This is to certify that Mr. Abhijeet (Roll No ) student of class 12(A), J. N. V HAZARIBAGH has successfully completed research in below given project under the heading [SETTING OF GEMENT] during the academic session of 2020-21 under the guidance — of our respected Chemistry Faculty Mr. SK PRASAD. , \* Signature of Principal : signature of Teacher. :i HK HK EK HEEK HEKHHEKHHEEHHE KE HEHEEEHEHEHEHEHEHEHE NE AGKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my immense gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Mr SK PRASAD , for the help and guidance he provided f or completing the investigatory project. (also thank my parents who gave their ideas and input in making this project. Most of all | thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly | would like to thank my schoolmates who have rendered and done this project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful. :~ ABHIJEET KUMNAR JAISWAL HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEED HEHEHE DE HSE HE DEDEDE SESE DE DHE HE DEDEDE SESE DEDEDE DEDEDE DEDEDE DE DEH HE DEDEDE HE DEDEDE HE DEDEDE HEHE DEDEDE HEE AKKKKKKKKKKKK HH MHH KK HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHI HHH HHH III IIH Estakstatatatatatatatatatakatatetekakatskakakatekakakskakakatetatatetetetatetetatatetat petsINDEX OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS AIM THEORY APPARATUS REQUIRED CHEMICAL REQUIRED PROCEDURE OBSERVATION RESULT PRECAUTION BIBLIOGRAPHYINTRODUCTION In the most general sense of the world, CEMENT is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The world *CEMENT* traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later ref erred to as cementum , cimentum, ceament and cement. The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete. The bonding of natural or artificial aggregate to form a strong building material that is durable in the face of normal environment ef f eects.PORTLAND CEMENT Gement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C ina kiln, in a process known as caleinations, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxideis liberated from the caleium carbonate to form caleium oxide or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix. The resulting hard substance, called ‘clinker’, is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement and water. Asa construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired and once hardened, can become a structural (load baering) element. Portland cement may be gray or white.CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS USING CEMENT Gement used in construction is characterised as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (eg. Portland cement) harden because of hydration chemical reactions that occurs independently of the mixture’s water content; they can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non-hydraulic cements (eg. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strengthGement used in construction is characterised as hydraulic or non~hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (eg. Portland cement) harden because of hydration chemical reactions that occurs independently of the mixture’s water content: they can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non hydraulic cements (eg. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.EXPERIMENT AIM: To study the setting of mixture of cement with sand, lime and fly ash with respect to time, APPARATUS: Beaker, glass rod, weight, match box, beakers. GHEMIGALS: Cement, river sand, fly ash, limeTheory EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR Sand obtained from dif ferent sources has dif ferent qualities. For example, Sea sand obtained from sea contair unwanted salts and retards setting of cement and is not suitable for making mortar. On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits in the soil and the River sand obtained from riverbed is considered excellent for preparing morta and concrete. EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR Time has an important role on strength of developed cengir mortar. When a cement paste in the ratio 1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the strength of solid mass keeps on increasing with increase in time given for setting. It acquirea nearly full strength in 28 days.PROCEDURE 1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in Observation table. 2. Take each of the given mixtures in dif ferent beaker sand prepare their pastes by adding minimum amount of water. 3. Take three cases of empty match boxes and mark them from 1 to 3. 4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each composition. 5. Spray water from time to time over the paste to keep it moist. 6. After three days, take out one slab of each composition and test their strengths.OBSERVATION TABLE Minimum weight required to break the slab after S. NO| COMPOSITION 3 7 OF MIXTURE DAYS DAYS Cement: river sand 1: 3 Cement: river sand fly ash 2:9:1 Cement: river 3 sand lime 1:3:1 CONCLUSION : The strength of slab Strength of slab increases with increase in Setting time allowed.PRECAUTIONS 1. Handle the glass wares safely. 2. Allow the time required to set. 3. Spray only required amount of water. BIBLIOGRAPHY: - WIKIPEDIA - NCERT . PROJECTS. CBSE