TTA IMT-Advanced Workshop
Radio
Radio Interface
Interface and
and Radio
Radio Access
Access
Techniques
Techniques for
for LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
Motohiro
MotohiroTanno
Tanno
Radio
RadioAccess
AccessNetwork
NetworkDevelopment
DevelopmentDepartment
Department
NTT
NTTDoCoMo,
DoCoMo,Inc.
Inc.
June
June11,
11,2008
2008
Targets
Targetsfor
forIMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
Requirements
RequirementsforforLTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
Radio
Radioaccess
accesstechniques
techniquesfor
forLTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Targets
Targets for
for IMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
2
Targets for IMT-Advanced
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Recommendation ITU-R M.1645
Framework and overall objectives for the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000
Illustration of capabilities for IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000
100
Systems Beyond IMT-2000
100 Mbps
will encompass the
Mbps
capabilities of previous systems
Mobility
New capabilities for Systems Beyond IMT-2000
IMT-ADVANCED
High New
Mobile Dashed line indicates that the exact
IMT-2000 Enhanced Access data rates associated with Systems
IMT-2000
Beyond are not yet determined
4G 11Gbps
Gbps
.
LTE
Enhancement
(Super 3G) New Nomadic / Local
Low Area Wireless Access
1 10 100 1000
Peak Useful Data Rate (Mb/s)
3
Schedule for IMT-Advanced
Now June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Spectrum
Spectrum WP5D No.1 No.2 No.3
ITU-R meetings No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10
identified
identified Circular Letter Proposals
to invite
WRC-07 proposals Evaluation
Consensus
Circular
Circular Specification
Letter
Letter
SDOs Submission of
candidate RIT
etc.
3GPP RAN #38 #39 #40 #41 #42 #43 #44 #45 #46 #47 #48 #49
Technical
WS 2nd WS specifications
LTE-Advanced Study Item Work Item
LTE CR phase
Approved
ApprovedStudy
StudyItem
Itemin
in3GPP
3GPP
In
In3GPP,
3GPP,LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advancedis isregarded
regardedasasIMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
DoCoMo
DoCoMocontinues
continuesto
tocontribute
contributeto
toIMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced 4
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Requirements
Requirements for
for LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
5
High-Level Requirements for LTE-Advanced
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
LTE-Advanced should be real broadband wireless networks
that provide peak data rates equal to or greater than those
for wired networks, i.e., FTTH (Fiber To The Home), while
maintaining equivalent QoS
Complete backward compatibility, i.e., full support of Rel-8
LTE and its enhancement is necessary in LTE-Advanced
High-level requirements
• Reduced network cost (cost per bit)
• Better service provisioning
• Compatibility with 3GPP systems
Minimum requirement for LTE-Advanced is to meet or exceed
IMT-Advanced requirements within ITU-R time plan
Furthermore, LTE-Advanced targets performance higher than
that for LTE in order to satisfy future user demand and to be a
competitive mobile communications system 6
Radio Access Requirements
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Full support of Rel-8 LTE and its enhancement within the
same spectrum
Î Basically same radio parameters and multi-access
schemes
Lower latencies in C-plane and U-plane compared to those
in Rel-8 LTE
Improve system performance
• Peak spectrum efficiency
• Capacity (average spectrum efficiency)
• Cell edge user throughput
• VoIP capacity Î Higher capacity than in Rel-8 LTE
• Mobility Î Improve system performance in low mobility
up to 10 km/h
• Coverage Î Equal or wider coverage than in Rel-8 LTE
7
Performance Requirements (1)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Peak data rate
- Need higher peak data rates in LTE-Advanced than those for LTE
in order to satisfy future traffic demands
LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced • Wider transmission
DL 300 Mbps x3.3 1 Gbps bandwidth
• Higher-order MIMO
UL 75 Mbps x6.6 500 Mbps
Peak spectrum efficiency
- Must reduce bit cost per Hertz and improve user throughput
particularly in local areas
