ISO/TC 213/WG 12 N

Date: 2001-06-19

ISO/WD 129-2 (E)

ISO/TC 213/WG 12

Secretariat: DIN Germany

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Indication of

dimensions and tolerances - Part 2: Mechanical engineering
drawings

WARNING

This document is not an ISO standard. It is distributed for review and comment.
It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.

© ISO 2001 - All rights reserved

Document type: International Standard

Document subtype: Not applicable
Document stage: (20) Preparatory
Document language: E
© ISO 2001 - All rights reserved ISO/WD 129-2

Contents
Page

1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
4 Rules and principles for indication of dimensions and related tolerances . . x
5 Indication of linear dimensions and related tolerances . . . . . . . . . . x
6 Indication of angular dimensions and related tolerances . . . . . . . . x

Annexes
A Discussion of dimensioning and possible other tolerancing solutions . x
B Examples of alternative tolerancing with smaller specification
uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
C Relation to the GPS matrix model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Copyright notice

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reproduction of working drafts or committee drafts in any form for use by participants in the
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addressed as shown below or to ISO's member body in the country of the requester:

Secretariat of ISO/TC 213

Danish Standards Association
Kollegievej 6, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
Att.: Mr. Hans Henrik Køster
Tel. +45 39 96 61 01
Fax +45 39 96 61 02
e-mail [email protected]

Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing

agreement.

Violators may be prosecuted.

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ISO/WD 129-2 © ISO 2001 - All rights reserved

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation

of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing
International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees.
Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has
been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental or non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take
part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated

to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires
approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

ISO 129-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and
geometrical product specifications and verification.

Annexes A, B and C are for information only.

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© ISO 2001 - All rights reserved ISO/WD 129-2

Introduction
This International Standard is a geometrical product specification (GPS)
standard and is to be regarded as a general GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638).
It influences link 1 in the size, distance, radius and angle chain of standards in
the general GPS matrix.

For more detailed information of the relation of this standard to other standards
and the GPS matrix model see annex C.

[TO BE FINALIZED]

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Working Draft © ISO 2001 - All rights reserved ISO/WD 129-2

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Indications of

dimensions and tolerances - Part 2: Mechanical engineering
drawings

1 Scope
This part of ISO 129 establishes the principles of indication of dimensions and related tolerances in the
field of mechanical engineering.

This part of ISO 129 covers indication of linear as well as angular dimensions and identifies the sub types
of these dimensions.

This part of ISO 129 also identifies the limitations of the use of dimensions and related tolerances in the
field of mechanical enginering. For general principles of dimensioning see ISO 129-11.

2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revision
of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties of agreements based on this International
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative
documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative documents referred
to applies. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 129-11, Technical drawings - Indication of dimensions and tolerances - Part 1: General principles

ISO 286-1 1)

ISO 1938 1)

ISO 8015

ISO 14253-1

ISO 14253-2

ISO 14405 1)

ISO 14569: - 1) - Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Fundamental principles and rules

ISO 14660-1

ISO 14660-2

ISO/TS 17450-1

ISO/TS 17450-2

3 Definitions

1
Under development

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ISO/WD 129-2 © ISO 2001 - All rights reserved

For the purpose of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 129-1, ISO 286-1,
ISO 1938, ISO 14405, ISO 14569, ISO 14660-1, ISO 14660-2, ISO/TS 17450-1, ISO/TS 17450-2 and the
following definitions apply.

3.x
dimension
[See 3.3.1 of ISO 129-1]

3.x
linear dimension
[See 3.3.3 of ISO 129-1]

3.x
angular dimension
[See 3.3.4 of ISO 129-1]

3.x
size
[See 3.2 of ISO 14405]

3.x
feature of size
[See 2.2 of ISO 14660-1]

3.x
linear size

3.x
angular size

3.x
distance

3.x
linear distance

3.x
step height

3.x
angular distance

3.x
path dimension

3.x
radius dimension .

