DEFINITIONS

BACK PRESSURE: The pressure that is on the outlet side of a component.

BURST PRESSURE: Four times working pressure unless otherwise specified by

customer. Actual burst is when a fracture occurs. Fracture
occurs when the force on the weakest part of a unit reaches the
ultimate strength of the part.

CRACKING PRESSURE:The pressure at which a component starts to open. Circle Seal

Controls definition is 5cc/min air for an elastomer and 0.02 SCFM
for Teflon.

Cv: Flow capability indication commonly accepted by the valve indus-

try. The literal definition is that a component with a Cv of one (1)
can flow one (1) gallon of water with a ∆P of one (1) PSI. The
calculated results from Cv equations must be considered reason-
able approximations only.

DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE ( ∆ P ): Difference between inlet and outlet pressure.

DROOP: The difference between the set pressure of a regulator and the
outlet pressure immediately downstream of the regulator at a
certain flowing condition.

E.S.E.O.D. Equivalent sharp edge orifice diameter. E.S.E.O.D. = 0.236 Cv

LOCK UP: The downstream pressure at which a regulator shuts off.

MEDIA: The gas or liquid that a component will be subjected to.

PROOF PRESSURE: 1-1/2 times the working pressure unless otherwise specified by
the customer. No permanent deformation is allowed at proof
pressure.

RELIEF PRESSURE: The pressure at which a relief valve opens.

RESEAT PRESSURE: The pressure at which a component is closed after it has been
open.

SET PRESSURE: The cracking pressure of a relief valve or back pressure regulator,
the lockup pressure of a regulator, the shut-off pressure of a gage
saver.

SONIC FLOW: Flow is sonic when the ∆P is equal to or greater than 1/2 of the inlet
pressure. Also called choked flow.

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 1

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio of the density of one substance to that of a reference
substance. Reference substance is water for liquids and air for
gases.

SUBSONIC FLOW: Flow is subsonic when the ∆P is less than 1/2 of the inlet pressure.

TRIM: All metal parts in contact with media except the body.

WORKING PRESSURE:Maximum pressure that a component will be subjected to under

normal working conditions.

ZERO LEAK: Standard Circle Seal definition of zero leakage is:

3 x 10-4 scc / sec
0.25 bubbles / min
4 minutes / bubble

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 2

 LIQUID FLOW CV EQUATION

Cv = Q G
∆P

This equation applied to all liquids including cryogenic liquids.

LEGEND

Cv - Flow coefficient
Q - Flow in GPM
∆P - Differential Pressure (Difference between inlet and outlet pressure) in PSI.
G - Specific Gravity (Taken from Properties of Liquids)

EXAMPLE

GIVEN: Flow - 20 GPM of Water

Inlet pressure - 100 PSIG
Outlet pressure - 95 PSIG

FIND THE Cv REQUIRED.

SOLUTION

Q = 20 GPM
Inlet pressure = 100 PSI
Outlet pressure = 95
∆P = 5 PSI
Media = Water
Specific Gravity of Water = 1.0

Cv = Q G = 20 1.0
∆P 5

Cv = 20 x 1 = 8.9
2.24

NOTE

1 GALLON OF WATER EQUALS 8.336 LBS.

1 LB. OF WATER EQUALS .1198 GALLONS

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 3

 GAS FLOW Cv EQUATION
SUBSONIC FLOW

DEFINITION
Flow is subsonic when the ∆P (differential pressure) is less than 1/2 of the inlet pres-
sure.
Cv = Q G
P2 ∆P

LEGEND

Cv - Flow coefficient
Q - Flow in SCFM
∆P - Differential Pressure (Difference between inlet and outlet pressure) in PSI.
G - Specific gravity of Media (Taken from Properties of Gases)
P1 - Inlet pressure in PSIA (PSIG + 14.7)
P2 - Outlet pressure in PSIA (PSIG + 14.7)

EXAMPLE

GIVEN: Flow - 100 SCFM of N2

Inlet Pressure - 100 PSIG
Outlet Pressure - 75 PSIG

FIND THE Cv REQUIRED.

SOLUTION

Q = 100 SCFM N2
Inlet Pressure = 100 PSIG
P1 = 100 PSIG + 14.7 = 114.7 PSIA
Outlet Pressure = 75 PSIG
P2 = 75 PSIG + 14.7 = 89.7 PSIA
∆P = P1 - P2 = 114.7 PSIA - 89.7 PSIA
∆P = 25 PSI
Media = N2
Specific Gravity of N2 = 0.067

Cv = Q G
P2 ∆P

Cv = 100 0.967
89.7 x 25

Cv = 100 x 0.983 = 98.33 Cv = 2.07

2242 47.4

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 4

 GAS FLOW Cv EQUATION
SONIC FLOW

DEFINITION
Flow is sonic when the ∆P (Differential Pressure) is equal to or greater than 1/2 of the
inlet pressure.
Cv = Q G
P1 / 2

LEGEND

Cv - Flow coefficient.
Q - Flow in SCFM.
∆P - Differential Pressure (Difference between inlet and outlet pressure) in PSI.
G - Specific Gravity of Media. (Taken from Properties of Gases)
P1 - Inlet Pressure in PSIA. (PSIG + 14.7)
P2 - Outlet Pressure in PSIA. (PSIG + 14.7)

EXAMPLE

GIVEN: Flow = 100 SCFM of N2

Inlet Pressure = 100 PSIG
Outlet Pressure = 25 PSIG

FIND THE Cv REQUIRED.