- Higher peak spectrum efficiency is beneficial to achieving higher
peak data rate with limited available transmission bandwidth
LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced
DL 15 bps/Hz 30 bps/Hz
x2.0
(4 streams) (8 streams) • Higher-order MIMO
UL 3.75 bps/Hz 15 bps/Hz
x4.0
(1 stream) (4 streams)
8
Performance Requirements (2)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Capacity (Average spectrum efficiency)
- Need higher capacity to reduce further network cost per bit
LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced
• Wider transmission bandwidth
DL 1.69 bps/Hz/cell 3.7 bps/Hz/cell • OFDM in uplink
x2.2
(2-by-2 MIMO) (4-by-4 MIMO) • Higher-order MIMO
UL 0.735 bps/Hz/cell 2.0 bps/Hz/cell • Multi-cell transmission/reception
x2.7 • Advanced receiver
(1-by-2 SIMO) (2-by-4 MIMO)
Cell edge user throughput
- Need higher cell edge user throughput compared to that for LTE to provide
better services
LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced • Higher-order MIMO
DL 0.05 bps/Hz/cell 0.12 bps/Hz/cell • Multi-cell transmission/reception
x2.4
(2-by-2 MIMO) (4-by-4 MIMO) • Advanced receiver
UL 0.028 bps/Hz/cell 0.07 bps/Hz/cell * Target values are for Case 1 scenario in 3GPP,
x2.5 which is similar to Base Coverage Urban scenario
(1-by-2 SIMO) (2-by-4 MIMO) in IMT.EVAL
Expect to satisfy these target values by
- increase number of Rx antennas (approximately 1.5 times)
- increase number of Tx antennas (approximately 1.1 times)
- employ other new/enhanced techniques (approximately 1.4 – 1.6 times) 9
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Radio
Radio Access
Access Techniques
Techniques for
for LTE-
LTE-
Advanced
Advanced
10
Proposed Techniques for LTE-Advanced
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Proposed radio access techniques for LTE-Advanced
1. Asymmetric wider transmission bandwidth
2. Layered OFDMA multi-access
3. Advanced multi-cell transmission/reception techniques
4. Enhanced multi-antenna transmission techniques
5. Efficient modulation/detection and channel coding
6. Enhanced techniques to extend coverage area
11
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Asymmetric
Asymmetric Wider
Wider Transmission
Transmission Bandwidth
Bandwidth
12
Support of Wider Bandwidth
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Need wider bandwidth such as approximately 100 MHz to reduce bit
cost per Hertz and to achieve peak data rate higher than 1 Gbps
Continuous spectrum allocation should be prioritized, although
both continuous and discontinuous usages are to be investigated
• Continuous spectrum usage
LTE
bandwidth
Frequency
9 Better to simplify eNB and UE configurations than to employ
discontinuous usage
9 Possible frequency allocation in new band, e.g., 3.4 – 3.8 GHz band
• Discontinuous spectrum usage Î Requires spectrum aggregation
Aggregated bandwidth
Frequency
9 UE capability for supportable spectrum aggregation should be
specified so that increases in UE size, cost, and power consumption
are minimized
13
Asymmetric Transmission Bandwidth
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
• Required bandwidth in uplink will be much narrower than that in downlink
considering current and future traffic demands in cellular networks
• In FDD, asymmetric transmission bandwidth eases pair band assignment
• In TDD, narrower transmission bandwidth is beneficial in uplink, since an
excessively wider transmission bandwidth degrades channel estimation and
CQI estimation
Î Propose asymmetric transmission bandwidth in both FDD and TDD
f
Transmitted from different UEs
UL bandwidth DL bandwidth UL bandwidth
TTI TTI
t
DL bandwidth
FDD TDD
14
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Layered
Layered OFDMA
OFDMA Multi-access
Multi-access
15
Layered OFDMA
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Requirements for multi-access scheme
• Support of transmission bandwidth wider than 20 MHz, i.e., near 100 MHz,
to achieve peak data rate requirements, e.g., higher than 1 Gbps
• Coexist with Rel-8 LTE in the same system bandwidth as LTE-Advanced
• Optimize tradeoff between achievable performance and control signaling
overhead
9 Obtain sufficient frequency diversity gain when transmission
bandwidth is approximately 20 MHz
9 Control signaling overhead increases according to increase in
transmission bandwidth
