CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the findings of the study, the analysis, and the

interpretation of data presented in graphical and tabular form.

Respondent's Profile

Table 1.1
Age of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage
17 1 2%
19 2 4%
21 4 8%
22 4 8%
23 6 12%
24 6 12%
25 3 6%
26 3 6%
27 3 6%
28 2 4%
30 3 6%
31 2 4%
32 5 10%
34 1 2%
36 1 2%
37 1 2%
41 1 2%
47 1 2%
56 1 2%
TOTAL 50 100%
(N=50)

Table 1.1 shows the age of the respondents. As presented in table 1.1,

majority of the respondents are 23 and 24 years old who got 6 or 12%, and 5 or 10%

of the respondents are 32 years old, and 4 or 8% of the respondents are 21 and 22

years old. Meanwhile, 3 or 6% of the respondents are 25, 26, 27, and 30 years old, 2

or 4% of the respondents are 19, 28, and 31 years old. While 1 or 2% of the

respondents are 17, 34, 36, 37, 41, 47, and 56 years old.

According to the Labajo (2010), the age differences among Filipinos

affect and predict their alcohol consumption. According to a World Health

Organization (WHO) study, people between the ages of 15 and 21 consume more

than 3.75 liters of alcoholic beverages than people between the ages of 25 and 40.

When the Train Law was passed, it revolutionized the drinking culture, lowering the

consumption of younger people and reducing the number of drinkers aged 15 to 21

years old by 78 percent, resulting in an improvement and reduction of hyphenated

crimes in that age group.

Table 1.2

Sex of the Respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage

Female 26 52%

Male 21 42%

LGBT 3 6%

TOTAL 50 100%

(N=50)

Table 1.2 shows the sex of the respondents. As presented in table 1.1,

majority of the respondents are female who got 26 or 52%, while the 21 or 42% of

the respondents are male, and 3 or 6% of the respondents are LGBT.

Based on the study of Richard W. Wilsnack et al. (2009), despite changing

tastes in alcohol, men still outnumber women in drinking and high-volume drinking.

But, based on the data presented women are the majority of the drinker of alcohol

and beverages in the study. It shows that gender ratios may vary over time.

Table 1.3
Highest Educational Attainment of the Respondents
Highest Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage
Elementary Undergraduate 1 2%
College Student 1 2%
High School Undergraduate 2 4%
High School Graduate 9 18%
Vocational, Technical Courses 10 20%
College Graduate 27 54%

TOTAL 50 100%
(N=50)

Table 1.3 shows the age of the respondents. As presented in table 1.1,

majority of the respondents are college graduate who got 27 or 54%, the 10 or 20%

of the respondents are vocational or techinical courses. While the 9 or 18% and 2 or

4% are high school graduate and high school undergraduare, respectively.

Meanwhile, the 1 or 2% of the respondents are elementary graduate and college

students.

Educational attainment has a negative link with risky drinking, according to

Lynch and Carslon (2013), however this relationship is likely due to selection. Non-

college attendees drink more and have more problems than college students before,

during, and after the average college years. But, based on the data presented

college students are the majority of the drinker of alcohol and beverages in the study.

It shows that the relationship of gender to the consumption of alcohol consumption is

likely due selection.

The Effects of Changes of Price and Taxes in Alcohol Beverages

Table 2.1
The Effects of Changes of Prices and Taxes in Alcohol and Beverages to Business
Owners
Std.
Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation
Deviation
Expected profit 50 4.14 High 9.036961141

Number of consumers 50 4.06 High 7.505553499

Strenuous number of consumers 50 3.98 High 8.660254038

Exclude alcohol beverages 50 3.72 High 7.615773106

Sudden Changes in their sale 50 4.06 High 9.082951062

Total Weighted Mean 3.992 Total Std. Deviation 8.380298569

 Table 2.1 shows the effects of changes of prices and taxes in alcohol and

beverages to business owners. As presented in table 2.1, all the statements;

expected profit, number of consumers, strenous number of consumers, exlude

alcohol beverages and sudden changes in ther sale got a verbal interpretation of

high, with a mean of 4.14, 4.06, 3.98, 3.72, and 4.06, respectively. The statement

expected profit got the highest mean which is 4.14. The statement sudden changes

in their sale got the highest standard deviation with a number of 9.082951062, which

indicates a relatively high variation. The data are spread out over a large range of

values. Meanwhile, the total weighted mean is 3.992 with verbal interpretation of

High.

