
orange), where it gives a variety of emotions ranging from comfort and warmth to hostility and
anger. And the highest preference is on cool colours (blue, green, violet), where it gives a variety of
emotions like health, royalty, power, nature, respect and wisdom. Secondly, the monochromatic
colours which means the tints and shades of a single colour. This gives a pleasant and rhythmic
sense to the viewer. Hence it is concluded that cool colours and monochromatic colours is preferred
mostly by the mothers.
3.1.9 MATERIAL PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS BEDDING:
Materials preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding are collected by interviewing with
their mothers and so the results are shown below in Table IX and Figure-9.
TABLE IX- MATERIAL PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
BEDDING
MATERIAL No. of material Percentage
Organic cotton 41 82
Cotton 8 16
Linen - -
Silk 1 2
Polyester - -
Poly- cotton - -

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Others - -
TOTAL 50 100

100

Figure-9: Material Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding

From the above Table-IX and Figure-9, the Organic cotton is preferred by most of the mothers for
their toddlers bedding than the other fabrics. It is selected due to the advantages of no chemical
usage and so it doesn‘t affect the toddlers in way. Hence it is considered that the organic cotton is
majorly preferred by the mothers for their toddlers.
3.1.10 Stuffing material preferred by the mothers for their Toddlers bedding:
Stuffing materials preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding are collected by interviewing
with their mothers and so the results are mentioned below in Table X and Figure-10.
TABLE X- STUFFING MATERIAL PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS BEDDING
FIBER No. of fibres for stuffing Percentage
Acrylic 1 2
Coir 1 2
Organic cotton 41 82
Recron - -
Cotton 7 14
Feathers - -
Foam - -
Polyester - -
Fur - -
Others - -
TOTAL 50 100

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PERCENTAGE
ACRYLIC

COIR

Figure-10: Stuffing Material Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding
From the above Table X and Figure-10, the Organic cotton is preferred by most of the mothers as
stuffing material for their toddlers bedding than the other fibres. It is selected due to the advantages
of no chemical usage and so it doesn‘t affect the toddlers in way. Hence it is considered that the
organic cotton is majorly preferred by the mothers as stuffing material for their toddlers.
3.1.11 PROBLEMS MENTIONED BY MOTHERS DUE TO SYNTHETIC DYES USED IN
TODDLERS BEDDING:
These are some problems noted by the mothers due to the usage of synthetic dyes in toddlers
bedding and the common problems are shown in the below table-XI and figure-11.
TABLE XI- PROBLEMS MENTIONED BY MOTHERS DUE TO SYNTHETIC DYES
USED IN TODDLERS BEDDING
PROBLEM No. of problems Percentage
Rashes 21 42
Thickening of skin 17 34
Bleeding of colour 9 18
Others 3 6
TOTAL 50 100

60
40
20
0

Figure-11: Problems Mentioned by Mothers Due to Synthetic

Dyes Used in Toddlers Bedding
From the above Table-XI and Figure-11, it is clearly noted that rashes is the mostly obtaining
problems which is mentioned by the mothers by using synthetic dyes in their toddler bedding.
Therefore, they prefer natural dyes for their toddlers bedding. Hence it is concluded that most of the
toddlers are suffered by rashes which is observed by their mothers.

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3.1.12 ADVANTAGES OF THE NATURAL DYES IN TODDLERS BEDDING:
The advantages of natural dyes are selected and given to mothers for their preference in toddlers
bedding. The collected information is mentioned below in table-XII and figure-12.
TABLE XII- ADVANTAGES OF THE NATURAL DYES IN TODDLERS BEDDING
ADVANTAGES No. of advantages Percentage
Friendly to skin 24 48
Environmental friendly 20 40
Pale colours 3 6
Pollution free 3 6
Others - -
TOTAL 50 100

OTHERS

PALE COLOURS

FROENDLY TO SKIN
0 10 20 30 40 50

Figure-12: Advantages of the Natural Dyes in Toddlers Bedding

From the above Table XII and Figure-12, it is clearly noted that rashes is the mostly obtaining
problems which is mentioned by the mothers by using synthetic dyes in their toddler bedding.
Therefore, they prefer natural dyes for their toddlers bedding. Hence it is concluded that the usage
of natural dyes is friendly to skin.
3.1.13 TIE AND DYE TECHNIQUE PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS BEDDING:
Tie and dye technique used by the mothers for their toddlers bedding preference in toddlers
bedding. The collected information is shown below in table-XIII and figure-13.
TABLE XIII- TIE AND DYE TECHNIQUE PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR
THEIR TODDLERS BEDDING
TIE & DYE No. of tie & dye Percentage
Spiral 19 38
Knots 21 42
Line 1 2
Diamond 1 2
Floral 1 2
Omber 7 14
Others - -
TOTAL 50 100

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SPIRAL

KNOTS

LINE

DIAMON
D

Figure-13: Tie and Dye Technique Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding
From the above Table XIII and Figure-13, the spiral and knots technique are maximum preferred by
the mothers for their toddlers bedding, which is evergreen and mostly suits for both the girl and
boy. Hence it is concluded that the spiral and knot technique is preferred by most of the mothers for
their toddlers bedding.
3.1.14 SPECIAL FINISHES PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
BEDDING:
The interview conducted to know whether special finishes are preferred by the mothers or not for
their toddlers bedding. The preferences are shown below in table-XIV and figure-14.
TABLE XIV- SPECIAL FINISHES PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS BEDDING
Special Finish No. of special finishes Percentage
Yes 44 88
No 6 12
TOTAL 50 100

100

50

YES
NO

Figure-14: Special Finishes Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding

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From the above Table XIV and Figure-14, it is clearly noted that majority of the mothers prefer
special finishes for their toddlers bedding. Therefore, they have aware on the health issues on their
toddlers who are easily get affected due to less immune power. Hence it is concluded that majority
of the mothers prefer Special Finishes for their toddlers bedding.
3.1.15 SPECIAL FINISHES PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS
BEDDING:
Here are some special finishes which are preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding based
on their needs. The preferences are collected by conducting interview with the mothers and are
listed below in table-XV and figure-15.
TABLE XV- SPECIAL FINISHES PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS BEDDING
SPECIAL FINISHES No. of special finishes Percentage
Antimicrobial 43 86
Oil Repellent - -
Stain Guard 5 10
Blood Replant - -
Soil Release 2 4
Anti-grease - -
Wrinkle Free 4 8
Thermal Resistance - -
De- Odorant 9 18
Mosquito Repellent 13 26
Odour 22 44
Water Repellent 17 34
Flame Retardant 1 2
Others - -
TOTAL 116 232

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Figure-15: Special Finishes Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding

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From the above Table XV and Figure-15, the Antimicrobial finish is the most wanted and preferred
by all, which can be used in any garments and fabric where it is needed to kill the microbes.
Secondly, odour finish is nothing but adding an additional odour based our need. Other finishes are
used only where it is required. Hence it is concluded that majority of the mothers prefer
Antimicrobial finish and adding Odour to their toddlers bedding.
3.1.16 PRICE RANGE PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR TODDLERS BEDDING:
Pricing range preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding which include all the basic
bedding products. The approximate amount value which is preferred by the mothers are shown
below in table-XVI and figure-16.
TABLE XVI- PRICE RANGE PREFERRED BY THE MOTHERS FOR THEIR
TODDLERS BEDDING
PRICE(Rs) No. of mothers Percentage
2500-4999 22 44
5000-7499 16 32
7500-9999 10 20
Above 10,000 2 4
TOTAL 50 100

Sales
2500-4999

5000-7499

7500-9999

ABOVE
10,000

Figure-18: Price Range Preferred by the Mothers for Their Toddlers Bedding
From the above Table XVIII and Figure-18, it is highly noted that the amount range 2500-4999 is
preferred by most of the mothers for their toddlers bedding. And above 10,000 is preferred by least
number of mothers. This preference is done based their family financial status. Hence it is
concluded that the price range 2500-4999 is preferred by the mothers for their toddlers bedding.
CONCLUSION:
Hereby it is concluded that mothers are the best person in taking care of their children and so to
decide what is necessary for the children in day to day life. Toddler‘s stage is the important stage in
which they come to learn many things such as colours, shapes, toys and get admired soon. In
present days the mothers prefer theme based bedding for their toddlers according to their taste
which encourages the toddlers mind and activities. And now a day, the mothers are more conscious
about the toddler‘s health and hygiene because in this stage they easily come in contact with the
microorganisms and get affected to it. In a nut shell the research will help industrialist to develop
beddings suitable for toddlers.

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REFERENCE:
 Floyd J.Fowler, Jr, 1995, Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation, SAGE
Publications, New Delhi.
 Joseph J.Leon, 2003, Survey Research, Streamlines Surveys Inc, Huwali.
 Robert M. Groves, Floyd J.Fowler, Jr, Mick P.Couper, James M.lepkowski, Eleanor Singer,
Roger Tourangeau, 2009, Survey Methodology, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publications, New
Jersey.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I nt e r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF BANANA PSEUDO STEM FIBER IN

TAMILNADU FOR TEXTILE APPLICATION
Dr.R.Sucharitha*; Dr.N. Vasugi Raaja**; Mrs.N.Vidhya***
*Hindusthan College of Arts and Science,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected],
**Avinashilingam University,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
***Hindusthan College of arts and science,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected],
ABSTRACT
In the present scenario, renewable sources of raw materials are what mankind is looking as an
alternate. Recycling of the waste can be one of the methods to solve environmental issues.The use
of waste bio-mass from the banana after harvesting is a good valuable source of textile fiber.
Statistics from National Horticultural Board, data Base, have shown that India ranks No. 1, in the
world in the production of Bananas. Tamilnadu produces nine million tons, out of 29.7 million tons
of overall production in the year 2014 in India.The information from National Research Centre for
Banana, Trichy, and the interaction with the senior scientists from the Research Centre was an
encouragement for the study. Useful information on the current scenario of the banana cultivation
was collected for the proceedings of the study.Surveys on the geographical area, cultivation, and
utilization, of the banana plant were conducted. The weavers’ preferences of variety of Banana
Psuedo stem fiber were also investigated. Based on the survey, the varieties of Banana Psuedo stem
fiber for textile purposes was identified.In the findings, the production of Red Banana, Nendran and
Robusta in Tamilnadu was promising. The study also revealed, the preference, of the weavers for
Red Banana, Nendran and Robusta Psuedo-stem fibers in comparison with other textile fibers. Thus
the above varieties were identified for their potential. This resource can therefore be tapped by the
textile industry to produce ―Green Fabric‖.