• Efficient support of scalable bandwidth to accommodate various spectrum
allocations
Propose Layered OFDMA radio access scheme in LTE-Advanced
9 Layered transmission bandwidth
9 Support of layered environments
9 Layered control signal formats
16
Layered Transmission Bandwidth (1)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Layered transmission bandwidths
• Layered structure comprising multiple basic frequency blocks
9 Entire system bandwidth comprises multiple basic frequency
blocks
9 Bandwidth of basic frequency block is, e.g., 15 – 20 MHz
• Synchronization Channel (SCH) and Physical Broadcast Channel
(PBCH) transmissions
9 At minimum, SCH and PBCH must be transmitted from the
central basic frequency block
9 SCH and PBCH belonging to the central basic frequency block
are located on UMTS raster
9 Transmission of SCH and PBCH from other basic frequency
blocks is FFS
• Principle of UE access method
9 Both LTE-A-UE with different capability and LTE-UE can camp
at any basic frequency block(s) including narrow frequency
block at both ends
17
Layered Transmission Bandwidth (2)
June 11, e.g.,
Example when allocating continuous wider bandwidth, 2008 100
/ NTTMHz
DoCoMo, Inc.
System bandwidth, Basic bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz Center frequency on UMTS raster
e.g., 100 MHz (on DC sub-carrier, SCH, and PBCH)
UE capabilities Frequency
• 100-MHz case
• 40-MHz case
• 20-MHz case
(LTE)
Example when allocating continuous wider bandwidth, e.g., 70 MHz
Basic bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz
Center frequency on UMTS raster
System bandwidth,
e.g., 70 MHz
UE capabilities Frequency
• 100-MHz case
• 40-MHz case
• 20-MHz case (LTE-A)
Narrow frequency
• 20-MHz case (LTE) block
18
Support of Layered Environments
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Support of layered environments
• Achieves the highest data rate (user throughput) or widest
coverage according to radio environment such as macro, micro,
indoor, and hotspot cells and required QoS
• Adaptive radio access control according to radio environment
• MIMO channel transmission with high gain should be used
particularly in local areas
Indoor/hotspot
layer
Micro layer Adaptive radio
access control
Macro layer
19
Proposals for Uplink Radio Access
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Purpose: Achieve high gain in SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO by
mitigating the influence of multipaths
Î Propose SC/MC hybrid radio access
Purpose: Achieve SC based transmission with low PAPR for UE
with wider bandwidth capability when PUCCH is transmitted in the
middle of the transmission bandwidth
Î Support application of clustered DFT-Spread OFDM transmission
(e.g., REV-080022 (NEC))
Frequency
Basic bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz L1/L2 control
channel region
UE with wider bandwidth capability 20
OFDM Benefits for MIMO Transmission
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
In LTE-Advanced UL, need much higher user throughput and
capacity than those for LTE are necessary particularly in local areas
Î Should adopt UL radio access with high affinity to MIMO
transmission
Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLD) based signal detection is
more advantageous than LTE working assumptions such as Linear
Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) or Serial Interference
Canceller (SIC) for reducing the required received SNR
Î We propose supporting the radio access scheme so that the MLD
based signal detection as well as LMMSE and SIC is applicable
• Reason why OFDM has high affinity to MIMO using MLD
9 In OFDM, only symbol replica at each subcarrier is necessary to
perform MLD because multipaths are mitigated due to long symbol
duration and insertion of cyclic prefix
9 Meanwhile, in SC-FDMA, symbol replicas for respective resolved paths
at each subcarrier are required, bringing about significant increase in
complexity 21
SC/MC Hybrid Radio Access
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Adaptive radio access using MC/SC hybrid to support layered
environments
• Universal switching of MC/SC based access using frequency
domain multiplexing/de-multiplexing
• Optimization of PAPR (coverage) and achievable peak data rate
according to inter-site distance, cell structure, and QoS