Based on the study ofrennan et al (2009), since the article is primarily

concerned with estimating the health effects of a minimum unit price. The authors

use unit values generated by dividing expenditure on each drink by quantity in

alcoholic units. The cut-off for “low” price alcohol is £0.30 per unit for off-trade alcohol

and £0.80 per unit for on-trade alcohol. Which is relatively to the study that expected

profit was affected by the changes of price and taxes in alcohol beverages.

Table 2.2
The Effects of Changes of Prices and Taxes in Alcohol and Beverages to
Consumers
Std.
Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation
Deviation
Alcohol beverages consumption 50 4 High 7.187952884
Frequency of purchase 50 3.9 High 6.557438524
Consumer converted into different
50 4.04 High 7.416198487
alcoholic brand

Buying decision 50 4.02 High 7.593857167

Purchase demand 50 4.08 High 8.266397845

Total Weighted Mean 4.008 Total Std. Deviation 7.404368981

 Table 2.2 shows the effects of changes of prices and taxes in alcohol and

beverages to consumers. As presented in table 2.2, all the statements; alcohol

beverages consumption, frequency of purchase, consumer converted into different

alcholic brand, buyig decision and purchase demand got a verbal interpretation of

high, with a mean of 4, 3.9, 4.04, 4.02 and 4.08, respectively. The statement

purchase demand got the highest mean which is 4.08, and got the highest standard

deviation with a number of 8.266397845, which indicates a relatively high variation.

The data are spread out over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total weighted

mean is 4.008 with verbal interpretation of High.

According to a study, he analyzed Swedish alcohol retail data from 1984 to

1994 to assess the effects of a change in the alcohol duty rates on alcohol quantity

and quality demand, based on a study by Gruenewald et al. (2006). System bola get,

Sweden's alcohol regulator, modified the structure of charges in 1992, such that

beverages were charged based on alcoholic strength rather than a percentage of

pre-tax price. Relatively, purchase demand in the study got a verbal interpretation of

high. Related to the study that purchase demand was affected by the changes of

price and taxes in alcohol beverages.

Table 2.3
The Effects of Changes of Prices and Taxes in Alcohol and Beverages to
Government Revenues
Std.
Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation
Deviation
Revenue of the local government 50 4.28 Very High 9.451631253

Progress of the local

government projects due 50 4.24 Very High 9.746794345
to taxation.

Status of the community

50 4.18 High 9.255628918
due to taxation.

Collection of taxes willfund

50 4.18 High 10.40833
potential projects ofgovernment
Corruption cases 50 4.10 High 8.660254038

Total Weighted Mean 4.196 Total Std. Deviation 9.50452771

 Table 2.3 shows the effects of changes of prices and taxes in alcohol and

beverages to government revenues. As presented in table 2.3, majority of statements

including status of the community due to taxation, collection of taxes will fund

potential projects of government, and corruption cases got a verbal interpretation of

high, with a mean of 4.18, 4.18, and 4.10, respectively. While the statements,

revenue of the local government and progress of the local government projects due

to taxation, got 4.28 and 4.24, respectively, with a verbal interpretation of very high.

The statement status of the community due to taxation got the highest mean which is

4.28, and collection of taxes will fund potential projects of government got the highest

standard deviation with a number of 10.40833, which indicates a relatively high

variation. The data are spread out over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total

weighted mean is 4.196 with verbal interpretation of High.

According to Gale et al. (2016), changes in individual income taxes have an

impact on long-term economic growth. A tax change's structure and finance are

crucial to attaining economic growth. Tax cuts may motivate individuals to work,

save, and invest, but they do not finance the tax cuts, and they will almost certainly

result in an increase in the government budget deficit, which will limit the direct

impact of growth in the long run. Relatively, collection of taxes will fund potential

projects of government in the study got a verbal interpretation of high. Related to the

study that collection of taxes will fund potential projects of government was affected

by the changes of price and taxes in alcohol beverages.

