Index

Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables’.

A Active remote sensing methods AMSR-E/Aqua daily L3 surface soil

AATSR. See Advanced Along-Track lidar data, 556e558 moisture, 705
Scanning Radiometer SAR data, 558e564 Advanced Microwave Sounding
(AATSR) spaceborne stereoscopic images, Unit-B (AMSU-B), 629
AB1. See Angular Bin 1 (AB1) 564e565 Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT),
AB2. See Angular Bin 2 (AB2) Active SWE inversion algorithms, 697
ABI. See Advanced Baseline Imager 736e745 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
(ABI) based on physical backscattering Emission and Reflection
Aboveground biomass (AGB), 544 models, 737e743 Radiometer (ASTER), 149, 321,
active and stereoscopic remote SWE estimation and variation by 547e548
sensing methods, 556e565 repeat-pass interferometric SAR, band 1 reflectance, 548f
allometric methods, 545e547 744e745 regression equations for estimation
allometric relations with Lorey’s Activeepassive remote sensing, of forest parameters, 551te552t
height, 560f 571e572 TES algorithmebased temperature
future perspective, 572e573 ACTOR, 147, 149 retrieval, 270
multisource data synthesis Adaptive SG filtering, 113e114 Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar
methods, 565e572 ADB. See Aboveground dry biomass (ASAR), 535, 768
optical remote sensing methods, (ADB) Advanced Very High Resolution
547e556 Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AVHRR), 8, 149,
Aboveground dry biomass (ADB), Radiometer (AATSR), 149 179e180, 320, 419, 456, 498,
568 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), 3 550, 768, 875
Absolute temperature of ideal gas, Advanced Geosynchronous Aerial photogrammetry, 91e92
252e253 Radiation Imager (AGRI), 4e5 Aeronet. See Aerosol Robotic
AC-VC. See Atmospheric Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), 4 Network (Aeronet)
Composition-VC (AC-VC) Advanced Land Imager of EO-1, Aerosol optical depth (AOD),
Accelerated Canopy Chemistry 14e15 861e863
Program (ACCP), 351 Advanced Land Observing Satellite Aerosol optical thickness (AOT),
Accumulated growing degree days (ALOS), 564 133e134
(AGDD), 905 Advanced Land Observing Satellite Aerosol Robotic Network (Aeronet),
Accumulated relative humidity Phased Array type L-band 162
(Arhum), 905 SAR (ALOS-PALSAR), 15, 697 Aerosol(s), 133e134, 860e861
Accuracy evaluation, 83 Advanced Microwave Instrument atmospheric, 137
ACORN, 147, 149 (AMI), 15 impacts, 142e143
Active microwave. See also Passive Advanced Microwave Scanning models, 139e141
microwave (PMW) Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), 691, transmittance of absorptance,
algorithms, 628e629 721 166e168
imagery, 768 Advanced Microwave Scanning Aerospace providers, 826e827
remote sensing, 695e696, 771e772 RadiometereEarth Observing AF. See Attached forest (AF)
inversion methods, 697 System (AMSReE), 629, 691, Affine transformation model, 78, 89
satellite sensors, 696e697 693, 721, 768 Afforestation, 916, 929
sensors, 770e772

953
954 Index

AGB. See Aboveground biomass Albedo, 194, 196e197 AmeriFlux experimental sites, 469t
(AGB) albedo-estimation method based on AMI. See Advanced Microwave
AGDD. See Accumulated growing bidirectional reflectance model Instrument (AMI)
degree days (AGDD) inversion, 212e215 AMSE-R instrument algorithm,
Age reckoning method, 585 and derivation of narrowband 693e694
AGRI. See Advanced albedo, 212e213 AMSR2. See Advanced Microwave
Geosynchronous Radiation narrowband-to-broadband albedo Scanning Radiometer 2
Imager (AGRI) conversion, 213e215 (AMSR2)
Agricultural/agriculture, 872, 902 case study with, 803e804 AMSReE. See Advanced Microwave
crop residue monitoring, 892e897 direct estimation of surface albedo, Scanning RadiometereEarth
crop yield prediction, 880e885 215e225 Observing System (AMSReE)
cropland information extracting global land surface albedo products AMSU-B. See Advanced Microwave
agricultural irrigation, 875e879 and validation, 225e233 Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B)
cropland mapping, 872e873 land surface bidirectional reflectance Analytical models, 717, 719e720
monitoring cropland change, modeling, 195e212 Angle-assisted data calculation,
874e875 problems and prospects in study of 150e151
crops response to climate change, broadband, 244e245 Angular Bin 1 (AB1), 216
902e907 scaling issue in mountainous areas, results of AB1 algorithm, 221e222
drought monitoring of crop, 885e891 232e233 Angular Bin 2 (AB2), 216
ecosystems, 885 temporal and spatial analysis of result of AB2 algorithm, 224e225
impact from cropland, 897e902 global land surface, 233e244 Angular informationebased
impact of crop residue burning, Algebra methods, 838 correction method, 142
900e902 Algorithm MODIS image, 144f
cropland impacts on surface ensemble, 41 multitemporal correction algorithm,
temperature, 899e900 module integration, 825 143f
irrigation impacts on land surface Algorithm for MODIS Bidirectional ANNs. See Artificial neural networks
parameters, 897e899 Reflectance Anisotropies of (ANNs)
irrigation, 875e879 Land Surface (AMBRALS), Annual average albedo, change trend
farmland abandonment from 1986 209, 212 of, 240e244
to 2000, 876f All-sky parameterizations, 313e315 Anti-noise least square solution,
global distribution of rainfed Allometric methods, 545e547 220e221
harvested area and irrigated allometric equations for various AOD. See Aerosol optical depth
harvested area, 877f mangroves, 546te547t (AOD)
spatial distribution of irrigation in parameters and equations for AOT. See Aerosol optical thickness
United States, 879f estimation, 547t (AOT)
steps in mapping algorithm, 878f ALOS. See Advanced Land APDA method. See Atmospheric
AHI. See Advanced Himawari Observing Satellite (ALOS) precorrected differential
Imager (AHI) ALOS-PALSAR. See Advanced Land absorption method (APDA
AIEM model, 730e731 Observing Satellite Phased method)
Air pollutants, 860 Array type L-band SAR Apparent emissivity increment,
Air quality, urbanization impact on, (ALOS-PALSAR) 254e255
860e863 ALS. See Airborne laser scanner (ALS) Apparent thermal inertia (ATI),
Air temperature, impact factor of, 595 Altimetry technique, 775 701e702
Airborne laser scanner (ALS), 515, Amazon Basin, deforestation in, APSIM model, 904
556e557 935e940 Aqua satellite, 7t, 145, 166, 226, 339,
Airborne scanning lidar, 557 AMBRALS. See Algorithm for 441, 452, 630, 895
Airborne stereoscopic images, 565 MODIS Bidirectional ArcGIS, 942e943
comparison with point cloud data Reflectance Anisotropies of Arhum. See Accumulated relative
from photogrammetry, 537f Land Surface (AMBRALS) humidity (Arhum)
vegetation canopy height and AMeDAS. See Automated ARM projects. See Atmospheric
vertical structure from, 536e538 Meteorological Data Radiation Measurements
Aitken nuclei, 133 Acquisition System projects (ARM projects)
ALA. See Average leaf angle (ALA) (AMeDAS)
 Index 955
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), correcting impacts Automatic inspection methods,
31e32, 177e178, 554e556, 733. of constituents, 147 823e824
See also Neural networks of water vapour, 146e147 Average height weighted by basal
(NNs); Precipitation GF-1 WFV data true color composite area, 514e515
limitations, 556 map, 153f Average leaf angle (ALA), 412
principle, 554e556 models and software, 147e149 Average sample likelihood. See Point
ASAR. See Advanced Synthetic ACORN, 149 localities
Aperture Radar (ASAR) ACTOR, 149 Average temperature, 253e254
ASCAT. See Advanced Scatterometer FLAASH, 149 Average tree height estimation,
(ASCAT) MODTRAN model, 147e148 514e515
Assimilation, 791 6S model, 148e149 average height weighted by basal
methods and temporal scaling up, Atmospheric precorrected area, 514e515
667e668 differential absorption method conditioned average height, 514
ASTER. See Advanced Spaceborne (APDA method), 146 dominant average height, 515
Thermal Emission and Atmospheric Radiation AVHRR. See Advanced Very High
Reflection Radiometer Measurements projects (ARM Resolution Radiometer
(ASTER) projects), 664 (AVHRR)
ASTER Global digital elevation Atmospheric radiative transfer,
model (ASTER GDEM), 564 28e30. See also Radiative B
Asymmetric Gaussian function, transfer models (RT models) Back-propagation neural networks
114e115 simulation, 223e224 (BPNNs), 493e495
ATI. See Apparent thermal inertia Atmospheric/atmosphere, 132, 152 Backscattering coefficients, 558e562
(ATI) aerosols, 137 Backward camera (BWD camera),
Atmospheric Composition-VC albedo, 166e168 70, 72t
(AC-VC), 13e14 characterization in quantitative Band conversions from POLDER to
Atmospheric correction, 23e25, 24f, remote sensing model, 132 MODIS, 219, 220t
134e135, 152 circulation, 933e935 BARC. See Beltsville Agriculture
algorithms and product information, composition, 132e133 Research Center (BARC)
136t constituents, 133t Bare soil, bidirectional reflective
application of GF-1 WFV downward radiance residue, characteristics of, 202e203
atmospheric correction, 270e271, 275e276 Baseline surface radiation network
149e152 effects, 132e137 (BSRN), 160e161, 161f
aspects of, 134e137 electromagnetic waves and, BASEPM. See Bayesian-based
changes in vegetation spectral 133e134 algorithm for SWE
radiance, 135f gas molecules, 133e134 EstimationePassive
external errors caused by parameters, 145e146 Microwave (BASEPM)
environmental factors, 136e137 acquisition, 151e152 Basin Wetness Index (BWI), 772
internal sensor error, 135e136 refraction correction, 64e65, 65f Bayes’ theorem, 423
atmospheric effects, 132e137 Attached forest (AF), 843e844 and Bayesian retrieval algorithm,
cloud detection, 24f Attenuation of solar radiation, 159 423f
correcting aerosol impact, 137e146 Aura, 7t, 901 Bayesian approach, 568e569,
angular informationebased Automated forest change mapping 771e772
correction method, 142 algorithm, 918 Bayesian maximum entropy (BME),
joint inversion of atmospheric Automated hybrid methodology for 792, 798e801
surface parameters, 145e146 SAR-based water, 771e772 application to product integration,
multisensor cooperative inversion Automated Meteorological Data 800e801
algorithm, 145 Acquisition System meta-prior stage of, 800
polarization informationebased (AMeDAS), 624 posterior stage of, 800
correction method, 144e145 Automatic extraction of image prior stage of, 800
spectral informationebased registration points, 83e89 Bayesian model average method
correction method, 137e141 image matching (BMA method), 41, 309e310
temporal informationebased based on features, 86e89 integration method, 318
correction method, 141e142 based on image gray, 84e86 Bayesian networks, 423e426,
424fe425f
956 Index

Bayesian networks (Continued) spectral resolution on retrieval of, C

application of, 426 387, 387t C3 plants, 594
introduction to, 423e426 Biological approach, 584e585 C4 plants, 594
Bayesian spectral mixture analysis primary production measurement of C4.5 algorithm, 835
model (BSMA model), vegetation CAI. See Cellulose absorption index
839e840 in forest ecosystem, 584e585 (CAI)
Bayesian theorem, 794 in grassland ecosystem, 584 Calibration accuracy analysis
Bayesian-based algorithm for SWE Biomass, 544, 584. See also of CCD-detector look angles, 70e72
EstimationePassive Microwave Aboveground biomass (AGB) of FWD, NAD, and BWD cameras,
(BASEPM), 733e734 equations, 844 72t
BBE. See Broadband emissivity (BBE) estimation, 548e549 Canadian Experiment for Soil
BeereLambert law, 408 BIOME-BGC model, 609, 609t Moisture in 2010 (CanEx-
Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Control Biotic pump theory, 933e935, 934f SM10), 705
Programs, 940e941 Black boxes, 31e32 Canadian weather radar network,
Belt transect sampling method, 480 Black-sky albedo (BSA), 198 624
Beltsville Agriculture Research Blue shift, 367e368 CanEx-SM10. See Canadian
Center (BARC), 798 Blue-sky albedo, 199 Experiment for Soil Moisture
BHR_diff. See Diffuse Blume-Leiss hypsometer, 512e513 in 2010 (CanEx-SM10)
hemisphericalehemispherical tree height measurements using, 512f Canopy absorption, 454
reflectance (BHR_diff) BMA method. See Bayesian model Canopy biochemical characteristics,
Bicontinuous model, 716e717, 721 average method (BMA 350e361
Bicubic convolution, 82e83, 82f method) biochemical components in
Bidirectional reflectance BME. See Bayesian maximum entropy vegetation using hyperspectral
albedo from integration of, 212e213 (BME) lidar, 391e398
model and data fitting, 212 Boosting, 835 hyperspectral lidar instruments,
Bidirectional reflectance (BRF), Boreal forest, 723e724 392e394
895e896 Bowen ratio (BR), 653 vegetation characteristics using
Bidirectional reflectance distribution BPNNs. See Back-propagation neural hyperspectral lidar, 391e392
function (BRDF), 34, 110, networks (BPNNs) vertical distribution of vegetation
195e197, 200, 411 BR. See Bowen ratio (BR) biochemical components,
Bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), BRDF. See Bidirectional reflectance 395e398
196e198 distribution function (BRDF) empirical and semiempirical
Bidirectional reflective characteristics BRF. See Bidirectional reflectance methods, 361e375
of bare soil, 202e203 (BRF); Bidirectional reflectance biochemical concentration on leaf
of ice/snow, 203e204 factor (BRF) scale, 362e366
of vegetation canopy, 202 Brightness temperature (TB), chlorophyll concentration,
Big-leaf model, 608 253, 690 366e375
Bilinear interpolation, 81e82 Broadband albedo, 199e200 extraction using physical models,
Biochemical concentration extraction Broadband emissivity (BBE), 375e391
on leaf scale, 362e366 257e258, 281e282, 326, 331 introduction to theories and
carbon concentration, 363e365 Broadband models, 163e164 methods, 356e361
cellulose concentration, 362e363 for clear-sky model, 166e168 empirical and semiempirical
experimental data, 362t for cloudy-sky model, 171 methods, 357e358
lignin concentration, 363 BSA. See Black-sky albedo (BSA) extracting biochemical
nitrogen concentration, 365e366 BSMA model. See Bayesian spectral parameters, 357f
Biochemicals mixture analysis model radiative transfer models, 359e361
band selection specifically for (BSMA model) remote sensing of plant biochemical
retrieval of, 387e391, 388t, 389f, BSRN. See Baseline surface radiation parameters, 351e356
389t network (BSRN) Canopy height model (CHM),
hyperspectral lidar prototype and Burning crop residue, 900e901 516e517
wavelength, 390f BWD camera. See Backward camera Canopy model inversion methods,
optical path of hyperspectral lidar, (BWD camera) 410e429
390f BWI. See Basin Wetness Index (BWI) Bayesian networks, 423e426
 Index 957
genetic algorithms, 419e423 CDR. See Climate data record (CDR) Chlorophyll concentration extraction,
LUT, 426e429 Cellulose absorption index (CAI), 893 366e375
NN, 417e419 Cellulose concentration, 362e363, of crops on canopy scale, 369e375
optimization techniques, 415e416 364f on leaf scale, 369
radiative transfer modelling, regression relation and selected spectral index, 367e368
411e415 bands, 363t TCARI and OSAVI at different LAI
Canopy optical depth, 695 Center for Resources Satellite Data and, 372f
Canopy projection method, 480e481 and Applications (CRESDA), and TCARI/OSAVI ratio, 373fe375f
Canopy transmittance, 455e456 814 Chlorophyll fluorescence, 605
Canopy weighted height, 515 Center National d’Etudes Spatiales CHM. See Canopy height model
Canopy-scale biochemical parameter (CNES), 777 (CHM)
retrieval, 384e386 CEOS. See Committee on Earth CI. See Composite index (CI)
biochemical parameters from real- Observation Satellites (CEOS) CIBR. See Continuum interpolated
observed data, 385e386 CERES. See Clouds and Earth’s band ratio method (CIBR)
retrieval from simulated data, 385 Radiant Energy System Cirrus pollution, 325e326
Carbon balance, 927e929 (CERES) CLARA-SAL. See Clouds, Albedo,
Carbon concentration, 363e365, 368f CFix model, 591 and Radiation-Surface Albedo
leaf carbon concentration regression CFlux model. See Carbon flux model (CLARA-SAL)
relation and selected bands, 367t (CFlux model) Classic Gaussian statistics, 794
Carbon cYcle and Change in Land Chang algorithm (1987), 723 Classical image-to-image change
Observational Products from Change detection technologies, 838 detection, 918
an Ensemble of Satellites Charge-coupled devices (CCD), Classification methods, 838
(CYCLOPES), 790e791 14e15 classification-based methods,
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 353 calibration accuracy analysis of 266e267
CO2-driven radiative forcing, CCD-detector look angles, Clear-sky model, 166e170
944e946 70e72 broadband model, 166e168
fertilization effect, 591 linear arrays, 67f spectral model, 168e170
Carbon flux model (CFlux model), manufacture error correction, 66e68 Clear-sky parameterizations,
591e592 staggered joint, 67f 310e313
Carbon monoxide (CO), 860e861 CHEOS. See China High-Resolution Clear-sky surface downward
Carbon storage and sequestration Earth Observation System longwave radiation model for
estimation by urban forests, (CHEOS) MODIS, 303e307
841e847 China in globe, 304e307
Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach Chinese GaoFen-3, 535e536 GOES Sounders and GOES-R ABI,
model (CASA model), 590 forest disturbance in, 940e949 307e308
terrestrial carbon model, 853 forestry influence, 942e949 in North America, 303e304
CASA model. See Carnegie Ames historical forest cover change, surface downward longwave
Stanford Approach model 940e942 radiation hybrid models for
(CASA model) satellite missions and programs, CERES, 308e309
CBTES. See Correlation-based 10e11, 12f Climate, 902, 905
temperature and emissivity Gaofen first seven satellites and Climate changes, 905
separation algorithm (CBTES) data characteristics, 13t crops response to, 902e907
CCD. See Charge-coupled devices SPOT satellites and data changes effects in humidity
(CCD) characteristics, 11t and temperature on crops,
CCRE. See Cloud cover radiative snow depth estimation algorithms 905e907
effect (CCRE) in, 726e727 extreme heat effects on wheat
CDC/CMA. See Climate Data Center China High-Resolution Earth grow, 902e905
of the Chinese Meteorological Observation System (CHEOS), Climate Data Center of the Chinese
Administration (CDC/CMA) 11 Meteorological Administration
CDF. See Cumulative distribution China Meteorological Administration (CDC/CMA), 180
function (CDF) (CMA), 182 Climate data record (CDR), 118
CDL program. See Cropland data China National Space Administration Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), 227
layer program (CDL program) (CNSA), 6e8 Climate Prediction Center (CPC), 635
958 Index

