STEM Looc Integrated

Looc Integrated School

School S.Y.
2019-
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 2020

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Cocopel: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husk as a main component

in making a Corrugated Paper

A Thesis Presented

To the Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

Looc Integrated School, Looc Calamba City, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for Research IV

Red Aaron P. Negrite

December, 2019
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Acknowledgement

The researcher would like to thank the following:

To the Principal, Ms. Edwina R. Solano who gave the researcher the

opportunity and support to make this study possible.

To our research teacher, Ms. Janice M. Lee who helped the researcher in

finishing the study, in sharing her wisdom in the field of research and also giving

motivation in finishing the study

To the parents of the researcher who are very supportive in giving moral

and financial support

To the researcher’s colleague who gave the fullest informational support

Above all, the researcher would like to thank the Almighty God for guiding

the researcher to seek knowledge and strength.

- The Researcher
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Dedication

I sincerely dedicated this study to

My Parents

Alfredo A. Negrite and Jennifer P. Negrite

My Siblings

Lean Ervin P. Negrite, Jerico P. Negrite, Katlyn Ann P. Negrite

and Erika P. Negrite

My Friends

Christianjames S. Precilla, Prince Alucard F. Alomia, Mark Rainier S. Laurel,

Carlos Miguel C. Maitim, Kim Marianne A. Casilana, Kate Nicole B. Diamante,

Jamaica H. Balanlay, and Angelica P. Vargas

My Colleague

Sophia Andrea Fernandez

And most of all to our Almighty God

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Table of Contents
Page

TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................i

APPROVAL SHEET......................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................iii

DEDICATION…............................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES……………………………….……………………………..…….vii

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….…viii

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction.................................................................................................1

Background of the Study…………………………………………..………….1

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………...……………2

Statement of the Problem...........................................................................3

Hypothesis..................................................................................................3

Significance of the Study............................................................................4

Scope and Limitation of the Study..............................................................4

Defintion of Terms.......................................................................................4

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Paragis ………............................................................................................6

Free Radicals……………………………………………………………………7
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Antioxidant………………………………..……………………………………..7

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Materials.....................................................................................................9

Procedures................................................................................................11

Research Instrument.................................................................................15

Statistical Treatment.................................................................................15

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Characteristics of Tea,………...................................................................16

Significant difference between the different samples of tea in terms of

taste, color and odor…….....................................................................................19

V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions...............................................................................................22

Recommendations....................................................................................22

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................23

APPENDICES

CURRICULUM VITAE
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List of Tables
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List of Figures
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CHAPTER I

Introduction and Background of the Study

Nowadays, cutting of trees in the Philippine forests became one of the source of

income of the people in the community where trees are available. However, it caused

floods, landslides, and soil erosion, climate change, desertification, and increase of

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. With these Presidential Decree No 953 supported

Republic Act 3571 that prohibits and punishes of cutting, destroying, or injuring of planted

or growing trees, flowering plants and shrubs or plants of scenic values along public roads,

in plazas, parks, and other public places. In support to this law, the researcher decided to

utilize Coconut Husk in making a multi- functional paper.

Coconuts are produced in 92 countries worldwide on about more than 10

million hectares. Indonesia, Philippines and India account for almost 75% of world

coconut production with Indonesia being the world’s largest coconut producer. A

coconut plantation is analogous to energy crop plantations; however, coconut

plantations are a source of wide variety of products, in addition to energy. The

current world production of coconuts has the potential to produce electricity, heat,

fiberboards, organic fertilizer, animal feeds, fuel additives for cleaner

emissions, eco-friendly cutlery, health drinks, etc. (Zafar,2019). Coconut husk has

high amount of lignin and cellulose, and that is why it has a high calorific value of

18.62MJ/kg. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists of cellulose,

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lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium, also it contains

30% fiber that is very useful in creating paper.

Thus, the researcher decided to investigate the ability of Coconut Husk in

making a corrugated paper since it is abundant to the community. This study tends

to help the community in terms of reducing coconut husk that were scattered in

the community and minimize the trees that are cut to create a paper.

Statement of the Problem

The researcher wanted to develop paper out of coconut husk.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

a. What will be the characteristics of paper out of Coconut Husk in making corrugated

paper in terms of:

A1. Texture;

A2. Odor;

A3. Color?

b. What will be the properties of paper out of Coconut Husk in terms of:

B1. Thickness;

B2. Strength?

c. Is there any significant difference between paper out of Coconut Husk?

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Hypothesis

a. There is no significant difference between the Coconut Husk in making a corrugated

paper.