Table 2.4

The Effects of Changes of Prices and Taxex in Alcohol and Beverages to Health

Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation Std. Deviation

Choosing of alcohol
50 3.98 High 7.416198487
content on the beverage’s
Number of alcohol health risk
50 4.16 High 8.888194417
concern.

Reported consumption of
50 4 High 6.350852961
alcohol beverages
Health consequences. 50 4.04 High 7.505553499
Lessen of alcohol
50 3.98 High 8.386497084
consumption.

Total Weighted Mean 4.032 Total Std. Deviation 7.70945929

Table 2.4 shows the effects of changes of prices and taxes in alcohol and

beverages to Health. As presented in table 2.4, all the statements; choosing of

alcohol content on the beverage’s, number of alcohol health risk concern, reported

consumption of alcohol beverages, health consequences and lessen of alcohol

consumption got a verbal interpretation of high, with a mean of 3.98, 4.16, 4, 4.04,

and 3.98, respectively. The statement number of alcohol health risk concern got the

highest mean which is 4.16, and got the highest standard deviation with a number of

8.888194417, which indicates a relatively high variation. The data are spread out

over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total weighted mean is 4.032 with verbal

interpretation of high.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), from

2002 to 2006, alcohol was responsible for 30% of recorded deaths (an average of

271) every year. In addition, around 308,000 people in the state needed but did not

receive alcohol treatment. Relatively, number of alcohol health risk concern in the

study got a verbal interpretation of high. Related to the study that number of alcohol

health risk concernt was affected by the changes of price and taxes in alcohol

beverages.

Suggested Measures to Minimize Health Risk Due to Continuous Consumption

of Alcohol and Beverages

Table 3.1
Suggested Measures to Minimize Health Risk Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcohol
and Beverages by DOH

Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation Std. Deviation

Conduct seminar about

alcoholic beverages and how it 50 4.40 Strongly Agree 12.26104944
affects consumer health.
Label all alcoholic beverages
50 4.30 Strongly Agree 10.78579312
with a warning picture.
The continuous consumption of
alcoholic beverages may
50 4.36 Strongly Agree 12.17921727
induce stroke or other health
problems.
Promote awareness by raising
campaigns in related to health
risk due to continuous 50 4.48 Strongly Agree 13.10216267
consumption of alcoholic
beverages.
Strictly implement restrictions
in minimize health risk due to
50 4.50 Strongly Agree 12.50333289
continuous consumption of
alcoholic beverages.
Total Weighted Mean 4.408 Total Std. Deviation 12.16631108

Table 3.1 shows the suggested measure to minimize health risk due to

continuous consumption of alcohol and beverage by DOH. As presented in table 3.1,

all the statements; conduct seminar about alcoholic beverages and how it affects

consumer health, label all alcoholic beverages with a warning picture, the continuous

consumption of alcoholic beverages may induce stroke or other health problems,

promote awareness by raising campaigns in related to health risk due to continuous

consumption of alcoholic beverages, and strictly implement restrictions in minimize

health risk due to continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages got a verbal

interpretation of strongly agree with a mean of 4.40, 4.30, 4.36, 4.48 and 4.50,

respectively. The statement strictly implement restrictions in minimize health risk due

to continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages got the highest mean which is

4.50, and promote awareness by raising campaigns in related to health risk due to

continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages got the highest standard deviation

with a number of 13.10216267, which indicates a relatively high variation. The data
 are spread out over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total weighted mean is

4.408 with verbal interpretation of strongly agree.

According to Allysa Nievera (2019), Health Undersecretary Rolando Enrique

Domingo, raising the excise tax is the most efficient approach to reduce alcohol and

cigarette usage. Increasing the excise tax is also a win-win approach for raising

funds for universal health care while also discouraging people from using sinful

products. Relatively, strictly implement restrictions in minimize health risk due to

continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages in the study got a verbal

interpretation of strongly agree. Related to the study that strictly implement

restrictions in minimize health risk due to continuous consumption of alcoholic

beverages was influenced by the changes of price and taxes in alcohol beverages.