KEYWORDS: Nendran, robusta, red banana – varieties of banana Psuedo stem- fiber extracted
from the banana plant.
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INTRODUCTION
Eco-textiles can be produced by keeping in mind the environmental and social compatibility in the
production of textile process from fiber to fabric. Waste disposable Disposable waste must has to
be given importance to deal with environmental issues. Creating awareness and exploring
techniques to use the disposed material will solve many problems. Innovative thinking in handling
the agricultural bio-mass waste to convert into value added products will be appreciated. Products
created in such a manner will not only be eco-friendly, but also have an aesthetic performance
characteristics and least possible environmental impact.
India is the largest producer of Banana in the world with an annual production of 16.81 million tons
from an area of 4.90 lakh hectares. The average productivity of the country is 34.30 tons per
hectare. Among the different states, Tamilnadu ranks first in area and production with 92000
hectares and 4.856 million tons respectively. The productivity is highest in Maharashtra with an
average of 60 tons per hectare.
Banana fiber needle punched non-woven can used as thermal insulation medium effectively. Thick
and porous banana fiber needle punched non-woven contains evenly disbursed void which are
responsible for thermal insulation. Needle punched non-woven technology is the most suitable for
banana fibers. Composite fabrics to be used in geo textiles, automobile textiles, can be produced
with the recyclable and bio-degradable banana fiber.(N.Shanmugam, P.G.Patel, Indian Journal for
Applied Research, April,2015.)
Properties of banana fiber are superior among the natural fibers. Combination of two different
materials along with low manufacturing cost, makes them useful in various fields of engineering
and sports goods. The future of banana seems to be bright with the low- cost and environmentally
superior to other synthetic fibers. (Ravi Batnagar, GauravGuptha et.al. Indian Journal of Scientific
Research, May 2015).
Considering the statistics and the literature of Banana plant cultivation, the study was taken up. It
aims at identifying the geographical areas, and varieties of Banana plant that can be used for
extraction for textile fiber. Survey research was taken up and many facts have been identified.
Weavers preferences in the usage of natural fibers were also studied. The study reveals about three
potential varieties of Banana plant that can be used for textile fiber extraction. The varieties
identified were Red Banana, Nendran and Robusta. These varieties were located in plenty at
various districts of Tamilnadu.
OBJECTIVES
 Identify the potential varieties of Banana Pseudo stem plant in Tamilnadu to be used for the
construction of a mixture fabric with cotton.
 To collect preliminary technical information about the banana fibers, to create value-added
products for textiles.
 To find out the preferences of the weavers among the natural fibers.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
VARIETIES OF BANANA
More than 20 varieties are commercially grown in different parts of India. However, Indian banana
trade mainly depends on ―Cavendish Clones ―of banana, which are called by different names in
different areas. The important Cavendish clones are: are: Basrai ( Dwarf Cavendish ), Robusta,

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Harichal, Grand Naine, Shrimanthi, Bhusaval and PeddaPachiAranti. There are other locations
specific varieties are grown in large quantity in different regions of throughout the country. The
important varieties are: are: Rasthali (Silk), Poovan (Mysore), Karpuravalli (PisangAwak), Nendran
(French Plantain), Hill Banana and Monthan (cooking). (C.K. Narayana., M.M. Musthafa.,
Tech.Bulletin 15. NRCB.Trichy).
Red Banana: Red Bananas, also known as Red Dacca bananas in Australia. Red Banana is a
famous variety with a reddish-purple skin. They and are bigger, when compared to with other
varieties and similar to Nendran or Plantain types. Due to its color, it is often called by different
names like Chenkadali, RakthaKadali, Kappa Vazhai., etc. Uupon ripening, the fruit attains sweet
taste with an orange-yellow color and a
Pleasant aroma. They are best eaten in it‘s their soft and unbruised state. It contains more beta
carotene and Vit.C vitamin C than the usual yellow bananas. Red bananas get ripe in a few days at
room temperature, best suited for storage outside refrigeration.
(http://healthyliving.natureloc.com/common-banana-types-available-kerala).
Nendran: This belongs to Plantain AAB. This variety is also known as French plantain and Rajeli.
It is a popular variety of Kerala where it is used as fresh fruit as well as for making chips.
Nendranplant is a slender, medium statured plant reaching a height of 2.5 meters. The bunches have
4-6 hands each with 8-10 fruits weighing 10-14 kgs. The Ffruits have a distinct neck with thick
green skin turning, buff yellow on ripening. Skin turns yellow upon full ripening. It is starchy,
pink fleshed and highly suitable for making chips and powder. (NRCB.,Trichy)
Robusta: This belongs to AAA Cavendish sub-group and is also known as Bombay green, Harichal
and PeddaPachiAranti. It is mostly grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Tamilnadu. The plant is medium-tall with a strong pseudo stem. It has uneven black blotches all
along its length. The bunch weighs about 25-30 kgs with 10 hands, and each hand has about 16 –
20 fruits. The fruits are dark- green color and turn to bright yellow if ripened between 22-25 deg.C.
The fruit is very sweet with a good aroma.(NRCB. Trichy).
It is a semi-tall variety, grown mostly in Tamil Nadu and some parts of Karnataka for table purpose.
It is a high yielding and produces a bunch of large size with well developed fruits. Dark green fruits
turn bright yellow upon ripening depending on ripening conditions. Fruit is very sweet with a good
aroma. Bunch weighs about 25-30 kg. and it requires propping. Fruit has a poor keeping quality
leading to a quick breakdown of pulp after ripening, hence not suited for long distance
transportation. Robusta is highly susceptible to Sigatoka leaf spot disease in humid tropics.
(National Horticultural Board.) nhb.gov.in/pdf/fruits/banana/ban013.pdf
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TABLE 1 - PROFILE OF THE BANANA CULTIVATION IN TAMILNADU
Districts Type of cultivation Area of cultivation in hectares Yield in metric tonnes
Thoothukudi S M L 9586 6,21,672
Trichy S M L 8767 4,83,495
Theni S M L 5817 4,53,756
Coimbatore S M - 8634 3,39,894
Thirunelveli S M - 7645 2,99,123
Kanyakumari S - - 5982 1,63,039
S: 1 to 2 acres M: 2 to 3 acres L: 3 acres and above.

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TYPES OF CULTIVATION:
In Thoothukudi, Trichy and Theni small, medium, large type of banana cultivation is done. In
Coimbatore and Thirunelveli small and medium-scale cultivation is being done. In Kanyakumari,
Calicut, Thrissur and Palakkad only small scale cultivation of banana is being done.
AREA OF CULTIVATION:
The maximum banana cultivation is done in Thoothukudi, Trichy and Theni districts. then comes
Coimbatore, Thirunelveli and Kanyakumari followed by Calicut, Thrissur and Palakkad districts.
YIELD OF BANANA:
Theni shows the maximum yield eventhough the area of cultivation is less .The above table shows
the quantity potential of Banana plantation in Tamilnadu and Kerala. The maximum yield is shown
in Thoothukudi and Trichy Districts. In Theni district, the average is less, but productivity is very
high. Coimbatore shows a good quantity of production followed by Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari
districts. In Kerala, Palakkad district, the yield is very good compared with the acreage.
Data from the Survey among Farmers – Primary Data
TABLE 2 – CULTIVATION OF VARIETIES OF BANANA IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS IN
TAMILNADU
Red banana Nendran Robusta
Districts Others
Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large
Theni 5% - - 5% 10% 15% 5% 35% 5% 20%
Trichy 5% 5% 5% 3% 10% 2% 10% 20% 30% 10%
Thoothukudi 5% 10% 10% 5% 20% 10% 5% 10% 5% 20%
Thirunelveli 2% 5% 3% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 20% 10%
Coimbatore 5% 5% 5% 10% 20% 10% 5% 30% 5% 5%
Kanyakumari 10% 10% 30% 5% 15% 5% 5% 5% - 15%
Small Scale: 1 to 2 acres Medium Scale: 2 to 3 acres Large Scale: 3 acres and above
RED BANANA: In Kanyakumari district, a maximum of 50% cultivation is done and followed by
Thoothukudi where it is 25%. In the other districts, an average of 15% is being cultivated.
NENDRAN: In Coimbatore district, a maximum of 40% cultivation is done and followed by
Thoothukudi where it is 35%. In other districts, an average of 25% is being produced.
ROBUSTA: It seems to be very popular in all the districts of Tamilnadu. Highest production of
around 60% is recorded in Trichy district followed by all other districts of around 40%.
THENI DISTRICT: among Banana cultivatiors 50% are cultivating Robusta, 30% of them
cultivate Nendran, and 5% them cultivate Robusta and the rest20% constitute other varieties.
TRICHY DISTRICT: 60% are cultivating Robusta, 15% Red Banana, and 15% Nendranandother
varieties about 10%.
THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT: Nendran accounts for 35%, Red Banana 25%, Robusta 20%,
Andothers varieties are about 20%.
THIRUNELVELI DISTRICT: 40% are Robusta, 30% constitute Nendran, and around 10% are
Red Banana. Others constitute 10%.

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COIMBATORE DISTRICT: 40% are cultivating Nendran, another 40% are Robusta, 15%
accounts for Red Banana and others are 5%.
KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT: 50% are cultivating Red Banana (highest percentage in the state),
20% accounts for Nendran, 15% for Robusta and other varieties constitute 15%.
There are around twenty varieties of Banana cultivated in Tamilnadu. Among them, the more
versatile varieties are Red Banana, Nendran, and Robusta are widely cultivated. The productions of
these varieties are being ranked high in most of the districts. The utilization of the various parts of
the plant is been given below.
TABLE 3 - PROFILE OF VARIOUS VARIETIES OF BANANA PLANTATION
Period of the Approx weight Height of Fertilizers Used
Variety crop of each plant Plant/acre plant
(in months) in (kgs) ( in feet) Organic Inorganic
Red Banana 10- 12 80 – 120 850 – 910 8 – 10 20% 80%
Nendran 8 – 10 60 – 100 1000 – 1250 8 - 10 20% 80%
Robusta 6–8 40-80 1000 – 1250 6 - 8 20% 80%
Rasthali 8–9 50 – 70 800 – 900 6–8 20% 80%
Monthan 8–9 50 – 70 800 – 900 6–8 20% 80%
Poovan 8–9 50 – 70 800 – 900 6–8 20% 80%

The above table shows that the period of the crop for the Red Banana was a maximum of 12
months and other varieties Nendran and Robusta is on an average 9 months. The maximum weight
of the Red Banana plant with fruit is 120 kgs and the maximum weight shown for Nendran and
Robusta variety are on an average was 70 kgs. The number of plants for Nendran and Robusta
variety were 1250 plants/ acre. Whereas, the Red Banana and other varieties like Monthan, Poovan
and Rasthali was only 900 plants/acre. The height of the plant is maximum for Red Banana and
Nendran, while the minimum is recorded for Robusta. 80% of the cultivators have used inorganic
fertilizers, and only 20% have used organic fertilizers.
TABLE 4 – PROFILE OF UTILIZATION OF THE BANANA PLANT
Own Others
Criteria Local market Export market
consumption Wastage
Fruit 80% 10% 5% 5%
Leaves 90% - 5% 5%
Inner stem 90% - 2% 8%
Outer pseudo stem - - 10% 90%

FRUIT: Every part of the banana plant is useful to mankind. In the above table, 80% of the fruits is
being utilized by the local market. This shows that marketing of the fruit separately is not a
problem, because it is being consumed by the local market. 5% are lost as wastage during
transportation and storage. Researchers are exploring into the practice of better storage to bring
down the wastage to 0%.
LEAVES AND INNER STEM: The table indicates that the leaves, the inner stem and the fruit are
all sent to the local market.

