BCT SEM - 4 B.

ARCH YEAR 2
RUSHITA PATEL 193521050012
KIRTI RATHOD 193521050017
 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device

which, by the principles of
electromagnetic induction, transfers
electrical energy from one electric
circuit to another, without changing
the frequency.
Transformer Transformers either
increases or decreases AC voltage.
Transformers are used to meet a
wide variety of needs.

RUSHITA PATEL193521050012
KIRTI RATHOD 193521050017
 INTRODUCTION
• The transformer is a static device which is used to transfer electrical energy from one ac
circuit to another ac circuit.
• Input to a transformer and output from a transformer both are alternating quantities (AC).
• Electrical energy is generated and transmitted at an extremely high voltages. The voltage is to
be then reduced to a lower value for its domestic and industrial use.
• This is done by using a transformer.
• It works on the Michal Faradays law of Electromagnetic Mutual Induction.
• The power transmission system using transformers is shown in figure.
• When the transformer changes the voltage level, it changes the current level also.
PRINCIPLE
It works on the principle of Electromagnetic Mutual
Induction.

ELECTROMAGNETIC MUTUAL INDUCTION:

When the current is provided to the Primary Winding it
behaves as electromagnet due to this the EMF is induced
in the Secondary winding as it comes in the area having
magnetic field lines due to primary Winding.

Vs = Ns.dΦ/dt
Vs = Secondary Winding Voltage
Ns = Secondary Winding Turns .
• The primary winding is connected to the single – phase ac supply, an ac current starts flowing
through it.
• The ac primary current produces an alternating flux (Ф) in the core.
• Most of this changing flux gets linked with the secondary winding through the core.
• The varying flux will induce voltage into the secondary winding according to the faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction.
• Voltage level change but frequency i.e. time period remains same.
• There is no electrical contact between the two winding, an electrical energy gets transferred from
primary to the secondary.
• A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the
secondary winding.
• Energy is coupled between the windings by the time varying magnetic flux that passes through(
links) both primary and secondary windings.
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

• The Most important parts of a transformer are the windings (coils) and the core.
• Some other parts such as suitable tank, conservator, bushings, breather, explosion vent
etc. are also used along with the core and windings.
 CORE TYPE

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER BASIS OF SHELL TYPE

CONSTRUCTION

• The transformer are of different SPIRAL CORE

types depending on the
arrangement of the core and the
winding as follows. SET UP

 Core Type
 Shell Type TRANSFOMERS BASIS OF SET DOWN
WINDING
 Berry Type
• The magnetic core is a stack of
ISOLATION
thin silicon-steel laminations about
0.35 mm thick for 50 Hz
transformer. In order to reduce the OIL FILLED
SELF COOLING
eddy current losses, these
laminations are insulated from one BASIS OF OIL FILLED
COOLENT WATER
another by thin layers of varnish. MATERIAL USED COOLED

AIR BLAST
BASIS OF CONSTRUCTION

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER: Its core has two limbs .The windings are wounded on two limbs
of the core material.

SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER: Its core has three limbs and two windows. Both the windings
are wounded on the central limb.(one over the other)

SPIRAL CORE TRANSFORMER: The core constructed is similar to wheels of spokes. The
windings are wounded these spokes like structure.
Sr. Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer
No
1. The core has only one The core has two windows.
window.
2. Winding encircles the Core encircles the windings.
core.
3. Cylindrical windings are Sandwich type windings are
used. used.
4. Easy to repair. It is not so easy to repair.
5. Better cooling since Cooling is not very effective.
more surface is exposed
to the atmosphere.
BASIS OF WINDINGS

STEP UP TRANSFORMER: The no of windings on Primary side is less than the no. of
windings on the secondary side. Np < Ns

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER: The no. of winding on Primary side are more than the no.
of windings on the secondary side. Np > Ns

ISOLATION TRANSFORMER: The no. of winding on Primary side are equal to the no. of
windings on the secondary side. Np = Ns
 BASISOF COOLANT
OIL FILLED SELF COOLING: Oil filled self cooled type uses small and medium-sized distribution
transformers. The assembled windings and core of such transformers are mounted in a welded, oil-tight
steel tanks provided with a steel cover.. The oil helps in transferring the heat from the core and the
windings to the case from where it is radiated out to the surroundings.

OIL F I LLED WATER COOLED: This type is used for much more economic construction of large
transformers. The cooling coil is mounted near the surface of the oil, through which cold water keeps
circulating. This water carries the heat from the device.