Table 3.2
Suggested Measures to Minimize Health Risk Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcohol
and Beverages by DepEd
Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation Std. Deviation
Less consumption of alcoholic
beverage may strengthen the
50 4.56 Strongly Agree 14.0118997
policy for minors to stop in
buying and drinking alcohol.
Have a warning sign on
consumption about alcohol to 50 4.50 Strongly Agree 13.77195217
the pupils at school.
Limit the consumption of liquor
50 4.46 Strongly Agree 12.86468033
to the minor student.
Promote awareness by raising
campaigns in different schools
related to health risk due to 50 4.50 Strongly Agree 12.50333289
continuous consumption of
alcoholic beverages.
Conduct seminars for the
students in relationwith the
health risk due to continuous 50 4.40 Strongly Agree 10.40833
consumption of alcoholic
beverages.
Total Weighted Mean 4.484 Total Std. Deviation 12.71203902

Table 3.2 shows the suggested measure to minimize health risk due to

continuous consumption of alcohol and beverage by DepEd. As presented in table

3.2, all the statements; less consumption of alcoholic beverage may strengthen the
 policy for minors to stop in buying and drinking alcohol, have a warning sign on

consumption about alcohol to the pupils at school, limit the consumption of liquor to

the minor student, promote awareness by raising campaigns in different schools

related to health risk due to continuous consumption of alcoholic beverages, and

conduct seminars for the students in relationwith the health risk due to continuous

consumption of alcoholic beverages got a verbal interpretation of strongly agree with

a mean of 4.56, 4.50, 4.46, 4.50, and 4.40, respectively. The statement less

consumption of alcoholic beverage may strengthen the policy for minors to stop in

buying and drinking alcohol got the highest mean which is 4.56, and got the highest

standard deviation with a number of 14.0118997, which indicates a relatively high

variation. The data are spread out over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total

weighted mean is 4.848 with verbal interpretation of strongly agree

Balsa et al. (2011) investigate the impact of alcohol consumption on high

school students' learning quality. Although some studies have looked into the

relationship between alcohol consumption and school years, little is known about the

impact of adolescent drinking on the process and quality of learning for those who

stay in school. Relatively, less consumption of alcoholic beverage may strengthen

the policy for minors to stop in buying and drinking alcohol in the study got a verbal

interpretation of strongly agree. Related to the study that less consumption of

alcoholic beverage may strengthen the policy for minors to stop in buying and

drinking alcohol was influenced by the changes of price and taxes in alcohol

beverages.

Table 2.1
Suggested Measures to Minimize Health Risk Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcohol
and Beverages by WHO
Statements N Mean Verbal Interpretation Std. Deviation
Promotes sobriety check points
and conduct random breath- 50 4.34 Strongly Agree 9.291573243
testing.
Setting policies regarding
50 4.56 Strongly Agree 14.18919777
drinking in public places or at
official public agencies’
activities and functions.
Reducing or stopping
subsidiary effects to economic
50 4.32 Strongly Agree 8.082903769
operators in the area of
alcohol.
Strictly monitor the
consumption of alcohol 50 4.50 Strongly Agree 12.50333289
beverages.
Raise voices through
campaigns with different 50 4.36 Strongly Agree 9.073771726
departments around the world.
Total Weighted Mean 4.416 Total Std. Deviation 10.62815588

Table 3. shows the suggested measure to minimize health risk due to

continuous consumption of alcohol and beverage by WHO. As presented in table 3.2,

all the statements; promotes sobriety check points and conduct random breath-

testing, setting policies regarding drinking in public places or at official public

agencies’ activities and functions, reducing or stopping subsidiary effects to

economic operators in the area of alcohol, strictly monitor the consumption of alcohol

beverages, and raise voices through campaigns with different departments around

the world got a verbal interpretation of strongly agree with a mean of 4.34, 4.56, 4.32,