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PSUEDOSTEM: From Table-4 it can be seen that, 90% of the pseudo stem goes as waste and only
10% is utilized for making products like ropes, etc. This factor of wastage can be re-cycled to create
value added products in the textile industry.

Figure – 1
DATA OF THE SURVEY AMONG WEAVERS- PRIMARY DATA
After identifying the – Three Varieties- Red Banana- Nendran- Robusta. The feasibility of creating
the fabric with the three varieties along with cotton was studied through the survey. The following
tables show the data for the selection of the mixture fabric.
TABLE 5 – PROFILE OF THE HANDLOOM WEAVERS- ANAKAPUTHUR (CHENNAI
DISTRICT) AND PERUNDURAI (ERODE DISTRICT)
Experience in No. of weavers- Fiber preference for weaving
Loom type
years 25 C B P BA Others
30 years 4 Pit loom 80% 2.5% 2.5% 10% 5%
20 years 5 Pit loom 70% 10% 5% 10% 5%
15 years 4 Pit loom 75% 5% 5% 10% 5%
10years 5 Pit loom 80% 2.5% 2.5% 10% 5%
5 years 1 Pit loom 75% 5% 5% 10% 5%
3 years 3 Pit loom 80% 5% 5% 5% 5%
2 years 3 Pit loom 80% 5% 5% 5% 5%
C: Cotton B: Bamboo P: Pineapple BA: Banana O: others
TABLE 6 – RATING OF THE BANANA FIBER BY THE WEAVERS
No. of weavers Banana variety Fair Good Very good Excellent
25 Red Banana - 2 2 21
25 Nendran - 2 2 21
25 Robusta - 3 3 19
25 Poovan - 20 5 -
25 Monthan - 20 5 -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
On the basis of the pilot study, the geographical area and the varieties of banana psuedostemfiber
was identified. Based on the data collected from the statistics of bulletin, survey among weavers the
following data has been analyzed and the findings were used in the selection of the study sample.

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TABLE 7 – CULTIVATION OF VARIETIES OF BANANA IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS IN
TAMILNADU
Red banana (%) Nendran (%) Robusta (%) Others
Districts
Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large (%)
Theni 5 5 10 15 5 35 5 20
Trichy 5 5 5 3 10 2 10 30 20 10
Thoothukudi 5 10 10 5 20 10 5 10 5 20
Thirunelveli 2 5 3 10 10 10 10 20 10 20
Coimbatore 5 5 5 10 20 10 5 30 5 5
Kanyakumari 10 10 30 5 15 5 5 5 - 15
Trissur 10 20 5 30 5 10 - 20
Calicut 5 15 10 40 5 5 - 20
Palakkad 10 10 10 40 5 5 - 20
SOURCES – from the survey conducted
Cultivation of varieties of banana in various districts in Tamilnadu and Kerala – Figure 2

Palakkad 10 10 40 5 20
Calicut 5 15 40 5 20
Trissur 10 20 30 10 20
Kanyakumari 10 10 30 15 5 15
District

Coimbatore 5 5 5 20 30 5
Thirunelveli 2 5 3 10 20 20
Thoothukudi 5 10 10 20 10 20
Trichy 5 5 5 10 30 10
Theni 5 10 35 20
% Cultivation

Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large

The above figure shows the potential area of banana cultivation productivity. Large scale of 20%
production is done in Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, and Theni Districts of Tamilnadu,
and Palakkad, Calicut, and Thrissur in Kerala. Medium Scale of production of 30% to 35% is done
at Coimbatore, Trichy, Theni and Tirunelveli District of Tamilnadu. The Small Scale cultivation of
20% to 40% were prevalent at Palakkad , Calicut, Thrissur, Coimbatore and Thoothukudi. This
shows that the maximum production of Banana is done in Small Scale followed by Medium Scale
and Large Scale.

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Varieties of banana in various districts - Figure3

20 10 20 5 20 20

Ot
he
banana Nendran Robusta rs
Large 5 20 5 5
Medium 35 30 10 30 55
District Small 5 10 5 5 5 5
Large 15 2 10 10
Medium 10 10 20 20 40 40
Small 5 3 5 10 10 10
Large 5 10 5
Red

Medium 5 10 5 15 10
Small 5 5 5 5 5 10
% Cultivation
Theni Trichy Thoothukudi Thirunelveli Coimbatore
Kanyakumari Trissur Calicut Palakkad

VARIETIES OF BANANA FIBER:The above figure shows among the various districts in
Tamilnadu, in which the survey was conducted, Kanyakumari produced the maximum quantity of
Red Banana followed by Kerala. Nendran varieties were produced in large quantities at Palakkad
and Trishur districts of Kerala. The maximum production of Robusta is from Tirunelveli ,Trichy
and Thoothukudi districts.
POST HARVEST UTILITY:
In the survey conducted among the farmers, the data on the utilization of the banana plant for their
revenue was collected. The following data reflects the various places, to which the farmers sold
their products.
Utilization of the Banana plant – Figure 4

5.0% 5.0% 8.0%

Utilization

90.0%
80.0% 90.0% 90.0%

Fruit Leaves Inner stem

Outer pseudo
stem
Local market Export market Own consumption Others Wastage
Criteria

In the pilot study, the survey from the farmers showed the above pattern in the figure- the utilization
of the banana plant. Among the various parts of the plant, the fruits, leaves, and the inner stem,
were sold to the local market. This shows that 80% to 90% of the products were sent to the local
market. It was interesting to note that the pseudo stem was not sold but discarded as waste. .
Though it is the potential part that can be used to create value added products, it has been discarded.
Therefore an attempt to utilize the pseudo stem to produce fibers for textiles was made. The above
figure shows the potential of the pseudo stem fiber that can be used for extraction of fibers to be
utilized for textile purposes.

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PREFERENCE OF WEAVERS:
The fabric formation was done by handloom. The information from the weavers who handled these
fibers was considered, in the selection of the study material. The following data shows the
preference of the natural fibers by the special weavers, with respect to their experience.
Preference of weavers with respect to experience- Figure 5

2 42.9 14.3 14.3 14.3

Experience (years)

3 50.0 33.3
5 33.3 33.3 33.3
10 38.5 23.1 23.1 7.7
15 50.0 12.5 25.0 12.5
20 45.5 18.2 18.2 9.1
30 57.1 14.3 14.3 14.3
Fibre Preference Share(%)

Cotton Bamboo Pineapple Banana Others

Majority of the weavers with an experience of 30 years, have showed their preference for cotton
fiber, followed by banana fibers. Weavers with less experience between 2 and 5 years and also
between 10 and 15 years, showed their preferences for cotton, followed by banana fibers.
Therefore the banana fiber was considered for the study.
Preference of Natural Fibers among Weavers- Figure 6
Others
10.9%
Cotton
Banana
45.5%
21.8%

Pineapple
7.3% Bamboo
14.5%

The above figure shows that most of the weavers have preferred cotton fiber for weaving.
However, the next most preferred fiber is the banana pseudo stem fiber, followed by Bamboo,
Pineapple and others respectively.This shows that most of the weavers have been weaving cotton
fibers for many years.
Among the varieties of banana fiber, preference for the varieties of natural fibers were found out.
The figure 6 below shows the rating of the natural fibers by the weavers.

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Rating of the Banana Natural Fibers by Weavers – Figure 7

Excellent , 80
Excellent , 92

Excellent , 92
Excellent

% Response
Very good

Fair, 96

Fair, 96
Good
Fair

Red Nendran Robusta Poovan Monthan

Banana Varieties

In the survey conducted among the weavers at Anakaputhur and Perundurai, showed the above
rating of the banana fibers woven by them. The Red Banana, Nendran, and Robusta have been rated
as excellent with 92% and Monthan and Poovan, were rated as fair with 96%, and followed by the
other varieties. This factor was the guidance for the selection of the varieties of Banana/Cotton
blend for the study.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The findings and outcome are stated below:
 The information collected from the existing data showed that Tamilnadu and Kerala have the
potential places for the banana fiber production. Researchers, business enterprises, and
agriculturists need to tap the potential of the Banana plant and contribute to the economy of the
country by increasing the individual revenue.

 The utilization of various parts of Banana plant by the farmers is a source of revenue. An
additional revenue can be created, if the pseudo stem and the ―Peduncle‖ is utilized to extract
fibers., which in turn will solve environmental and economical issues.
 Among the varieties of the Banana fiber productions in India, it can be concluded that Red
Banana, Nendran, and Robusta, are produced in large scale in Tamil Nadu have favourable
qualities. The Resource can therefore be tapped by the textile industry to produce ―Green
Fabric‖.
Recommendations for further Study
 Explore potential of creating value added products from banana pseudo stem waste.
 To create non-woven‘s by needle punching to be used in filtrations and geo textiles etc. using
banana fiber.
 Explore the possible ways to reduce the economical viability in the extraction of the banana
fiber.
 To produce, Modal/Banana Mixture fabrics.
 Application of resins on banana fiber fabrics.
 To create banana fabrics, with herbal and functional finishes improving their applications.
 Create coarse fabrics for technical applications, using double warp banana fiber with other
synthetic or natural fibers.

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REFERENCES:
Books
Basu, .A.F., ―Textile Testing Fiber, Yarn and Fiber‖, The South India Textile Research Association,
Coimbatore, 2006, pp 298,300.
JOURNAL:
1. C.K.Narayana., M.M.Musthafa., Tech.Bulletin 15. NRCB.Trichy).
2. Khan. M. ET. al2005), ―Extraction of Natural Dyes from Myrobalan, Gallnut and Pomogranate
and their Application‖, Colourage, Colour Publications, P.Ltd. Mumbai, Vol. LII, December
2005, P 53.
3. Lee.S.2012, ―Consumers‖ Value, Environmental Consciousness, and Willingness to Pay More
to Green Apparel Products, ―Journal of Global Fashion Marketing; Bridging Fashion
Marketing, Vol.2.2)3) pp 161-169.
4. N.Shanmugam, P.G.Patel, Indian Journal for Applied Research, April, 2015.)
5. Ravi Batnagar, GauravGuptha et.al. Indian Journal of Scientific Research May 2015).
6. S.Uma. M.S.Saraswathi et.al. Bulletin 21. National Research Centre for Banana, Trichy.)
WEB SITES:
1. http://www.khaiindia.com).
2. (www.khadiculture.com).
3. (www.Komilakhadi.com).
4. (http://healthyliving.natureloc.com/common-banana-types-available-kerala).
5. National Horticultural Board). nhb.gov.in/pdf/fruits/banana/ban013.pdf

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAF AND

FLOWER EXTRACTS OF THE SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA
S.Jayapriya*, Dr.G.Bagyalakshmi**
* Head,
Department of Costume Design and Fashion,
Nehru Arts and Science College,
T.M.Palayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
**Assistant Professor (SS),
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected].
ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring biochemicals that provide plants their colour, flavour,
smell, and texture. Phytochemicals are fetching more importance due to their various reported
biological performances. They are found in an ample group of plants. The indigenous groups have
used therapeutic plants for their personal phytomedical remedies and also for spiritual reasons.
The herbal medicines are a readily available resource for primary health care. S. campanulata is
knownas the African tulip tree which possess ornamental worth to it. It is introduced pan-tropically.
It is evident from the study that Spathodea campanulata leaf and flower extracts recorded good
therapeutic efficacy, possessing majority of phytochemical classes of compounds presence of
majority of phytoconstituents.

