LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

YEAR/SEM: II/IV BRANCH: R&A

TWO MARKS
UNIT I BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Define an Integrated circuit.
An integrated circuit(IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and
passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active components are
transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
2. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits over discrete components.
(May 2010), [NOV/DEC 2013], [MAY/JUNE 2014] [NOV/DEC 2014]
*Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
*Cost reduction due to batch processing.
*Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
*Improved functional performance.
*Matched devices. *Increased operating speeds.
*Reduction in power consumption.
3. Define sheet resistance (May 2010)
Sheet resistance is defined as the resistance in ohms /square offered by the diffused area.
4. What is the use of buried n+ layer in monolithic IC transistor? (MAY2010)
The buried n+ layer provides a low resistance path in the active collector region for the flow of
current
5. What are the two common methods for obtaining integrated capacitors? (May 2010)
• Monolithic junction capacitor
• Thin-film capacitor
6. What is active load? Where it is used and why? (MAY/JUNE 2010)
The active load realized using current source in place of the passive load in the Collector arm of
differential amplifier makes it possible to achieve high voltage gain without requiring large power
supply voltage.
7. Why open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear Applications? (May 2010)
The open loop gain of the op-amp is not a constant and it varies with changing the temperature and
variations in power supply. Also the bandwidth of the open loop op-amp is negligibly small. For this
reasons open loop OP-AMP configurations are not used in linear applications.
8. Define virtual ground of a OP-Amp? (May/June 2010)
A virtual ground is a ground which acts like a ground. It is a point that is at the fixed ground potential
(0v), though it is not practically connected to the actual ground or common terminal of the circuit.
9. Define input offset voltage. [NOV/DEC 2013]
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two input
terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
10. Define input offset current. State the reasons for the offset currents at the input of the op-amp.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called as input
offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the input transistors.
Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a difference in bias currents.
11. Define CMRR of an op-amp. (DEC 09)
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common–mode signal is
called the common –mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels.
CMRR=| Ad/Ac|
12. What are the applications of current sources?
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load devices
for amplifier stages.
13. What is the advantage of widlar current source over constant current source?
Using constant current source output current of small magnitude (micro amp range) is not attainable
due to the limitations in chip area. Widlar current source is useful for obtaining small output currents.
Sensitivity of widlar current source is less compared to constant current source.
 14. Mention the advantages of Wilson current source.
(i) Provides high output resistance.
(ii) Offers low sensitivity to transistor base current
15. Define sensitivity
Sensitivity is defined as the percentage or fractional change in output current per percentage or
fractional change in power-supply voltage.
16. What are the limitations in a temperature compensated Zener-reference source?
A power supply voltage of at least 7 to 10 V is required to place the diode in the breakdown region
and that substantial noise is introduced in the circuit by the avalanching diode
17. In practical op-amps, what is the effect of high frequency on its performance?
The open-loop gain of op-amp decreases at higher frequencies due to the presence of parasitic
capacitance. The closed-loop gain increases at higher frequencies and leads to instability.
18. What is the need for frequency compensation in practical op-amps?
Frequency compensation is needed when large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain is desired.
Compensating networks are used to control the phase shift and hence to improve the stability.
19. Define slew rate. (MAY 2010), [MAY/JUNE 2014] [MAY/JUNE 2015]
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output Voltage caused by a step input
voltage. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amp’s output voltage should change
instantaneously in response to input step voltage.
20. Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications? (Understand)
IC741 has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the circuit at higher
frequencies. As frequency increases the output gets distorted due to limited slew rate.
21. What causes slew rate? (Understand) (DEC 09), [MAY/JUNE 2015]
There is a capacitor with-in or outside of an op-amp to prevent oscillation. The capacitor which
prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.
22. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not grounded? (DEC 09)
If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage will get applied
and it may damage the op-amp.
23. What is current mirror? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2010]
A constant current source (current mirror) uses a transistor in the active mode of operation where the
collector current is relatively independent of the collector voltage.
24. Why are active loads preferred than passive loads in the input stage of an operational amplifier?
[NOV/DEC 2010]
A large value of resistance requires large chip area.
25. Name the different methods used in fabrication of integrated resistors. (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2011/ Nov / Dec 2012]
Diffused resistor, Epitaxial resistor, pinched resistor & Thin film resistor.