Climate Prediction Center Morphing CNSA. See China National Space Crop, drought monitoring of,
algorithm (CMORPH Administration (CNSA) 885e891
algorithm), 629, 640e641 Coherence, 528 Crop growth models, 448e449
Climatic effects qualifying of forest complex, 526e527, 530, 532e533 Crop residue
change, 926e935 optimization, 527 burning, 894e897
categories of ecosystemeclimate Cold edge, 663 impact o, 900e902
interactions, 928f Column water vapour (CWV), cover, 892e894
greenhouse gases, 929 302e303, 306 Crop Water Stress Index, 699
precipitation, 932e935 Committee on Earth Observation Crop yield prediction, 880e885
temperature, 929e932 Satellites (CEOS), 3, 826e827 production efficiency modelebased
Climatological analysis, 233e234 Community Earth System Model, method for satellite estimation,
Cloud base pressure, 300 448e449 881e885
Cloud computingebased integration Community Land Model, 448e449, rice yield prediction, 880e881
of data management and 707e708 Cropland change monitoring,
analytics, 829e831 Complex coherence, 526e527, 530, 874e875
Cloud cover radiative effect (CCRE), 532e533 Cropland data layer program (CDL
183e184 of vegetation canopy, 532 program), 881e884
Cloud detection of surface Component effective emissivity, 255 Cropland mapping, 872e873
reflectance, 123 Composite index (CI), 889 Cross calibration, 20
Cloud droplets, 133e134 Comprehensive validation, 796e797 CryoSat, 9
Cloud forcing factor, 300 Computer simulation model, 208 CSDGM. See Geospatial Metadata
Cloud liquid water (CLW), 628 Conditioned average height, 514 Content Standard (CSDGM)
Clouds, Albedo, and Conifer leaf model, 361 Cumulative distribution function
Radiation-Surface Albedo Constrained view angle, maximum (CDF), 794
(CLARA-SAL), 227e228, value composite approach Current remote sensing products,
236e238 (CV-MVC approach), 110e111 498e502, 499te500t
Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy Contiguous United States (CONUS), Curve fitting, 918
System (CERES), 163, 300, 339 895e896 Curve fitting method, 113e115, 115f
albedo, 228 Continuum interpolated band ratio adaptive SG filtering, 113e114
CERES-EBAF, 182 method (CIBR), 146 asymmetric Gaussian function and
CERES-Wheat model, 904 Conventional SMC measurement double logistic function fitting,
science team’s Plan B surface techniques, 687e689 114e115
downward longwave radiation Correlation coefficient, 84, 889 CV-MVC approach. See Constrained
algorithm, 308 matching, 84 view angle, maximum value
Cloudy-sky identification, 332 Correlation-based algorithms, composite approach (CV-
Cloudy-sky model, 170e172 272e273 MVC approach)
broadband model, 171 Correlation-based temperature and CWV. See Column water vapour
dual-band model, 171e172 emissivity separation (CWV)
Clumping index, 598 algorithm (CBTES), 272 CYCLOPES
Cluster-based HPC systems, 822 COSMO, 15 leaf area index algorithm, 417
CLW. See Cloud liquid water (CLW) COSMO-SkyMed, 535e536 program, 417
CMA. See China Meteorological Cost function, 693, 735 CYCLOPES. See Carbon cYcle and
Administration (CMA) Covariance, 795 Change in Land Observational
CMAP. See CPC Merged Analysis of matrix, 806 Products from an Ensemble of
Precipitation (CMAP) CPC. See Climate Prediction Center Satellites (CYCLOPES)
CMG. See Climate Modeling Grid (CPC)
(CMG) CPC Merged Analysis of D
CMORPH algorithm. See Climate Precipitation (CMAP), DA method. See Data assimilation
Prediction Center Morphing 637e638 method (DA method)
algorithm (CMORPH CRESDA. See Center for Resources DAAC. See Distributed Active
algorithm) Satellite Data and Archive Center (DAAC)
CNES. See Center National d’Etudes Applications (CRESDA) Dark object identification, 138
Spatiales (CNES) Cressman’s approach, 792 Dark pixels, 138e139
 Index 959
dark target method for atmospheric construction of quality inspection allometric equations for various
correction, 139f database, 824 mangroves based on, 546te547t
determining surface reflectance of, construction of user feedback DBH-based equations, 545e547
139 mechanism, 825 distribution, 844
Darkm3. See Third darkest value Data transmission, 18e19 relationship between height and,
(Darkm3) Dataset information, 826 513e514
DART. See Discrete anisotropic DB band. See Deep blue band (DB Dielectric measurement, 688
radiative transfer (DART) band) Dielectric model, 691e692
Data acquisition system, 3 DBF. See Deciduous broad-leaved DIF. See Directory Exchange Format
Data assimilation method (DA forests (DBF) (DIF)
method), 36e37, 429e435, DBH. See Diameter at breast height Difference of Gaussian (DOG), 87
734e735 (DBH) Difference vegetation index (DVI),
inversion framework, 38f DCT-PLS. See Penalized least squares 451e452
variational assimilation methods, regression based on three- Diffuse hemisphericaledirectional
429e430 dimensional discrete cosine reflectance factor (HDRF_diff),
Data fusion. See Data integration transform (DCT-PLS) 198
Data integration, 790 Deciduous broad-leaved forests Diffuse hemisphericale
Data Interpolating Empirical (DBF), 847e848 hemispherical reflectance
Orthogonal Functions Decision trees (DTs), 493, 876e878 (BHR_diff), 199
(DINEOF), 805e807 algorithm, 733 Diffuse-light penetrating, 454
application in product integration, classification method, 771e772 Digital correlation, 84
807e809 method, 495e497 Digital differential rectification
case study on LAI, 807e809 Deep blue band (DB band), of frame perspective imagery,
Data management, 826 140e141 94e97
cloud computingebased integration, determining aerosol models, 141 based on forward method, 96e97
829e831 obtaining aerosol optical thickness, based on inverse method, 95e96
system, 814 141 principles, 94e95
Data preprocessing, 843e844 pixel selection, 140e141 of linear array remote sensing
Data processing, 19e25, 19f Defense Meteorological Satellite imagery, 97e98
atmospheric correction, 23e25 Program (DMSP), 691 Digital elevation model (DEM), 62,
geometric processing, 20e22 Deforestation, 916 149, 175, 516e517, 726e727,
image fusion and product alters energy and water balance, 767
integration, 25, 25f 937e938 blunder detection of original data,
image quality enhancement, 22 in Amazon Basin, 935e940 92e93
radiometric calibration, 19e20 case study, 938e940 filtering source data, 93
Data production system, 814, drivers of deforestation, 936e937 gross error detection based on
816e829 DEM. See Digital elevation model fitting curved surface, 92e93
data life cycle, 831f (DEM) stereoscopic manual visual
data management, 826 Dense media radiative transfer inspection method, 92
data production system composition (DMRT), 719 data collection, 91e92
built in CRESDA, 818f Dense media radiative transfer model databases, 91t
data quality inspection, 823e825 based on quasicrystalline interpolating of DEM data, 93e94
hardware configuration of GLASS, approximation (DMRT-QCA), preprocessing of DEM data, 91e93
820t 716e717, 720 Digital image method, 479
HPC, 822e823 Derksen algorithm (2005), 725e726 Digital numbers (DN), 17e20
product data management, 826e828 Design-based accuracy assessments, Digital object unique identifiers
product metadata management, 921 (DOIs), 827e828
828e829 DGVM. See Dynamic global Digital orthoimage generation, 60e61
production task management, vegetation model (DGVM) Digital photography, 481e482
821e822 DHR. See Directionalehemispherical measurement examples, 484e487,
system monitoring, 825e826 reflectance (DHR) 484f
Data quality inspection, 823e825 Diameter at breast height (DBH), Digital surface model (DSM),
algorithm module integration, 825 513e514, 545 535e536
960 Index

Digital terrain model (DTM), 60e61, DLT model. See Direct linear DTR. See Diurnal temperate range
90e94 transformation model (DLT (DTR)
interpolating of DEM data, 93e94 model) DTs. See Decision trees (DTs)
preprocessing of DEM data, 91e93 DMRT. See Dense media radiative Dual-band model, 171e172
regular grid DEM, 90e91 transfer (DMRT) Dual-frequency precipitation radar
and structure of model, 90e91 DMRT-QCA. See Dense media (DPR), 630
TIN, 91 radiative transfer model based Dual-frequency scatterometer (DPS),
Dimidiate pixel model, 492e493 on quasicrystalline 741e742
DINEOF. See Data Interpolating approximation (DMRT-QCA) DVI. See Difference vegetation index
Empirical Orthogonal DMSP. See Defense Meteorological (DVI)
Functions (DINEOF) Satellite Program (DMSP) Dynamic algorithms, 727e730.
Direct estimation methods, 35e36, DN. See Digital numbers (DN) See also Semiempirical
36f dNBR method, 896e897 algorithms
Direct estimation of surface albedo, DOG. See Difference of Gaussian Kelly dynamic algorithm (2003),
215e225 (DOG) 728e729
albedo-estimation method based on DOIs. See Digital object unique Kelly dynamic algorithm
surface bidirectional reflectance identifiers (DOIs) (2009), 730
data, 216e222 Dominant average height, 515 later development of the TGI
building training dataset, 217e219 Double logistic function fitting, algorithm, 729e730
regression method, 220e221 114e115 TGI dynamic algorithm, 727e728
results of AB1 algorithm, 221e222 Downward radiance residue index Dynamic global vegetation model
TOA reflectanceebased method, (DRRI), 273e275 (DGVM), 606e610
222e225 Downward surface shortwave application of remote sensing data
Direct georeferencing accuracy radiation (DSSR), 164, 180 in, 609e610
analysis, 72e73, 72t Downward surface spectral flux, 174 Dynamic learning neural network
Direct gravimetric method, 688 DPR. See Dual-frequency model (DLNN model),
Direct leaf area index measurement, precipitation radar (DPR) 320e324
407 DPS. See Dual-frequency
Direct linear transformation model scatterometer (DPS) E
(DLT model), 61, 78 Drop size distribution (DSD), 623 e-Emissivity, 254
Direct measurement methods, Drought indices, 889 Earth, 505
265e266 Drought monitoring curvature correction, 63e64
Direct validation of satellite FAPAR agricultural drought using eartheatmosphere system, 137
products, 449 multisensor remote sensing pro-cess models, 27
Direct-light penetrating, 454 data, 889e891 rotation correction, 66
Direction distribution of key points, of crop, 885e891 surface environment, 2
87e88, 87f agricultural drought analysis Earth Observation (EO), 8
Directionalehemispherical using VTCI, 887e888 Earth Observation System (EOS),
reflectance (DHR), 196e198 formulas for remote sensing 5e6, 226, 339, 814
Directory Exchange Format (DIF), 828 variables, 889e891 data and information system,
Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer index, 885e886 814e815, 815f
(DART), 29f, 411e412 DRRI. See Downward radiance Earth Observing System Data and
Discrete-ordinate method, 720 residue index (DRRI) Information System (EOSDIS),
Discrete-return airborne laser Dry snow, 716 41e42
sensors, 556 DSD. See Drop size distribution Earth radiation budget (ERB),
Distributed Active Archive Center (DSD) 159e160
(DAAC), 41, 814e815 DSM. See Digital surface model Earth System Science program
Distributed monitoring system, 825 (DSM) (ESSP), 5
Diurnal temperate range (DTR), DSSR. See Downward surface EASE-Grid 2.0 cell spacing. See Equal-
946e947 shortwave radiation (DSSR) Area Scalable Earth Grid
DLNN model. See Dynamic learning DTM. See Digital terrain model Version 2.0 cell spacing
neural network model (DLNN (DTM) (EASE-Grid 2.0 cell spacing)
model)
 Index 961
EBAF dataset. See Energy Balanced Emissivity measurement methods, EOSDIS. See Earth Observing System
and Filled dataset (EBAF 265e266 Data and Information System
dataset) Empirical function, 455 (EOSDIS)
EBBR method. See Energy balance Empirical geometric processing Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid
Bowen ratio method (EBBR models, 77e80 Version 2.0 cell spacing
method) affine transformation model, 78 (EASE-Grid 2.0 cell spacing),
EC. See Eddy covariance (EC) DLT model, 78 705
EC-LUE model. See Eddy covariance general polynomial model, 77e78 Equivalent emissivity for
light use efficiency model (EC- rational function model, 78e80 nonisothermal surface,
LUE model) Empirical method, 356e358, 361e375 254e255
ECHO System, 829 Empirical models. See Regression Equivalent temperature, 253e254
ECMWF. See European Centre for models ER. See Ecosystem respiration (ER)
Medium-Range Weather Empirical orthogonal functione ERB. See Earth radiation budget
Forecasts (ECMWF) based methods, 804e809 (ERB)
Ecological and public welfare forest DINEOF method, 806e807 Error analysis, 773e774
(EF), 843e844 application in product integration, ERS satellite. See European remote
Ecosystem respiration (ER), 586 807e809 sensing satellite (ERS satellite)
Ecosystem-dependent temporal Empirical PenmaneMonteith ERS scatterometer. See European
interpolation technique, equation, 666e667 Space Agency scatterometer
115e117 EnBS. See Ensemble Kalman Batch (ERS scatterometer)
ECV. See Essential Climate Variable Smoother (EnBS) ESA. See European Space Agency
(ECV) End-member map, 841 (ESA)
EDD, 903e904 Energy, 650 Essential Climate Variable (ECV), 707
Eddy covariance (EC), 585e586, balance, 927e929 ESSP. See Earth System Science
653e655 deforestation alters, 937e938 program (ESSP)
technique, 668e670 Energy balance Bowen ratio method ESTARFM. See Enhanced version of
Eddy covariance light use efficiency (EBBR method), 670e671, 670f STARFM (ESTARFM)
model (EC-LUE model), 583, Energy Balanced and Filled dataset ET. See Evapotranspiration (ET)
592e593 (EBAF dataset), 228 ETM+. See Enhanced Thematic
EDLT model. See Extended direct Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Mapper Plus (ETM+)
linear transformation model (ETM+), 768, 803e804, 826, Euclidean distance, 553
(EDLT model) 942e943 EUMETSAT. See Exploitation of
EDVI. See Emissivity difference Enhanced vegetation index (EVI), Meteorological Satellites
vegetation index (EDVI) 410, 834e837, 917 (EUMETSAT)
EEOF. See Extended EOF (EEOF) Enhanced version of STARFM Europe satellite missions and
EF. See Ecological and public welfare (ESTARFM), 37 programs, 9e10
forest (EF); Evaporative Ensemble Kalman Batch Smoother Landsat satellites timelines, 10f
fraction (EF); Evergreen forest (EnBS), 735 European Centre for Medium-Range
(EF) Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), 431, Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),
Effective field approximation (EFA), 734 257
719e720 Ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS), European Commission Joint Research
Effective irrigation potential, 879 734e735 Center, 456
Efficient quality inspection, 824 ENSO. See El Nino and Southern European remote sensing satellite
El Nino and Southern Oscillation Oscillation (ENSO) (ERS satellite), 535, 697
(ENSO), 631, 643 Environment, urbanization influence ground system, 815e816
Electromagnetic radiation, 132 on, 854e856 system, 814e816, 817f
Electromagnetic waves and Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), 9 European Space Agency (ESA), 6e9,
atmosphere, 133e134 , 429e430, 535 691e692, 747, 777, 814
Elevation. See Digital elevation model EO. See Earth Observation (EO) soil moisture ECV products,
(DEM) EOS. See Earth Observation System 706e707
“Emissivity box” method, 266 (EOS) European Space Agency
Emissivity difference vegetation EOS AM-1 satellite. See Terra satellite scatterometer (ERS
index (EDVI), 664 EOS PM-1 satellite. See Aqua satellite scatterometer), 768
962 Index