KEYWORDS: Phytochemical, Screening, Flower extracts, Leaf extracts

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INTRODUCTION
Phytochemicals may protect human from a host of diseases. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant
chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties (Ahmed and Urooj, 2010).
Phytochemicals (from the Greek word phyto, meaning plant) are biologically active, naturally
occurring chemical compounds found in plants, which provide health benefits for humans further
than those attributed to macronutrients and micronutrients (Mamta et al,. 2013).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The phytochemicals can be categorized to two main divisions (Krishnaiah et al., 2009) which are
primary constituents that has proteins, common sugars, amino acids and chlorophyll etc., and
secondary constituents consisting of alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids,
saponins, phenolic compounds etc. (Krishnaiah et al., 2007; Edeoga et al., 2005).
Taxonomical Classification of Spathodea campanulata
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Genus: Spathodea
Species: S. campanulata
Common name: Fountain Tree, African Tulip Tree, Syringe Tree, Flame of the Forest or Nandi
Flame
This plant has many uses in folk medicine such as the leaves being employed against kidney
diseases urethra inflammations and as antidote against animal poisons (Akharaiyi, 2012).
The research conducted on flowers of the S. campanulata plant in terms of phyto-chemical
investigations, revealed that the plant flowers for its anti-solar potential and
pharmacological/medicinal use (Vinayak et al., 2009). Alternative system of medicine like
ayurveda, siddha and Unani are comprehensively practiced in the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of various life threatening or incurable diseases and disorders (Dorai, 2012).
OBJECTIVES
To select suitable plant source with antimicrobial potential
To select suitable medium for extraction
To carry out phytochemical screening in the selected sources
To evaluate the best medium with high potential of antimicrobial activity
METHODOLOGY
1. PLANT MATERIAL
The fresh leaves and flowers of S. campanulata were collected from Coimbatore situated in the
state of Tamil Nadu, India. The freshly collected leaves and flowers were dried under shade, cut in
small pieces and made into coarse powder using mechanical grinder and preserved in air tight
container until further use.

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PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT
Fresh leaves and flowers of S. campanulata was washed thoroughly, shade dried and powdered.
The plant powder was then kept in contact with petroleum ether, methanol and distilled water
separately in a stoppered container for a defined period with continuous agitation. The extract is
then filtered, condensed and stored for further use of phytochemical studies.
2. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF S. CAMPANULATA LEAF AND FLOWER EXTRACT
Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step in the detection of bioactive principles
present in medicinal plants and may lead to novel environmentally friendly bioherbicides and drug
discovery (Ndam et al., 2014).
2.1. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
Dragendroff’s test - S. campanulata leaf and flower extract were take care of separately along with
Dragendroff‘s reagent a red precipitate was formed which indicates the alkaloids presence.
Mayer’s test - S. campanulata leaf and flower extract take care of separately along with 2ml of
Mayer‘s reagent seperately and yellow coloured precipitate was the resultant which indicates
alkaloids presence.
2.2. TEST FOR PHENOLS
The S. campanulata leaf and flower extract were individually added to 2ml of 2% ferric chloride
solution which resulted in a blue green or purple change in colour. It indicates the phenols presence.
2.3. TEST FOR FLAVONOIDS
Alkaline reagent test - With 2ml of 2% NaOH solution S. campanulata leaf and flower extract was
mixed separatelyand the result showed an intense yellow colour that changes colourless when
adding few drops on dilute acid. This shows the flavonoids presence.
2.4. TEST FOR SAPONINS
Foam test – Both the S. campanulata leaf and flower extract was added to 5ml of distilled water
seperately. Then the conical flasks containing the extracts were shaken vigorously. When there is
stable foam formed it shows the saponins presence.
Froth test - With 20ml of distilled water Both the S. campanulata leaf and flower extract were
added in a conical flask separately and shaken for 15 minutes. When there is one centi meter layer
of foam formed it shows the saponins presence.
2.5. TEST FOR STEROIDS
2ml of chloroform and concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the leaf and flower extracts and a red
colour is formation in the chloroform layer indicates steroids presence.
2.6. TEST FOR TERPENOIDS
2ml of chloroform was added to extracts and 3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to each
tube. When a reddish brown colour is formed it indicates terpenoids presence.
2.7. TEST FOR TANNINS
Gelatin test - S. campanulata leaf and flower extract along with 1% gelatine containing sodium
chloride was added individually. White precipitate formation indicates tannins presence.

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TABLE 1. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FLOWERS OF S.
CAMPANULATA
S. campanulata Flower extract
Solvents
Petroleum ether Methanol Aqueous
Phytochemicals
Alkaloids + + -
Tannins + + +
Saponins - + -
Steroids - + +
Terpenoids - + +
Flavonoids + + +
Phenolics + - +
Anthroquinones - + -
+=Presence , - = Absence
Fig. 1 Presence of Phytochemical constituents in S. campanulata flower extracts
1

0.9

0.8

Petroleum 0.7

ether
0.6

Methanol 0.5

0.4

0.3

Aqueous
0.2

0.1

0
Alkaloids

Saponins

Anthroquinones
Flavonoids

Phenolics
Tannins

Steroids

Terpenoids

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TABLE 2. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAVES OF S.
CAMPANULATA
S. campanulata Leaf extract
Solvents
Petroleum ether Methanol Aqueous
Phytochemicals
Alkaloids + - -
Tannins + - +
Saponins - + +
Steroids + + +
Terpenoids + +
Flavonoids + + +
Phenolics - + +
Anthroquinones + + -
+=Presence , - = Absence
Fig. 2 Presence of Phytochemical constituents in S. campanulata leaf extracts
1

0.9

0.8

Petroleum 0.7

ether 0.6

Methanol 0.5

0.4

0.3

Aqueous 0.2

0.1

0
Alkaloids

Saponins

Anthroquinones
Tannins

Steroids

Flavonoids

Phenolics
Terpenoids

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

From the Table 1 , Table 2, Fig 1 and Fig 2, the results of the phytochemical screening revealed that
Alkaloids, Tannins, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids and Anthroquinones presence in the
Petroleum ether extracts of Spathodea campanulata leaf extract and Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids
and Phenolics presence in the Petroleum ether extracts of Spathodea campanulata flower extract .
The methanolic extracts of Spathodea campanulata leaf extract displayed the presence of Saponins,
Steroids, Flavonoids, Phenolics and Anthroquinones and Spathodea campanulata flower extract

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displayed the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids and
Anthroquinones.
Tannins, Saponins, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids and Phenolics were present in the Aqueous
extracts of Spathodea campanulata leaf extract and Tannins, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids and
Phenolics were present in the Aqueous extracts of Spathodea campanulata flower extract.
CONCLUSION
Components used in the ethnomedical remedies offer smart templates for the development of new-
fangled pharmaceutical products. At the present time, there is a massive natural product pool
containing substances of well acknowledged bioactivities and scientists have the opening to
investigate structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. Preliminary Phytochemical
screening revealed that the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Steroids, Terpenoids,
Flavonoids, Phenolics and Anthroquinones by positive reaction with the respective test reagent.
Further studies can explore the potential of Spathodea campanulata in remarkable scope of
medicinal utilization.
REFERECES
1. Ahmed F and Urooj A (2010), Glucose – lowering, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic
activities of stem bark of Ficus racemosa in streptozotocin – induced diabetic rats, Journal of
Young Pharmacists, Vol 1 No.2, pp 160- 164
2. Akharaiyi F C., Boboye B and F.C. Adetuyi (2012), Antibacterial, Phytochemical and
Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extracts of Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata,
World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol.16 No.4, pp 523-530
3. Dorai AA (2012), Wound care with traditional, complementary and alternative medicine,
Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.45, No.2, pp 418-24
4. Edeoga HO, Okwu D, Mbaebie BO (2005), Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian
Medicinal plants, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.4, No.7, pp 685-688.
5. Gledhill, D. (2008), The Names of Plants (4th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p.357
6. Krishnaiah D, Devi T, Bono A, Sarbatly R (2009), Studies on phytochemical constituents of six
Malaysian medicinal plants, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol.3, No.2, pp 67-72.
7. Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Bono A (2007), Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine
– A move towards nature, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol.1, No.4, pp 097-
104.
8. Kumaresan M, Palanisamy P N and Kumar P E (2011), Chemical investigation of flower of
Spathodea campanulata by GC-MS , Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, Vol.1 ,
No.2, pp 14-17
9. Mamta Saxena, Jyoti Saxena, Rajeev Nema, Dharmendra Singh and Abhishek Gupta (2013),
Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol. 1
No. 6, page 168-182
10. Ndam. L.M., A.M. Mih, A.G.N. Fongod, A.S. Tening, R.K. Tonjock, J.E. Enang and Y. Fujii
(2014), Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Cameroonian
medicinal plants, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Vol.3,
No.12, pp. 768-778
11. Rangasamy Dhanabalan, Asirvatham Doss, Muthusamy Jagadeeswari, Rajamanickam Karthic,
Muthusamy Palaniswamy and Jeyaraman Angayarkanni (2008), Preliminary Phytochemical

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Screening and Antimalarial Studies of Spathodea campanulatum P. Beauv Leaf Extracts,
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, Vol.12, pp 811-19..
12. Vinayak V,Patil SB,Patil MS,Kondawar NS,Naikwade C,MagdumS (2009), Study of
methanolic extract of flower of Spathodea campanulataL. as an anti-solar, Indian Journal of
Green Pharmacy, Vol.3, No.3, pp 248-249.
13. Zahid Zaheer, Aniruddha P. Paithankar, Sagar D. Deshpande and Subur Khan (2011),
Optimization of extraction process and phytochemical investigations of Spathodea campanulata
flowers, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , November, Vol. 5(20), pp. 2226-
2231

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

REGENERATIVE CUSHIONS AND FOOTPADS FOR

INDUSTRIAL TAILORS
S.Thamarai Selvi*; Dr.G.Bagyalakshmi*
*Research Scholar,
**Associate Professor,
Dept. of Textiles and Clothing
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

Textile industry is one of the largest industries which provide more employment opportunities.
There are around 70,000 units in the country providing employment to more than three million
people. Occupational diseases have been recognized as a growing problem in the developing
countries. The workers in these units face health problem arising out of abysmal working
conditions. Work environment must be provided with adequate comfort to enable them to function
at optimum levels without exposure to unnecessary risk. Increasing industrial concerns for workers
comfort are driving the researches in developing various measures for better performing on a
continuous basis. Textile materials and products should be engineered to meet particular needs of
the workers in the industry. Designing and manufacturing of suitable textile products made of
fibers or fabric for industrial environments has been another line of focus that has a tremendous
market in recent years. Hence the study was carried out on the topic ―Regenerative Cushions and
Foot Pads for Industrial Tailors‖. The natural fibreLoofah and marine seaweeds were selected for
the study which naturally has the massaging effect and medicinal properties. The selected fibers
were processed and utilized as stuffing material. Cushion and foot pads were custom designed
based on preliminary survey. Cotton fabric was used as outer covering. The cushions and footpads
were constructed and fixed to the stools and pedal respectively. The tailors were asked to use the
same and it was found that the tailors were very happy and felt comfortable while sewing.

