MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION
D.Y. Patil Technical Campus, Ambi

D. Y. PATIL POLYTECHNIC

Institute Code: 0996

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2021 -22

TITLE OF PROJECT:
APPLIACATIONS OF RADAR FOR
DEFENSE AND AIR NAVIGATION

Program: E&TC Program code: EJ5I

Course: MAR Course code: 22535

1
 Group Details:

Sr.No Name of group Roll No Enrollment No Seat No

members

01 Kadam Shreya 7 1909960047

02 Gaikwad omkar 8 1909960046
03 Vishnu Hari Kaushik 9 1809960179
04 Wadkar Ritesh 10 1809960062
05 Rajujanere Aniket 11 1509960060

Name of Guide: M.s S.D GARUD

2
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Kadam Shreya. Roll No. 7 of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in E&TC of Institute, D.Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC

(Code: 0996) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject – Microwave and
RADAR. (22535)

for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambi Enrollment No: 1909960047

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

3
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Gaikwad Omkar. Roll No. 8 of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in E&TC of Institute, D.Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC

(Code: 0996) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject – Microwave and
RADAR. (22535)

for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambi Enrollment No: 1909960046

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

4
 MAHARASHTRA STATE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Vishnu Hari Kaushik. Roll No. 9 of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in E&TC of Institute, D.Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC

(Code: 0996) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject – Microwave and
RADAR (22535) for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambi Enrollment No: 1809960179

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

5
 MAHARASHTRA STATE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Wadkar Ritesh. Roll No. 10 of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in E&TC of Institute, D.Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC

(Code: 0996) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject – Microwave and
RADAR. (22535)

for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambi Enrollment No: 1809960062

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Aniket Rajujanere Roll No .11 of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in E&TC of Institute, D.Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC

(Code: 0996) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject – Microwave and
RADAR. (22535)

for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambi Enrollment No: 1509960060

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

7
 INDEX

SR CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO.
1 Introduction 9

2 Applications of RADAR for defense 10-11

3 Applications of Air navigation 12-13

4 Goals of RADAR and Air navigation 14

5 Conclusion & References 15

6 Weekly Progress Report 16

7 Evaluation Sheet 17

8
 INTRODUCTION

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is

basically an electromagnetic system used to detect the location and
distance of an object from the point where the RADAR is placed. It
works by radiating energy into space and monitoring the echo or
reflected signal from the objects. It operates in the UHF and
microwave range.
A radar is an electromagnetic sensor, used to notice, track, locate,
and identify different objects which are at certain distances. The
working of radar is, it transmits electromagnetic energy in the
direction of targets to observe the echoes and returns from them.
Here the targets are nothing but ships, aircraft, astronomical bodies,
automotive vehicles, spacecraft, rain, birds, insects, etc. Instead of
noticing the target’s location and velocity, it also obtains their shape
and size sometimes.

The main objective of radar as compared with infrared and optical

sensing devices is to discover faraway targets under difficult climate
conditions & determines their distance, range, through precision.
Radar has its own transmitter which is known as a source of
illumination for placing targets. Generally, it works in the microwave
area of the electromagnetic spectrum that is calculated in hertz
when frequencies extend from 400 MHz to 40 GHz. The essential
components which are used in the radar.

9
 APPLICATIONS OF RADAR FOR
DEFENSE

1. Used for Air defense: Military radars are used to cover all fixed,
mobile, and transportable 2-D and 3-D systems used in the air
defense mission. JORN is currently the world’s largest air
defense radar.

2. Battlefield, Missile Control, and Ground Surveillance: These

radars also include battlefield surveillance, tracking, fire-control,
and weapons-locating radar systems, whether fixed, mobile,
transportable, or man-portable.

3. Identification of moving target: This is mainly done by a radar

known as Moving Target Identification (MTI). By sensing
Doppler frequencies, MTI radar can differentiate echoes of a
moving target from stationary objects and clutter, and reject the
clutter. Its waveform is a train of pulses with a low PRR to avoid
range ambiguities. What this means is that range measurement
at the low PRR is good while speed measurement is less
accurate than at a high PRR’s.

10
4. Ship Navigation and Safety: High-resolution Shore-based
RADARs are used for beaconing and as an aid of navigation.
During poor visibility due to bad weather conditions, the RADAR
provides safe travel by warning potential threats. They are also
used to find the depth of the sea.