Significance of the Study

This study will contribute to the society and an environmental friendly product

and to consider the researcher will use coconut husk, where it can be used in many ways

and abundant at Sampiruhan, Calamba City. Thus, this study will be conducted by the

researcher to test that coconut husk has a great possibility to make a corrugated paper.

This study would also prevent wasting of Coconut Husk

Thus, this study is significant to the following:

Students. When the study is applied, it will gain knowledge about discovering

useful stuff and it will help them in future field of work.

Future researcher. This may serve as their references in their study

Community. This study will provide necessary information about the benefits

and potential of Coconut Husks for incoming generations and it will serve as their source

of income.

Coconut Husk will be collected by the researcher. This study will benefit to

everyone especially to the citizens of Sampiruhan Calamba City, it will also help lessen
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the problem of shortage of trees in the city by using an alternative component in making

paper.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will produce a multi- functional paper out of Coconut Husk considering

its availability in the community. The researcher will accomplish this study in Looc

Integrated School since this place where we could find the materials needed to create

the product. To make this study work, the researcher gathered 2 Coconut Husks that

will be shred into pieces. The experimentation and data gathering will take a week to

do.

The researcher creates 2 treatments of corrugated paper, the first sample contains

30 grams of Coconut Husk and the last sample contains 50 grams of Coconut Husk.

The samples will be evaluated by 20 people randomly and rated using a 5 point Likert

Scale (5-extremely like, 4- moderately like, 3- neutral, 2- moderately dislike, 1-

extremely dislike)
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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variables

Different concentrations of The characteristics of

Ivy gourd leaves extract: making paper:
a.) Treatment 1- 30 a.) Texture
grams of Coconut b.) Appearance
Husk
The properties of
making paper:

b.) Treatment 2- 50 a.) Strength

grams of Coconut b.) Thickness
Husk

FIGURE 1: PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

Figure 1 shows the effects of the independent to the dependent variables

that between the different amount of coconut husk will greatly affect its appearance

and texture furthermore, it conveys the effect to the properties of making the

corrugated paper such as the Strength and Thickness

Definition of Terms

Coconut Husk- the outer layer of the coconut which will serve as a component in
making a corrugated paper

Coconut Husk- a part of a coconut that is rich in fiber

Corrugated Paper- the product of the study that is made from Coconut Husk

Corrugated Paper- a material that is usually made with trees or any fibrous
materials that is used in school works such as quizzes and activities
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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Coconut

Coconuts are abundantly growing in coastal areas of tropical countries.

The coconut husk is available in large quantities as waste from coconut

production in many areas, which is yielding the coarse coir fibre. The husk

comprises ca. 30 wt.% coir fibres and 70 wt.% pith. Both fibre and pith are high

in lignin and phenolic content. The lignin is typically for monocotyledonous

plants rich in syringyl with appreciable amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units. The

coir fibre is composed for at least one third of Klason lignin while lower

molecular weight phenolics can be found as extractives in considerable

amounts, especially in younger nuts. The thermal behaviour of the original

(chemically unmodified) lignin in the plant tissues at temperatures above

140 °C, where it melts and shows thermosetting properties, has been

investigated. This property of the coconut husk lignin was explored for

application as intrinsic resin in board production, utilizing whole fresh husks.

Based on this concept, a simple and efficient technology has been developed to

produce high strength–high density panels, without addition of chemical

binders. (Peralta, 2003).

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In the study of P. N. E. Naveen et. al. entitled “Experimental Testing and

Evaluation of Coconut Coir/Rice Husk Fiber Reinforced with Polymer

Composites” Coconut coir fiber blended with rice husk reinforced in polyester

composites manufactured by hand lay up method shows better properties than the

other natural fibers and extended many applications due to their low weight, high

strength, and anti-corrosive nature. In this paper, the effect of chemically treated

fibers (silane) on mechanical properties with different volume fractions 5, 10, 15,

20, 25, and 30% is reported. Chemically treated natural fibers show better

mechanical properties than the untreated fibers due to removal of the waxy layer

on the fiber and improvement of the interfacial bond between the fibers and

polyester; after conducting all the treatments, it is proved that silane-treated fibers

give better results than the other chemical treatments. The mechanical

performance of the composite under dry and wet conditions and water absorption

behavior of the composite are investigated by using computerized universal

testing machine. The results finally concluded that 5% volume fraction

composites play the best performance than the other ones because of their

bonding strength and dispersion in the structure of the matrix. (Naveen, 2019).