Evaporative fraction (EF), 591e592, Field measurements, 430, 478e479, Forest ecosystem, production
662 571e572 measurement of vegetation in,
Evapotranspiration (ET), 590, 898e899, examples 584e585
926e927. See also Terrestrial of digital photography herbaceous layer, 585
evapotranspiration (E) measurement, 484e487, 484f shrub layer, 585
Evergreen forest (EF), 566e567 of noninstrumental tree layer, 584e585
EVI. See Enhanced vegetation index measurements, 483e484 Forest height
(EVI) observation platform, 485f curve, 514
Exploitation of Meteorological of FVC, 479e487 estimation
Satellites (EUMETSAT), 3e4 optical measuring instruments, mode inversion, 528e535, 533f
Polar System, 9 481e483 using multifrequency InSAR data,
Exponential-shape function, 746 sampling method, 480e481 525e526
Extended direct linear transformation visual estimation, 479e480 three-step method, 533
model (EDLT model), 78 of vegetation height and vertical from radargrammetry, 535e536
Extended EOF (EEOF), 804e805 structure, 512e515 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA),
Extraction average tree height estimation at 544
from noisy data, 380e382, 381t forest stand level, 514e515 Forest Resource Assessment (FRA),
from observed data, 382e384, height of single tree, 512e513 916
383fe384f relationship between height and Forested land, 483
using physical models, 375e391 DBH, 513e514 Forests, 916, 932e935
Extrapolated georeferencing accuracy Field of view (FOV), 200 biomass estimation, 571
analysis, 73e74 Field-measured biomass data, 571 change dynamics, 916, 916f
Extreme heat effects on wheat grow, FIGOS. See Swiss FieldeGoniometer disturbance in China, 940e949
902e905 System (FIGOS) forest-derived ET, 935
Fine-mode fraction (FMF), 861e863 FORTRAN programming language,
F FLAASH. See Fast Line-of-sight 148e149
FAO. See United Nations Food and Atmospheric Analysis of Forward camera (FWD camera), 70,
Agricultural Organization Spectral Hypercubes 72t
(FAO) (FLAASH) Forward modelling, 356e357
FAO and University of Frankfurt Flooding, 924e926 Forward or direct method of
(FAO/UF), 875 Flux observation, 586 rectification, 95e97
FAPAR. See Fraction of absorbed FLUXNET sites, 160e161, 668, 669f Forward radiation modelling,
photosynthetically active FMF. See Fine-mode fraction (FMF) 28e30
radiation (FAPAR) FoldyeLax equations, 719e720 atmospheric radiative transfer,
Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Foliage area volume density (FAVD), 28e30
Analysis of Spectral 435 scene generation, 28
Hypercubes (FLAASH), 147, Forest cover changes sensor modelling, 30
149 case studies, 935e949 surface radiation modelling, 28
FAVD. See Foliage area volume deforestation in Amazon Basin, Foster algorithm (1997), 723e724
density (FAVD) 935e940 Gamma Water Instrument, 716f
Features, 568e569 forest disturbance in China, passive and active microwave
linear, 83 940e949 radiative transfer, 718f
matching, 88 mapping forest change, 917e926 FOTO method. See Fourier-based
point, 83 change detection based on forest textural ordination method
points, 88 cover mapping, 917e920 (FOTO method)
regional, 83 FAO FRA 2010 remote sensing Four-stream radiative transfer model,
Feedforward process, 356e357 survey, 926 454e455
Fengyun (FY), 10e11 MODIS vegetation continuous 4D-variational method, 429
Fengyun 2 (FY-2), 4e5 fields products, 921e926 4DVAR data assimilation, 429e430
Fengyun 4 (FY-4), 4e5 techniques using temporal landsat Fourier-based textural ordination
Fengyun-3B (FY3B), 747 imagery, 920e921 method (FOTO method), 571
FIA. See Forest Inventory and qualifying climatic effects of forest Fourier-Legendre series, 534
Analysis (FIA) change, 926e935 FOV. See Field of view (FOV)
Field goniometers, 200e201
 Index 963
FRA. See Forest Resource Assessment Frame perspective imagery, digital Generalized single-window
(FRA) differential rectification of, algorithms, 258e259
Fraction of absorbed photosyntheti- 94e97 GENESIS, 421
cally active radiation Fresnel equation, 690 Genetic algorithms (GAs), 406,
(FAPAR), 447e449, 592 Fresnel reflectance coefficients, 531 419e423, 421t
estimation method, 449e456 Fusion of land surface temperature GLASS, MODIS, and CYCLOPES
empirical methods, 450e452 products, 288e290 LAI products, 420f
Four-stream radiative transfer FVC. See Fractional vegetation cover MCRM, 422t
model, 454e455 (FVC) output for six genes, 423t
GLASS FAPAR algorithm, FWD camera. See Forward camera GEO satellites. See Geostationary
455e456 (FWD camera) satellites (GEO satellites)
JRC_FAPAR product algorithm, FY. See Fengyun (FY) Geographic information system
453e454 techniques (GIS techniques), 28
MODIS FAPAR product, 452e453 G Geometric correction, 150e151
product intercomparison and GAME. See GEWEX Asia Monsoon Geometric distortions, 90
validation, 456e466 Experiment (GAME) Geometric mismatches, 231
comparison with FAPAR values Gamma Water Instrument (GWI), Geometric optical models (GO
from high-resolution reference 716f models), 206e208
maps, 466 Gaofen-1 satellite (GF-1), 149e150 Geometric processing, 20e22
over different land cover types, Gap filling, 111e128 pixel geometry for AVHRR, 21f
462e466, 463f algorithm based on wavelet point spread functions, 21f
of FAPAR products, 457e462, 461f transform, 118 and positioning techniques, 60e62
spatiotemporal analysis and GAs. See Genetic algorithms (GAs) digital terrain model, 90e94
applications, 466e473 Gauss kernel. See Radial basis kernel geometric rectification of single
Fractional vegetation cover (FVC), Gaussian curve, 563e564 remote sensing image, 74e83
478, 848 Gaussian function, 87 geometric registration of satellite
current remote sensing products, Gaussian process regression remote sensing imagery, 83e90
498e502, 499te500t algorithm (GPR algorithm), in-orbit geometric calibration,
estimation, 494fe495f 428e429 62e74
challenges and prospects, Gaussian-shaped lidar pulse, 557 orthoimage production, 94e103
505e506 GausseMarkov theorem, 793, 795 Geometric rectification of single
error in, 496f GBRT. See Gradient boosting remote sensing image, 74e83
using neural networks, 503f regression tree (GBRT) accuracy evaluation, 83
extraction, 486e487 GC-net. See Greenland Climate image geometric rectification
field measurements, 479e487 Network (GC-net) models, 74e80
examples, 483e487 GCM. See Global Climate Model image resampling, 81e83
optical measuring instruments, (GCM) layout of ground control points,
481e483 GCMD system. See Global Change 80e81
sampling method, 480e481 Master Directory system Geometric registration of satellite
visual estimation, 479e480 (GCMD system) remote sensing imagery,
global land surface FVC maps, 498f GCOM-W1 satellite. See Global 83e90
remote sensing retrieval, 487e497 Change Observation Mission automatic extraction of image
linear unmixing model, 1-Water satellite (GCOM-W1 registration points, 83e89
490e493 satellite) mathematical models of image
machine learning methods, GCPs. See Ground control points registration, 89e90
493e497 (GCPs) Geometriceradiative transfer mixed
regression models, 487e490 GDD, 903e904 models (GO-RT mixed
seasonal, 492f GEBA. See Global energy balance models), 206, 208
shadow impact, 482f archive (GEBA) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System
spatial distribution of linear General polynomial model, 77e78 (GLAS), 15e16, 522e523, 544,
regression slopes, 504f Generalized additive model, 848 557, 571e572
spatiotemporal change analysis, Generalized regression neural waveform, 558f
502e506 network (GRNN), 493e495 parameters, 570e571
network structure, 418f
964 Index

Geospatial Metadata Content GIS techniques. See Geographic input data, 612
Standard (CSDGM), 828 information system techniques model algorithm description, 613
Geostationary Earth Radiation (GIS techniques) model validation and accuracy, 613
Budget (GERB), 3e4 GISS. See Goddard Institute for Space Global Impervious Surface Area
sensor, 163 Studies (GISS) (IMPSA), 835e837
Geostationary Meteorological GLAS. See Geoscience Laser Global Inventory Monitoring and
Satellite (GMS), 4, 626 Altimeter System (GLAS) Modeling Systems (GIMMS),
Geostationary Operational GLASS. See Global LAnd Surface 905e906
Environmental Satellite (GOES), Satellite (GLASS) Global irradiance, 164
3, 177, 299e300, 625e626 GLASS-GPP. See Global gross Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC2000),
satellite series, 5t primary production product 835e837
Sounders (GLASS-GPP) Global Land Data Assimilation
clear-sky surface downward GLC2000. See Global Land Cover System (GLDAS), 707e708,
longwave radiation models, 2000 (GLC2000) 905e906
307e308 GLDAS. See Global Land Data Global land surface albedo products
surface upwelling longwave Assimilation System (GLDAS) and validation, 225e233
radiation models, 328e330 GLO-PEM. See Global Production issues in validating remote sensing
Geostationary satellites (GEO Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) albedo products, 228e233
satellites), 3e5, 4f, 625 Global and regional datasets, from satellites, 225e228
Geostatistics methods, 794e801 630e641 Global LAnd Surface Satellite
BME, 798e801 CMORPH, 640e641 (GLASS), 177, 257e258, 419,
optimal interpolation, 795e798 GPCP, 636e638 455, 814, 820t
stochastic process, 794e795 GPM, 638e640 albedo, 228
GEOV1 global FAPAR values, GSMaP project, 635e636 data, 946
457e459, 458f TRMM, 631e635 FAPAR algorithm, 455e456
GEOV1 satellite FAPAR products, Global and regional leaf area index FVC product, 498e501, 501f
456e457, 461f products, 436e442 LAI algorithm, 418e419
scatterplots, 468f global moderate-resolution LAI scatterplots, 468f
time series of mean, 464e466, products, 436e441, 439f system, 216
465f maps for GLASS LAI product, 440f Global moderate-resolution leaf area
GERB. See Geostationary Earth Global brightening, 183e184 index products, 436e441
Radiation Budget (GERB) Global Change Master Directory Global Ozone Monitoring
GEWEX Asia Monsoon Experiment system (GCMD system), Experiment-2 (GOME-2), 606
(GAME), 162 826e827 Global positioning system (GPS), 12,
GEWEX-SRB. See Global Energy and Global Change Observation Mission 515. See also Google Earth
Water Cycle Experimente 1-Water satellite (GCOM-W1 Engine
Surface Radiation Budget satellite), 721 Global precipitation climatology,
(GEWEX-SRB) Global Climate Model (GCM), 339 641e643
GF-1 WFV atmospheric correction Global dimming, 183e184 Global Precipitation Climatology
application, 149e152 Global Energy and Water Cycle Project (GPCP), 630e631,
atmospheric correction, 152 ExperimenteSurface 636e638
atmospheric parameter acquisition, Radiation Budget (GEWEX- Global Precipitation Measurement
151e152 SRB), 180 (GPM), 625, 638e640
geometric correction and angle- Global Energy and Water Exchanges Global Production Efficiency Model
assisted data calculation, SRB, 946 (GLO-PEM), 593e595
150e151 Global energy balance archive GLO-PEM2, 595
GF WFV camera radiation (GEBA), 160 Global Reservoir and Lake
calibration coefficients, 151t Global environmental change Monitoring database (GRLM
radiation calibration, 150 problems, 841e842 database), 777
GF-1. See Gaofen-1 satellite (GF-1) Global gross primary production Global Satellite Mapping of
GIMMS. See Global Inventory product (GLASS-GPP), Precipitation (GSMaP),
Monitoring and Modeling 612e613 629e630, 635e636, 638t
Systems (GIMMS) general information, 612
 Index 965
Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP), calculation engine system, 830 Gravity Recovery and Climate
729e730 data management system, 830 Experiment satellite (GRACE
GSWP-2, 708 programming interface, 830e831 satellite), 5, 766
Global Telecommunications user interface system, 831 Gray correlation, 84
Network, 622 GOSAT. See Greenhouse Gases Green FVC. See Photosynthesis FVC
Global urbanization, 838 Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Green season length (GSL), 904
Global water cycle, 621e622 GPCP. See Global Precipitation Green vegetation (GV), 496e497, 839
GLOBALBEDO, 228 Climatology Project (GPCP) Green vegetation fraction (GVF), 855
albedo, 239e240 GPI. See GOES precipitation index Greenhouse gases, 929
GlobCover v2.2, 835e837 (GPI) emission, 926e927
Globsnow system, 735 GPM. See Global Precipitation Greenhouse Gases Observing
GMI. See GPM Microwave Imager Measurement (GPM) Satellite (GOSAT), 606
(GMI) GPM Core Observatory (GPMCO), Greenland Climate Network
GMS. See Geostationary 640 (GC-net), 162
Meteorological Satellite (GMS) GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), 630 Grid method, 479e480
GMSRA. See GOES Multispectral GPM Validation Network (GV), 640 GriffitheWoodley algorithm, 626
Rainfall Algorithm (GMSRA) GPMCO. See GPM Core Observatory GRLM database. See Global Reservoir
GO models. See Geometric optical (GPMCO) and Lake Monitoring database
models (GO models) GPP. See Gross primary production (GRLM database)
GO-RT mixed models. See (GPP) GRNN. See Generalized regression
Geometriceradiative transfer GPR algorithm. See Gaussian process neural network (GRNN)
mixed models (GO-RT mixed regression algorithm (GPR Gross error detection based on fitting
models) algorithm) curved surface, 92e93
Goddard Distributed Active Archive GPROF. See Goddard Profiling Gross primary production (GPP), 583,
Center, 705e706 Algorithm (GPROF) 753e754, 881
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and GPS. See Global positioning system Ground control points (GCPs), 20e21
Information Services Center, (GPS) , 60e61
705e706 GRACE satellite. See Gravity distribution requirements, 81
Goddard Institute for Space Studies Recovery and Climate layout, 80e81
(GISS), 180e182 Experiment satellite (GRACE principles of selecting, 81
Goddard Profiling Algorithm satellite) Ground observation of vegetation
(GPROF), 627e628 GRACE-based estimation of water production, 583e586
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), storage, 779e783. See also biological approach, 584e585
637e638 Surface parameterebased Eddy covariance, 585e586
GOES. See Geostationary Operational estimation of water storage Ground Receiving Station
Environmental Satellite data flow of, 781f (GRS), 18
(GOES) dataset and applications, Ground receiving system, 18e19
GOES Multispectral Rainfall 780e783 Ground sample distance (GSD), 70
Algorithm (GMSRA), 626 GRACE satellite, 779, 780f Ground validation (GV), 631e632
GOES precipitation index (GPI), GRACEebased water variability, Ground-based meteorological radar,
625e626 782f 622
GOES-R ABI principles, 779e780 Ground-based radar, 623e625
clear-sky surface downward Gradient boosting decision tree. See Ground-leaving radiance, 268
longwave radiation models for, Gradient boosting regression Growing season length (GSL), 848
307e308 tree (GBRT) Growth respiration factor, 593e594
sensor, 163 Gradient boosting regression tree GRS. See Ground Receiving Station
surface upwelling longwave (GBRT), 177e178 (GRS)
radiation models for, 328e330 Grain for Green Program, 940e941 GSD. See Ground sample distance
GOME-2. See Global Ozone Grassland, 483, 483f (GSD)
Monitoring Experiment-2 primary production measurement of GSFC. See Goddard Space Flight
(GOME-2) vegetation in grassland Center (GSFC)
Google Earth Engine, 829 ecosystem, 584 GSL. See Green season length (GSL);
system components, 830e831 Gravimetric water content, 687e688 Growing season length (GSL)
966 Index

