Outcome based Pedagogic Principles for Effective Teaching

Professor Shyamal Kumar Das Mandal

Center for Educational Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Lecture 02
Accreditation

So in this lectures lecture 2, I will discuss about challenges and needs of 21st century
education so if I say that what are the challenges in 21st century Education.
just see the slide once and then think about-

Let's go to the first point it said how to improve student engagement that means what is the
problem today if you think about 20 years back education system and today's education
system is completely different.

If you see that time when we study or maybe take 20 years back when people are Studying
in specially in engineering education what we thought that just class whatever the
information is delivered in the class and that is syllabus and we have to go to that
Information and to give the exam because that time the information is not that much of
available to our finger trip because the books are very costly in central library there is a few
books are there so resources are not available but think about today all resources are
available in the google.
so we can say after Google the delivering information from or listening information from
some in the classroom it is not required so that time what has happened in the classroom
that every students are a passive listeners and teachers are delivering the information but
today what is required information is available in the Google if I give a lecture on any topic
student can say to say same topic is available in the Google from some and available in the
video lecture available in the web form many kinds of information is available then why
students will come to my class.

so that is the biggest problem is today is total engagement so what is the main problem in
student will given first problem the students are not attending the class ,so that because if
we ask any students you take a survey and ask any student of any Institute why you are not
going to the class they said the maximum class are nothing but a delivering information so
why should I go to the class because information is available in my mobile phone
information is available my desktop computer so gathering information is not required ok
so they are not interested about the class even you may say ok my attendance is mandatory
below 75% attendance I will deregister you or most of the students who are sadly sitting in
the back bench are doing active Facebook sitting in the class.

so whether they are present in the class or absent in the class doesn't matter because they
are bodily present mind absent so student engagement is 0.

so now you may say that today what is happening that everybody says that how much their
you have read to clear this exam whether it is a Btech level whether it is a oners level
whether it is a MSC level whether it is any level of examination today in the systems if you
ask how many days you require to clear the paper they will say some before the exam 7
days is sufficient so if you say even engineering education if I say before the exam seven-
day insufficient to clear the paper all the papers on from semester so if there is a 8th semester
7*8 = 56 day why I require a four-year engineering forum.

so biggest challenge instead of engaging the students only 7 days how I should engage
the students more than 7 days so close the semester I want to engage the students if you say
yes we have teach them and told them to read it now think about the scenario a student
doesn't know before they come to the class what is the topic and how much we'll cover in
the next class so they only know the subject name and some topic list then does not know
next class which topic will be discussed and how much depth will be discussed so they have
not gone through that previously they want to so they come in the class they know ok I have
to figure out how much teacher is covering and how what are the topics so they come in the
class and they write down some notes and I thought okay I will cover in the end of the
semester we'll just clear a meter and I will pass the exam .

So the process needs to be changed so that I can improve the student engagement.
Even even in this one’s students said ok at the end of just before the exam I will collect
some note from the teachers I just remember in that note and give the exam I pass that
Charm then why I require that entire one-year study only seven days note collection
And give the exam and pass the exam.

so I require a education system higher or education process by which I can increase the
student engagement so how to do that in the challenge today's education what teaching
learning process what kind of curriculum I should follow in my class so that students are
engaged throughout the year or whatever the education provide educational time students
nobody has read anything in hostels when the hostel they have never taught it because they
are said okay this is no syllabus this is the coverage I already written down in the note I will
cover it in the in the beginning of the just before the exam and I will give the exam that's
why what is happening if you ask any questions to the students maybe it is in spot in fast
years in the they cannot answer it because then read they have read it for the exam only.

So then the next challenge how to equip students with 21st century knowledge
skill and attitude so the biggest problem you asked us any students it is like given example
of BTech students in the final year you take any student ask them what are the subject you
have study throughout the entire course the student will not only name the subject what of
the subject they have covered think about the skill so what has happened they read it only
for the exam and after the exam they forgot everything but what is required to 21st century
not only the knowledge I have to develop the skill set among the students so knowledge is
not sufficient okay I am remembering the Maxwell wave equation in exam sometime and
after the exam I forgot the natural wave equation that kind of knowledge is not required by
21st century in equation.
we require a knowledge that is skill not knowledge only and aptitude think about these
pictures I will show you one pictures

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Let's this picture you see these pictures I have taken from the net that pictures are taken a
pillow NBA whatever filler will be behind this picture if you see the first picture This picture
this first picture if you see the subjects are carrying the books so I can say the philosophy is
that we carrying the education the purpose of education is not to carry the Integration
purpose of Education is that the education should carry us if you Remember that Tagore
philosophy beginning they go written in one of his book it is there in Bengali it is said
“shikakai amra bohan coriyacholilam bond karate parailam na” that Means to go said that
we carry the Education, education is not carry us so we want an education system where the
education is only that education is novel us to enlightened the society or work in a society
for the betterment.