3.x
feature
geometrical feature
[See 2.1 of ISO 14660-1]

3.x
integral feature
[See 2.1.1 of ISO 14660-1]

3.x
derived feature

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[See 2.1.2 of ISO 14660-1]

3.x
features of size
[See 2.2 of ISO 14660-1]

3.x
specification uncertainty
[See 3.5.2 of ISO 17450-2]

3.x
correlation uncertainty
[See 3.5.3 of ISO 17450-2]

3.x
operator
[See 3.4 of ISO 17450-2]

3.x
default definition (of an extracted feature)
[See 3.1 of ISO 14660-2]

3.x
X

4 Rules and principles for indication of dimensions and related tolerances

The general rules and principles for indicating dimensions and tolerances given in ISO 129-1 is the basis
for dimensioning on mechanical engineering drawings. In some cases special rules apply.

Except for linear size, dimensions are only defined for nominal features (i.e., ideal features) on the nominal
model (see ISO/TS 17450-1). Therefore, the use of dimensioning and related tolerances as specifications
for non-ideal features and workpieces therefore may result in specification uncertainty.

NOTE In cases of non-ideal workpieces, where the resulting specification uncertainty of dimensinal tolerancing is not acceptable,
the use of geometrical tolerancing according to ISO 1101 is often a good solution.

The ambiguity of specifications given on TPD as dimensions and related tolerances may be dependent
on the relative magnitude between the dimension tolerance and form deviations on the features and/or
angular deviations between the features related by the dimension, but other reasons may also influence
the ambiguity. For more details about ambiguities in dimensioning and alternative unambiguous ways to
express the intended requirement see Annex A and B.

Indications of dimensions on a mechanical engineering drawing shall generally be understood as individual

and independent requirements without any relations to other requirements for the same feature(s) -
Independency principle (see ISO 14569).

Dimension is a common designation for a number of different sub-types of geometrical characteristcs of

a work piece (see table 1). The sub-types of dimension form a hierarchy:

1st level The main types of dimension are linear dimensions and angular dimensions with length units and
angular units respectively.
2nd level Linear dimensions can be split up into: Linear size, linear distance, path dimension and radius
dimension. Angular dimensions can be split up into: Angular size and angular distance (see also
ISO/TR 14638).
3rd level Some of the 2nd level types of dimension can be split up into more specific types

It is necessary to observe the lowest level of the dimension hierarchy to see the possible specification

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uncertainties and the reason for these.

Table 1 - The hierarchy of dimensions

0 level 1st level 2nd level 3rd level

Type of feature(s) involved

Dimen- Linear Linear size Feature of size see ISO 14405

sion dimension
Linear distance Integral - Integral (i.e. Step height)
[length units]
Integral - Derived

Derived - Derived

Path dimension Integral (i.e. Arc length)

Derived (i.e. Arc length)

Radius Integral

Derived

Angular Angular size Feature of size Missing standard!!

dimension (e.g., maximum inscribed No modifiers or
minimum circumscribed special defini-
[angle units] two-point (local angular size) tions defined
least squares yet - could be a
envelope parallel to ISO
etc.) 14405

Angular distance Integral - Integral

Integral - Derived

Derived - Derived

The figures, as shown in this part of ISO 129, merely illustrates the text and are not intended to reflect
actual usage. The figures are consequently simplified to indicate only the relevant principles.

5 Indication of linear dimensions and related tolerances

5.1 Indication of tolerances and tolerance limits for linear dimensions

A specification given as a linear dimension and its tolerance shall be indicated in TPD in one of two ways
in 5.1.1 or 5.1.2 or 5.1.3.

5.1.1 Using the limit deviations

The dimensional specification in TPD shall have three specification elements: Nominal value, upper limit
deviation and lower limit deviation.

Notes 1 Dimension tolerancing using the limit deviations is also called “plus and minus tolerancing”.

2 Observe, that according to ISO 14659: Non indicated decimals in the tolerance expression is zeros, e.g., 0,2 is equal
to 0,20000000000.........

3 For linear sizes the limit deviations can also be given using the ISO-code system according to ISO 286-1 with exactly
the same meaning.

Examples a) 30 ± 0,2 - Symmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 30.

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+ 0,1
b) 30 - 0,2 - Asymmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 30. Observe, that upper and lower limit
deviations are signed values.

- 0,1
c) 30 - 0,4 - Asymmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 30. Observe, that upper and lower limit
deviations are signed values.

0
d) 30 - 0,2 - Asymmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 30. The upper limit deviation is zero.