GSMaP. See Global Satellite Mapping product integration methods, ICESat. See Ice, Cloud, and land
of Precipitation (GSMaP) 791e792 Elevation Satellite (ICESat)
GSWP. See Global Soil Wetness toy model of product integration, IDN. See International Data Directory
Project (GSWP) 793e794 Network (IDN)
Gueymard model, 164 High-performance computing (HPC), IFOV. See Instantaneous field of view
GV. See GPM Validation Network 822e823, 823f (IFOV)
(GV); Green vegetation (GV); High-resolution IGBP. See International Geosphere-
Ground validation (GV) FAPAR maps, 466 Biosphere Program (IGBP)
GVF. See Green vegetation fraction LAI reference maps, 808e809 IGP. See Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP)
(GVF) satellite systems, 917 IKONOS, 923e924
GWI. See Gamma Water Instrument HIRS/2. See Second High-Resolution high-resolution satellite
(GWI) Infrared Sounder (HIRS/2) imagery, 61
HPC. See High-performance image, 841
H computing (HPC) Image dodging, 98e101
H-polarization, 695 HUT snow emission model. See Hel- in single remote sensing image,
Haiyang (HY), 10e11 sinki University of Technology 98e99
Hapke radiative transfer model, 283 snow emission model (HUT Image fusion, 25
HDRF. See Hemisphericale snow emission model) Image geometric rectification models,
directional reflectance factor Hybrid inversion algorithm, 35 74e80
(HDRF) Hybrid methods empirical geometric processing
HDRF_diff. See Diffuse surface downward longwave models, 77e80
hemisphericaledirectional radiation, 300e309 rigorous geometric processing
reflectance factor (HDRF_diff) clear-sky, 303e307 models, 75e77
Height-based equations, 545e547 general framework, 301e303, 301f Image geometric registration, 83
Helsinki University of Technology surface upwelling longwave Image gray resampling, 81
snow emission model (HUT radiation, 320e330 Image matching
snow emission model), dynamic learning neural network based on features, 86e89
716e719 model, 321e324 detecting extreme values of scale
Hemispherical photographs, 408 for GOES sounders and GOES-R space, 87
Hemisphericaledirectional ABI, 328e330 direction distribution of key
reflectance factor (HDRF), MODIS linear, 320e321 points, 87e88, 87f
196e198, 200 for VIIRS, 324e326 elimination of mismatched
Hemisphericalehemispherical Hydroweb database, 777 conjugate points, 88e89
reflectance, 199 Hyperspectral data, 375 feature matching, 88
HenyeyeGreenstein function, Hyperspectral lidar, 394f feature points, 88
211e212 instruments, 392e394, 394f based on image gray, 84e86
HEOF. See Hierarchical EOF (HEOF) experiments and data processing, correlation coefficient matching,
Herbaceous layer, primary 393e394 84
production measurement in, point cloud data, 394 LSM, 84e86
585 point cloud data, 394, 395f Image mosaic, 101e103
Hermitian coherency matrices, 527 reflection spectrum of torch flower, image filling, 103
Heterogeneous deforestation, 937 396f mosaic line searching, 101e103
Hierarchical EOF (HEOF), 807 vegetation index, 396 Image point displacement, 64
High albedo end-members, 841 and biochemical components, 398t Image quality enhancement, 22
High Resolution Visible of SPOT, wavelengths, 397f linear enhancement, 23f
14e15 IBP. See International Biological Image resampling, 81e83
High temporal resolution Program (IBP) bicubic convolution, 82e83, 82f
multispectral data, 772 bilinear interpolation, 81e82
High-level land product integration I nearest-neighbor interpolation, 81
methods Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Image scale space, detecting extreme
empirical orthogonal functione Satellite (ICESat), 523, 572 values of, 87
based methods, 804e809 Ice crystals, 133e134 Image-staggering phenomenon, 67
geostatistics methods, 794e801 Ice/snow, bidirectional reflective Imaging radiometer, 14e15
multiresolution tree, 801e804 characteristics of, 203e204
 Index 967
IMERG. See Integrated Multisatellite Intercomparison ANNs, 31e32
Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) over different land cover types, MARS, 33e34
Impact factor 462e466, 463f random forest, 33
of air temperature, 595 of FAPAR products, 457e462, 461f regression tree, 33
of surface soil moisture, 595 Interferometric SAR, 562e564 SVR, 32e33
Impervious surface area (ISA), 860 Interferometric synthetic aperture IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel
Improved TIROS Operational radar (InSAR), 15, 524, 536, on Climate Change (IPCC)
Satellite (ITOS), 8e9 779 Iqbal spectral model, 168e170
IMPSA. See Global Impervious estimate tree height by, 526f IR. See Infrared (IR)
Surface Area (IMPSA) principle, 524e525, 524f Irrigated agriculture, 872, 875
In situ sensors, 687 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Irrigation impacts on land surface
In-orbit geometric calibration, 62e74 Change (IPCC), 926 parameters, 897e899
model, 68e70 International Biological Program IRS. See Indian remote sensing (IRS)
systematic error sources of satellite (IBP), 583 IRS-P4 ocean color monitor. See
remote sensing imagery, 62e68, International Data Directory Indian remote sensing
62t Network (IDN), 826e827 satellite-P4 ocean color
of ZiYuan-3 satellite, 70e74 International Geosphere-Biosphere monitor (IRS-P4 ocean color
Indian remote sensing (IRS), 149 Program (IGBP), 724e725, monitor)
Indian remote sensing satellite-P4 899e900 ISA. See Impervious surface area
ocean color monitor (IRS-P4 International Satellite Cloud (ISA)
ocean color monitor), 901 Climatology Project (ISCCP), ISCCP. See International Satellite
Indian Space Research Organization 339 Cloud Climatology Project
(ISRO), 6e8 International Satellite Cloud (ISCCP)
Indirect leaf area index estimation, Climatology ProjecteFlux ISCCPFD. See International Satellite
407e409 Data (ISCCPFD), 180 Cloud Climatology Projecte
Indirect measurement methods, International Satellite Land Surface Flux Data (ISCCPFD)
265e266 Climatology Project (ISLSCP), ISLSCP. See International Satellite
Indirect method of rectification, 708 Land Surface Climatology
95e96 International Soil Moisture Network Project (ISLSCP)
Indirect optical method, 408e409 (ISMN), 704 ISMN. See International Soil Moisture
AccuPAR, 409f International Water Management Network (ISMN)
hemispherical image, 409f Institute (IWMI), 876 ISRO. See Indian Space Research
LAI-2000 canopy analyzer, 408f Invariant pixels, 142, 142f Organization (ISRO)
TRAC, 409f Inversion algorithms, 692e695, Iterative algorithms, 731e732
Individual tree crown delineation 736e737 Iterative spectrally smooth
methods, 517t AMSE-R instrument algorithm, temperature and emissivity
Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), 900e901 693e694 separation algorithm, 270e272
InfiniBand network, 822 land parameter retrieval model, ITOS. See Improved TIROS
Infrared (IR), 625 694e695 Operational Satellite (ITOS)
algorithms, 625e626 Inversion methods, 30e39 IWMI. See International Water
radiometer, 635 in active microwave remote sensing, Management Institute (IWMI)
InSAR. See Interferometric synthetic 697
aperture radar (InSAR) data assimilation methods, 36e37 J
Instantaneous field of view (IFOV), developmental milestones of J2000 celestial coordinate system, 68
16, 21, 198 quantitative remote sensing, 31f Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals direct estimation methods, 35e36 (JAXA), 6e8, 564, 635, 721
for GPM (IMERG), 630 LUT algorithms, 35 Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1
Integrated retrieval algorithm, 263 optimization algorithms, 34e35 SAR (JERS-1 SAR), 770
Integrated water mapping method, of rectification, 95e96 Jason-CS missions, 775e777
770 regularization method, 39 JavaScript API, 831
Intensive agriculture, 899e900 spatial and temporal scaling, 37e38 JAXA. See Japan Aerospace
Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice statistical analysis and machine Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Mapping System, 752e753 learning techniques, 31e34
968 Index

JERS-1 SAR. See Japanese Earth Land long-term data record project equivalent or average temperature,
Resources Satellite-1 SAR (LTDR project), 118, 120 253e254
(JERS-1 SAR) Land Parameter Retrieval Model estimation of average, 255e265
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), 8, (LPRM), 694e695, 705 fusion of land surface temperature
324e325 Land satellite remote sensing products, 288e290
JPSS. See Joint Polar Satellite System imagery, 91e92 products, 288
(JPSS) Land surface bidirectional reflectance r-Emissivity, 254
JRC_FAPAR product algorithm, modeling, 195e212 radiometric temperature, 253
453e454 and broadband albedo, 195e200 spectral emissivity, 254
BRDF, 195e197 thermodynamic or kinetic
K reflectance, reflectance factor, and temperature, 252e253
K-M theory, 359 albedo, 196e197 Land-use transitions (LUTs), 938
k-nearest neighbor (kNN), relative physical quantities, Landsat, 923e924
549e554 197e200 ETM+ data, 804
assumption, 553 observations data of surface FAPAR frequency histograms, 472,
method description, 553e554 bidirectional reflection, 200e206 472f
number of neighbors, 554 surface bidirectional reflectance images, 855
overview, 552e553 model, 206e212 Landsat-based urban maps,
Kalman filter (KF), 429, 792, 802 Land surface emissivity (LSE), 835e837
Kelly dynamic algorithm (2003, 252e255 reflectance data, 469
2009), 728e730 estimation methods, 265e288 satellites, 916e917
Kernel-driven model, 209e211, 218 calculation of surface longwave spatial coverages and imaging dates,
LiDense kernel, 211 broadband emissivity, 278e283 469t
LiSparse kernels, 210e211 classification-based methods, Landsat 7 image data (L7 image
LiSparseR kernels, 210e211 266e267 data), 19
LiTransit kernel, 211 emissivity measurement methods, Landsat 8 image data (L8 image
RossHotspot kernel, 210 265e266 data), 19
RossThick kernel, 210 multichannel methods, Landsat Data Continuity Mission
RossThin kernel, 210 268e270 (LDCM), 572
Roujean geometric kernel, 211 NDVI-based methods, 267e268 Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance
KF. See Kalman filter (KF) retrieval algorithms for Adaptive Processing System
Kinetic temperature, 252e253 hyperspectral data, 270e277 (LEDAPS), 469
Kirchhoff’s law, 265e266 retrieval of surface longwave Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat
kNN. See k-nearest neighbor (kNN) broadband emissivity, 283e288 TM), 768
Kriging technique, 735, 792 products, 288 images, 770
L Land Surface Imaging-VC (LSI-VC), Landsat time series stacks (LTSS), 920
L-band, 686e687, 691e692 13e14 Landsat TM. See Landsat Thematic
Land surface models (LSM), 686e687 Mapper (Landsat TM)
L7 image data. See Landsat 7 image
data (L7 image data) estimates with observation-based Landscape and relaxation forest (LF),
Lacis and Hansen model, 164 forcing, 707e708 843e844
Land surface parameters, Landesurface temperature (LST),
Lagrange multipliers, 528
urbanization influence on, 305e306
LAI. See Leaf area index (LAI)
Lambert’s law for optics, 561e562 854e856 LandTrendR, 919e920
Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Land surface radiation, observation Landewater contact method,
network of, 160e162 773e774, 774f
Capability for EOS (LANCE),
42 Land surface temperature (LST), 32, Large-footprint lidar, 550
Land cover 252e255, 859, 885e886, data, 522e523
classification, 218e219 899e900, 929e931 systems, 523
brightness temperature, 253 Laser Altimeter, 15e16
map, 609, 917e918
stratification, 544 component effective emissivity, 255 Laser hypsometer, 513
Land data assimilation, 791 e-Emissivity, 254 principles, 513f
Land Data Assimilation Systems equivalent emissivity for Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor
nonisothermal surface, 254e255 (LVIS), 522e523, 557
(LDAS), 708
 Index 969
Latent heat (lE), 650e653, 652f LIBERTY model, 361 Linear unmixing model, 490e493
MOST, 654e655 retrieval, 379e380 LiSparse kernels, 210e211
PenmaneMonteith equation, LiDAR. See Light detection and LiSparseR kernels, 210e211
655e656 ranging (LiDAR) LieStrahler pure GO model, 208
satellite lE algorithms, 657e668 LiDense kernel, 211 LiTransit kernel, 211
scatterplots, 665f Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), LM-NDVI model, 333e336, 334f
spatiotemporal characteristics of 3, 15, 512, 536, 791 Local-optimized threshold, 838
global and regional, 672e675 data, 556e558 Lookup sampling method, 480
LDAS. See Land Data Assimilation large-footprint lidar, 550 Lookup table methods (LUT
Systems (LDAS) small-footprint lidar, 549e550 methods), 172e177, 257e258,
LDCM. See Landsat Data Continuity forest parameters inversed from, 406, 426e429
Mission (LDCM) 516t algorithms, 35
Leaf area index (LAI), 25, 372, 406, lidar-based biomass data, 571 LUTebased surface solar radiation
450, 454e456, 482, 506, 549, matrix, 521t estimation method, 163e164
609e610, 660, 790, 881e884 technology, 406 observed land surface data, 427f
canopy model inversion methods, waveform, 557 Lorey’s height, 514e515, 558
410e429 from forest, 522f allometric relations with AGB, 560f
case study with, 803, 807e809 Light energy, 352 Low albedo end-members, 841
climatology, 441e442, 441fe442f Light use efficiency model, 589e599 Low earth-orbiting satellites (LEO
data assimilation methods, based on remote sensing data, satellites), 625
429e435 589e605 Low-to medium-resolution satellite
direct, 407 defects, 600e605 imagery, 918
li-3000 area meter, 407f disparities, 599e600 LPRM. See Land Parameter Retrieval
global and regional LAI products, influence of forest disturbance on Model (LPRM)
436e442 GPP estimates, 602e605 LSE. See Land surface emissivity
indirect, 407e409 principles for, 589e590 (LSE)
optical method, 408e409 production efficiency modelebased LSI-VC. See Land Surface Imaging-
LAI-2000 indirect measurement, method for satellite estimation, VC (LSI-VC)
482e483 881e885 LSM. See Land surface models (LSM);
products, 406 effect of scattering and direct solar Least squares matching (LSM)
retrieval from lidar data, 435e436 radiation, 601e602 LSMA. See Linear spectral mixture
retrieving LAI, 435e436 Lignin concentration, 363, 366f analysis (LSMA)
retrieving LAI from FAVD, 435 regression relation and selected LST. See Land surface temperature
statistical methods, 409e410 bands, 365t (LST); Landesurface
Leaf-scale biochemical parameter Linear array remote sensing imagery, temperature (LST)
retrieval, 378e384 digital differential rectification LTDR project. See Land long-term
extraction from noisy data, 380e382 of, 97e98 data record project (LTDR
extraction from observed data, Linear coefficients, 918 project)
382e384 Linear decomposition mixed pixel LTSS. See Landsat time series stacks
unbiased data retrieval, 378e380 model, 492 (LTSS)
LEAFMOD, 359 Linear features, 83 LUT methods. See Lookup table
Learning rate parameter, 178e179 Linear kernel, 570 methods (LUT methods)
Least squares matching (LSM), 84e86, Linear kernel-driven model, 217e218 LUTs. See Land-use transitions
732 Linear least squares solution, 220 (LUTs)
Lectromagnetic waves, 134 Linear model, 332 LVIS. See Laser Vegetation Imaging
LEDAPS. See Landsat Ecosystem accuracy, 334f Sensor (LVIS)
Disturbance Adaptive Pro- validation, 333e334 LWUP. See Surface upwelling long-
cessing System (LEDAPS) Linear regression, 570 wave radiation (LWUP)
LEO satellites. See Low earth-orbiting method, 142
satellites (LEO satellites) model method, 487e488 M
LevenbergeMarquardt algorithm, 693 Linear spectral mixture analysis Machine learning methods, 177e180,
LF. See Landscape and relaxation (LSMA), 893 478e479, 493e497
forest (LF) Linear transformation models, 89 decision tree method, 495e497
970 Index