KEYWORDS: Cushions and Footpads, Industrial Tailors, Loofah, Seaweed

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INTRODUCTION
The textile industry in India has also a strong multi fibre raw material production base, a vast pool
of skilled personnel have been involved in the production. It covers all types of industries producing
wearing apparels, bedding materials, screens, and so on. Within its fold may be included handloom,
khadi, power loom factory units or mills. Around 35 million people are directly employed in the
textile manufacturing activities. Occupational diseases have been recognized as a growing problem
in the developing countries. The workers in these units face a health problem arising out of abysmal
working conditions. Work in the garment unit, requires prolonged hours of standing or sitting in a
forward bending posture of the workers. The work in these units is highly repetitive in nature,
requiring a combining of both static and rhythmic muscular activity. When such tasks are repeated
several times in a day without sufficient rest break, these lead to several disorders of neck and
shoulders among the garment workers [1].
Work environment must be provided with adequate comfort to enable them to function at optimum
levels without exposure to unnecessary risk. Increasing industrial concerns for workers comfort are
driving the researches in developing various measures for better performing on a continuous
basis.Designing and manufacturing of comfort textiles for industrial environment has been another
line of textile products that has a tremendous market in recent years. The advent of technological
advancement in industrial set-ups has altered the working conditions and requirements on the part
of employees and employers [2].
Natural Fibre have shown significant contribution in variety of applications which was previously
dominated by synthetic fibres. Loofah helps blood circulation and gives a sensation of lightness to
tired, heavy legs. It tones the skin, preventing stretch marks and efficiently attacks cellulite because
it prevents the accumulation of fatty tissues [3, 5]. Marine seaweed is used in the multitude of
cosmetics and therapeutic applications [4]. Considering the occupational health of the tailors, a
study on “Regenerative Cushions and Foot Pads for Industrial Tailors”was conducted with the
following objectives;
 To collect base line information about work environment from the industrial tailors
 To design cushions and foot pads
 To select natural sources for stuffing cushions and foot pads
 To construct cushions and foot pads
 To conduct wear study
METHODOLOGY
CONDUCT OF SURVEY
A survey was conducted among 100 tailors to elicit information about their work related problems.
COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
Loofah, the vegetable fibre was collected from Kozhiparai village of Kerala district, and Marine
seaweed was collected from EnayamPuthenthurai village of Kanyakumari district.theseNatural
sources were selected owing to their regenerative healing effect.

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Processing of Loofah Fiber and Seaweed
LOOFAH FIBER EXTRACTION
The methods such as stagnant retting, boiling method, and decortications have been followed to
extract the fiber from theLoofah. Laterthe loofah sponge was taken after removing the outer skin.
The sponges were soaked in stagnant water for 30 days. Care was taken to refill the water once in
three days. The fibres were then removed by manual decortication method.
PRE PREPARATION OF SEAWEED
Seaweed was collected from EnayamPutthanthurai village of Kanyakumari District. The collected
seaweed was washed in seawater once and twice in fresh water thoroughly to remove the unpleasant
odour and stickiness. The washed seaweed was dried in shade in order to avoid direct sunlight as it
may deteriorate the properties. The duration of drying under shade was kept as 12, 24, and 48
hours. Then the dried seaweed was crushed and made into powder.
DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING CUSHIONS AND FOOT PADS
Selection of fabric
Cotton is an ideal fabric for wearing qualities, high tensile strength, good absorption, low cost,
excellent abrasion resistance and stability to repeated blending. Owing to the above factors, 100
percent cotton fabric made of twill weave structure was selected to make cushions and foot pads.
The selected fabric was purchased in KhadiBavan, Coimbatore.
CONSTRUCTION OF CUSHIONS AND FOOTPAD
Since the cushions and foot pads were meant for a stool and pedal, box type cushion was selected.
Though, there were number of designs available; care was taken to fix the cushions and foot pads
exactly on the stool and pedal because the production should not get affected and should be
convenient too. Therefore, the size and shape of the cushion footpad were made exactly to the shape
of the stool and foot pedal. Five cushions were made by stuffing Loofahfibre and seaweed fillings
mixed in different proportions. Along one side of the cushion and foot pad foam was attached to get
firmness.
A pilot study was carried out in order to select the proportion of filling to be stuffed inside the
cushions and foot pads. Initially Five workers were chosen to use the cushions and foot pads for
five days. All the five workers were given a chance to work with each cushion and footpad since
each of them has been stuffed with selected sources in different proportions. Criteria‘s such as
sturdiness, pricking or itching, decreased speed of sewing, impressions, slippage and over all
comfort were put forth to collect the overall comfortness of the workers and also to optimize the
variable proportion of the selected sources, Loofah and seaweed.
Based on the opinion of the wearers and considering their comfort, filling proportion of Loofah and
seaweed were taken as 80:20. Loofah and seaweed filling was stuffed into a cushion and footpad in
the cushion cover made of twill weave cotton fabric. Number of cushions and footpads prepared
was 40 each. Among 100 tailors surveyed, 20 males and 20 females were selected for wear study.
The willingness of the tailors and time taken for processing of raw materials made the investigator
to choose 20 males and 20 females. The cushion and footpads fixed well on the stool and pedal with
a tiecord firmly. The tailors were requested to use the same for a period of 90 days. Therefore, the
cushions and foot pads underwent 900 hours of use.

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FINDINGS:
HEALTH PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TAILORS
TABLE I
Male Female
Opinion
Yes % No % Yes % No %
Health problems faced 83 17 82 18
Comfort of seat and foot pedal 72 28 90 10
Preference for change in seat and foot pad 80 20 90 10

Eighty three and 82 per cent of male and female tailors have faced health problem. Body pain, low
back pain, joint pain, foot pain, rashes and swelling of legs were the problems faced by the
tailors.72 and 90 per cent of male and female expressed that they are not comfortable with their seat
and foot pedal. This discomfort may be due to the hard surface of the stool and operation of foot
pedal with bare foot which is in constant touch with metal surface sitting on hard stool without
support for longer hours would also result in lower back pain.80 percent of male and 90 percent of
female tailors were of the opinion that they prefer change in their seat and foot pedals. Moreover,
they expressed that they would like to have revolving wire chairs or cushion for comfort, so as to
ease them from health problems.
HEALTH PROBLEMS AFTER USING CUSHIONS AND FOOT PADS - MALE
Health problems of male tailors before and after the using the cushions and foot padsare given in
Table II.
TABLEII HEALTH PROBLEMS BEFORE AND AFTER USING CUSHIONS AND FOOT
PADS - MALE
Before After
S.No. Problems Faced
No. % No. %
1 Body pain 17 85 12 60
2 Joint pain 13 65 10 50
3 Low back pain 18 90 18 90
4 Foot pain 15 75 13 65
5 Rashes 12 60 9 45
6 Swelling of legs 17 85 13 65

Table II reveal that the health problems of the male tailors before and after the usage of cushions
and foot pads. As per the data, in general, they were all relieved from health problem to a
considerable extent. The percentage of tailors faced health problems varied from 60-90 per cent
before using cushions and foot pads. Majority of male tailors, 92 and 90 per cent, were suffering
from low back pain and body pain respectively but these problems seemed to be reduced after using
cushion and foot pad for a period of 90 days, as expressed by 60 and 90 percent of tailors for low
back pain and body pain.Therefore if the tailors are given permanent cushions and foot pad stuffed
with natural sources it would be beneficial.

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HEALTH PROBLEMS AFTER USING CUSHIONS AND FOOT PADS – FEMALE
The Table IIIshow the health problems of female tailors before and after usage of cushion and foot
pad.
TABLE III HEALTH PROBLEMS BEFORE AND AFTER USING CUSHIONS AND FOOT
PADS - FEMALE
Before After
S.No. Problems Faced
No. % No. %
1 Body pain 16 80 9 45
2 Joint pain 15 75 12 60
3 Low back pain 17 85 15 75
4 Foot pain 14 70 12 60
5 Rashes 14 70 9 45
6 Swelling of legs 18 90 14 70

Table IIIrefer that 80 and 85 percent of the female tailors were suffering from body pain and low
back pain respectively. Ninety and seventy five per cent of female tailors have expressed that they
have problems like swelling of legs and joint pain. Seventy percent of female tailors have suffered
from foot pain and rashes. After using cushions and foot pads for 90 days, body pain and low back
pain were seemed to be reduced to 60 per cent against 75 percent before use as expressed by female
tailors. Seventy and forty five percent were relieved from swelling of legs and rashes after using the
cushion and foot pads.
WORK EFFICIENCYOF TAILORS
The Table IVrefers the work efficiency of tailors before and after using the cushions and foot pads.
TABLE IV WORK EFFICIENCY OF TAILORS
Tailors Improved % Normal %
Male 60 40
Female 70 30

The improved efficiency of male tailors 60 percent is seen against 40 percent of tailors with normal
work efficiency. As high as 70 per cent of female tailors expressed that their work efficiency has
improved against 30 per cent with normal work efficiency. It is clear that per cent health problems
of female tailors are higher than male tailors when read from Table IV. Therefore, these facts could
be very well associated with the improved efficiency of female tailors. Some sort of additional
cushions and footpads and soothing effect through them would be helpful to the female tailors on a
long run.
CONCLUSION
It could be concluded from the study that the physical health problems like body pain, joint pain,
low back pain, foot pain, rashes and swelling of legs have been reduced after using the regenerative
cushions and foot pads which was stuffed by natural source such as Loofah and seaweed.
Continuous use of these cushions and foot pads would be beneficial to the industrial tailors as they
provide good comfort as well as soothing and massaging effect.