requirements
• High affinity to UL MIMO transmission
SC generation
DFT
Switch
Sub- Pulse-
CP
carrier shaping IFFT
insertion
Coded data mapping filter
symbols
S/P
MC generation
22
Layered Control Signal Formats
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Layered L1/L2 control signal formats
• Achieve high commonality with control signal formats in LTE
• Use layered L1/L2 control signal formats according to assigned
transmission bandwidth to achieve efficient control signal
transmission
Examples of layered multiplexing of L1/L2 control signals
Downlink Uplink
Basic bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz Basic bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz
Frequency Frequency
Subframe
Subframe
L1/L2 control
channel region
UE (LTE-A) UE (LTE-A)
UE (LTE) UE (LTE-A) UE (LTE) UE (LTE-A)
23
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Advanced
Advanced Multi-cell
Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Transmission/Reception
Techniques
Techniques
24
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Techniques
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Use of advanced multi-cell transmission/reception techniques
• Advanced multi-cell transmission/reception, i.e., coordinated
multipoint transmission/reception, is to be used to increase
frequency efficiency and cell edge user throughput
• Proposed techniques –
9 Fast radio resource management (i.e., inter-cell interference
coordination (ICIC)) aiming at inter-cell orthogonalization
9 Fast handover at different cell sites
Use cell structure employing remote radio equipments (RREs) more
actively in addition to cell structure employing independent eNB
• RREs are beneficial to both ICIC and fast handover
RREs
eNB
Optical fiber
25
Inter-cell Orthogonalization
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
One-cell frequency reuse
• Baseline is one-cell frequency reuse to achieve high system capacity
Intra-cell orthogonalization
• Achieves intra-cell orthogonal multi-access (multiplexing) in both links as
well as in LTE
Inter-cell orthogonalization
• Although ICIC is adopted in LTE, it only introduces fractional frequency
reuse at cell edge with slow control speed using control signals via
backhaul
• Thus, inter-cell orthogonality will be established in LTE-Advanced to
achieve high frequency efficiency and high data rate at cell edge
W-CDMA LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced
Intra-cell DL (Partially) orthogonal Orthogonal Orthogonal
UL Non-orthogonal Orthogonal Orthogonal
Inter-cell DL Non-orthogonal Non-orthogonal (Quasi)-orthogonal
UL Non-orthogonal Non-orthogonal (Quasi)-orthogonal
26
Fast Radio Resource Management for Inter-cell
Orthogonalization
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Achieve inter-cell orthogonality through fast inter-cell interference
(ICI) management
• Centralized control: ICI management among RRE cells using
scheduling at central eNB
Î Achieves complete inter-cell orthogonality
• Autonomous control (similar to LTE method): ICIC among
independent eNBs using control signals via backhaul and/or air
Î Achieves inter-cell quasi-orthogonality through faster control
compared to LTE to achieve fractional frequency reuse at the
cell edge
RREs
Optical fiber
Autonomous ICI
control
Centralized ICI
control
27
Fast Handover at Different Cell Sites
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Cells using RREs eNB
RRE
• DL: Fast cell selection (FCS) in L1
using bicast in L2/L3
• UL: MRC reception at the central Optical fiber UE
eNB RRE
(a) Cells using RREs
Independent eNBs
• DL: Faster cell selection
compared to LTE, i.e., as fast as
eNB
possible, in L1 using eNB
bicast/forwarding in L2/L3
• UL: Simultaneous reception at
UE
multiple cells (or faster cell
selection than that for LTE)
eNB
(b) Independent eNBs
28
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Enhanced
Enhanced Multi-antenna
Multi-antenna Transmission
Transmission
Techniques
Techniques
29
Benefits of Higher-Order MIMO
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Necessity of higher-order MIMO channel transmissions
Traffic demand in the era of LTE-Advanced
• Requires higher peak frequency efficiency than that for LTE
to satisfy the increased traffic demand in the era of LTE-
Advanced
Î Increased number of antennas directly contributes to