Machine learning methods (Continued) mBlue. See Minimum blue band Meteosat Second Generation satellites
neural network method, 493e495 reflectance (mBlue) (MSG satellites), 3e4, 227, 498
RFR method, 497 MCD43A3 Albedo Product, 227 sensor, 163
SVMs, 497 MCMC technique. See Markov Chain SEVIRI, 177
Mahalanobis distance, 553 Monte Carlo technique Meteosat surface albedo (MSA), 227
Maintenance respiration factor, (MCMC technique) Meteosat Third Generation satellites
593e594 MCRM. See Markov chain reflectance (MTG satellites), 3e4
Mapping category variables, model (MCRM) Meteosat Third Generation-Sounder
25e27 Mean leaf angle (MLA), 384e385 satellite (MTG-S satellite),
global land cover classification map Mean square error (MSE), 332 9e10
from MODIS, 26f Mechanical rotation device, 14e15 METOP. See Meteorological
Mapping evapotranspiration at high Medium-Resolution Imaging Operational satellite (METOP)
resolution with internalized Spectrometer (MERIS), 137, METRIC. See Mapping evapotranspi-
calibration (METRIC), 663 149, 429e430, 456 ration at high resolution with
Mapping urban areas, 834e838 FAPAR product, 457, 461f internalized calibration
mapping by nighttime remotely time series of mean, 464e466, 465f (METRIC)
sensed light data, 837e838 sensors, 502 MFG. See Meteosat First Generation
mapping by optical remote sensing, Mekong River Basin, 777e779 (MFG)
834e837 MEMLS. See Microwave emission MGDI algorithm. See MODIS global
Markov Chain Monte Carlo model for layered snowpacks disturbance index algorithm
technique (MCMC technique), (MEMLS) (MGDI algorithm)
732e734 MERIS. See Medium-Resolution MHS. See Microwave Humidity
Markov chain reflectance model Imaging Spectrometer Sounders (MHS)
(MCRM), 422t (MERIS) Micropulse Lidar (MPL), 326
MARS. See Multivariate adaptive MERRA-2. See Modern-Era Microwave
regression spline (MARS) Retrospective Analysis for energy, 770e771
MAS. See MODIS airborne simulator Research and Applications methods, 263e265
(MAS) (MERRA-2) snow forward models, 716e717
Mathematical models of image Mesophyll cells, 352e353 SWE retrieval techniques
registration, 89e90 Message passing interface (MPI), 822 active SWE inversion algorithms,
linear transformation models, 89 Meteorological Operational satellite 736e745
nonlinear transformation models, (METOP), 697 snow water equivalent inversion
89e90 Meteorological parameterebased techniques, 721e736
Matrix doubling approach, 730e731 methods, 309e318 Microwave emission model for
Max-depth parameter, 178e179 all-sky parameterizations, layered snowpacks (MEMLS),
MaxEnt model. See Maximum 313e315 716e717, 719, 732
entropy model (MaxEnt BMA method, 309e310 Microwave Humidity Sounders
model) clear-sky parameterizations, (MHS), 629
Maximal post probability solution of 310e313 Microwave Imaging Radiometer with
retrieval, 377 verification based on ground Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS),
Maximum entropy model (MaxEnt measurement data, 315e318 706
model), 544, 565e566, in clear skies, 315 Microwave Radiation Imager
568e569 in cloudy skies, 317e318 (MWRI), 721
Maximum surface temperature Meteorological satellites, 163 Microwave radiometers (MWRs),
composite (MaxTs composite), algorithms for hyperspectral data 629e630, 690
109 from, 263 Microwave remote sensing methods,
Maximum value composite (MVC), Meteorological Service of Canada 689e697, 703e707, 714, 893.
108 algorithm, 725e726 See also Thermal infrared
Maximum vegetation index Meteosat remote sensing methods
composite, 108 albedo, 227 active microwave remote sensing,
MaxTs composite. See Maximum Meteosat-8, 163 695e697
surface temperature Meteosat-9, 163 AMSR-E/Aqua daily L3 surface soil
composite (MaxTs composite) Meteosat First Generation (MFG), 227 moisture, 705
 Index 971
ESA soil moisture ECV products, MMD. See Minimum and maximum MODIS. See Moderate Resolution
706e707 emissivity difference (MMD) Imaging Spectroradiometer
passive microwave remote sensing, MNDWI. See Modified normalized (MODIS)
689e695 difference water index MODIS airborne simulator (MAS),
scatterometer-derived soil moisture (MNDWI) 263
product, 706 Mobile kinetic temperature, 252e253 MODIS Collection 4 FAPAR product,
SMAP mission, 706e707 MOD15. See MODIS FAPAR product 449
soil moisture and ocean salinity, 706 (MOD15) MODIS Collection 5 FAPAR
VUA-NASA soil moisture products, Mode inversion for forest height products, 453
705e706 estimation, 528e535, 533f quality control flags, 460e461, 460f
Midinfrared (MIR), 137e138 Model based method, 533 MODIS FAPAR product (MOD15),
dark target method, 137e140 Model iteration algorithms, 731 448e449, 451e453, 457e459,
aerosol optical thickness over dark Model-based statistical SWE retrieval 458f, 461f
targets, 140 algorithm, 730e731 FAPAR frequency histograms, 472,
determination of aerosol model, Model-driven data, 610 472f
139e140 Modeled backscattering, 742 global FAPAR products, 456
selection of dark pixels, Moderate Resolution Imaging scatterplots, 468f
138e139 Spectroradiometer (MODIS), spatial coverages and imaging dates,
Mie parameters, 283 15, 118, 137, 149, 163, 177, 199, 469t
Minimum and maximum emissivity 300, 411e412, 448e449, 544, time series of mean, 464e466, 465f
difference (MMD), 269 550, 567e568, 571e572, 672, MODIS global disturbance index
module, 269 768, 790 algorithm (MGDI algorithm),
Minimum band reflectance albedo, 226e227 946
composite, 108e109 dark target algorithm, 140 MODIS Snow Covered-Area and
Minimum blue band reflectance day/night algorithm, 262 Grain size retrieval algorithm
(mBlue), 108 fire product, 896 (MODSCAG retrieval
Minimum red band reflectance global land cover map, 462, 463f algorithm), 746
(mRed), 108 LAI, 794 MODIS-GPP product, 596e597, 597t,
Minnaert model, 208e209 linear surface upwelling longwave 600
MIR. See Midinfrared (MIR) radiation model, 320e321 MODSCAG retrieval algorithm. See
MIRAS. See Microwave Imaging products, 938 MODIS Snow Covered-Area
Radiometer with Aperture satellite data, 834, 836f and Grain size retrieval
Synthesis (MIRAS) vegetation algorithm (MODSCAG
Mismatched conjugate points, continuous fields products, retrieval algorithm)
elimination of, 88e89 921e926 MODTRAN. See Moderate-
MISR. See Multi-angle Imaging Spec- index compositing technique, Resolution Atmospheric
troRadiometer (MISR) 110e111 Transmittance and Radiance
MISR FAPAR product, 457e459, indices, 570e571 Code (MODTRAN)
458f, 461, 461f, 469e472 Moderate-Resolution Atmospheric Modulation transfer function
FAPAR frequency histograms, 472, Transmittance and Radiance (MTF), 21
472f Code (MODTRAN), 135, MonineObukhov similarity theory
spatial coverages and imaging dates, 147e148, 158 (MOST), 653e655
469t MODTRAN4, 302 Monte Carlo models, 450
time series of mean, 464e466, 465f radiative-transfer model, 163e164 Mosaic (MOS), 707e708
Mission Operations, 814 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis line searching, 101e103
Mixed-pixel problem in passive for Research and Applications MOST. See MonineObukhov
microwave SWE retrieval, (MERRA-2), 612 similarity theory (MOST)
735e736 reanalysis data, 331 MPI. See Message passing interface
Mixing criteria compositing, 109e110 Modified Bird model, 166e168 (MPI)
MLA. See Mean leaf angle (MLA) Modified Chang’s algorithm, MPL. See Micropulse Lidar (MPL)
MLP algorithm. See Multilayer per- 726e727 mRed. See Minimum red band
ceptron algorithm (MLP Modified normalized difference water reflectance (mRed)
algorithm) index (MNDWI), 769e770 MRT. See Multiresolution tree (MRT)
972 Index

MSA. See Meteosat surface albedo Multifunctional Transport Satellites sensing production system
(MSA) (MTSAT), 4 (MuSyQ)
MSE. See Mean square error (MSE) Multilayer perceptron algorithm MVC. See Maximum value composite
MSG satellites. See Meteosat Second (MLP algorithm), 31e32, (MVC)
Generation satellites (MSG 493e495, 554e555, 555f MWRI. See Microwave Radiation
satellites) Multiple Adaptive Regression Spline. Imager (MWRI)
MSSA. See Multichannel SSA (MSSA) See Multivariate adaptive MWRs. See Microwave radiometers
MSWTES. See Multiscale wavelete regression spline (MARS) (MWRs)
based temperature and Multiple data sources, 791 Myrinet network, 822
emissivity separation Multiple eddy covariance systems,
algorithm (MSWTES) 668, 668f N
MTF. See Modulation transfer Multiresolution tree (MRT), 801e804 n-estimator parameter, 178e179
function (MTF) case study N-stream equation, 359
MTG satellites. See Meteosat Third with albedo, 803e804 N-stream models, 359
Generation satellites (MTG with LAI, 803 Nadir camera (NAD camera), 70, 72t
satellites) method, 38, 792, 802e803 Narrowband-to-broadband albedo
MTG-S satellite. See Meteosat Third Multisatellite retrievals of water conversion, 213e215
Generation-Sounder satellite surface area, 777e779 snow cover, 215
(MTG-S satellite) Multiscale waveletebased vegetation and soil, 214e215
MTSAT. See Multifunctional temperature and emissivity NASA. See National Aeronautics and
Transport Satellites (MTSAT) separation algorithm Space Administration (NASA)
MTSAT-1R. See Multi-functional (MSWTES), 275e277 NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual
Transport Satellite-1R Multisensor Project (NSIPP), 734
(MTSAT-1R) algorithms, 629e630 NASDA. See National Space
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadi- cooperative inversion algorithm, 145 Development Agency
ometer (MISR), 15, 142e143, remote sensing data, 889e891 (NASDA)
449, 791 Multisource NASS. See National Agricultural
Multi-functional Transport Satellite- data use, 39 Statistics Service (NASS)
1R (MTSAT-1R), 177 remote sensing, 772e773 National Aeronautics and Space
Multi-source data Synergized data, 571e572 Administration (NASA), 3,
Quantitative remote sensing Multitemporal compositing 631, 777, 814
production system (MuSyQ), techniques, 108e111 earth observation system data and
228 maximum vegetation index information system, 814e815,
Multiband sensors, 163 composite, 108 815f
Multiband water index, 769e770 MaxTs composite, 109 ESSP, 5
Multichannel algorithms, 261e263 minimum band reflectance National Agricultural Statistics
algorithms for hyperspectral data composite, 108e109 Service (NASS), 881e884
from meteorological satellites, mixing criteria compositing, National Centers for Environmental
263 109e110 Prediction (NCEP), 233, 257
integrated retrieval algorithm, 263 MODIS vegetation index National Drought Monitor, 889e890
MODIS day/night algorithm, 262 compositing technique, 110e111 National Forest Inventory (NFI), 552
TISI, 261e262 Multitemporal imaging method, 142 National Land Cover Database 2006
Multichannel methods, 268e270 Multivariable linear regression (NLCD 2006), 469e472
MMD method, 269 method, 520 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
NEM, 268 Multivariate adaptive regression Administration (NOAA), 3,
optimization methods, 270 spline (MARS), 31, 33e34, 747, 768
a residual method, 268e269 177e178, 331e332 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
TES algorithm for ASTER, accuracy, 335f Administration/AVHRR
269e270 validation, 335e337 NDVI information (NOAA/
Multichannel SSA (MSSA), 804e805 Multivariate EOF analysis, 808 AVHRR NDVI information),
Multifrequency InSAR data, forest Multivariate regression analysis, 550 436e438
height estimation using, MuSyQ. See Multi-source data Syn- National Polar-orbiting Operational
525e526 ergized Quantitative remote Environmental Satellite
System (NPOESS), 572
 Index 973
National Snow and Ice Data Center GLASS LAI algorithm, 418e419 segmentation and biomass
(NSIDC), 721 golden section search, 417f allocation, 567e568
National Space Development Agency method, 216, 493e495 Nonparametric methods, 565e566
(NASDA), 631 New Millennium Program Earth Nonphotosynthesis, 478
Natural Forest Conservation Observing-1 mission (NMP Nonphotosynthetic active vegetation
Program, 940e941 EO-1 mission), 5e6 (NAV), 597
Natural forest resources, 916e917 Next-Generation Radar system, 624 Nonuniform illumination, 231
Natural snowfall, 754 NFI. See National Forest Inventory Nonurban lands, 853
NAV. See Nonphotosynthetic active (NFI) Nonwindow surface downward
vegetation (NAV) Nighttime remotely sensed light data, long-wave radiation, 308
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), mapping by, 837e838 Nordic Snow Radar Experiment
630 Nimbus-7, 163 (NoSREx), 716, 743
NBMI. See Normalized backscatter NIR. See Near-infrared (NIR) Normalized backscatter moisture
moisture index (NBMI) NIRm3. See Third lowest near- index (NBMI), 697
NCEP. See National Centers for infrared reflectance (NIRm3) Normalized Burn Ratio, 896e897
Environmental Prediction NIRS. See Near-infrared spectroscopy Normalized difference drought index
(NCEP) (NIRS) (NDDI), 889
NDDI. See Normalized difference Nitrogen concentration, 365e366, Normalized Difference Snow Index
drought index (NDDI) 370f (NDSI), 746
NDSI. See Normalized Difference leaf nitrogen concentration Normalized difference vegetation
Snow Index (NDSI) regression relation and selected index (NDVI), 108, 358, 410,
NDVI. See Normalized difference bands, 369t 449e451, 478e479, 549,
vegetation index (NDVI) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 860e861 769e770, 880e881, 882t, 887,
NDWI. See Normalized difference NLCD 2006. See National Land Cover 905, 917
water index (NDWI) Database 2006 (NLCD 2006) NDVI-based methods, 267e268
NE. See Northern hemisphere (NE) NMDI. See Normalized multiband reconstruction, 121e123
Near-infrared (NIR), 410, 451e452, drought index (NMDI) Normalized difference water index
873 NMP EO-1 mission. See New (NDWI), 769e770, 889
bands, 139e140, 746 Millennium Program Earth Normalized emissivity method
dark target method, 140 Observing-1 mission (NMP (NEM), 268
reflectance data, 108 EO-1 mission) module, 269
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 357 NNs. See Neural networks (NNs) Normalized multiband drought
Nearest-neighbor interpolation, 81 NOAA. See National Oceanic and index (NMDI), 889
Needle sampling method, 480 Atmospheric Administration Northern hemisphere (NE), 714
Negro River Basin, 777e779 (NOAA) NoSREx. See Nordic Snow Radar
NEM. See Normalized emissivity NOAA-AVHRR NDVI, rice yield Experiment (NoSREx)
method (NEM) prediction using, 880e881 NPOESS. See National Polar-orbiting
NEP. See Net ecosystem production Non-EF, 566e567 Operational Environmental
(NEP) Nonderivative and derivative Satellite System (NPOESS)
Net ecosystem production (NEP), 586 methods, 416 NPP. See Net primary production
difficulty in estimating, 600e601 Nonforest vegetation class, 839 (NPP); Preparatory Project
Net primary production (NPP), Nonisothermal pixels, 272e273 (NPP)
448e449, 583, 849e853, 881 Nonlinear regression, 570 NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory
urbanization impact on, 849e854, model method, 488e490 (NRL)
850te852t Nonlinear surface downward NSIDC. See National Snow and Ice
Net pyrradiometers, 160 longwave radiation model, Data Center (NSIDC)
Net radiation, 194 303e304 NSIPP. See NASA Seasonal-to-
Neural networks (NNs), 417e419, Nonlinear transformation models, Interannual Project (NSIPP)
493, 544, 733. See also Artificial 89e90 Numerical models, 717, 720e721
neural networks (ANNs) Nonparametric algorithms, 567e571
algorithms, 406 maximum entropy model, 568e569 O
CYCLOPES leaf area index random forest method, 568 Object-oriented classification
algorithm, 417 methods, 834
974 Index