4.50, and 4.36 respectively. The statement setting policies regarding drinking in

public places or at official public agencies’ activities and functions got the highest

mean which is 4.56, and got the highest standard deviation with a number of

14.18919777, which indicates a relatively high variation. The data are spread out

over a large range of values. Meanwhile, the total weighted mean is 4.416 with verbal

interpretation of strongly agree

The evidence reviewed by Colon and Rao (2014) has demonstrated the

effectiveness of taxes and price measures in reducing alcohol-related public health

issues. Indeed, the World Health Organization (WHO) included taxing and pricing

control measures among the policies proposed in its Global Strategy to Reduce the

Harmful Use of Alcohol as a result of this understanding. As a result of this increased

understanding, public health officials and non-economist supporters for alcohol

control policies are increasingly supporting alcohol taxing and price regulations.

Relatively, setting policies regarding drinking in public places or at official public

agencies’ activities and functions, reducing or stopping subsidiary effects to

economic operators in the area of alcohol in the study got a verbal interpretation of

strongly agree. Related to the study thatsetting policies regarding drinking in public

places or at official public agencies’ activities and functions, reducing or stopping

subsidiary effects to economic operators in the area of alcohol was influenced by the

changes of price and taxes in alcohol beverages.

Significance Difference between Respondents’ Profile and Effects of Changes

in Alcohol Prices and Taxes to Business

Table 4.1

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Effects of Changes in Alcohol Prices

and Taxes to Business Owners

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.0153 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.1 discloses if there is any significance difference between

respondets’s profle and effects of changes in alcohol prices and taxes to business

owners.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.0153, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the effects of changes in alcohol

prices and taxes to business owners.

 Table 4.2

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Effects of Changes in Alcohol Prices

and Taxes to Consumers

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.6700 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.2 discloses if there is any significance difference between

respondets’s profle and effects of changes in alcohol prices and taxes to consumers.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.6700, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the effects of changes in alcohol

prices and taxes to consumers.

Table 4.3

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Effects of Changes in Alcohol Prices and
Taxes to Government Revenue

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.4894 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.3 discloses if there is any significance difference between

respondets’s profle and effects of changes in alcohol prices and taxes to government

revenue.
 Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.4894, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the effects of changes in alcohol

prices and taxes to government revenue.

Table 4.4

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Effects of Changes in Alcohol Prices and
Taxes to Health

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.0387 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.4 discloses if there is any significance difference between

respondets’s profle and effects of changes in alcohol prices and taxes to health.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.0387, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the effects of changes in alcohol

prices and taxes to health.

Table 4.5

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Suggested Measures to Minimize Health

Risk to Consumer Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcoholic Beverage of DOH

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.1119 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.5 discloses if there is any significance difference between respondets’s profle

and suggested measures to minimize health risk to consumer due to continuous

consumption of alcohol beverages of DOH.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.1119, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the suggested measures to minimize

health risk to consumer due to continuous consumption of alcohol beverages of DOH

Table 4.6

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Suggested Measures to Minimize Health

Risk to Consumer Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcoholic Beverage of WHO

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.2155 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.6 discloses if there is any significance difference between respondets’s profle

and suggested measures to minimize health risk to consumer due to continuous

consumption of alcohol beverages of WHO.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.2155, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the suggested measures to minimize

health risk to consumer due to continuous consumption of alcohol beverages of

WHO.
 Table 4.7

Significance difference of Respondents' Profile and Suggested Measures to Minimize Health

Risk to Consumer Due to Continuous Consumption of Alcoholic Beverage of DepEd

Chi-Test
Decision Remarks
x²

0.0745 Accept Null Hypothesis No Significant Difference

Table 4.7 discloses if there is any significance difference between respondets’s profle

and suggested measures to minimize health risk to consumer due to continuous

consumption of alcohol beverages of WHO.

Whether to accept the null hypothesis or reject, if the chi-test (x ²) is greater

than the confidence level of 1%, accept the null hypothesis. Otherwise, reject the null

hypothesis. The test result agrees with the null hypothesis with a chi-test value of

0.0745, greater than the confidence level. It means that there is no significant

difference between the respondent’s profile and the suggested measures to minimize

health risk to consumer due to continuous consumption of alcohol beverages of

DepEd.