SOLUTION

Q = 100 SCFM of N2
Inlet Pressure = 100 PSIG
P1 = 100 PSIG + 14.7 = 114.7 PSIA
Outlet Pressure = 25 PSIG
P2 = 25 PSIG + 14.7 = 39.7 PSIA
∆P = P1 - P2 = 114.7 - 39.7 = 75 PSI
Media - N2
Specific Gravity of N2 = 0.967

Cv = Q _G = 100 0.967 = 100 x 0.9533

P1 / 2 114.7 / 2 57.35

Cv = 1.7

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 5

 CONVERSIONS

LENGTH

1 ft. = 30.48 cm. 1 micron = 10 -6 meter

1 in. = 2.54 cm. 1 millimicron = 10-9 meter
1 micron = 3.937 X 10-5 in. 1 micromicron = 10-12 meter

VOLUME

1 cc = 20 drops oil (approx.) 1 cu in. = 327 drops oil

1 cc = 16 bubbles from = 16.387 cc
MS33656-4 Fitting = 0.5541 oz. fluid
1 ml = 0.06102 cu in. 1 gal. = 3785 cc
= 0.03381 oz fluid = 231 cu in.
1 cu ft = 7.481 gal. = 128 oz fluid
= 1,728 cu in. = 0.1337 cu ft.
= 28,316 cc 1 liter = 0.03532 cu ft.
= 28.32 liters 1 oz. = 29.57 cc
= 1.8047 cu in.

WEIGHT

1 lb. = 453.6 gm.

1gm. = 0.03527 oz.
1 oz. = 28.35 gm.

PRESSURE

1 atm. = 14.696 psi 1 ft H20 = 0.4335 psi

= 29.92 in Hg 1 psi = 27.71 in H20
1 in Hg = 0.4912 psi = 0.06805 atm.
1 in Hg = 13.6 in H20 = 2.309 ft H20
1 in H20 = 0.03609 psi = 2.042 in Hg

TEMPERATURE
°F °C °R °K
°F = (9/5)°C + 32° -459.69 -273.16 0 0
°R = °F + 460 32 0 492 273
°C = 5/9 (°F - 32) 70 21 530 294
°K = °C + 273 212 100 671 492

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 12

COMPARISON OF LEAKAGE RATES IN VARIOUS UNITS

scc/sec scc/min scc/hr bubbles/min time/bubble in3/sec

1 60 3600 960 0.06 sec 0.062
0.0167 1 60 16 3.6 sec 0.001
10-3 0.06 3.75 1 1 min. 6.25 x 10-5
* 3 x 10-4 0.016 1 0.25 4 min. 1.9 x 10-5
3 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-3 0.1 0.025 40 min. 19 x 10-6
10-6 6 x 10-5 3.6 x 10-3 9.6 x 10-4 17.3 hrs. 6.25 x 10-8
** 10-8 6 x 10-7 3.6 x 10-5 9.6 x 10-6 1730 hrs. 6.25 x 10-10

* Standard leakage for “zero leak”.

** Standard leakage for helium leak test.

TO CONVERT CFM TO SCFM

Q = Pstd where Pstd = 14.7 PSIA

Qstd P

GIVEN: Q = 20 CFM
P = 294 PSIA
Qstd = (Q P) / Pstd
Pstd = (20 CFM) (294 PSIA) 14.7 PSIA
= 400 SCFM

TO CONVERT PSI TO INCHES H2O

1 PSI = 27.71 in H2O (60° F)

1 in H2O = 0.03609 PSI

TYPICAL SPECIFIC GRAVITIES

Liquids: Crude Oil .81 to .97

Gasoline .75
Hydraulic Oil - Mineral Base .80
Hydraulic Oil - Phosphate Ester Base 1.10
Hydraulic Oil - MIL-H-5606 .83
Hydraulic Oil - Water Glycol Base 1.05
Kerosene .82
Water 1.00

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 13

TYPICAL SPECIFIC GRAVITIES (Cont.)

Gases: Ammonia .596

Argon 1.379
Carbon Dioxide 1.529
Helium .138
Hydrogen .070
Hydrogen Chloride 1.268
Nitrogen .967
Oxygen 1.105
Air 1.0

Qstd (Air) = M (any gas) x 13.36

G (any gas) x _1 / G (any gas)

EXAMPLE: Convert mass flow (lb/min) of any gas to volume

flow (SCFM) of air.

GIVEN: M (He) = 1 lb/min, G (He) = .138

Qstd = M x 13.36 = 1 x 13.36

G x _1 / Sg .138 x _1 / .138
= 35.96 SCFM (Air)

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 14

 PRODUCT BULLETIN CD-391-L

OXYGEN SERVICE
CAUTION

Charging an oxygen system presents inherent hazards which cannot always be

handled with absolute safety, especially with pressures in excess of 2000 PSI.

This product has been cleaned and must be maintained in accordance with Circle
Seal Controls CSC/CCD 29.20 or better for oxygen service. Materials used have
been determined to be compatible for use with oxygen. Materials (elastomerics,
plastic and other soft substances) have been tested in accordance with MIL-V-
5027D @ 2175 PSI.
Materials and cleaning are sufficient for oxygen service applications to 3000
PSIG per MIL-V-5027D. For oxygen applications over 3000 PSI the user is
responsible for establishing system cleanliness and
operational requirements. Consult with your company’s Engineering/Safety or
Management personnel before using this product.

Extreme CAUTION should be observed when operating this product for oxygen
service. Operate/Turn handle VERY SLOWLY when
charging a system and when venting a system to prevent FIRE and EXPLO-
SION.

System cleanliness must be maintained to prevent ignition causing FIRE and

EXPLOSION.

2301 WARDLOW CIRCLE • CORONA, CA 92880 • TEL: (951)270-6200 FAX: (951)270-6201

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS • ENGINEERING DATA - 15