26. What are the two requirements to be met for a good current source? [APR/MAY 2012]
Transistors should be matched in order to have same Vbe.
27. State the limitations of discrete circuits. [APR/MAY 2013]
Operating speed is low due to parasitic capacitance effect. Power consumption is more.
28. What is meant by monolithic IC? [NOV/DEC 2014]
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a
microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon.
29. What are the characteristics of an ideal op-amp? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
Infinite open-loop gain G = Vout / 'v
Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero input current.
Zero input offset voltage.
Zero output impedance.
Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate.
 30. Define input bias current and input offset current of an operational amplifier. [Nov /Dec 2015]
Input Bias Current:
Ideally, no current flows into the input terminals of an op amp. In practice, there are always two
input bias currents, IB+ and IB
Input bias current IB=IB+ (-) IB-
2
Input Offset Current:
One of the practical op –amp limitations that the input bias current for the two inputs may be slightly
different. Even though the inputs are designed to be symmetrical, slight differences which occur in
the manufacturing process may give slightly different bias currents. This offset current is typically on
the order of a tenth of the input bias current, with 10nA being a representative offset current for a
741.
Input Offset Current Ios= |IB+ (-) IB-|
31. Differentiate the ideal and practical characteristics of an op-amp. [APR/MAY 2016]
Ideal operational amplifier are characterized by
Infinite gain
Infinite input resistance
Zero output resistance (order of 10’s of ohms)
Infinite bandwidth (practically restricted by slew rate)
Linear irrespective of entire analog signal range No offsets and, so on.
Practical operational amplifier are characterized by
Input resistance is of the of mega ohm Order due to differential stage at the front end
Output resistance order of tens of ohms.
Practically bandwidth of Op-amp restricted by slew rate.
32. What are the advantages of IC over discrete components? (April/May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2014)
 Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
 Cost reduction due to batch processing.
 Increased system reliability due to elimination of soldered joints.
 Increased functional performance.
 Increased operating speed.
 Reduction in power consumption
33. Define virtual ground of OP-Amp?
A virtual ground is a ground which acts like a ground. It is a point that is at the fixed ground potential
(0v), though it is not practically connected to the actual ground or common terminal of the circuit.
34. Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
(i) Superior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and temperature.
(ii) More economical than resistors in terms of die area required to provide bias currents of small
value.
(iii) When used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current source results in high
voltage gain at low supply voltages.
 UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps. (DEC 09)
Adder, subtractor, voltage –to- current converter, current –to- voltage converters, instrumentation
amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc. are some of the linear op-amp circuits.
2. Mention some of the non –linear applications of op-amps
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti–log amplifier,
multiplier are some of the non – linear op-amp circuits.
3. What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?
1. Industrial instrumentation
2. Communication
3. Signal processing
4. What is voltage follower? (MAY 2010)[MAY/JUNE 2014]
A circuit in which output follows the input is called voltage follower.
5. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical quantities is
usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be amplified So that it can
drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation amplifier.
6. List the features of instrumentation amplifier:
1. High gain accuracy
2. High CMRR
3. High gain stability with low temperature co-efficient
4. Low dc offset
7. What are the applications of V-I converter?
1. Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter
2. LED
3. Zener diode tester
8. Define Band pass filter. (MAY 2010)
The band pass filter is the combination of high and low pass filters, and this allows a specified range
of frequencies to pass through.
9. Write transfer function of op amp as an integer. MAY 2010]
The transfer function of the integer is IAI=1/WR1cf
10. What do you mean by a precision rectifier? [APR/MAY 2015]
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut– in voltage of
the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op– amp is called the
precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order ofmillivolt.
11. Write down the applications of precision diode.
1. Half - wave rectifier
2. Full - Wave rectifier
3. Peak – value detector
4. Clipper
5. Clamper
12. Define Logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifier. (MAY 2010)
When a logarithmic PN junction is used in the feedback network of op-amp, the circuit exhibits log
or antilog response. The logarithmic amplifier is a current to voltage converter with the transfer
characteristics v0=vi In(If/Ii) Antilog amplifier is a decoding circuit which converts the
logarithmically encoded signal back to the original signal levels as given by vl=vR10-kvi
13. Differentiate Schmitt trigger and comparator. (MAY 2010)
Comparator.
1.It compares the input signal with references voltage then yields the output voltage .comparator
output need not to be square wave
2. It need not consist of feedback
Schmitt trigger
1. It operates between two reference points namely UTP&LTP.
2. It employs positive feedback
3. Its output is square wave.
14. List the applications of Log amplifiers:
1. Analog computation may require functions such as lnx, log x, sin hx etc. These functions can be
performed by log amplifiers
2. Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and spectrum analyzer
3. Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
4. Comparator output need not to be square wave
15. Write down the condition for good differentiation.
1.For good differentiation, the time period of the input signal must be greater than or equal to Rf C1
2. T> =R f C1 Where, R f is the feedback resistance
3. C f is the input capacitance
16. What is a comparator? (MAY 2010)
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op amp with a
known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op - amp with output +Vsat.
17. What are the applications of comparator?
1. Zero crossing detectors
2. Window detector
3. Time marker generator
4. Phase detector
18. What is a Schmitt trigger? (DEC 09, MAY 10)
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output.
The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the
reference voltages of the input waveform.
19. What is a Schmitt trigger? (DEC 09, MAY 10)
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output.
The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages,
20. Which are the reference voltages of the input waveform? (Remember)
i. RC phase shift oscillator
ii. Wein bridge oscillator
21. What are the characteristics of a comparator? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
1. Speed of operation
2. Accuracy
3. Compatibility of the output
22. What is a filter?
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies and
attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band
23. What are the demerits of passive filters?
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductors become
problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequency applications, more
number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s
performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.
24. What are the advantages of active filters?
Active filters used op-amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as a passive element.
25.Compare the performance of inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier Configurations.
[NOV/DEC 2010]
Inverting Amplifier:
Gain = -Rf / Ri Input resistance = Ri
Non Inverting Amplifier:
Gain = 1+Rf / Ri Input resistance = Very large (∞)
28. Why is frequency compensation required in operational amplifier[NOV/DEC 2010]
To improve Stability of the circuit.
29. How do the precision rectifiers differ from the conventional rectifier[APR/MAY 2011] [NOV/DEC
2014], [APR/MAY 2015] (Understand)
To rectify voltage below the cut in voltage (0.7V) of a diode.
30. Wh at are the important features of an instrumentation amplifier [APR/MAY 2011]
High gain accuracy, High CMRR, Low DC offset & low output impedance.
31. What is comparator? [APR/MAY 2012]
It is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-amp with a known
reference at other input.
32. Give an application of an Inverting Amplifier. [May / June 2013]
Scale changer, inverting summer.
33. Draw and write equation of an integrator using an op-amp. [NOV/DEC 2010]