AIR BLAST: This type is used for transformers that use voltages below 25,000 volts. The transformer is
used at houses.
APPLICATIONS
• Transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires.
• Transformers with several secondary's are used in television and radio receivers where
several different voltages are required.
• Used as voltage regulator
• Used almost everywhere in day to day life.
• Regulating alternating current.
• All transformers have one basic function: increasing or decreasing alternating current
within the electrical system.
• Stopping and starting the flow of electricity.
• Battery charging.
• Steel manufacturing.
• Electro chemicals.
 SUBSTATION
• What is a substation and why it is needed?
A substation is the intermediate means between high voltage transmission or distribution and
end user including connecting generators, transmission or distribution lines, and loads to
each other, and generally stepping higher voltages down to lower voltages to meet specific
customer requirements.
For example we cannot use electricity directly form 11 KV power line or 33 KV power line. In order to
use energy from these lines we would have to get power through substation from these lines. Therefore
it is required to install a substation there. Also if we want to transmit electrical energy over long
distance, then it is also required to install a substation to get high voltage for transmission. Also a
substation is required for the control of energy i.e. changing frequency, converting from ac into dc or
inverting from dc into ac, for switching of different feeders and transmission lines etc. Substation can be
as simple as one pole mounted transformer near our homes and villages or factory and as complex as
several power transformers, auxiliary transformers, CTs, PTs, circuit breakers, isolators, bus-bars,
LPS, LT panel , HT panel , PFI plant , AVS , IVS , ATS , HT cable , LT cable, MDB board , SDB board ,
IPS , & others small & heavy electrical equipment all in one yard. Yet both you can call substations.
 FUNCTIONS OF SUBSTATION
While electric substations take part of the distribution of electricity, they have many other functions as follows:

Step up and step down of the voltage for transmission and distribution. As power is transmitted at a higher voltage
over long distances, the current is lower. This results in lower transmission losses but doesn’t provide the proper
current for homes and businesses to use - thus the need of stepping up and stepping down the voltage.
Switching and isolating the circuits for maintenance: Switching is also an important function of substations. Closing
down a feeder circuit when the load demands are high needs to be done for the safety of the generating plants.
Switching high voltages is dangerous work, and special circuit breakers like air circuit breakers and oil circuit breakers
for reducing arcs have to be used.
Load shedding: When the power demand is more than the supply, the substations do load shedding on distribution
circuits to maintain balance across the electrical network.
Correction of power factors circuits: The power factor has to be kept at the correct value when reactive loads are
there to protect the generating plant and increase efficiency. Read this link for more information on how power factor
correction saves power.
Safety devices like circuit breakers and fuses: These safety devices are provided for protecting the machinery on the
distribution circuit as well as in the substation against high short circuit currents.
It contains bus bars for splitting the power for distribution: Thick bars of copper to which various distributing circuits
are connected by nuts and bolts are known as bus bars.
 Operation of a Substation
Electricity is generated in a thermal power plant, hydroelectric
power plant, and nuclear power plant, etc. This electricity is then
supplied to a transmission substation near the generating plant. In
the transmission substation the voltage is increased substantially
using step up transformers. The voltage is increased to reduce
the transmission losses over long distances. This electricity then
is supplied to a power substation where it is stepped down using
step down transformers and then supplied to a distribution grid. In
the distribution grid there are additional transformers and voltage
is further reduced for distributing further down the grid. From here
the electricity is supplied to step down transformers near
residential quarters that step down the voltage to 110/220 Volts
as per each country’s requirement.
 Elements of a substation
1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer
2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

To conclude, substation is an integral part of a power system. The continuity of electric energy supply
system is solely depending on substation. So, enough care should be taken when designing and set
upping a sub-station in a suitable place.