So if I say that from somebody said that okay I will open a motor driving school where and
teach that how the class work how the gearbox work how when you push the brake when
you push the accelerator all kind of theoretical description I have given and you give that
jump you get next grade in what are driving are you educated person are the purpose of the
education has made there so purpose of that motor driving school education is that I should
able to drive a car in a presser feet to road condition of a Pacific cut pipe so maybe you can
say that within one month you will able to drive app for winner light with light or light when
motor vehicle on this type of Road condition so that is skill that skill is required think about
that when the society are evolving what is the need of us what the purpose for education.

why this education system was developed that time why this education system is exist in
society if you see in any society there are a lot of activity somebody has to make a material
somebody have to make a medicine somebody has to use that medicine for a particular
purpose somebody have to make the cloth somebody have to make the cloth material so
different kind of skill labor is required by the society so it is not that physical labor it may
be mental Labor.

I have to create invented different kind of material which is more useful but I have to skill
I have to better I have to work for betterment of the society so actually society requires
skill labor which may be research which may be development which may be repairing all
kinds of things to sustain that skill things the education system was evolved.

So if I say I am producing a graduate btech engineer in civil engineering I should able to

specify I why this person who is called a civil we take it is not that he has a degree
From Institute A as a civil engineer so what are the skill set a person should acquire to
declare him or to accept when a society that he is a civil engineer so I would develop the
skill set I cannot say I know that many being on civil engineering I know structural design
I know that like that theory that there was was Theory I know how to solve differential
equation, everything I know and once I give him a civil engineering work I say I don't know
how to execute this work so not only the knowledge I require this kill someone that English
one has graduated I am English oners graduate and somebody is calling me right and later
and I am not able to write then download later put of the purpose for education.

Nothing I may have a English 1a certificate in my home but I do I cannot do anything.

So an education required not only the knowledge I have to develop the skill, skill may be a
mental skill maybe a combination skill, skill maybe a psychomotor skill, skill maybe an
acting skill so whatever the skill but that should be skill were shall learner long skill he
never forgot it so then the question will not come that the end of the fourth year program I
am NOT able to spell out the name of the subject.
so how to do that this is the biggest challenge how to do that third challenge how to allow
continuous improvement in curricula by incorporation of incorporation of better educational
resources more effective teaching ensure the outcome of education am side create industry
ready engineer but anyway any field it should create an effective educational system so
suppose I have done something I have a Duke I have educated because I have this discount
so it develop the skill.

so I require a mechanism by which I can continuously improve the curriculum suppose I

have an automobile a while let's write less I taught an automobile a while that engineering
and I'll cover in my syllabus I cover an automobile engine which is already obsolete in the
markets.

so what is the purpose for teaching that automobile engine that will never be reused let's
say I give an example in electronics suppose I start basic electronics from Bihar diode
Penton that with that technology already absolute so I have to improve my curricula not that
ok we have a system core curriculum committee they will design a curricula and that will
run for 20 years after 20 years some somebody some somebody said yes divides division of
curriculum is required and we revise the curriculum and again we set a curriculum that is
not required because day by day technology is changing so we have to revise the curricula
continuously so how do you do that continuous improvement of curricula and also active
resources somewhere today there may be many software which are available which is used
in engineering education if I not cover any of the modern tools and uses the whole purpose
of engineering education will be lost.

so how do I incorporate day to day change in my curricular structures and how do I design
a curriculum which is only reflect the skill which is required by students okay.

So how to do that with one of the biggest challenge next challenge how to ensure
examination system reinforces the teaching and learning if I ask you what is the purpose for
teaching and what is the purpose for evaluation examination system we say yes the purpose
is that we should take a summative mid SEM, end SEM exam and provide a grade to the
students think about is the purpose for examination system is only to provide the grade.
Think about; any analysis any examination suppose if I somebody doctors told me to do
your blood test okay I do my blood test and something is find out some day analyze and
some report is generated what is the purpose for that report what are the loose how to close
the loop the purpose for the report to rectify something in my body best on that evaluation
so it what in the education if I said I am take the evaluation I provide him he X grade and
then it's complete is it compared only no the purpose for examination is to reinforce the
teaching and learning the teaching-learning process which I am follow during the semester
maybe relook from the involution result how many of us examine the paper after providing
the grade many you pass or not but purpose of the examination system is not to provide
grade to the students.