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REFERENCE
1. Parimalam, N., Kamalama, Ganguly, A.K. (2005) Indian Tex Journal, P.101.
2. www.speak.org.uk.
3. www.epilnet.com
4. www.seaweed.ie
5. www.loofah.com

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZED SILVER

NANOPARTICLES FROM LEAVES OF TERMINALIA BELLIRICA
Nandhini.B*; Priyanga A*; S. Gayathri Devi**

*Research scholars,
Department of Biochemistry,
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected], [email protected]

**Associate Professor,
Department of Biochemistry,
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants besides therapeutic agents are also a big source of information for a wide variety
of chemical constituents which could be developed as drugs with precise selectivity. These are the
reservoirs of potentially useful chemical compounds which could serve as newer leads and clues for
modern drug design. Synthesis of metal nanop articles is solely dependent on knowledge of
microorganisms and their behavior which play a crucial role. Against this background, researchers
have been working extensively on extracellular and intracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles
using bacteria, fungi, yeasts and many other biological sources. Silver nanoparticles have been
synthesized from the ethanolic extract of leaves Terminaliabelliri causing green synthesis method.
The antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles of Terminaliabellirica was assessed
against various bacterial organisms such as Klebsiellapnueumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Among all these Bacillus sub tilis
was found to exhibit highest antibacterial activity.

KEYWORDS: Medicinal plants, Nanoparticles, Antibacterial activity, Terminalia bellirica

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INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is an important field of modern research dealing with design, characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the
nanometre scale. Nanoparticles are sub-nano sized colloidal structures composed of natural,
synthetic or semi synthetic polymers (Deepaet al., 2016). Green chemistry synthesis of
nanoparticles (NPs) has recently received wide spread attention among physical and chemical
synthesis processes for its emergence as a simple, speedy synthesis, inexpensive, eco-friendly
and size-controlling approach in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs). As a result of its
growing popularity, there is an increased need to produce MNPs using biological systems such as
bacteria, fungi, yeast and plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents (Pak et al., 2016).
Medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of diabetes and hypertension, particularly
in developing countries where most people have limited resources and access to modern treatments
(Shori and Baba, 2011). Terminaliabellirica has been shown to possess multifarious medicinal
properties viz laxative, regenerative, beneficial for hair, throat, eyes, skin disease, cough, cold,
asthma, to arrest the bleeding and induce deep sleep. It also has antifertility, antihypertensive,
antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibio film, anticancer, antidepressant,
antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-ulcer and immunomodulatory activities (Das and Devi, 2015;
Kadianet al., 2014).
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The leaves of the Terminaliabellirica were collected from Velliangiri hills, Coimbatore. The
collected samples were authenticated by Botanical Survey of India, TNAU, Coimbatore. The
authentication number is BSI/SRC/5/23/2014-15/Tech510. The collected sample was washed
thoroughly and shade dried at room temperature. The dried sample was powdered. Ten gram of
the powdered sample was added into100ml of ethanol, which was kept in the mild shaker for 7
days at dark. It was then filtered by What mann no.1 filter paper and the filtrate obtained was
used for further studies.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the method explained by Harbone, (1998). Ninety ml of
1mM aqueous silver nitrate solution was added to 10ml of ethanolic extract. The mixture was
incubated by different methods followed below.
ROOM TEMPERATURE
The ethanolic extract of leaves of Terminaliabellirica and silver nitrate mixture was incubated at
the room temperature for 72 hours (Paulkumaret al., 2014)
HEATING IN WATER BATH
The ethanolic extract of leaves of Terminaliabellirica and silver nitrate solution were kept in water
bath at a temperature of 600C for various duration of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes (Gulcinet al., 2011;
Mubarakaliet al., 2011).
HEATING BY MICROWAVE OVEN
Silver nitrate (1mM) and ethanolic extract of the sample was heated in microwave oven for
different durations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 seconds (Noorooziet al., 2012).

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EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
The mixture of ethanolic extract of Terminaliabellirica and silver nitrate was exposed to sunlight
for the durations of 5, 10,15 and 20 minutes (Sulaimanet al., 2013).
SEPARATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
The synthesized silver nanoparticles of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Terminaliabelliricasample
was centrifuged for 20 min under refrigeratedcentrifugation at 13000 rpm and washed 3 times with
distilled water. The residue of silver nanoparticles was obtained by freeze drying.
MICROORGANISM
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of silver nanoparticles of Terminaliabelliricawas
determined using bacterial cultures namelyKlebsiellapnueumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The strains of the bacterial culture
were bought from Microlab, Coimbatore,which was stored at 40C and used for the experiments.
AGAR WELL DIFFUSION METHOD
Muller Hinton agar was used as a nutrient source for bacteria. The silver nanoparticles synthesized
from leaves of Terminaliabelliricawas dissolved in known amount of dimethyl sulphoxide. 20ml
ofMuller- Hinton agar was poured into the petriplates which was allowed to solidify and the well
was cut by gel puncture in the size of 6mm diameter. Then 20µl of sample and chloramphenicol
was impregnated in the well. The plates were exposed at 370C for 24 hrs. The obtained zone of
inhibition around the well was measured (NCCLS, 1997).
MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC)
Dilution methods used to investigate minimum concentration of antimicrobial to kill or inhibit the
microbial growth. Microtitre plate was added with 100µl of nutrient broth and diluent which makes
the well to two fold dilution. From the first well 100µl of the dilution was taken and transferred into
the second row wells to make a 4:1 dilution. This proceeds sequentially to making the each wells to
2 fold dilution. After the dilution of sample over, an aliquot of test organism was added to all wells
and the plate was kept under incubation to overnight. Followed by incubation MIC was calculated
as the lowest concentration of sample extract which inhibits the growth of bacteria. If the sample
concentration is insufficient the bacterial growth will be seen in the wells (Eloff, 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The maximum yield of silver nanoparticles was obtained when the ethanolic extract of leaves of
Terminaliabellirica was subjected to sunlight for 20 minutes. This method acts as the stabilizing
agent for the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. When the AgNPs formed, the colour of the solution will
changes from fluorescent green to dark brown. Similar results were observed by Bahararaet al.
(2014) when the Achilleabiebersteiniiof plant extract was added to AgNO3solution, the colour of
thesolution became dark brown, which is indicating the formation of AgNPs. The colour formation
occurs due to excitation of the surface plasmon resonance effect and the reduction of AgNO 3.

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After formation
of AgNO3

Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of leaves of

Terminaliabellirica by Well Diffusion method
Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles of leaves of Terminaliabelliricawas done
by well diffusion method and the diameter of zone ofinhibition is presented in Table 1 and Plate 3.
TABLE 1 ZONE OF INHIBITION (MM) OF SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES
OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF TERMINALIA BELLIRICA AGAINST
Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Microorganism
20µl 40µl 60µl 80µl 100µl Control Gentamycin
Bacillus subtilis 15 20 20 22 23 25
Staphylococcus aureus 9 11 12 12 14 22
Escherichia coli 8 10 10 13 17 20
Pseudomonas aerugina 7 9 10 13 15 17
Klebsiellapneumonia 8 11 12 13 13 20

Plate 3
Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of
Terminalia belliricaby Well Diffusion Method

Escherichia coli Klebsiellapneumoniae

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Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa

20- 20 µg/ml
40- 40 µg/ml
60-60 µg/ml
80- 80 µg/ml
100- 100 µg/ml
C- Control (Gentamycin)

Bacillus subtilis
Table 1 and Plate 1 confirms that the various concentrations of silver nanoparticles synthesized
from Terminaliabellirica leaves extract have effective antibacterial activity against gram positive
and gram negative bacteria. From the results, it can be concluded that the zone of inhibition was
increased when the concentration of silver nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of leaves of
Terminaliabelliricaincreased. However the highest zone of inhibition was foundagainst B.subtilis
(23mm) while compared with other bacterial strains at 100μg/ml concentration followed by E.coli
(17mm), P.aeruginosa (15 mm), S.aureus (14 mm) and K.pneumoniae (13mm).
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of synthesized silver nanoparticles of ethanolic
extract of leaves of Terminaliabellirica
The AgNPs synthesized from the leaves of Terminaliabellirica showed maximum zone of
inhibition for all the organisms studied. Therefore it was used for minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) assay. The MIC was determined as the lowest concentration that inhibited the
visible growth of the used bacterium. The result of MIC was depicted in Table 2

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TABLE 2 NANOPARTICLES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF
TERMINALIA BELLIRICABY MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC)
METHOD
Concentration of organism (µg/ml)
Microorganism
0 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
Bacillus subtilis - + + + + + -
Staphylococcus aureus - + + + + - -
Escherichia coli - + + + - - -
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - + + + + - -
Klebsiella pneumonia - + + + + - -
(+) Inhibition of microorganism growth (-) Growth of microorganism

The synthesized silver nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of leaves ofTerminaliabelliricawas

inoculated againstK.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,S.aureus, E.coliandB.subtilisin the concentration of
8-0.25 mg/100μl. The growth ofS.aureus, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae, E.coliandB.subtiliswere
inhibited by synthesizedsilver nanoparticles of Terminaliabellirica of 8-1.0 mg/100μl
concentration. S.aureus and P.aeruginosa was found to have significant killing effect at 8-1.0
mg/100μl whereas K.pneumoniae and E.coli have the killing effect at 8-2 mg/100μl concentration.
B.subtilis found to have killing effect at 8-0.5 mg/100μl.
At the end of this antimicrobial screening test, it is confirmed that the biologically synthesized
silver nanoparticles of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Terminaliabelliricapossess effective
antibacterial property. Therefore, applicationsof it can cover a large domain of medical, leather and
food technologies.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, the results of the present study demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles synthesized
from the ethanolic extract of leaves of Terminaliabellirica via green route had a potent antibacterial
activities.
REFERENCES
 Das, M.S.C. and Devi, G.S. (2015), In vitro cytotoxicity and glucose uptake activity of fruits of
Terminalia bellirica in Vero, L-6 and 3T3 cell lines, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science, 5(12): 092-095.
 Deepa, M.K., Suryaprakash, T.N.K. and Kumar, P. (2016), Green synthesized silver
nanoparticles, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(1): 411-419
 Eloff, J.N. (1998), A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory
concentration of plant extracts for bacteria, Planta Med., 64: 711-713.
 Gulcin, I., Topal, F.S., Sarikaya, B.S., Bursal, E., Bilsel, G. and Goren, A.C. (2011), Polyphenol
contents and antioxidant properties of Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), Rec. Nat. Prod., 5:
158-175.
 Harborne J. B. (1998), phytochemical methods - A guide to modern techniques of plant
analysis, Chapman and Hall Ltd, London.
 Kadian, R., Parle, M. and Yadav, M. (2014), Therapeutic potential and phytopharmacology of
Terminalia bellerica, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(10): 804-819.