Coconut waste husks were effectively utilized in this study as a promising

cellulose source for production of purified coir cellulose (PCC) after multiple

treatments, e.g., ultrasonic-assisted solvent immersion, alkaline treatment,

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bleaching, etc. As to upgrade the self-value of coir cellulose based products and

further broaden their applications in light of biorefinery, coir cellulose nanofibrils

(CCNF) with an average diameter of 5.6 ± 1.5 nm were prepared by selection of

a milder TEMPO-mediated oxidation system (TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2,

pH = 4.8) alongside by subsequent ultrasonic treatment. The cellulose nanofibrils

were comprehensively characterized in terms of their functional groups,

crystallinity, morphology, and thermal stability. The potential reinforcement of

CCNFs as a filler for biodegradable PVA based films was investigated and the

main properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and thermal

stability of CCNF/PVA composite films were significantly enhanced especially

when 3% of CCNF (based on dry film weight) was applied. In summarization,

Coir fiber cellulose was effectively isolated and purified by multiple treatments,

coir CNF’s were prepared by mild TEMPO- medicated oxidation and

ultrasonication, and lastly, Coir CNF’s has been applied for effective property-

reinforcement of PVA based films (Shuang, 2019).

The waste biomass has immense opportunities and plenty of potentials to

be an efficient source of renewable energy. Initially, native unripe coconut

husk (NCH) was used as raw material for fluidized bed gasification. Then

NCH was treated with paper and pulp waste water to impregnate metals

present in it for getting enhanced H2 yield in fuel gas. Humidified air was used
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as gasifying medium, which served the purpose of introducing water vapor to

take part in the gasification process. Then after, gasification medium was

retrofitted with CO2, which enhanced both the higher heating value (HHV),

and CO and H2 content in the fuel gas. This research serves the dual benefit

of energy generation and waste minimization. HHV of unripe coconut husk

was investigated and found to be 20.95 MJ/kg. H2 yield and HHV from

impregnated coconut husk (ICH) were obtained as 55.55 vol % and 5.24

MJ/Nm3, respectively at HER 0.1 and gasification temperature of 850 °C in

case of fluidized bed gasification. The GC-MS analysis of fuel oil obtained

from ICH gasification was done to get the information about high yield of fuel

gas as promise product of fluidized bed gasification. All in all, Humidified air

fluidized bed gasification of Coconut Husk with CO2 was performed, Paper

and pulp wastewater was used for metals impregnation onto coconut husk,

Hydrogen content increased in humidified air gasification of treated coconut

husk.

Corrugated Paper

In the study of Latif entitled “Study on the Dynamic Characteristic of

Coconut Fiber Reinforced Composites”, in recent years, the use of natural fibers

as reinforcement in polymer composites have been increase significantly. With

their low cost and high specific mechanical properties, they represent a good,
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renewable and biodegradable alternative to the most common synthetic

reinforcement. The goal of this paper is to determine the mechanical properties

and dynamic characteristics of a proposed combined polymer composite which

consist of a polyester matrix and coconut fibers (also known as coir fibers). The

influence of fibers volume (%) on the mechanical properties and dynamic

characteristic of the composites was also evaluated. Composites with volumetric

amounts of coconut fiber up to 15% were fabricated and they were arranged in

randomly oriented discontinues form. Tensile test was carried out to determine

the strength of material, while experimental modal analysis was executed to

obtain the dynamic characteristics of the composite material. Results were found

that the tensile modulus changes with fiber content. The strength of coconut fiber

reinforced composites tends to decrease with the amount of fiber which indicates

ineffective stress transfer between the fiber and matrix. The stiffness factor also

gives a same effect to the dynamic characteristic of composite where the natural

frequency decreased with increase of coconut fiber volume. However, the

damping peak was found to be increased by the incorporation of fiber. When

higher fiber content of 15% was used, the damping peak shows the maximum

value for almost all the frequency mode. It was observed that the effects of

reinforcing polyester matrix with coconut fibers lead the composites more
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flexible and easier to deform due to high strain values and at the same time

reducing high resonant. (Latif, 2019).

Bibliography

Gvan et. al. (2003). Process for Production of high density/ high performance

borderless boards from whole coconut husk: Part 1: Lignin as intrinsic

thermosetting binder resin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indrop. Date Retrieved:

August, 2019.

Naveen et. al. Experimental Testing and Evaluation of Coconut Coir/ Husk Fiber

Reinforced w/ Polymer Composites.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-7643-6_17. Date

Retrieved: August 7, 2019.

Shuang et. al. (nd). Preparation and Characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from

coconut coal fibers and their reinforcement in biodegradable composite

films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol. Date Retrieved: May 2019; 49-56.

Mondal & Monoi (nd). Investigation on fuel gas production from pulp and paper

waste water impregnated coconut husk in fluidized bed gasifier via

humidified air and

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CO2 gasification.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03

60544219307984?via%3Dihub. Date Retrieved: July 1, 2019; 522- 529.