5.1.2 Using the tolerance limit values

The dimensional specification in TPD shall consist of two specification elements: Upper tolerance limit,
lower tolerance limit.

Note Observe, in this case there is no nominal dimension given in the specification.

Examples The examples here are using the same tolerances as in 5.1.1, but expressed in tolerance limit values.

30,2
a) 29,8

30,1
b) 29,8

29,9
c) 29,6

30,0
d) 29,8

5.1.3 Unilateral dimension tolerances

Unilateral dimensional specifications in TPD shall consist of the lower or the upper tolerance limit and the
symbol min or max respectively.

Examples a) 29,6 min -

b) 30,2 max

5.2 Features of size

Linear dimensioning of features of size shall be performed by ISO 14405.

Cylinder and two parallel planes type Feature of Size - default indication

Key: a) Feature of size type cylinder

b) Feature of size type two parallel planes
Figure 1 - Example of dimensioning of features of size

Figure 1 is illustrating dimensioning of features of size with default definition of the sizes (the drawing
indication is the ISO basic indication for size). ISO 14405 include operation modifier symbols and other
means to change the default definition of the specification operator if needed.

NOTES 1 Observe, ISO 14405 is the first ISO standard, that define the meaning of ± tolerancing for a feature of size. A
requirement given by ± tolerancing for size prior to the issue date of ISO 14405 may therefore be ambiguous.

2 Spherical diameters, symbol SØ, are not covered by ISO 14405 - There are no definitions of
this requirement, valid for non perfect features, in any existing ISO standard.

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5.2.3 Indication of size on drawings of assembled parts

Dimensioning and tolerancing of a fit may take place on an assembly drawing, when no possibility for
misinterpretation exist.

In case of plus and minus tolerancing see examples on figure 2. In case of ISO-code system according
to ISO 286-1 see examples on figure 3.

Editors comment:
Envelope requirement shall be added to all the diameter specifications on all 5 “drawings” on figure
2 and 3

Figure 2 - Examples of assembly drawing plus and minus tolerancing of two features in a fit

Figure 3 - Examples of assembly drawing ISO code system tolerancing of two features in a fit

5.3 Linear distance between two features

Linear distance is the spacing between two features each of them either an integral feature or a derived
feature of type point or surface or line.

The interpretation of these requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard. In
several cases these requirements will be ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and
specification uncertainty will occur when either the parallelism deviation between the two features or the
form deviations on the two features are of the same magnitude as the dimension tolerance. The magnitude
of the specification uncertainty will increase when the dimensions of the two features are different and/or
are not at the same position in a plane parallel to the features. In case of specification uncer-
tainty/ambiguity there will exist a number of different interpretations of the requirement. In these cases
each of them will emulate different functions of the features and result in different distances. All fully
allowed by the dimensional requirement.

5.3.1 Step height - linear distance between two integral features

Step height dimension is the spacing between two nominal parallel surfaces facing the same direction (see
figure 4) or lines on these surfaces. The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ±

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tolerancing.

Step height

Figure 4 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.2.

5.3.2 Linear distance between an integral and a derived feature

Linear distance between an integral feature (i.e. surface or line on a surface) and a derived feature (i.e.
median line or face) (see figure 5).The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ±
tolerancing.

integral-derived distance (surface-line)

Figure 5 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.3.

5.3.3 Linear distance between two derived features

Linear distance between two derived features (i.e. face and a face or a line and a line or a line and a face
(see figure 6).The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ± tolerancing.

derived-derived distance (line-line)

Figure 6 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.4.

5.4 Path dimension

Editors comment:
Is this clause needed or relevant?

Length of a line along an identified path with indicated start and end points. The line can be on an
integrated feature (surface - see figure 7) or in a derived feature (median face or line - see figure 8). The
tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ± tolerancing.

Arch length - Integral feature

Figure 7 - Example ....

Arch length - Derived feature

Figure 8 - Example ....

The interpretation of this requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard. In
several cases this requirement will be ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and

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specification uncertainty will occur when the form deviations of the feature result in deviation of the
specified length of the same magnitude as the dimension tolerance. In case of specification uncer-
tainty/ambiguity there will exist a number of different interpretations of the requirement. In these cases
each of them will emulate different functions of the features and result in different distances. All fully
allowed by the dimensional requirement.