achieving higher peak spectrum efficiency
Local area optimization
• Since LTE-Advanced will focus on local area, higher peak
frequency efficiency also contributes to increase in average
frequency efficiency
• Higher-order MIMO is more practical in local areas
30
Number of Antennas Considered for LTE-
Advanced
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
User throughput is significantly improved according to the
increase in the number of transmitter and receiver antennas, i.e.,
more effective than increasing modulation level
Proposals for the number of supported antennas
LTE (Rel-8) LTE-Advanced
DL Baseline: 2-by-2 MIMO Baselines: 2-by-2, 4-by-2, and 4-by-4
Max: 4-by-4 MIMO according to UE categories and eNB
types (optimization condition is FFS)
Max: 8-by-8 MIMO
UL Baseline: 1-by-2 SIMO Baselines: 2-by-2 and 2-by-4
according to eNB types
Max: 4-by-4(8) MIMO
All LTE MIMO channel techniques should be enhanced and applied
to LTE-Advanced
• MIMO transmission mode control according to different
requirements/targets
• Adaptive rank control according to channel conditions
• Adaptive rate control through modulation and coding rates
• Codebook based precoding 31
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Efficient
Efficient Modulation/Detection
Modulation/Detection and
and Channel
Channel
Coding
Coding
32
Efficient Modulation/Detection and Coding
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Must further reduce required received SNR and increase
frequency efficiency
Applicable techniques:
• Higher-order modulation scheme (FFS)
• Application of maximum likelihood detection (MLD)
based demodulation and signal detection
• Efficient channel coding and decoding for data and
control channels
9 Investigate LDPC code to achieve data rates higher
than 1 Gbps with reasonable decoding complexity,
although backward compatibility should be
considered
33
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Enhanced
Enhanced Techniques
Techniques to
to Extend
Extend Coverage
Coverage Area
Area
34
Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage (1)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
RREs using optical fiber (“sector” belonging to the same eNB)
• Should be used in LTE-Advanced as effective technique to extend
cell coverage
UE
eNB RRE
35
Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage (2)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Relays using radio
• L1 relays with non-regenerative transmission, i.e., repeaters
9 Since delay is shorter than cyclic prefix duration, no additional
change to radio interface is necessary
9 Repeaters are effective in improving coverage in existing cells
9 Should be used as well as in 2G/3G networks
• Use the same (or different) frequency/time resources
• Short processing delay
Interference Amplifier
and noise
eNB Repeater UE
36
Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage (3)
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Relays using radio
• L2 and L3 relays
9 L2 and L3 relays can achieve wide coverage extension via
increase in SNR
9 Problems to be solved are efficient radio resource assignment
to signals to/from relay station, delay due to relay, etc.
• Use different frequency/time resources
• Long processing delay
• Radio resource management at relays (L2 and L3 relays)
Decoding Re-encoding Amplifier
eNB Relay UE
37
Conclusion
June 11, 2008 / NTT DoCoMo, Inc.
Targets for LTE-Advanced
• Minimum requirement is to meet or exceed ITU-R requirements
within ITU-R time plan
• LTE-Advanced targets higher performance than that for LTE
Proposed radio access techniques for LTE-Advanced
• Asymmetric wider transmission bandwidth to reduce network cost
per bit and to achieve required peak data rate
• Layered OFDMA using layered physical channel structure with
adaptive multi-access control to support layered environments and
to achieve high commonality with LTE
• Advanced multi-cell transmission/reception techniques with inter-
cell orthogonalization and fast handover
• Enhanced multi-antenna transmission techniques including higher-
order MIMO channel transmission using larger number of antennas
• Efficient modulation/detection and coding techniques
• Enhanced techniques to extend coverage area such as RREs and
relays using radio including repeaters 38