Objective analysis. See Optimal empirical algorithm to estimating Panchromatic Remote-sensing

interpolation (OI) snow depth, 746e747 Instrument for Stereo
Ocean Color Radiometry-VC kNN methods, 550e554 Mapping (PRISM), 564
(OCR-VC), 13e14 multivariate regression analysis, PAR. See Photosynthetically active
Ocean salinity, 706 550 radiation (PAR)
Ocean Surface Topography-VC snow cover fraction estimation Parallel Energy Balance model
(OST-VC), 13e14 using subpixel decomposition (ParBal model), 733
Ocean Surface Vector Wind-VC method, 745e746 Parallel image dislocation, 66, 66f
(OSVW-VC), 13e14 SWE reconstruction algorithm Parameterization method, 163e172,
OCO-2. See Orbiting Carbon combined with snowmelt 318
Observatory-2 (OCO-2) model, 747 clear-sky model, 166e170
OCR-VC. See Ocean Color using vegetation indices, 549e550 cloudy-sky model, 170e172
Radiometry-VC (OCR-VC) Optical satellite sensors, 768e770 inputs for, 166
OI. See Optimal interpolation (OI) Optimal interpolation (OI), 792, MODIS products, 167t
OLR. See Outgoing Long-wave 795e798 PARASOL. See Polarization &
Radiation (OLR) application in product integration, Anisotropy of Reflectances for
OLR precipitation index (OPI), 626 796e797 Atmospheric Sciences coupled
OMIS. See Operational modulator case study, 797e798 with Observations from Lidar
image system (OMIS) Optimization (PARASOL)
One-Degree Daily (1DD), 637e638 algorithms, 34e35 ParBal model. See Parallel Energy
One-dimensional matching, 84 techniques, 415e416 Balance model (ParBal model)
One-dimensional radiative transfer minimization in one or multiple Passive microwave (PMW), 625, 693.
equation, 133e134 dimensions, 415e416 See also Active microwave
One-source models, 657e660, 659f, nonderivative and derivative algorithms, 626e628
667 methods, 416 imagery, 768
1/fm-like stochastic model, 803 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 radiations, 264
Onyx software, 28 (OCO-2), 606 remote sensing, 689e695, 703e704,
Operational modulator image system Orthoimage production, 94e103 721e736, 722t
(OMIS), 355e356 digital differential rectification inversion algorithms, 692e695
OPI. See OLR precipitation index of frame perspective imagery, satellite sensors, 691e692
(OPI) 94e97 sensors, 772
Optical imagery, 768 of linear array remote sensing SWE, 732
Optical infrared remote sensing imagery, 97e98 retrieval, 735e736
methods, 697e702. See also orthoimage mosaic, 98e103 Passive sensors, 625
Microwave remote sensing OSAVI-TCARI space, 372e373 Path radiance, 173
methods OST-VC. See Ocean Surface Pauli orthogonal basis, 527
thermal inertia method, 701e702 Topography-VC (OST-VC) PAV. See Photosynthetically active
trapezoid method, 699 OSVW-VC. See Ocean Surface Vector vegetation (PAV)
triangle method, 698e699 Wind-VC (OSVW-VC) PCI Geomatica software, 893
TVDI, 700e701 Outgoing Long-wave Radiation PCT. See Polarization coherence
Optical measuring instruments, (OLR), 626 tomography (PCT)
481e483 Overirrigation, 686 PCTs. See Polarization-corrected
digital photography, 481e482 Oxygen (O2), 353 temperatures (PCTs)
LAI-2000 indirect measurement, Ozone (O3), 860e861 PDF. See Probability density function
482e483 (PDF)
spatial quantum sensor and P PDSI, 889
traversing quantum sell, 481 P-VC. See Precipitation-VC (P-VC) Penalized least squares regression
Optical reflectance, 698 PAFs. See Processing and Archiving based on three-dimensional
Optical remote sensing, 714, 893 Facilities (PAFs) discrete cosine transform
mapping by, 834e837 PALSAR. See Phased Array type (DCT-PLS), 121, 123
system, 132, 132f L-band Synthetic Aperture PenmaneMonteith equation,
techniques, 547e556, 745e747 Radar (PALSAR) 653e656, 672
ANNs, 554e556 Pan sharpening, 790 empirical, 666e667
 Index 975
Periurban areas, 853 sensor types, 14e16 Polarization-corrected temperatures
PERSIANN. See Precipitation small satellites and satellite (PCTs), 629e630
Estimation from Remotely constellations, 11e14 PCT37, 629e630
Sensed Information using PMW. See Passive microwave (PMW) PCT85, 629e630
Artificial Neural Networks POES. See Polar Operational POLDER. See POLarization and
(PERSIANN) Environmental Satellites Directionality of Earth
PF. See Production and management (POES) Reflectance (POLDER)
forest (PF) Point cloud data, 512 PolInSAR. See Polarimetric
Phased Array type L-band Synthetic from CCD camera of Hasselblad-50 interferometric SAR
Aperture Radar (PALSAR), and lidar sensor of LMS-Q680i, (PolInSAR)
736, 768 536, 537f PolSAR attributes, 559t
Phenology recognition, 790e791 “normalized” point cloud, 516e517 Polynomial kernel, 570
Photosynthesis, 606, 881 segmentation methods use, 518 Polynomial models, 89
FVC, 478 Point count sampling method, 480 Polynomial order, 76
Photosynthetically active radiation lookup sampling method, 480 Post-launch calibration data, 20
(PAR), 158e159, 163e164, 408, needle sampling method, 480 Postclassification methods, 838
450 square frame sampling method, 480 comparison method for cropland,
meters, 160 Point features, 83 874e875
Photosynthetically active vegetation Point localities, 569 PR system. See Precipitation radar
(PAV), 597 Point spread function (PSF), 21 system (PR system)
Physical backscattering models, Polar Operational Environmental Precipitation, 621e622, 946e947
737e743 Satellites (POES), 8 estimation from satellite data,
Physical models, extraction using, Polar-orbiting satellites, 5e6, 746 625e630
375e391 NASA Earth observing satellites, 6f active microwave algorithms,
canopy-scale biochemical parameter Polarimetric interferometric SAR 628e629
retrieval, 384e386 (PolInSAR), 512 multisensor algorithms, 629e630
leaf-scale biochemical parameter principle, 527e528 passive microwave algorithms,
retrieval, 378e384 technology, 572 626e628
retrieval methods, 375e378 vegetation vertical structure retrieval VIS/IR algorithms, 625e626
spectral resolution and band from PolInSAR data, 526e535 global and regional datasets,
selection, 386e391 Polarization & Anisotropy of 630e641
Physically based statistical algorithm, Reflectances for Atmospheric global precipitation climatology,
730e731 Sciences coupled with 641e643
Piecewise function, 596 Observations from Lidar retrieval, 621e622, 625, 628, 631
Piecewise linear artificial neural (PARASOL), 217 surface measurement techniques,
network algorithm (PWL- Polarization, 526e527 622e625
ANN algorithm), 32 informationebased correction Precipitation Estimation from
Pixel selection, 140e141 method, 144e145 Remotely Sensed Information
Pixel-based methods, 834 POLarization and Directionality of using Artificial Neural
Plant autotrophic respiration, Earth Reflectance (POLDER), Networks (PERSIANN), 630
593e594 144e145, 217, 436e438 Precipitation radar system (PR
Plant biochemicals, 351 albedo, 227 system), 623e624, 631
Plate model, 361 fitting and interpolation method of Precipitation-VC (P-VC), 13e14
Platform and sensor systems, 3e18 POLDER-BRDF database, Preparatory Project (NPP), 572
data characteristics, 16e18 217e218 PriestleyeTaylor equation, 660e661
radiometric resolution, 17e18 Polderevan Santen mixture PriestleyeTaylor parameter, 656,
spatial resolution, 16 dielectric constant model, 660e661, 663
spectral resolution, 16 717e718 linear interpretation, 662f, 663
temporal resolution, 17 Polarization coherence tomography relative humidity-based, 664
geostationary satellites, 3e5 (PCT), 526e527, 533e535, Primary GEWEX-SRB algorithm, 180
polar-orbiting satellites, 5e6 562e563 Principal components analysis,
satellite missions and programs, Polarization ratios (PRs), 694 804e805
6e11
976 Index

PRISM. See Panchromatic Remote- Quadratic coefficients, 918 distortion, 560e561

sensing Instrument for Stereo Quadratic polynomial regression resolution, 17e18, 18f
Mapping (PRISM) equation, 728e729 temperature, 253
Probabilistic temporal unmixing Quality control (QC), 284e285 Rain, 622
algorithm (PTU algorithm), identification, 117e118 gauge network, 622e623
873, 873f Quality evaluation module, 270 Rainfall, 622
Probability calculation method. See Quality inspection, 823 Random forest regression method
Sampling method database construction, 824 (RFR method), 497
Probability density function (PDF), Quantitative Remote Sensing, 147 Random forests (RFs), 33, 177e178,
309e310, 794 Quasicrystalline approximation 493, 544, 568, 732e733
Processing and Archiving Facilities (QCA), 719e720 method, 568
(PAFs), 816 QuikSCAT, 571e572 Random model, 359, 360f
Product data management, 826e828 Random noise, 380
Product integration, 25 R Random volume on ground (RVOG),
BME application to, 800e801 r-Emissivity, 254 526e527
DINEOF application in, 807e809 Radar. See Radio Detection and model with specular reflection from
methods, 791e792 Ranging (Radar) ground, 531e533
OI application in, 796e797 Radargrammetry, 535 Randomly oriented volume model,
Product metadata management, forest height from, 535e536 530
828e829, 829f RADARSAT, 768, 772e773 RapidEye, 12
Product quality, 823e824 Radial basis Ratio module, 269
Product validation, 44 function, 493e495 Ratio vegetation index (RVI), 410
Production and management forest kernel, 570 Rational function model (RFM),
(PF), 843e844 Radiant deformation parameters, 85 61e62, 78e80
Production efficiency model. See Radiant flux, 196 digital differential rectification based
Light use efficiency model Radiation use efficiency (RUE), on, 98
Production task management, 881e884 Rational polynomial coefficients
821e822, 821f Radiative dryness index, 879 (RPCs), 61e62, 151
Profile-based methods, 299e300 Radiative forcing, 944e946 Ray tracing model, 359e361, 360f
Programming interface of Google Radiative transfer equation (RTE), Rayleigh scattering
Earth Engine, 830e831 257e258, 717 expression, 717e718
PROSPECT model, 361 Radiative transfer models (RT theory, 719
retrieval, 379, 379t models), 34, 206e207, 359e361, RayleigheJeans approximation, 264
PRs. See Polarization ratios (PRs) 411e415, 691e692 RAYTRAN model, 360e361
“Pseudo” waveforms, 557e558 introduction to models, 412 RDVI. See Renormalized difference
PSF. See Point spread function (PSF) LIBERTY model, 361 vegetation index (RDVI)
PTU algorithm. See Probabilistic N-stream models, 359 Real scene computer simulation
temporal unmixing algorithm plate model, 361 model, 208
(PTU algorithm) random model, 359 Real-time business monitoring,
Pushbroom scanners, 14e15 ray tracing model, 359e361 825e826
PWL-ANN algorithm. See Piecewise SAILH model-based simulation, REF-ANN. See Rule extraction from
linear artificial neural network 412e415 function approximating neural
algorithm (PWL-ANN 3D radiative transfer model, 415 networks (REF-ANN)
algorithm) Radiative transfer simulation, 303 Reflectance, 196e197
Pyranometers, 160 Radiative transfer technique, factor, 196e197
Pyrgeometers, 160 299e300 Regional features, 83
Radio Detection and Ranging Regional semiempirical static
Q (Radar), 15, 558e560 algorithms, 726e727
QC. See Quality control (QC) backscattering coefficient, Regression method, 220e221
QCA. See Quasicrystalline 560, 737 Regression models, 208e209,
approximation (QCA) images, 893 487e490, 566e567, 664e666
QCA with PercuseYevick pair Radiometer, 14 based on vegetation index,
distribution function Radiometric 586e589
(QCA-CP), 719e720 calibration, 19e20
 Index 977
linear regression model method, leaf structure and its biological, strategy, 378
487e488 physical, and chemical Retrieval algorithm, 377e378
nonlinear regression model method, properties, 352e353 for hyperspectral data, 270e277
488e490 spectral characteristics of correlation-based algorithms,
Regression tree (RT), 33, 565e566, 568, biochemicals, 353e356 272e273
876e878, 922 vegetation spectral curves of DRRI, 273e275
Regular grid DEM, 90e91 different sensors, 356f ISS temperature and emissivity
Regularization method, 39 visible and near-infrared separation algorithm, 270e272
Relative humidity (RH), 312e313 absorption characteristics of leaf MSWTES, 275e277
Relative physical quantities, 197e200 biochemicals, 354te355t inversion flow chart, 377f
BHR_diff, 199 platform and sensor systems, 3e18 RF. See Road forest (RF)
BRF, 197e198 product validation, 44 RFM. See Rational function model
broadband albedo, 199e200 production, archiving, and (RFM)
DHR, 198 distribution of high-level RFR method. See Random forest
HDRF, 198 products, 41e44, 42f regression method (RFR
HDRF_diff, 198 GLASS products and their method)
hemisphericalehemispherical characteristics, 43t RFs. See Random forests (RFs)
reflectance, 199 remote sensing applications, 44e45 RH. See Relative humidity (RH)
Relative predictive error (RPE), 613 high-level satellite products, 44f Rice yield prediction using NOAA-
Relative sunshine duration model, 165 remote sensingebased surface solar AVHRR NDVI, 880e881
Remote sensing, 195, 406, 935. See also radiation retrieval method, 164 Rigorous geometric processing
Microwave remote sensing retrieval, 478e479, 487e497 models, 75e77
methods linear unmixing model, digital differential rectification based
data, 544 490e493 on, 97e98
light use efficiency model based machine learning methods, River Lake Hydrology (RLH), 777
on, 589e605 493e497 RLH. See River Lake Hydrology
processing, 19e25 regression models, 487e490 (RLH)
transmission and ground receiving of soil moisture, 686e687 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
system, 18e19 system, 132 RMSE. See Root mean square error
estimating quantitative variables, technique, 609 (RMSE)
27e41 Remote sensors, 917 Road forest (RF), 843e844
algorithm ensemble, 41 Renormalized difference vegetation Road paving, 936e937
forward radiation modelling, index (RDVI), 451e452 Root mean square (RMS), 278e280
28e30 Repeat-pass interferometric SAR, Root mean square error (RMSE),
inversion methods, 30e39 744e745 70e71, 160e161, 219, 257, 304,
spaceetime constraints, 40e41 a residual method, 268e269 426, 493e495, 565, 726e727,
use of multisource data, 39 Retrieval 893
use of prior knowledge, 39e40 flags, 694 Root system, 352
ground system, 814e815 methods, 375e378 Root-zone soil moisture, 703
ERS satellite ground system, cost function in retrieval, 375e377 RossHotspot kernel, 210
815e816 retrieval algorithm, 377e378 RossThick kernel, 210
NASA’s earth observation system retrieval strategy, 378 RossThin kernel, 210
data and information system, model, 450, 454, 472e473 Roujean geometric kernel, 211
814e815 retrieving LAI RPCs. See Rational polynomial
key components of remote sensing from FAVD, 435 coefficients (RPCs)
system, 2f FAVD distribution in Dayekou RPE. See Relative predictive error
mapping category variables, 25e27 forest site area, 436f (RPE)
methods, 688e689 from gap fraction, 435e436 RPV model, 211e212
observation, 899 LAI inversion results in Dayekou RT. See Regression tree (RT)
of plant biochemical parameters, forest site, 437f RT models. See Radiative transfer
351e356 SAILH model simulation parameter models (RT models)
absorption spectra of various settings, 385t RTE. See Radiative transfer equation
biochemicals, 353f from simulated data, 385, 386f (RTE)
978 Index