5. Pulse-Compression: This radar is similar to high-range

resolution radar but overcomes peak power and long-range
limitations by obtaining the resolution of a short pulse but with
the energy of a long pulse. It does this by modulating either the
frequency or the phase of a long, high-energy pulse. The
frequency or phase modulation allows the long pulse to be
compressed in the receiver by an amount equal to the reciprocal
of the signal bandwidth.

11
 APPLICATIONS OF AIR NAVIGATION

1. Navigation: These radars consist of ship-borne surface search

and air search radars as well as land-based coastal surveillance
radars. These are part of radar-based fire-control and weapons
guidance systems.

2. Military Air Traffic Control: The military also uses radar for air
traffic control just like the civilian radars. These include
both land-based and ship-borne ATC radar systems used for
assisting aircraft landing, and supporting test and evaluation
activities on test ranges.

3. Fire control radars: These are designed to give the

highest possible precision of both range and bearing. If
these are used for aircraft targets, tracking of the target
may be at least partially automatic. Information from
these sets will be fed into a computing mechanism that
operates the artillery weapons. Fire control radars are
mainly used by the military to get the highest precision in
terms of target acquisition.

12
4. Tracking: This kind of radar continuously follows a single target
in angle (azimuth and elevation) and range to determine its path
or trajectory, and to predict its future position. The single-target
tracking radar provides target location almost continuously. A
typical tracking radar might measure the target location at a rate
of 10 times per second. Range instrumentation radars are typical
tracking radars. Military tracking radars employ sophisticated
signal processing to estimate target size or identify specific
characteristics before a weapon system is activated against them.
These radars are sometimes referred to as fire-control radars.

4. Identification of moving target: This is mainly done by a radar

known as Moving Target Identification (MTI). By sensing
Doppler frequencies, MTI radar can differentiate echoes of a
moving target from stationary objects and clutter, and reject
the clutter. Its waveform is a train of pulses with a low PRR to
avoid range ambiguities. What this means is that range
measurement at the low PRR is good while speed measurement
is less accurate than at a high PRR’s.

13
 GOALS OF RADAR AND AIR NAVIGATION

We can observe different objects around the world. Similarly,

radar-like radio detection and ranging is used to assist the pilots
while flying through fog because the pilot cannot notice that where
they are traveling. The radar used in the airplanes is similar to a
torchlight that works with radio waves in place of light. The
airplane transmits a blinking radar signal and listens out for any
indications of that signal from nearby objects. Once the indications
are noticed, then the airplane identifies something is near & it uses
the time taken for the indications to reach for discovering how
distant away it is. This article discusses an overview of Radar and
its working.

14
 CONCLUSION

Hence, This project shows the applications of radar and air

navigation.

REFRENCES
RADAR - Basics, Types, Working, Range Equation & Its Applications (elprocus.com)

7 Applications of Military Radar Systems - Duotech Services

15
 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

MICRO PROJECT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF GUIDE DATE

1 1st Discussion and finalization of 2021
topic

2 2nd Preparation and submission of 2021

Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review 2021

4 4th Collection of Data 2021

5 5th Collection of Data 2021

6 6th Discussion and outline of Content 2021

7 7th Formulation of Content 2021

8 8th Editing and proof Reading of 2021

Content
9 9th Compilation of Report 2021

10 10th Seminar 2021

11 11th Viva voc 2021

12 12th Final submission of Micro Project 2021

Shreya Kadam
Omkar Gaikwad
Vishnu hari kaushik
Aniket Rajujanere
Ritesh Uttam Wadkar M s S.D Garud

Sign of the student Sign of the faculty

16
 ANEEXURE II

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

AcademicYear:2021 - 22 Name of the Faculty: M S. S.D Garud

Course: Microwave And RADAR Coursecode:22535 Semester: 5

Title of the project: Applications Of RADAR For Defense And Air Navigation
Co addressed by Micro Project:
A: Working of RADAR for defense and air navigation
Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project
Practical Outcome:
1) Applications of RADAR
Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
1) Goals of RADAR for defense and Air navigation
Outcomes in Affective domain:
1. Function as team member
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of 6 for Marks out of 4for

performance in performance in
Sr.No Student Name group activity (D5 oral/ presentation Total out of 10
Col.8) (D5 Col.9)
1 Shreya Kadam
2 Omkar Gaikwad
3 Vishnu Hari Kaushik
4 Ritesh Wadkar
5 Aniket Rajujanere

(Signature of Faculty)

17