5.5 Radius dimension

Radius dimension can be used for an integral feature (see figure 9) and for a derived feature (se figure 10).
The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ± tolerancing.

The indication on TPD consist of three specification elements: Symbol R, the nominal value and the
tolerance indication.

Examples a) R12 ± 0,5

b) R8 max

Spherical radius is indicated in TPD in the same way. The symbol for spherical radius is SR.

The interpretation of this requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard. In
several cases this requirement will be ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and
specification uncertainty will occur when the form deviations of the feature is of the same magnitude as
the dimension tolerance. In case of specification uncertainty/ambiguity there will exist a number of different
interpretations of the requirement. In these cases each of them will emulate different functions of the
features and result in different distances. All fully allowed by the dimensional requirement.

radius of integral feature

Figure 9 - Example ....

radius of derived feature

Figure 10 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.5.

Indication of tolerance on Radius and SR for a dimension

5.6 Coordinate dimensioning

Linear distances can be used as coordinate dimensioning from a defined origin. The origin point shall be
identified by the origin symbol. The coordinate system can be two- or three-dimensional. The coordinate
system can be cartesian (see figure 11) or polar (see figure 12).

When the the origin symbol is used to identify coordinate dimensioning, the angle between the directions
of the coordinate system shall be taken as the nominal angles.

Coordinate dimensioning - cartesian

Figure 11 - Example ....

Coordinate dimensioning - polar

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© ISO 2001 - All rights reserved ISO/WD 129-2

Figure 12 - Example ....

The interpretation of these requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard. In
several cases these requirements will be ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and
specification uncertainty will occur when either the effect of angle deviation from nominal between the
features forming the coordinate system planes or the form deviations on these features are of the same
magnitude as the dimension tolerances used. In case of specification uncertainty/ambiguity there will exist
a number of different interpretations of the requirement. In these cases each of them will emulate different
functions of the workpiece and result in different coordinates for the toleranced features. All of these
different coordinates fully allowed by the dimensional requirement.

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.6.

6 Indication of angular dimensions and related tolerances

6.1 Indication of tolerances and tolerance limits for angular dimensions

A specification given as an angular dimension and its tolerance shall be indicated in TPD in one of the
following ways in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2 or 6.1.3.

6.1.1 Using the limit deviations

The dimensional specification in TPD shall have three specification elements: Nominal value, upper limit
deviation and lower limit deviation. All with the used angle unit indicated.

Notes 1 Dimension tolerancing using the limit deviations is also called “plus and minus tolerancing”.

2 Observe, that according to ISO 14659: Non indicated decimals in the tolerance expression is zeros, e.g., 0,2 is equal
to 0,20000000000.........

Examples a) 15º ± 0,5º - Symmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 15. Tolerance given in decimal degrees.

+ 0,3º
b) 15º - 0,2º - Asymmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 15. Observe, that upper and lower limit
deviations are signed values.

c) 15 ± 1º 30' - Symmetrical tolerance around the nominal dimension 15. Tolerance given in degrees and minutes.

6.1.2 Using the tolerance limit values

The dimensional specification in TPD shall consist of two specification elements: Upper tolerance limit,
lower tolerance limit.

Note Observe, in this case there is no nominal dimension given in the specification.

Examples The examples here are using the same tolerances as in 6.1.1, but expressed in tolerance limit values.

15,5º
a) 14,5º

15,3º
b) 14,8º

16º 30'
c) 13º 30'

5.1.3 Unilateral angle dimension tolerances

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Unilateral dimensional specifications in TPD shall consist of the lower or the upper tolerance limit and the
symbol min or max respectively.

Examples a) 15,5 º min -

b) 22 º max

6.2 Angular size

Angular size applies for features of size (i.e., cones and wedges).

Editors comment:

ISO 8015:1985
Clause 5.1.2

Using definitions
analoque to those
given in ISO/DIS
14405 the corect
drawing indication
for the definition
given in ISO
8015:1985 clause
5.1.2 is:

F
45º ± 2º GN / 0

Editors comment:
Explanation/definition - Default???? - given in ISO 8015, 5.1.2 - General direction - “Definition”
similar to ISO 5459:1981 “datum definition” of the associated feature for both integral features - This
is a contradiction to the operator principles for the default definition of linear size (two-point size) in
ISO 14405 - need to be changed!!! No modifiers exist - new standard for angular size is needed - is
this missing standard a “cones and vedges” standard?