RUE. See Radiation use efficiency Satellite retrieval algorithms, 768 Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies
(RUE) Satellite sensors, 691e692, 696e697 by Echo Recovery system
Rule extraction from function Satellite lE algorithms, 657e668 (SLICER system), 522e523
approximating neural assimilation methods and temporal Scanning Multichannel Microwave
networks (REF-ANN), 32 scaling up, 667e668 Radiometer (SMMR), 691, 721
RVI. See Ratio vegetation index (RVI) empirical models, 664e666 Scattering by arbitrarily inclined
RVOG. See Random volume on empirical PenmaneMonteith leaves model (SAIL model),
ground (RVOG) equation, 666e667 412
estimation ET methods, 657t Scattering phase center, 558e560
S one-source models, 657e660, 659f Scatterometers, 697
S-NPP. See Suomi National Polar- satellite methods, 661t scatterometer-derived soil moisture
orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Ts-VI space methods, 662e664 product, 706
SAIL model. See Scattering by two-source models, 660e662 SCD. See Snow clearance day (SCD)
arbitrarily inclined leaves validation results of remote sensing SCE. See Snow cover extent (SCE)
model (SAIL model) techniques, 658te659t Scene generation, 28
SAILH modelebased simulation, Satellite-based approach, 892e893 Scene synthesis technology, 207
412e415, 413f, 413t, 414f Satellite-borne passive microwave SCIAMACHY. See Scanning Imaging
Sampling method, 480e481 radiometer, 735e736 Absorption Spectrometer for
belt transect sampling method, 480 Satellite-derived water level, Atmospheric ChartographY
canopy projection method, 480e481 773e777 (SCIAMACHY)
point count sampling method, 480 application, 777e779 Science Data System (SDS),
shadow sampling method, 480 landewater contact method, 780e781
Sandmeier Field Goniometer (SFG), 773e774, 774f Science Operations, 814e815
200e201 satellite altimetry method, 774e777, Scientific Investigator-led Processing
SAR. See Synthetic aperture radar 775f System (SIPS), 814e815
(SAR) water level/area relationship Scintillometer method, 671e672
SAST model. See Snowe method, 773 SCOPE, 34e35
atmosphereesoil model (SAST Satellite-derived water surface area, Screen-level temperature, 311
model) 768e773 SDCI. See Scaled drought condition
Satellite altimetry method, 774e777, active microwave sensors, index (SDCI)
775f 770e772 SDLR. See Surface downward long-
satellite sensors for water surface combination of multisatellite sensors, wave radiation (SDLR)
delineation, 776t 772e773 SDLT model. See Self-calibration
Satellite imagery, 62 optical satellite sensors, 768e770 direct linear transformation
Satellite missions and programs, passive microwave sensors, 772 model (SDLT model)
6e11 satellite sensors for water surface SDS. See Science Data System (SDS)
China, 10e11 delineation, 769t Sea surface temperature
EOS satellites, 7te8t Satellite-observed reflectance, (SST), 643
Europe, 9e10 745e746 Sea surface temperature-VC
USA, 8e9 SAVI. See Soil adjusted vegetation (SST-VC), 13e14
Satellite pour 1’Observation de la index (SAVI) Seasonal snow, 714, 748
Terre (SPOT), 149, 768 SavitzkyeGolay filter (SG filter), SeaWiFS FAPAR product, 456e457,
Satellite remote sensing, 861, 895, 111e113 461f
916e917 Scale effects, 231 scatterplots, 468f
Satellite remote sensing imagery. Scale matching method in validation time series of mean, 464e466, 465f
See also Remote sensing of land surface albedo SEBAL. See Surface Energy Balance
geometric registration, 83e90 products, 228e230 Algorithm for Land (SEBAL)
systematic error sources of, 62e68 Scaled drought condition index SEBS. See Surface Energy Balance
atmospheric refraction correction, (SDCI), 889 System (SEBS)
64e65, 65f Scanning Imaging Absorption Second High-Resolution Infrared
CCD manufacture error Spectrometer for Atmospheric Sounder (HIRS/2), 300e301
correction, 66e68 ChartographY Second-order polynomial model,
Earth curvature correction, 63e64 (SCIAMACHY), 606 89e90
Earth rotation correction, 66
 Index 979
Self-calibration direct linear Single tree SMC. See Soil moisture contents
transformation model (SDLT height of, 512e513 (SMC)
model), 78 segmentation and parameters SMMR. See Scanning Multichannel
Self-geometric characteristics, 62 estimation, 517e518, 519f Microwave Radiometer
Self-organizing map (SOM), 31 Single-channel algorithms, 256e259 (SMMR)
Semiempirical algorithms. See also generalized single-window Smoothing algorithm based on
Dynamic algorithms algorithms, 258e259 wavelet transform, 118
Chang algorithm, 723 radiative transfer equation method, SMOS. See Soil Moisture and Ocean
Derksen algorithm, 725e726 257e258 Salinity (SMOS)
Foster algorithm, 723e724 Single-scattering albedo, 168e170 SMSI. See Soil moisture saturation
snow depth estimation algorithms in Singular spectrum analysis (SSA), index (SMSI)
China, 726e727 804e805 Snell’s Law, 738
static algorithms, 723e727 Singular value decomposition (SVD), SNLR. See Surface net longwave
Semiempirical method, 356e358, 806 radiation (SNLR)
361e375 SIPS. See Scientific Investigator-led SNODAS. See Snow Data
Semiempirical models, 209e212, Processing System (SIPS) Assimilation System
717e719 SIR-C/X-SAR. See Space-borne (SNODAS)
HUT, 717e719 Imaging Radar-C and X-band Snow, 622
Kernel-driven model, 209e211 Synthetic Aperture Radar cover, 215
MEMLS, 719 (SIR-C/X-SAR) fraction estimation, 745e746
RPV model, 211e212 6S model, 148e149 Snow accumulation process, 754
Sensitivity analysis, 741 SkyMed, 15 Snow clearance day (SCD),
Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P), Skysat, 12e13 753e754
9e10 SLA. See Specific leaf area (SLA) Snow cover extent (SCE), 240e242
Sequential assimilation methods, 429 SLICER system. See Scanning Lidar Snow Data Assimilation System
SEVIRI. See Spinning Enhanced Imager of Canopies by Echo (SNODAS), 748
Visible and Infrared Imager Recovery system (SLICER Snow depth, 741
(SEVIRI) system) empirical algorithm to estimating,
SFG. See Sandmeier Field Goniometer SLOP model, 359 746e747
(SFG) SM. See Soil moisture (SM) estimation algorithms in China,
SG filter. See SavitzkyeGolay filter SMA. See Spectral mixture analysis 726e727
(SG filter) (SMA) Snow microwave scattering and
SGP. See Southern Great Plains (SGP) Small footprint lidar data emission modeling, 716e721
SH. See Sunshine hours (SH) forest parameters estimation analytical models, 719e720
Shadow sampling method, 480 at forest stand level, 518e520 numerical models, 720e721
Shibayama model, 209 from lidar waveform data, 523 semiempirical models, 717e719
Shortwave infrared band (SWIR), 417 methods for individual tree crown SNow TElemetry network
Shortwave radiation (SW radiation), delineation, 517t (SNOWTEL network),
158e159, 848 single tree segmentation and 715e716
Shortwave Radiation Budget (SRB), parameters estimation, SNow THERmal Model
180 517e518, 519f (SNTHERM), 734e735
Shrub layer, primary production small footprint lidar principle, Snow water equivalent (SWE),
measurement in, 585 515e517 714e715
Shrubbery, 483e484 Small satellites and satellite ground measurement method,
SIF. See Sun-induced chlorophyll constellations, 11e14 715e716
fluorescence (SIF) EO satellite system, 13t inversion techniques, 721e736
Sigmoid kernel, 570 global positioning system satellite data assimilation methods,
Simple empirical model, 164 constellation, 14f 734e735
Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB3), Small-footprint lidar, 549e550 iterative algorithms, 731e732
734e735 SMAP mission. See Soil Moisture lookup table algorithms, 732
Single remote sensing image, Active and Passive mission machine learning algorithms,
geometric rectification of, (SMAP mission) 732e734
74e83
980 Index

Snow water equivalent (SWE) ground point measurements, Spatial consistency test, 823e824
(Continued) 704e705 Spatial distribution pattern of global
mixed-pixel problem in passive LSM estimates with observation- vegetation productivity,
microwave SWE retrieval, based forcing, 707e708 610e612
735e736 microwave remote sensing, Spatial information, 792
physically based statistical 705e707 Spatial matching, 332
algorithm, 730e731 comparison of different remote Spatial patterns of solar radiation,
semiempirical algorithms, sensing techniques, 703e704 182e185
723e730 conventional SMC measurement Spatial quantum sensor, 481
microwave snow water equivalent techniques, 687e689 Spatial resectioning of satellite remote
retrieval techniques, 721e745 methods to measure in situ SMC, sensing imagery, 76
optical remote sensing techniques, 688t Spatial resolution, 16, 16f, 826
745e747 microwave remote sensing methods, Spatiotemporal analysis and
product, 747e748 689e697 applications, 466e473
product applications optical and thermal infrared remote Spatiotemporal change analysis,
biological applications, 753e754 sensing methods, 697e702 502e506
economical applications, 754 soil moisture profile estimation, 703 Spatiotemporal variation analysis of
hydrological applications, 752 Soil moisture saturation index surface downward longwave
meteorological applications, (SMSI), 701e702 radiation, 339e342
752e753 Soil Water Index, 706 Special Sensor Microwave Imager
reconstruction algorithm combined Soilevegetationeatmosphere (SSM/I), 627, 691, 721, 768
with snowmelt model, 747 transfers (SVAT), 686e687 Specific leaf area (SLA), 407
retrieval algorithm, 737e743 Solar radiation Spectral bands, 196, 769e770
based on multifrequency, attenuation of solar radiation, 159 Spectral emissivity, 254
737e741 ERB, 159e160 Spectral index, 367e368, 893
based on X-and Ku-band radar existing products and evaluation, PROSPECT model, 371t
observations, 741e743 180e182 Spectral informationebased
snow microwave scattering and observation network of land surface correction method, 137e141
emission modeling, 716e721 radiation, 160e162 deep blue method, 140e141
snow spatiotemporal distribution shortwave radiation and PAR, midinfrared dark target method,
characteristics, 748e752 158e159 137e140
Snoweatmosphereesoil model solar constant, 158 near-infrared dark target method,
(SAST model), 734e735 spectrum, 158 140
SNOWTEL network. See SNow surface radiation estimation based Spectral mixture analysis (SMA),
TElemetry network on satellite remote sensing and 839e840
(SNOWTEL network) GCM, 163e180 Spectral models, 163e164
SNTHERM. See SNow THERmal temporal and spatial patterns of solar for clear-sky model, 168e170
Model (SNTHERM) radiation, 182e185 Spectral reflectance, 196
Soil, 214e215 SOM. See Self-organizing map (SOM) Spectral resolution, 16, 17t
emissivity, 266e267 Sophisticated remote sensing and band selection, 386e391
Soil adjusted vegetation index inversion methods, 791 band selection specifically for
(SAVI), 410, 451e452 Southern Great Plains (SGP), 873 retrieval of biochemicals,
Soil moisture (SM), 194, 657, 686, 706 Space-borne Imaging Radar-C and 387e391, 388t, 389f, 389t
information, 686, 885e886 X-band Synthetic Aperture spectral resolution on retrieval of
profile estimation, 703 Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), 736 biochemicals, 387, 387t
Soil Moisture Active and Passive Space-partitioning method, 924e926 Spectroradiometer, 15
mission (SMAP mission), 572, Spaceborne measurements, 409e410
691, 706e707 scatterometers, 697 SPI. See Standardized precipitation
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity sensors, 621e622 index (SPI)
(SMOS), 9, 691 stereoscopic images, 564e565 Spinning Enhanced Visible and
Soil moisture contents (SMC), 687 system, 522e523 Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), 3e4,
available datasets and spatial and Spaceetime constraints, 40e41 163
temporal variations Spatial and temporal scaling, 37e38 sensors, 498, 502
 Index 981
Split-window algorithms for thermal SULR. See Surface upwelling long- Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for
infrared sensors, 259e261 wave radiation (SULR) Land (SEBAL), 660
SPOT. See Satellite pour Sun-induced chlorophyll Surface Energy Balance System
1’Observation de la Terre fluorescence (SIF), 605 (SEBS), 660
(SPOT) for vegetation production estimates, Surface longwave broadband
Sprint recovery (SR), 753e754 605e606 emissivity
Square frame sampling method, 480 Sunshine hours (SH), 946e947 calculation, 278e283
SR. See Sprint recovery (SR) Suomi National Polar-orbiting retrieval, 283e288
SRB. See Shortwave Radiation Budget Partnership (S-NPP), 8 Surface longwave net radiation, 278
(SRB); Surface Radiation Supervised classification algorithm, Surface longwave radiation budget
Budget (SRB) 771e772 ground validation networks and
SSA. See Singular spectrum analysis Supervised decision tree algorithm, existing, 337e342
(SSA) 835 SNLR, 330e337
SSiB3. See Simplified Simple Support vector machines (SVMs), 493, surface downward longwave
Biosphere (SSiB3) 497, 732e733, 834, 872e873 radiation, 298e318
SSM. See Surface soil moisture (SSM) classifier, 27 surface upwelling longwave
SSM/I. See Special Sensor Microwave SVM-based region-growing radiation, 319e330
Imager (SSM/I) algorithm, 837e838 Surface measurement techniques,
SST. See Sea surface temperature Support vector regression (SVR), 622e625
(SST) 32e33, 497, 570e571 ground-based radar, 623e625
SST-VC. See Sea surface temperature- Surface albedo rain gauge network, 622e623
VC (SST-VC) of different land types, 240 Surface net longwave radiation
Standardized precipitation index of latitudinal zones, 235e236 (SNLR), 330e337
(SPI), 889 Surface BBE, 278 estimation
STARFM algorithm. See Time-space Surface bidirectional reflectance in clear sky, 330e331
adaptive reflectivity fusion model, 206e212 in cloudy sky, 331e337
model algorithm (STARFM empirical model, 208e209 global SNLR product generation, 337
algorithm) physical model, 206e208 methods, 331e332
Static algorithms, 723e727 GO models, 207e208 results, 333e337
Statistical methods, 409e410 GO-RT mixed models, 208 verification results, 330f
Statistical models. See Empirical real scene computer simulation Surface parameterebased estimation
model model, 208 of water storage, 767e779.
Statistical regression, 263 RT models, 206e207 See also GRACE-based
Statisticalephysical algorithm, 627 semiempirical models, 209e212 estimation of water storage
StefaneBoltzmann constant, 660 Surface bidirectional reflection, principles, 767e768
StefaneBoltzmann equation, 310 observations data of, 200e206 satellite-derived water surface area,
Stepwise regression, 303 laboratory and field observations, 768e773
Stereoscopic images, 536 200e204 Surface Radiation Budget (SRB), 946
Stereoscopic manual visual remote sensing observation data, Surface Radiation Budget Network
inspection method, 92 204e206 (SURFRAD), 160e161, 162t,
Stereoscopic remote sensing methods Surface broadband albedo, 213 304
lidar data, 556e558 Surface downward longwave Surface radiation estimation
SAR data, 558e564 radiation (SDLR), 298e318, based on satellite remote sensing and
spaceborne stereoscopic images, 330, 342 GCM, 163e180
564e565 hybrid methods, 300e309 empirical model, 164e165
Stochastic process, 794e795 hybrid models for CERES, relative sunshine duration model,
Stomatal conductance, 656, 664, 666, 308e309 165
672 meteorological parameterebased simple empirical model, 164
Subpixel decomposition method, methods, 309e318 lookup table method, 172e177
745e746 model machine learning methods, 177e180
Subpixel methods, 834 in globe, 304e307 parameterization method, 165e172
Subsample parameter, 178e179 in North America, 303e304 Surface radiation modelling, 28
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 860e861 profile-based methods, 299e300 actual canopy, 30f
982 Index