Latif & Sambu. (nd). Study on Dynamic Characteristic of Coconut Fiber

Reinforced Composites.

http://fazpublishing.com/arnf/index.php/arnf/article/view/2. Date

Retrieved: March 10, 2019

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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

I. Materials

This study will use the following materials

Figure 1. Coconut Husk- the raw Figure 2. Weighing Scale- used

material that will be used to create to measure the grams of
a corrugated paper coconut husk

Figure 3. Oven- used to dry Figure 4. Scissors- used to

the coconut husk cut the dried coconut husk

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Figure 5. Tap Water- used to Figure 6. Sodium

Hydroxide- used to make the
rinse the Cooked Fiber
material soft

Figure 7. Cornstarch- will act as a Figure 8. Blender- used to extract

formation aid, this will help the the raw material and remove
material to stick excess Sodium Hydroxide
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Figure 9. Erlenmeyer Flask- Figure 10. Gloves- used to

squeeze out the coconut husk
used to place the cooked
from the water
coconut husk

Figure 11. Alcohol Lamp- Figure 12. Tripod and Wire

used to give heat that will Gauze- used as holder in
cook the Coconut Husk cooking the Coconut Husk
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Figure 13. Vat- this will be Figure 14. Flat Iron- used to

used as container for the compress the corrugated

cornstarch paper product

Figure 15. Used Paper- used

to make the Corrugated paper
more pulpy
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B. Methodology

Creating of Corrugated Paper

Figure 16. The researcher Figure 17. Place the stripped

shreds the coconut husk coconut fiber under the sun
and allow to dry

Figure 18. Place the sundried Figure 19. Use scissors to cut
Coconut Husks into oven and the coconut husk fiber into
allow it to dry at relatively high strips
temperature
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Figure 20. Weigh 30 grams of Figure 21. Weigh 30grams of

Coconut Husk and prepare for Sodium Hydroxide and 260mL
cooking of water and mix it until the
material cools down

Figure 22. Let it cook until the Figure 23. After cooking, rinse
material becomes very soft the material using tap water to
remove Sodium Hydroxide
content
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Figure 24. Add 300mL of Figure 25. Put the rinsed

water to blender coconut fiber into the blender
and blend it until the fiber
reaches a pulpy consistency

Figure 26. Add 30 grams of Figure 27. Add 50 grams of

Used paper to the blender and cornstarch and 30 milliliters
blend it of water to the blender and
blend it again
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Figure 28. Pour the blended Figure 29. Using the mesh,
Coconut Husk to the vat with collect the coconut husk and
mesh and pour it directly to allow it to drain from the
mesh mixture

Figure 30. After draining, Figure 31. Cover it with cloth

couch the drained pulp into and start it to iron and let it
cloth and prepare for dry overnight
pressing. Remove the mesh
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Testing of Tearing Strength of Corrugated Paper

Figure 32. Two books were Figure 33. The corrugated paper
placed with the same distance were placed between the books

Figure 34. Put coins above the Figure 35. Using Weighing
corrugated paper until the Scale, weigh the coins that
product start to reach the ground makes the corrugated paper
reach the ground
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C. Composition Table

Treatments 1 2

Coconut Husk (grams) 30grams 50 grams

Tap Water 330mL 330mL

(milliliters)

Cornstarch 50 grams 50 grams

Sodium Hydroxide 260mL 260mL

Solution (milliliters)

D. Respondents of the Study

The respondents will be given questionnaires for the evaluation, also, the researcher

will use the purposively sampling to evaluate the future results of the experimentation

which will be conducted by the researcher.

E. Research Instrument

The researcher will use the 5-point likert scale to determine the acceptability of the

ecological paper’s characteristics base to the answers of the respondents. The scale is

presented below:

Scale Descriptive Value

5 Strongly Agree
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4 Moderately Agree

3 Agree

2 Slightly Disagree

1 Disagree

F. Data Gathering

The researcher will gather data to determine the characteristics of the corrugated

paper prior to the answers of the respondents in terms of:

a. Appearance

b. Texture

Likewise, the researcher used T-test for independent sample to get the

statistical result of the gathered data from the respondents. Also, for testing the

thickness, the researcher will use a Vernier caliper to measure the millimeters, then

to measure the strength put small weights (perhaps coins) on the paper one at a time

and record the type of paper, whether it’s tested wet or dry, and how much weight

the paper can hold before tearing.