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 Mubarakali, D., Thajuddin, N., Jeganathan, K. and Gunasekaran, M. (2011), Plant extract
mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against
clinically isolated pathogens, Colloids and surfaces, 85: 360-365.
 NCCLS (1997), Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow
aerobically: Approved standard fifth edition, NCCLS dominant M17A5, NCCLS, Wayer, P.A.
USA.
 Nooroozi, M., Zakaria, A., Moksin, M., Wahab, Z.A. and Abedini, A. (2012), Green formation
of spherical and dendritic silver nanostructures under microwave irradiation without reducing
agent, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 13: 8086-8096.
 Pak, Z.H., Abbaspour, H., Karimi, N. and Fattahi, A. (2016), Eco-friendly synthesis and
antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using Dracocephalum moldavica seed extract,
Applied Sciences, 6(69): 1-10.
 Paulkumar, K., Gnanajobitha, G., Vanaja, M., Rajeshkumar, S., Malarkodi, C., Pandian, K. and
Annadurai, G. (2014), Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens,
Sci. world J., doi: 10.1155/2014/829894.
 Shori, A.B. and Baba, A.S. (2011), Antioxidant activity and inhibition of key enzymes linked to
type-2 diabetes and hypertension by Azadirachta indica-yogurt, Journal of Saudi Chemical
Society, 17: 295-301.
 Sulaiman, G.M., Mohammed, W.H., Marzoog, T.R., Al-Amiery, A.A.A., Kadhum, A.A.H. and
Mohamad, A.B. (2013), Green synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver
nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine, 3: 58-63.

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF

LEAVES OF RHUSCHINENSIS MILL
Mercy Nemneineng Doungel*; Dr. S Amsamani**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Fashion Apparel
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

An antimicrobial treatment is performed on a textile to help human to withstand against

microorganisms that causes allergy, irritation and sensitization. The main importance of the study
is evaluation of antibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts of leaves of Rhuschinensis mill on
Aspergillusniger and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanolic extract of the leaves of
Rhuschinensismill. Soxhletmethos was used foe extraction. Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial
test is very common, therefore this was followed. The plant extractwas placed onto the Mueller
Hinton agar plateswith bacterial cultures of 0.5 McFarland standards, an incubated for 24 hrs at
37◦c [1].T he result proved positive by showing high zone of incubation.. The plant extract of
Rhuschinensis mill showed significant antibacterial activity against Aspergillusniger and
Staphylococcus aureus.

KEYWORDS: Rhuschinensis Mill, Aspergillusniger, Staphylococcus Aureus, Antimicrobial

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INTRODUCTION
Humandaily woredifferent types of clothing on everyday basis on everyday life, which is also
known as dress, garment that covered up the body in order to protect it against from the adverse
climate conditions. Finishing of Textiles plays an important role in increasing global demand in
textile and apparel industry in the field of both fashion and medical. And the use of herbal natural
product has been increasing day by day. Some of the finishing process in textiles includes wrinkle
resistance, soil resistance, and water repellency, flame retardant. Among them, antimicrobial activity
is being considered to be very important due to its properties of prevented human against skin
problems, rashes etc [4] Textiles are known as being conducive to microorganisms growth, such as
bacteria and fungi. This micorganisim depending on the moisture and temperature level etc are able
to quickly multiply. The microorganism growth on textiles also further cause a unpleasant odor,
reduction in mechanical strength, stains and discoloration and an increased likelihood of user
contamination[5].
The plants Rhuschinensis mill is commonly known as Khongma or Heimang in local dialect of
Manipur. It belong to Anacardiaceae family is a taproot and perennial shrub. It is a native to Asia
but there are some species found in Hawaii and Australia as well. In India it is found in Jammu and
Kashmir and north -eastern part of India, Manipur being one of the place where hilly areas are
abundant contains a humpty numbers herbs, medicinal plants where various new project on
studying of plants can be taken up.The plantRhuschinensismill is found commonly on the hilly
region in the wild form in the forest area or in the uncultivated areas without any maintenance as
underutilized minor fruit crops. However, In Manipur this underutilized minor fruit crops are used
as medicine from time immemorial either in raw or in the form of cooked or boiled and used as a
traditional treatment of allergy and skin problems over a decades by the forefathers. In this study,
an attempt has been made to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the leaves of Rhuschinensis mill
againstAspergillusnigerand Staphylococcus aureus [6].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The leaves of Rhuschinensis millwas obtained by plucking if off from the bark and branches. The
leaves were dried and powdered. Extracts of the seed powder were obtained to assess Antimicrobial
activity properties of selected plantRhuschinensis mill. Firstly, the solvent 250 ml of methanol is
added to a round bottom flask which is attached to a Soxhlet extraction and condenser on an
isomental. The plant 20g each are loaded into the thimble which is placed inside thrSoxhlet
extractor. The solvent is heated using the isomental and will begin to evaporate moving through the
apparatus to the condenser. The condenser then drips into the reserviour containing the thimble.
Once the level of the solvent reaches the siphon it pours back into yhr flask and the cycle begins
again. The process is run for a total of 24 hours. After 24 hrs the yield% is calculated where
Rhuschinensis mill is 10.43%.
MICROORGANISMS
As per gillusniger and Staphylococcus aureuswere obtained from the Dept. of Microbiology.
PREPARATION OF THE CULTURE MEDIA
The media used in Kirby Bauer testing must be Mueller Hinton agar at only 4 mm deep, poured into
either 100 mm or 150 mm Petri dishes. The pH level of the agar must be between 7.2 and 7.

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ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST
METHOD PROTOCOL:
Twenty four hrs grown culture (staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillusniger) was taken and diluted
to 108 CFU / ml using McFarland standard. Muller hinton agar plates were prepared. The diluted
cultures were swabbed over the surface of the medium. The plates were dried for few minutes and
using a sterile cork borer (6 mm in dia) wells were punctured. 100 μl of the samples were loaded in
thewell (Duplicates). All the plates were incubated (For bacteria 37°C for 24 h and for fungus
25°Cfor 7 days). After incubation period the zone of inhibiton was measured using antibiotic
zonescale and reported.
RESULTS
In the study, the zone of inhibition was shown by methanolic extracts against the selected individual
microrganismi,e. staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillusnigerand it is shown in table1 and graph 1
given below:
TABLE 1: ZONE OF INHIBITION GROWTH OF BACTERIA
OF RHUSCHINENSIS MILL
ORGANISMS Rhuschinensismill
Staphylococcus aureus 8mm
Aspergillusniger 3mm

Rhus chinensis mill

10
8mm
zone of inhinition

8
6
4 3mm
2 Rhuschinensismill
0
Staphylococcus Aspergillus niger
aureus
microrganism

Graph 1: Antibacterial activity of methanolic plant extract against Staphylococcus aureus

and Aspergillusniger
From the above table it is clear that zone of inhibition growth of methanol extract of Rhuschinensis
mill for Staphylococcus is 8mm and Aspergillusniger is 3mm respectively. Therefore it could be
concluded that the selected herbal extract namely Rhuschinensis mill has Antimicrobial activity
against Staphylococcus aureusand Aspergillusniger.
CONCLUSION
The study reveals the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Rhuschinensis mill leaves
against staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillusniger. The present study can pave a way for further

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research to determine the lead compounds in the leaves to develop newer antimicrobial agent in this
era of antimicrobial resistance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge DST- CURIE, (Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women) for the support rendered in successful completion of this research work
REFERENCE
1. Anonymous, author. RhussemialataMurr. In: Krisnamurthi A, editor. The Wealth of India. Vol
IX. New Delhi, India: National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR., 2013,
2. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherrie JC, Tuck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a
standardized disc diffusion method. Am J Clin Path 1966; 45: 493-96.
3. Gao Y., Cranston R. Recent advances in antimicrobial treatments of textiles. Text. Res. J. 2018;
78:60–72.
4. Intelligence T. Demand for Antimicrobial Fibres, Textiles and Apparel Is Set for Strong Growth
Performance Apparel Markets. 2014.
5. Kumar S, Choudhary HS, Seniya C. In vitro antibacterial study of aqueous and methanolic
extracts of some selected medicinal plants. J. Chem. Pharm. Res 2011; 3(4):854-60.
6. Nwosu V.C. Antibiotic resistance with particular reference to soil microorganisms. Res.
Microbiol. 2001; 152:421–430. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01215-3

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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH USING IXORA COCCINEA

ON COTTON FABRIC
Pl .Umayal*; Dr.R.Prabha**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam University of Home Science and,
Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

The Antimicrobial finish is used to prevent the textile material and clothing from pathogenic
microorganism. Ixora coccinea leaf selected as the source due to its antimicrobial property. Active
compounds present inflavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids and phenolic group of compounds. Methanol
is used as solvent extraction. The Antimicrobial finish is done on the cotton fabric. Tocontrol the
skin diseases, infection of microbes, wound healing. The antimicrobial property of Ixora coccinea
leaf extract was tested by the well diffusion method. The well diffusion results showed the Ixora
coccinea extract have potential of antimicrobial activity against gram positive& gram negative
bacteria. After the conformation of the activity this extract applied on the cotton fabric. The
antimicrobial activity was assessed quantitatively by AATCC test method against the test organism
staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition was seen clear. While
accessing the sample that is finished with Ixora coccinea.

KEYWORDS: Ixora coccinea, well diffusion, cotton, antimicrobial

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INTRODUCTION:
Ixora coccinea (Rubiaceae) is known as the wilder uses of Geranium or fire of the forested areas or
vetchi in ayurvedia. Usually blossoming shrub is local to Asia. Its name is gotten from an Indian
dirinity. Inspite of the fact that there somewhere in the range of the 400 species in the genus Ixora,
just an only some are cultivated. I. coccinea is usually called as Ixora; it is a broad, multibranched
evergreen bush grows 4-6 feet (1.2-2m) tallness however once in a while capable of coming up to
12 feet (3.6m) height. It is generally utilized as hepatoprotective, chemo protective, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory agents. Existence of photochemical such as alkaloids, phenols, steroids,
saponins, and flavonoids are observed in the plant extract which contain antibacterial activity and
can be used for healing use. Hence the plant is prosperous in bioactive constituent and possible
therapeutic activities, (Annapurna and raghavan, 2003).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Preparation of plant extract:
The fresh plant of Ixora coccinea is collected and it is cleaned. The leaves were then removed from
the stem, with consciously washed with the running tap water, rinse with the distilled water, and dry
it with 1 hour. The dried Ixora coccinea leaves were dried in room temperature for until the leaves
were dried. Then the dried leaves were grounded into a powder. Stored in a dry container. 6 gm. of
powder is measured and it is taken in a conical flask, with a ratio of 1:20 methanol and water added.
The beaker is made airtight by covering the mouth of the conical flask using a sheet of paper. Then
kept 24 hours in room temperature and then filtered the solvent.
ANTIBACTERIAL TESTING:
The Nutrient agar be ready and pour in the Petri plate. After 24 hours growing cultures (Escherichia
coli and staphylococcus aureus) were swabbed on it. The wells (10mm diameter) were made using
cork borer and altered concentrations of the crude extract were fill into the wells. Then the plates
were incubated at 37 C for 24 hours. The inhibition of Zone diameter was measured. The extracted
source shows that the bacteria around the well where the extracted solution is inoculated. Thus the
bacteria are sensitive to the methanol extract of Ixora coccinea.
EVALUATION METHOD:
The test to evaluate the efficiency of this fabric is done according to the standard method. Here, disc
diffusion method is used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the treated sample. It is a method of
testing of microbial growth, it is also known as the antimicrobial sensitivity test. This sensitivity
test is performed on agar plates. A small disc of treated sample and controlled sample is placed on
to the agar plate using puncher which is known as disk. A small amount of antibiotic absorbed by
the treated sample diffuses out into the agar plate, along a concentration gradient , as the plate are
incubated for 24 hrs. Disk Diffusion method against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
The treated sample is effective against the selected bacteria and hence the selected source has the
antibacterial activity.