Surface radiation modelling Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 3, 15, surface albedo of different land
(Continued) 512, 688, 696e697, 770 types, 240
DART, 29f data, 544, 558e564 surface albedo of latitudinal zones,
geometric-optical model, 29f average relative reflectivity 235e236
Surface radiative forcings, 944e946 function, 563f temporal variation of global albedo,
Surface reflectance, 917 backscattering coefficients, 234e235
composition, 121 558e562 Temporal curve fitting methods, 792
reconstruction, 123e128 interferometric SAR, 562e564 Temporal distribution pattern of
screening, 121 vegetation canopy height and global vegetation
in visible band, 138, 141 vertical structure, 524e536 productivity, 610e612
Surface roughness model, 691e692 Systematic error sources of satellite Temporal informationebased
Surface shortwave radiation, remote sensing imagery, correction method, 141e142
158e159 62e68 improved multitemporal imaging
Surface soil moisture (SSM), 686 method, 142
impact factor of, 595 T linear regression method, 142
Surface temperature, cropland Task management, 821 Temporal landsat imagery, 920e921
impacts on, 899e900 Taylor series, 530 Temporal patterns of solar radiation,
Surface upwelling longwave TDRS. See Tracking and Data Relay 182e185
radiation (LWUP), 305e306 Satellite (TDRS) Temporal resolution, 17
Surface upwelling longwave TDRSS. See Tracking and Data Relay Temporal spatial filter algorithm (TSF
radiation (SULR), 319e330 Satellite System (TDRSS) algorithm), 117e118, 117f
hybrid methods, 320e330 Television and InfraRed Observation Terra satellite, 452
temperature-emissivity method, Satellite (TIROS), 8, 299, 625 TerraSAR-X, 15, 535e536
319e320 Television Operational Vertical imagery, 771e772
Surface water, 765e766 Sounder (TOVS), 8 Terrestrial evapotranspiration (E),
Surface Water Ocean Topography Temperature 650
(SWOT), 775e777 in forest cover changes, 929e932 observations for algorithm
SURFRAD. See Surface Radiation scalar, 591 calibration and validation,
Budget Network (SURFRAD) temperature-emissivity method, 668e672
SVAT. See Soilevegetatione 319e320 EBBR method, 670e671
atmosphere transfers (SVAT) temperature and emissivity EC technique, 668e670
SVD. See Singular value separation algorithm (TES scintillometer method, 671e672
decomposition (SVD) algorithm), 269e270 terrestrial water budget method,
SVMs. See Support vector machines Temperature gradient index dynamic 672
(SVMs) algorithm (TGI dynamic satellite lE algorithms, 657e668
SVR. See Support vector regression algorithm), 727e728 spatiotemporal characteristics of
(SVR) later development of, 729e730 global and regional lE, 672e675
SW radiation. See Shortwave Temperature-independent spectral Terrestrial remote sensing, 790
radiation (SW radiation) indices (TISI), 261e262 Terrestrial surface water, 765e766
SWE. See Snow water equivalent Temperature-vegetation contextual Terrestrial water budget method, 672
(SWE) approach (TVX), 698 TES algorithm. See temperature and
SWIR. See Shortwave infrared band Temperatureevegetation dryness emissivity separation
(SWIR) index (TVDI), 698, 700e701 algorithm (TES algorithm)
Swiss FieldeGoniometer System Temporal and spatial analysis of TGDVI model. See Three gradient
(FIGOS), 200e201 global land surface albedo, differential vegetation index
SWOT. See Surface Water Ocean 233e244 model (TGDVI model)
Topography (SWOT) change trend of annual average TGI dynamic algorithm. See
Synthesis methods of multisource albedo, 240e244 Temperature gradient index
data, 565e572 comparison of different albedo dynamic algorithm (TGI
multisource remote sensing data, products, 236e240 dynamic algorithm)
571e572 method to calculating regional Thematic Mapper imagery (TM
nonparametric algorithms, 567e571 average and monthly average imagery), 9
regression models, 566e567 albedo, 233e234
 Index 983
Thermal inertia method (TI method), Time-space adaptive reflectivity Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
701e702 fusion model algorithm System (TDRSS), 18
Thermal infrared remote sensing (STARFM algorithm), 37 Trajectory fitting, 918
methods, 697e702. See also Time-space filtering, 117 Trajectory segmentation, 919
Microwave remote sensing TIN. See Triangulated irregular Transformation methods, 838
methods network (TIN) Transpiration, 929
thermal inertia method, 701e702 TIROS. See Television and InfraRed Trapezoid ABCD, 663
trapezoid method, 699 Observation Satellite (TIROS) Trapezoid method, 699
triangle method, 698e699 TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder Traversing quantum sell, 481
TVDI, 700e701 (TOVS), 299, 637 Tree layer, primary production
Thermodynamic Initial Guess TISI. See Temperature-independent measurement in, 584e585
Retrieval (TIGR), 280 spectral indices (TISI) Triangle method, 698e699
Thermodynamic or kinetic TL-LUE. See Two-leaf light use Triangulated irregular network
temperature, 252e253 efficiency (TL-LUE) (TIN), 90e91
Thermogravimetric method, 687e688 TM imagery. See Thematic Mapper TRMM. See Tropical Rainfall
Third darkest value (Darkm3), 108 imagery (TM imagery) Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Third lowest near-infrared reflectance TMI. See TRMM Microwave Imager TRMM Large Scale Biosphere-
(NIRm3), 108 (TMI) Atmosphere Experiment in
Three gradient differential vegetation TMPA. See TRMM Multisatellite Amazonia (TRMM-LBA),
index model (TGDVI model), Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 632e635
491e492 TNSFP. See Three North Shelterbelt TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), 629,
Three North Shelterbelt Forest Forest Program (TNSFP) 691, 768
Program (TNSFP), 940e941 TOA. See Top of atmosphere (TOA); TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation
Three-dimension (3D) Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Analysis (TMPA), 629
radiation transfer model, 452 TOC. See Top of canopy (TOC) TRMM Science and Data
radiative transfer model, 415 Tone balance, 98e101 Information System (TSDIS),
Three-step method of forest height among different images, 99e101 631e632
estimation, 533 Top of canopy (TOC), 406 TRMM-LBA. See TRMM Large Scale
Threshold-based change detection, Top-of-atmosphere (TOA), 134e135, Biosphere-Atmosphere
918 158, 299 Experiment in Amazonia
TI method. See Thermal inertia reflectance, 195 (TRMM-LBA)
method (TI method) atmospheric radiative transfer Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
TIGR. See Thermodynamic Initial simulation, 223e224 (TRMM), 339, 625, 631e635,
Guess Retrieval (TIGR) reflectanceebased method, 633f, 634te635t, 691, 885e886
Time continuity test, 823e824 222e225 Ts-VI space methods, 662e664
Time resolution. See Spatial result of AB2 algorithm, 224e225 TSCD. See Time series cloud detection
resolution Torch flower (Kniphofia uvaria), 393 (TSCD)
Time series TOVS. See Television Operational TSDIS. See TRMM Science and Data
analysisebased change detection, Vertical Sounder (TOVS); Information System (TSDIS)
918 TIROS Operational Vertical TSF algorithm. See Temporal spatial
data smoothing, 111e128 Sounder (TOVS) filter algorithm (TSF
surface reflectance reconstruction, Toy model of product integration, algorithm)
118e128 793e794 TVDI. See Temperatureevegetation
cloud detection of surface TRAC instrument. See Tracing dryness index (TVDI)
reflectance, 123 Radiation and Architecture of TVX. See Temperature-vegetation
NDVI reconstruction, 121e123 Canopies instrument (TRAC contextual approach (TVX)
surface reflectance composition, instrument) Two-dimensional satellite remote
121 Tracing Radiation and Architecture sensing imagery, 61
surface reflectance reconstruction, of Canopies instrument Two-leaf light use efficiency
123e128 (TRAC instrument), 408e409 (TL-LUE), 598
surface reflectance screening, 121 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Two-leaf model, 598e599
Time series cloud detection (TSCD), (TDRS), 18 Two-source models, 660e662
120
984 Index

Two-step retrieval algorithm. See effects on vegetation growth season, VCF-ECF. See Vegetation continuous
MODIS airborne simulator 847e849 fieldeecological curve fitting
(MAS) impact (VCF-ECF)
Two-stream model, 359, 359f on air quality, 860e863 VCFs. See Vegetation continuous
on net primary productivity, fields (VCFs)
U 849e854 VCH. See Vegetation canopy height
UAS. See Unmanned aerial systems influence on land surface parameters (VCH)
(UAS) and environment, 854e856 VCI. See Vegetation condition index
UAV. See Unmanned aerial vehicle UHI effects, 858e860 (VCI)
(UAV) urban area monitoring VCT. See Vegetation change tracker
UAVSAR. See Uninhabited Aerial mapping urban areas, 834e838 (VCT)
Synthetic Aperture Radar monitoring urban growth, Vegetation, 214e215, 448, 929
(UAVSAR) 838e839 bidirectional reflective characteristics
UHI. See Urban heat island (UHI) urban ecological environment of vegetation canopy, 202
UltracamD digital camera, 537e538 monitoring, 839e847 breezes, 937e938
Ultrasonic hypsometer, 513 US Department of Agriculture cover method, 267
principles, 513f (USDA), 777 end-members, 841
UMD. See University of Maryland US Geological Survey (USGS), 8 growth season
(UMD) Global Land Cover Map, 875 urbanization effects, 847e849
UMD-SRB V3.3.3 dataset, 182 User feedback mechanism, urbanization impact on NPP,
Unbiased data retrieval, 378e380 construction of, 825 849e854
LIBERTY model retrieval, 379e380 User interface system of Google Earth layer model, 691e692
PROSPECT model retrieval, 379 Engine, 831 phenology, 847
Uncertainties in validation and USFS. See United States Department photosynthesis, 448
assessment, 231e232 of Agriculture Forest Service pixels, 454
Uninhabited Aerial Synthetic (USFS) production, 582e583
Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), USGS. See US Geological Survey DGVM, 606e610
566e567 (USGS) elements used to estimating, 588t
United Nations Food and GLASS-GPP, 612e613
Agricultural Organization V ground observation, 583e586
(FAO), 666, 916 VALERI project. See Validation of light use efficiency model based on
FRA 2010 remote sensing survey, 926 Land European Remote remote sensing data, 589e605
United States Department of sensing Instrument project SIF for vegetation production
Agriculture Forest Service (VALERI project) estimates, 605e606
(USFS), 924 Validation of Land European Remote statistical models based on
University of Maryland (UMD), 180 sensing Instrument project vegetation index, 586e589
Unmanned aerial systems (UAS), 3 (VALERI project), 466 temporal and spatial distribution
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), 538 Vapor-pressure deficit (VPD), pattern of global vegetation
Urban ecological environment 591e592, 656 productivity, 610e612
monitoring VARI. See Visible atmospherically vertical structure retrieval from
carbon storage and sequestration resistant index (VARI) PolInSAR data, 526e535
estimation, 841e847 Variable Infiltration Capacity model Vegetation biochemical components,
urban vegetation monitoring, (VIC model), 707e708, 734 395e398
839e841 Variational assimilation methods, relationship between biochemical
Urban expansion, 838 429e430, 434f components and hyperspectral
Urban growth monitoring, 838e839 LAI temporal profiles at center pixel, lidar, 395e396
Urban heat island (UHI), 839 432f vegetation index of hyperspectral
effect, 858e860 MODIS red and NIR reflectances, lidar, 396
Urban invasion, 838 431f and biochemical components of
Urban vegetation, 841e842 real-time retrieval algorithm, 433f hyperspectral lidar, 398t
monitoring, 839e841 VAS. See VISSR Atmosphere Sounder vertical distribution
Urbanization, 834 (VAS) biochemical components, 397e398
detection, 839 VCC. See Vegetative cover conversion chlorophyll a and carotenoids, 397f
(VCC)
 Index 985
Vegetation canopy height (VCH), 568 reconstruction (VIRR), algorithm (VUA-NASA
Vegetation change tracker (VCT), 918, 120e121 algorithm), 694
920 Vegetation temperature condition VZAs. See View zenith angles (VZAs)
Vegetation condition index (VCI), index (VTCI), 887e888
885e886 agricultural drought analysis using, W
Vegetation continuous fielde 887e888 Wallis filter, 99e101
ecological curve fitting (VCF- Vegetative cover conversion (VCC), Walthall BRDF model, 110
ECF), 117 921e922, 924t, 925f Warm edge, 663
Vegetation continuous fields (VCFs), VHI. See Vegetation health index Water balance
921e922 (VHI) analysis method, 766e767
Vegetation health index (VHI), VI. See Vegetation index (VI) deforestation alters, 937e938
885e886 VIC model. See Variable Infiltration Water balanceebased estimation of
Vegetation height and vertical Capacity model (VIC model) water storage, 766e767.
structure, 512 View zenith angles (VZAs), 302 See also Surface parametere
from airborne stereoscopic images, VIIRS. See Visible Infrared Imaging based estimation of water
536e538 Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) storage
field measurement, 512e515 VIRR. See Vegetation indicesebased Water Cycle Observatory Mission
average tree height estimation at land surface reflectance satellite, 741e742
forest stand level, 514e515 reconstruction (VIRR) Water Deficit Index (WDI), 699
height of single tree, 512e513 VIRS. See Visible and Infrared Water level/area relationship
relationship between height and Scanner (VIRS) method, 773
DBH, 513e514 Visible (VIS), 625 Water resource shortages, 905
future perspectives, 538 algorithms, 625e626 Water storage, 765e766
large footprint lidar data, 522e523 bands, 746 GRACE-based estimation, 779e783
from SAR data, 524e536 Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), satellite-derived water level,
forest height estimation using 631 773e777
multifrequency InSAR data, Visible and Infrared Spin Scan surface parameterebased
525e526 Radiometer (VISSR), 299e300 estimation, 767e779
forest height from Visible atmospherically resistant water balanceebased estimation,
radargrammetry, 535e536 index (VARI), 488e489 766e767
indices derived from large Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Water stress factor, 590
footprint waveform, 524t Suite (VIIRS), 9, 118, 216, 320 Water surface area
interferometric SAR principle, albedo, 227 determined from radar imagery, 779
524e525, 524f relative spectral responses, 325f multisatellite retrievals of, 777e779
retrieval of vegetation vertical surface upwelling longwave satellite-derived water surface area,
structure from PolInSAR data, radiation models for, 324e326 768e773
526e535 Visible/infrared satellite imagery Water vapor (WV), 306, 628, 929
small footprint lidar data (SPOT), 772e773 correcting impact, 146e147
estimation of forest parameters at VISSR. See Visible and Infrared Spin simulated apparent radiance
forest stand level, 518e520 Scan Radiometer (VISSR) as, 146f
estimation of forest parameters VISSR Atmosphere Sounder (VAS), Waveform, 774
from lidar waveform data, 523 300e301 GLAS, 558f
methods for individual tree crown Visual estimation, 479e480 LiDAR waveform, 557
delineation, 517t Volumetric soil moisture, “Pseudo”, 557e558
segmentation of single tree and 690e691 Wavelet transform (WT), 118
parameters estimation, von Karman constant, 654e655 smoothing and gap-filling algorithm
517e518, 519f VPD. See Vapor-pressure deficit based on, 118
small footprint lidar principle, (VPD) WDI. See Water Deficit Index (WDI)
515e517 VPM, 597e598 Wet edge, 700e701
Vegetation index (VI), 108, 410, 452, VTCI. See Vegetation temperature Whiskbroom Scanners, 14e15
487, 549e550, 657, 698, 873 condition index (VTCI) White-sky albedo (WSA), 199
Vegetation indicesebased land VU University Amsterdam in Wien approximation, 269
surface reflectance collaboration with NASA Wind speed, 946e947
986 Index

WindSAT mission onboard Coriolis, X-to Ku-band microwave, 736e737 calibration accuracy analysis of
691 Xingu Indigenous Park (XIP), CCD-detector look angles,
World Meteorological Organization 939e940 70e72
(WMO), 622 XML, 828 direct georeferencing accuracy
WSA. See White-sky albedo (WSA) Yaqui Valley (YV), 873 analysis, 72e73, 72t
WT. See Wavelet transform (WT) distribution of ground control
WV. See Water vapor (WV) Z points, 71f
Z index, 889 extrapolated georeferencing
X Ziyuan (ZY), 10e11 accuracy analysis, 73e74
X-and Ku-band radar observations, ZiYuan-3 satellite, in-orbit geometric general parameters of dataset, 71t
741e743 calibration of, 70e74 Zonal mean albedo, 238
X-SAR, 736e738 ZY-3, 564