Angular size

Figure 13 - Example ....

The interpretation of these requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard (see
editors comment on example/definition from ISO 8015:1981). In several cases these requirements will be
ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and specification uncertainty will occur when
either the effect of angle deviation from nominal between the features forming the angle or the form
deviations on the feature(s) forming the angle are of the same magnitude as the angle dimension

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© ISO 2001 - All rights reserved ISO/WD 129-2

tolerance. In case of specification uncertainty/ambiguity there will exist a number of different interpretations
of the requirement. In these cases each of them will emulate different functions of the workpiece and result
in different coordinates for the toleranced features. All of these different coordinates fully allowed by the
dimensional requirement.

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.7.

6.3 Angular distance between two features

Angular distance is the angular spacing between two features each of them either an integral feature or
a derived feature of type point or surface or line.

The interpretation of these requirements on non perfect work pieces is not given in any ISO standard. In
several cases these requirements will be ambiguous and result in specification uncertainty. Ambiguity and
specification uncertainty will occur when either the effect of the angle deviation between the two features
or the form deviations on the two features are of the same magnitude as the angle dimension tolerance.
A number of different interpretations of the requirement will exist. In these cases each of them will emulate
different functions of the features and result in different angular distances. All fully allowed by the angular
dimensional requirement.

6.3.1 Angle step - angular distance between two integral features

angle step dimension is the angular spacing between two surfaces facing the same direction (see figure
14). The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ± tolerancing.

Angular (step) distance (integral-integral)

Figure 14 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.8.

6.3.2 Angular distance between an integral and a derived feature

Angular distance between an integral feature (i.e. surface or a line on a surface) and a derived feature (i.e.
median line or face) (see figure 15).The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ±
tolerancing.

Angular distance (integral-derived)

Figure 15 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.9.

6.3.3 Angular distance between two derived features

Angular distance between two derived features (i.e. face and a face or a line and a line or a line and a face
(see figure 16).The tolerancing of a dimension of this type can be performed by ± tolerancing.

Angular distance (derived-derived)

Figure 16 - Example ....

For explanation and examples of an alternative and tolerancing with less ambiguity see Annex B.10.

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Annex A
(informative)

Discussion of dimensioning and possible other tolerancing solutions

A.1 Discussion of problems dimensioning non perfect work pieces

[TO BE FINALIZED]

A.2 Former practice

[TO BE FINALIZED]

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Annex B
(informative)

Examples of alternative tolerancing with smaller specification uncertainty

All figures in the body of the standard shall only show the dimension drawing indication of perfect
feature(s)/work pieces - The annex shall repeat this drawing and and give the interpretation on a
non perfect part. The Annex shall also - if possible - give a solution with less specification uncer-
tainty using e.g., Geometrical Tolerancing, etc.

[TO BE FINALIZED]

B.1 Introduction

B.2 Step height - linear distance between two integral features

B.3 Linear distance between an integral and a derived feature

B.4 Linear distance between two derived features

B.5 Radius dimension

B.6 Coordinate dimensioning

B.7 Angular size

B.8 Angle step - angular distance between two integral features

B.9 Angular distance between an integral and a derived feature

B.10 Angular distance between two derived features

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Annex C
(informative)

Relation to the GPS matrix model

For full details about the GPS matrix model see ISO/TR 14638.

C.1 Information about the standard and its use

[TO BE FINALIZED]

C.2 Position in the GPS matrix model

This International standard is a general GPS standard, which influences the chain link 1 in the size,
distance, radius and angle chain of standards in the General GPS matrix, as graphically illustrated on
figure C.1.

GLOBAL GPS STANDARDS

GENERAL GPS MATRIX

Chain link number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of line independent of datum
FUNDA-
Form of line dependent of datum
MENTAL
Form of surface independent of datum
GPS Form of surface dependent of datum
Orientation
STAN Location
DARDS Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
Surface imperfections
Edges

Figure C.1

C.3 Related standards

The related standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in figure C.1.

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Bibliography

[1] ISO/TR 14638:1995; Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Masterplan

[2]

[3]

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