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Chapter 4
Results and Discussion

A. Characteristics of Corrugated Paper

Table 1 Characteristics of Corrugated Paper in terms of Texture

Treatment Mean Score Descriptive Value

1 4.2 Moderately Agree

2 4.1 Moderately Agree

Table 1 shows characteristics of Corrugated Paper in terms of Texture. It can be

noted that treatment 1 got the highest mean score than the other treatment meanwhile,

treatment 2 got a lower mean score of 4.1 with the descriptive value of Moderately Agree.

This emphasized that treatment 1 is the most favored by the respondents in terms of its

texture.

Table 2 Characteristics of Corrugated Paper in terms of Appearance

Treatment Mean Score Descriptive Value

1 4.5 Strongly Agree

2 4.05 Moderately Agree

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Table 2 shows characteristics of Corrugated Paper. It can be noted that treatment

1 got the highest mean score than the other treatment meanwhile, treatment 2 got a lower

mean score of 4.05 with the descriptive value of Moderately Agree. This emphasized

that treatment 2 is the most favored by the respondents in terms of its appearance.

Table 3 Summary of the Characteristics of Corrugated Paper in terms of its

Texture and Appearance
Treatments Mean Score Descriptive Value

Texture Appearance Texture Appearance

1 4.2 4.5 Moderately Strongly

Agree Agree

2 4.1 4.05 Moderately Moderately

Agree Agree

In terms of texture, treatment 1 with 30 grams of Coconut Husk has the

highest mean score of 4.2 with the descriptive value of Moderately Agree and in

terms of appearance, still treatment 1 got the highest mean score of 4.5 with the

descriptive value of Strongly Agree.

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Table 4. Summary of Properties of Corrugated Paper in terms of Strength

Treatments 1 2
Weight 34 grams 22 grams

Table 4 shows the summary of findings of Properties of Corrugated Paper

in terms of Strength. In terms of its tearing strength, Treatment 1 can hold 34
grams while Treatment 2 can hold only 22 grams.
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Chapter 5
Conclusions and Recommendation
Conclusions

The researcher concluded that Treatment 1 with 30 grams of Coconut Husk

got the highest average weighted mean in terms of Appearance and Texture. Also,

Treatment 1 got the best score in tearing strength which is 34 grams

Recommendations
The researcher conducted an alternative for making corrugated paper out

of Coconut Husk. However, the researcher recommends to the future researcher

that they must have to:

1. Search more information that could help for the improvement of the

study.

2. Try to let the product dry before it took its survey for its sensory

characteristics
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APPENDICES
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Figure 32. The researcher Figure 33. The researcher

preparing for the pressing method prepares to sundry the coconut

of corrugated paper husk

Figure 35. The researcher doing the

survey for the sensory

characteristics of corrugated paper

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Research Timeline

Activity Deadline Persons Involved

Passing of Chapters 1-3 July 30, 2019 Researcher

Research Teacher
Submission of final August 13 Researcher Research
proposal, timeline and Teacher
budget

Experimentation August 14 - December 3 Researcher Research

Teacher Sophia Fernandez
Kaye Christine P. Gamana
Submission of Progress October 2019- December 4 Researcher
report (status of report)
Research Teacher
Finalization of chapter 4 December 13 Researcher
and 5

Finalization of manuscript January 6 to January 24, 2020 Researcher

Submission of final January 27, 2020 Researcher

manuscript
Research Teacher
Revision of final February 10, 2020 Researcher
manuscript
Research Teacher
Oral defense and research February 17 to February 21 Researcher
conference
Research Teacher
Printing of final February 24 to February 28 Researcher
manuscript

Submission of Final March 2 to March 6 Researcher

Paper
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Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husk as a main component in making corrugated

Paper

Name (Optional): ___________________________________ Date: _____________

This questionnaire is designed for this research study in making multi- functional
paper. The information collected will not be used for any uses. The researcher will
appreciate your cooperation and help.

Directions: Please pick a number that best indicate your answer.

Scale Descriptive Value

5 Strongly Agree

4 Moderately Agree

3 Neutral

2 Slightly Disagree

1 Disagree

Treatment Texture Appearance

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 STEM Looc Integrated
Looc Integrated School
School S.Y.
2019-
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 2020

PAGE
39

Red Aaron P. Negrite

043 Caballero St. Sampiruhan, Calamba City

Laguna

Phone Number: 0906-384-5474

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 16 years old

Birthday: August 5, 2003

Citizenship: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Address: 043 Caballero St. Sampiruhan, Calamba City Laguna

Name of Mother: Jennifer P. Negrite

Name of Father: Alfredo A. Negrite

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary S.Y 2016-2020

Looc Integrated School, Looc Calamba City

Primary S.Y 2009-2015

Lingga Elementary School, Lingga Calamba City