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

Some points are as follows-
• The substation must have the chance of easy operation and maintenance.
• The place must be proper for setup a substation
• It must be setup near the centre of load.
• The substation must have enough safety apparatus or safety setup.
• There must be enough chance for running the maintenance and clearing process. Also there
should be setup for fire protection.
• The system must be reliable.
• When designing protected gears and other instruments must be included.
• The construction process also maintained properly for reliable operation.
• The capital cost must be as low as possible.
Types of substation
1. Transmission substation
2. Distribution substation
3. Collector substation
4. Converter substations
5. Switching station
 1. Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines.The simplest case is where all transmission lines
have the same voltage. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. In such cases, substation
contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be- connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage
control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment
such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. The largest
transmission substations can cover a large area with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers. Today,
transmission-level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages, such as 66 kV and 33
kV, are usually considered sub-transmission voltages, but are occasionally used on long lines with light loads.
Voltages above 765 kV are considered extra high voltage and require different designs compared to equipment used
at lower voltages.
 2. Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. The input
for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for
example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution substation
typically operates at medium voltage levels, between 2.4 kV-33 kV. The feeders run along streets overhead (or
underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to
transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems.
Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several
miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.
Distribution substation is generally comprised of the following major components:
• Supply Line
• Transformers
• Bus-bars
• Switchgear
• Out-coming feeders
• Switching apparatus
• Switches Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• Surge voltage protection
• Grounding
 3. Converter substations
Electrical machines or equipments operated on DC voltages from home to industrial applications. A converter
station converts electricity between Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current for sending electricity. Converter
substations may be associated with High Voltage DC (HVDC) converter plants, traction current, or interconnected
non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change the frequency of current, or
else convert from alternating to direct current or the reverse. Direct current or HVDC (high voltage direct current)
links are used for exchanges between countries exclusively on a transmission network level. In DC power
transmission lines, converter substations are used to convert a three-phase current to a direct current (rectification)
at the sending end of the line and to achieve a reverse conversion (inversion) at the receiving end of the line.
Converter stations are located at the terminals of a DC transmission line. Sometimes converter stations are located
at a generation power plant or at transmission substations. Two unsynchronized AC transmission systems can be
connected together with converter stations. Converter stations are also found in most substations for converting the
emergency battery back-up system to AC power for use in an emergency.
 4. Collector substation
To build a wind farm, a solar farm or hydroelectric
plants need a collector substation to tie all the
generators and connect them to the power grid. It
looks like a distribution substation although power
flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind
turbines or solar cells up into the transmission grid.
Usually for economy of construction the collector
system operates around 35 kV, and the collector
substation steps up voltage to a transmission
voltage for the grid. The collector substation can
also provide power factor correction if it is needed,
metering, and control of the wind farm. In some
special cases a collector substation can also contain
an HVDC converter station. Collector substations
also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric
power plants of comparable output power are in
proximity. The collector system is comprised of
many components. Transformer, high voltage
conductors (underground or overhead), sensor
(current, voltage, thermal and magnetic), Lightning
protection, grounding system, circuit breakers and
switches, monitoring system etc.
 5. Switching station
A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage
level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations.
Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in
case of failure. A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly
located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from the power
station supply their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the
transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard. An important
function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of
transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Unplanned switching events are
caused by a fault in a transmission line or any other component, for example: a line is hit by
lightning and develops an arc, a tower is blown down by high wind. The function of the switching
station is to isolate the faulty portion of the system in the shortest possible time. De-energizing
faulty equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a fault helps keep the rest of the
electrical grid operating with stability.
 Classification of substation
The substations can be classified in several ways including the following:
1. Classification based on voltage levels
A.C. Substation : HV (between 33 KV and 66 kV),
EHV (132 kV and 400 kV),
UHV (above 400 kV),
MV/ distribution substation/public substation (2kV to 33kV),
LV/private substation (220V and 440V),
HVDC Substation.
2. Classification based on construction features
Outdoor substation It is under open sky (rated voltage
beyond 66kV).
Indoor substation This is inside a building (rated
voltage beyond 11kV).
Mining Substation Needs special design consideration because of extra
precaution for safety needed in the operation of electric supply.
Mobile Substation Temporary requirement.
Pole Substation This is an outdoor substation with equipment installed
overhead on H- pole or 4-pole structure.
3. Classification based on configuration
AIS Conventional Air insulated outdoor substation (up to 800 kV)
GIS SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
Composite This types of substations having combination of the above
two
primary transmission lines. (Step down 66kV from 220 kV)
Secondary Substation Along secondary transmission line (step down to
11 kV).
Distribution Substation Created where the transmission line voltage is
step down to supply voltage. Bulk supply and
industrial substation Similar to distribution
sub-station but created separately for each
consumer. 11kV delivered to distribution
substation
5. Classification based on services
Power-factor Substation They improve the power-factor of the system
by using synchronous condensers.
Frequency Substation Those substations which
change supply frequency
Industrial Substation Those substations which supply
power to industries
 NEED OF SUBSTATION
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION
 TO SATISFY LOAD GROWTH
 TO ACC0MMODATE NEW GENERATION
 TO MAINTAIN RELAIBILITY REQUIREMENT

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION
 TO STEP UP AND STEP DOWN AC VOLTAGE LEVEL
 TO BREAK THE POWER FLOW
 PROVIDE SUPPORT TO THE POWER FLOW