It is the reinforce how to how to design the back feedback system how to reinforce the
teaching and learning so I want to design a systematic evaluation and assessment system
which not only provides the grid this is this is not the primary objective primary objective
is that I have to reinforce the teaching-learning process which I have followed in my class
how to do that.

Next question is how to ensure your lifelong learning biggest problem biggest skill is
required student has to be have a skill or student have a skill by which they can learn by
themselves so everything even spoon spooning to the students that is not the education they
have to know or they have to develop their skill how to learn my own self learning ability.

If I just give him that all information which is called a spoon feeding he cannot do anything
so I had to develop each and individual student skill of self-learning after that 4-year
program the replaced in various industry various places while they have to study by
themselves so they have to track them to know or they have to develop a skill by which they
can grab new material and learn why they are own.

So how to not serve that skill in conventional education system next is how to teach a large
class biggest problem people say best teaching is that one-to-one teaching when private
tutoring that I have teach one student I can see the first contact I can revisit back and forth
go back and forth or go back and forth and I make that learning I have ensured that learning
is happened but today I cannot expect that okay my class there are the only 30 students or
50 students or 20 students there may be a 400 student in my class but does it not why I learn
today so I cannot say that I cannot teach a large classroom.

but we have to think what kind of technology what kind of teaching learning process we
should use so that we can teach a large classroom sort of the problem in large classroom
teaching.

if I think about the problem in large classroom teaching so there may be a 400 students in
my class worth of the students who are sitting in the back bench and sure they are doing
active Facebook and if you stop the mobile, I'm let's allow that nobody is allowed to enter
the lecture hall with mobile yes I can do that but what has happened they will come in the
class and what in a present mind we have said or it is a 400 student class how do I take the
attendance I don't I cannot ensure which student is come in my class and which student is
not come in my class so think about what kind of teaching learning process and technology
tools I can use so that I can ensure or I can scatter to each and every student.

another problem in a large classroom many of the teachers said that first roll the students
are very bright they are following my lecture second roll they are following but it is not that
much acceptation last row we are forgot they will never learn so I'm not active tolerant I
teach for those students I only teach for these students.

if you do that then the problem is those students will be deprived so I want this teaching
why these things happen because every students has its own learning capability and learning
style some student can first equip the concept some student can slow acquit the concept so
in a 400 student class I am saying that I have to scatter to every student of different learning
ability because some students are very good learner also learning style and learning
approaches somebody learning the process is different so how do we scatter two different
kinds of learning style learning approaches and different kind of intellectual capability of
the student in my class.
So what kind of teaching learning process I am adopt so that I can ensure that whatever he's
teaching learning process whatever his capability of learning things yes I am ensure they'll
learn by their own space by they learn by their own methods belong by their own attitude.
so there is a biggest challenge so what about the question I have raised in the slides if you
see that one two three four five six questions after completion of this course I sure you`ll
able or you can say that you get the answer of this six questions so entire course is designed
such a way to give you the answer whatever the issues I have raised in the class how to
improve the student engagement how to equip students with 21st century knowledge skill
and attitude how to improve the continuous curricula improvement reinforced teaching
learning level of learning large how to teach a large classroom so all are the question and
answer will be there during the Entry course.

so I'll give you the answer every call every answer is there teaching learning process
learning methodology curriculum design all are there which will ensure these six
questions okay.

next is that question for engineering Education-

many people say that our engineers are not employable but I think only two questions is
exist what is the full set of knowledge skills and attitudes and and their level of proficiency
for a students should develop as they graduated from any Institute.
so somebody industry said that graduated students of Institute A is not employable in my
industry maybe say let's say then I have to how they solvethis problem to attack this problem
my first question is that let's this industry is not a particular industry full of industry what
kind of skill attitude and knowledge required by a set of industry and up to what level.

so I have to analyze what kind of proficiency of level of skill attitude and knowledge
is where and why the society let's this this mean Society so my job is to produce a manpower
which will be used in society society may include research lab may include company may
include private sector public sector all are included so many people said I require this kind
of job this kind of people who have a dis this skill with this professional saleable secondly
people said yes I require this kind of skill who have a skill this this level.

so once they are and then we can say okay Institute A, I said okay I'm scattered to these
three skill up to this level so industry which we just thought okay this skill is a good for
them they can talk to stick those students so but what is required every industry or I have to
figure out what kind of skill attitude and knowledge and up to what level is required by
today's society here Society means to employ will it to increase the employability of the
students by the industry by the research lab all by the society direct employment or
entrepreneurship whatever what kind of skill is required okay and their level of proficiency
so these questions is answered by three things one is called engineering accreditation
Washington records or NBA what was a criticism says that define the minimum skill should
we acquire by a graduate engineer that means ten plus two plus four years’ engineer that is
defined by the Washington Accords and NBA Guideline.

so once if I say my program is NBA accredited that means my program guaranteed the
minimum skill set required by the students what to becomes a graduate engineer and I ensure
that that is developed on the students.