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Ixora coccinea leaf Extraction powder Methanol solvent

Untreated sample Treated sample

RESULTS AND DISSCUSION:
Well diffusion

TABLE 1 WELL DIFFUSION AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND

ESCHERICHIA COLI
Sample Antibacterial
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli
Controlled fabric Growth surrounding the well
Finished fabric No growth surrounding the well

The above table shows that the extracted source shows that the bacteria around the well where the
extracted solution is inoculated. Thus the bacteria are sensitive to the methanolic extract of Ixora
coccinea.

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Disc diffusion

TABLE 2 DISK DIFFUSION METHOD AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND

ESCHERICHIA COLI
Sample Antibacterial
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli
Controlled fabric growth beneath the fabrics
Finished fabric No growth beneath the fabrics

The above table shows that the treated sample is effective against the selected bacteria and hence
the selected source has the antibacterial activity.
Fabric weight:
The fabric weight of the original and finished fabric is given in Table 3.

S.No Original sample Finishing samle

1 1.310 1.350
2 1.316 1.370
3 1.320 1.360
4 1.326 1.380
5 1.310 1.350
Average 1.3164 1.362
The weight is increased in FS than the OS. This is due to because of imparting finishing.
Fabric Thickness:
The fabric thickness of the original and finishing fabrics are given in Table 4.

S.No Original sample Finishing sample

1. 0.65 0.43
2. 0.50 0.45
3. 0.51 0.46
4. 0.67 0.45
5. 0.53 0.47
Average 0.572 0.452

The Thickness is increased in FS than the OS. This is due to the processes of finishing.

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Sinking Test:
The fabric sinking characteristics of the original and finishing sample are evaluated and present in
the Table 5.
S.No Time constant Desizing sample Finishing sample
1. 1 min 1.5 cm 4 cm
2. 1 min 2.5 cm 3.9 cm
3. 1 min 1.5 cm 3 cm
4. 1 min 2.4 cm 3.8 cm
5. 1 min 2.5 cm 3.9 cm
Average 2.08 3.72

The wet ability of FS was decreased when compare to OS. This may be due to the application of
finishing.
The sample of both desized fabric and finishing sample is taken and the time noted sink completely.
Thus the finishing sample takes less time to sink completely compared to desized sample
Wicking Test:
The fabric wicking characteristics of the original and finishing fabric evaluated and presented in the
Table 6.
S.No Time Original sample Finishing sample
1. 1 min 1 cm 2 cm
2. 1 min 1 cm 2.5 cm
3. 1 min 1 cm 2.3 cm
4. 1 min 1 cm 2 cm
5. 1 min 1 cm 2.4 cm
Average 1 2.24

FS absorb more water than the OS. This may be due to the application of finishing.
The antibacterial activity is evaluated by using the well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. It is
analysed by measuring the zone of inhibition of growth of bacteria and the growth of bacteria
beneath the treated fabric according to the standard of AATCC90. The above results show that the
Ixora coccinea leaf extract has the efficiency of antibacterial activity against the selected bacteria
i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The application of finishing sample improved the
physical properties of the fabric like, Fabric thickness, Fabric weight etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge DST- CURIE, (Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women) for the support rendered in successful completion of this research work

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2. Owolabi J, Omogbai EKI, Obasuyi O. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic and
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resistance in a patient with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N.Engl. J.Med.
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19.Missebukpo A, metwogo K, Agoban A, Eklu Gadegbeku K, Akilikoku K and Gbeassor M.
(2011). Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Ixora coccinea. Journal of pharmacology and
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Nanoparticles of Ixora coccinea flower extract & their Antimicrobial activities, 2(4): 557-565.
21. Fiber to Fabric, Bernard P. Corbman, Mc GrawHill International Editions.
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Akoi, University of Wisconsin-Madison., 1979.
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Davis, 2002.
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25. Joshi, M., Ali, S.W., Rajendran, S., Antibacterial finishing of polyester/cotton blend fabrics
using neem (Azadirachtaindica):A natural bioactive agent.J. Appl. polym. Sci., 106,793,2007.
26. Perumalraj R.Single-stage antimicrobial and crease proof finishing of cotton materials, J Ind
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27. Assessment of Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials methods 100, American Association
of Textile chemist and colorist, 1993.
28. M Joshi, S W Ali ,R Purwar and S Rajendran, Ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of textiles
using bioactive agents based on natural products, Indian J Fiber & Text Res, 2009 34 295-304.
29. Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles, M.L.Gulrajani, Oxford Cambridge
Philadelphia New Delhi, wood head publishing Limited, 2013.
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Asian Journal of
Multidimensional
Research (AJMR)
( Dou b l e B li n d Ref e r e e d & Re vi e we d I n te r n a ti on a l J ou r n a l )

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL

EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE FROM PAPAYA LEAF AND ITS

APPLICATION ON COTTON
S. Anitha Mary*; K. Kalaiarasi**
1,2
Department of Textiles and Clothing,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and,
Higher Educationfor Women,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ABSTRACT

Natural dyes have emerged as an alternative to synthetic dyes. In this study natural dye was
extracted from papaya leaves using conventional extraction method. Factors influencing extraction
of natural ye such as extraction time, temperature, dye source concentration and solvent were
studied. The natural dye extracted under optimized conditions was used to dye the selected cotton
o
fabric. There sults indicated that the dye source concentration of 5% at 90 C and extraction time of
60 misusing water as solvent resulted in maximum dye yield. Color fastness properties of dyed
fabric to washing, rubbing and exposure to sunlight have also been determined. The results of
color fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were found to be good to excellent. The results
indicate that natural dye could be extracted from papaya leaves.

KEYWORDS: Natural Dye; Papaya Leaf; Conventional Extraction; Optimization;

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INTRODUCTION
Colors have played a significant role in man's individual, family and social life. Dye is an organic
molecule that is responsible for dyeing and printing of textile fibre material. Dyes which are
extracted from natural sources like plants, animals and minerals are called as natural dyes. Natural
dyes are eco-friendly, biodegradable and non carcinogenic (Mongkholrattanasitet al.,
2010).They are new at all times and never age. Natural dyes are used forcoloring of food, natural
fibres like cotton, wool, silk and leather since pre historic times (Mongkholrattanasit et al.,
2011).Natural dyes produce elegant colors and provide antimicrobial, anti-odor and UV protective
functions to the dyed fabrics (Grifonietal., 2011; Habbaletal., 2011; Leeetal., 2010;
Reddyetal.,2012).
The use of natural dyes has declined with the invention of synthetic dyes, which is widely available,
inexpensive and have excellent color fastness properties. Nowadays the use of natural dyes
increased due to strict environmental regulations and to avoid the toxic effect caused by the
synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are used only by small scale and cottage level dyers. The possibilities
of natural dye extraction at a larger scale need to be explored.
Hence the objective of the study is to extract natural dye from papaya leaves and to determine the
influence of different process parameters on dye extraction and investigate the fastness properties of
dyed cotton fabric.
METHODOLOGY
EXTRACTION OF DYE
Fresh papaya leaves (5g) were collected and ground to paste using 100 ml of water.The content was
kept at100°𝐶 for 60 mins. The dye extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. The color
intensity of the dye extract was measured using UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 365 nm.
OPTIMIZATION OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR DYE EXTRACTION
Various process parameters such as pH, dye source concentration, extraction time, temperature and
solvent were optimized for dye extraction.
Suitable extraction medium was determined by extracting papaya leaves with different solvent
medium such as aqueous, alcohol, acidic and alkaline medium. Optimum dye source concentration
was determined by taking different concentrations of papaya leaves (1-10%). The optimum time for
the extraction of natural dye was determined by extracting the dye at various time intervals (30-
270min).To select the suitable pH for dye extraction, the pH of the medium was adjusted to 4-12
using dilute hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate. Dye extraction was done at different
temperatures such as 30-100°𝐶 to select the optimum temperature.The dye extract was filtered and
the color yield was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 365 nm.
EXTRACTION OF DYE UNDER OPTIMIZED CONDITIONS
Extraction of natural dye was carried out using appropriate solvent medium, dye source
concentration, pH, extraction time and temperature. The extracted dye was used for dyeing.
DYEING PARAMETERS
The selected cotton fabric was dyed at a Material:liquor: ratio 1: 20for 1 hourat 90℃. The dyed
fabric was assessed for colorfastness properties.

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COLOR FASTNESS TESTS
Dye fibre interactions are varied and their strength or combined strength determines both the
outcome and performance of the dyeing. Colorfastness properties, of the dyed textile material
depend upon the nature of dye, dyeing procedure and washing methods. The grey scale employed
for color fastness test is 1-5 grades. In this scale one means poor and 5 represents excellent
colorfastness. Color fastness tests were carried out for fastness to sunlight, washing and crocking.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE
The various parameters that influence the dye extraction was optimized (Table 1).The dye was
extracted under optimized conditions with dye source concentration of 5 %at 90°C for 1 hour using
aqueous medium from papaya leaves and filtered. The dye extract was used to dye the fabric.
TABLE 1 OPTIMIZED CONDITIONS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE
FROM PAPAYA LEAVES
Parameters Optimized conditions
Medium Aqueous
Time 60 mins.
Temperature 90°C
Concentration 5%
COLOR FASTNESS TESTS
Color fastness properties of the dyed fabric to sunlight, crocking and washing were determined and
the results are presented in Table 2. The dyed fabrics showed very good fastness to sunlight and
washing. With regard to crocking, the dyed fabric showed good to excellent fastness.
TABLE 2 COLOUR FASTNESS TO SUNLIGHT, CROCKING AND WASHING
Sunlight Washing Crocking
Dry Wet
Colour change

Colour change

S.No. Sample
Staining

Staining

Staining

Staining
Colour

Colour
change

change

Dyed
1. 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5
fabric
5 – Excellent; 4 – Very Good
CONCLUSION
Natural dyes are safe to color textiles and does not harm the environment. The demand for natural
dyed products increased due to the ill effects caused by synthetic dyes. Natural dyes not only
provide color to the fabric but also exhibit various functional properties. The present work confirms
that, papaya leaves can be utilized as a potent natural dye source for coloring textiles.

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REFERENCES
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