Then okay this skill set the procedure for development of the skill required by the industry
is fulfilled.

Okay! so in Washington equation in NBA what is they have done them generally define the
scheme but for defining domain-specific skill I am to consult with industry so my opinion
is that if you write down the outcome which students will ml to perform at the end of the
course as a teacher I write down that that is available in open then this can be accessed by
the industry and put their comment ok this kind of outcome is not required I require this
kind of outcome so this is the freedom of academia then change the outcome ok so by three
process that engineering accreditation outcome by sector education and active participation
of industry for defining outcome of Education if this this three thing can be done then I can
say the answer of the first questions is given.

for the second question how do we ensure that students develop their or acquire good skill
so I require a suitable pedagogy or suitable pedagogy for teaching learning process which
is ensure that end of the teaching-learning process student will acquire that desired outcome
so what kind of pedagogy I should follow in my teaching learning process which will ensure
the students will develop the desired outcome at the end of the course.

next question valid, reliable, assessment and evaluation so at the end of the course I have to
certify the student A meet the outcome with the level of proficiency so suppose course air
has a six outcome and at the end of the course I have to certify that out of six outcomes
student a achieve five outcome hundred person and one outcome zero if I able to do that
with a valid and reliable assessment system that is not by today's education like that today
I cannot actually correlate the grade or marks with the students kill a student may get a text
object he can grade 90 percent marks but actual skill how much he developed had a question
mark.

so I required a valid and reliable assessment system by which I'm insured or I can certify
the proficiency level of a queer outcome of the student all details discussed what do you
mean well reliable and this is their assessment and evaluation system will discuss
validity and reliability of assessment and evaluation.

then resource share by Industry, industry said the students of destitute it does not know
anything about business, business software I require the knowledge of this software because
they will be using here to develop this this thing so that's why they are not employable and
if you say only that it is not sufficient industry also has a really take active role energy
should say yes this kind of technology we are using technology is shifting in this paradigm
so they should share their resources to the education Institute so the student can become
mastering using that resources, the resources is not meant for computer classroom they are
they will not read resources educational resources may be unsolved problem may be new
software simulation tools which can have a student version and student can actively work
on their and boots learn something.

so we saw shared by industry that is also important so the question number two can
be a by this three statement so I can say to produce a engineering education or to produce
industry ready engineer in Indian, Indian engineering context this 3 this 3 and 3, 6 process
has to be actively follow there is a role of industry in academia and there is a role of
academia to cooperate in industry Also.
so this cannot be done by organizing a workshop in industry academia collaboration.

This is not Possible, we require a active collaboration between each and every courses with
the industry and continuous feedback it is not one time feedback so I can so that it can
continuous develop upgrade my curricula continuously enrich my curricula so that students
get their desired outcome which is required by time T today's time maybe requirement will
be change if t change so continuously I'm changing the requirement goal of the students
and students are required their skill and their employ so how to do that things I will show
you well teaching learning process and design of curriculum where you can do this thing
actively it is impossible to implement it next question.

so propose teaching learning process that so we want to develop the teaching-learning

process and curricula this is my dream that that will support this objective first objective to
improve student engagement by promoting safe learning so that within limit learner are
allowed to follow their own space and learning style I'll details I will describe in the next
class when we discuss about the framework to equip students with 21st century attached
dude and skill let's example ug engineering student need to take considerably more
responsibility for their own learning then is the case at present learning to learn
communication skill working in a group are two important learning outcome in addition
to domain-specific knowledge.
Continuous improvement in curricula by incorporating better educational resources from
industry domain expert through this framework which will preserve proposes present.

Provide adequate training to faculty member for effective teaching it requires adequate
training to the faculty member to affect how teach effectively not deliver the lectures
coming in the class and delivering some of information that will not effective Teaching.

so provide adequate training to the faculty members for effective teaching train the faculty
member to evaluate the student’s skill using more scientific approach that means how to
ensure the examination system is not only provide grade to the student it is there to reinforce
the teaching learning process and kill the online debates on Course objective.

It is not possible this is what requires of the physically you have to present during the debate
online debate can be possible on course objective teaching learning strategy and evaluation
so this objective which I presented in the last of this core this class those are achievable
those we can say that with my wish that I want to design a teaching learning process or
curriculum design scientific approach core curriculum design and assessment in evolution
system by which those objective is achieved those goals are reached those milestones are
achieved.

So those I want so next class first I define a tradition and then I saw I saw how the outcome
based curriculum design only support to keep fulfill the accreditation process.Okay!
Thank You!