34. Give one application of voltage follower, Schmitt Trigger, Clamper and Peak Detector.
[NOV/DEC 2013]
 Voltage follower- Buffer
 Schmitt Trigger – Squarer circuit
 Clamper – Analog TV receivers
 Peak Detector – AM communication
35.Define Bandwidth of the filter.
Bandwidth is the difference between upper and lower cut off frequencies.
36. What is Hysteresis and mention the purpose of hysteresis in a comparator. [APR/MAY 2015].
The difference between upper and lower threshold voltages in a comparator is called hysteresis. The
voltage span of hysteresis is set to be greater than the peak to peak noise voltage. Therefore there will
not be any incorrect variations due to noise signals.
37. Design and sketch an operational amplifier subtractor circuit. (Analyze) [R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]

38. What is the difference between basic comparator and Schmitt trigger? [R (2008) Nov / Dec 2015]
In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying
positive feedback to the non-inverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. In the non-
inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a chosen threshold, the output is high.
39. Draw the circuit diagram of a comparator. Mention its applications. [APR/MAY 2016]

Applications of Comparator:
Threshold Detector, Zero Crossing Detector and Schmitt trigger
40. List out the ideal characteristics of OPAMP?
Characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier:
1. Open loop voltage gain AOL = ∞ (infinity)
2. Input impedance Ri = ∞ (infinity)
3. Output impedance Ro = 0 (zero)
4. Zero offset Vo = 0 (zero)
5. Band width BW = ∞ (infinity)
41. What are the different kinds of packages of IC741?
a) Metal can (TO) package
b) Dual- in- line package
c) Flat package or flat pack
42. What are the assumptions made from ideal op amp characteristics?
The current drawn by either of the input terminals (non -inverting/inverting) is negligible.
The potential difference between the inverting & non- inverting input terminals is zero.
43. Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications?
IC741 has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the circuit at higher
frequencies. As frequency increases the output gets distorted due to limited slew rate.
44. Define thermal drift.
The bias current, offset current & offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully nulled
at 25oC may not remain so when the temperature rises to 35oC.This is called thermal drift. Often,
offset current drift is expressed in nA/oC and offset voltage drift in mV/oC.
45.Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps. (DEC 09)
Adder, subtractor, voltage –to-current converter, current –to- voltage converters, instrumentation
amplifier, analog computation ,power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op- amp circuits.
46. Differentiate Schmitt trigger and comparator
Comparator Schmitt trigger
1. It compares the input signal with 1. It operates between two reference
references voltage then yields the output points namely UTP&LTP.
Voltage . 2. It employs positive feedback
2. It need not consist of feedback 3. Its output is square wave.
3. comparator output need not to be
square wave
47. What is a comparator?(MAY 2010)
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op- amp with a
known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op – amp with output + Vsat
48. What is a Schmitt trigger?(DEC 09,MAY 10)
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output.
The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the
reference voltages of the input waveform.
49. What is a Multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing applications. It
is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It has two states either
stable or quasi- stable depending on the type of multivibrator.
50. What do you mean by Monostable Multivibrator?
Monostable Multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to
each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to
the quasi-stable state. An external trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the
capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state.
51. What is an Astable Multivibrator?
Astable Multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable states. Thus, there is
oscillations between these two states and no external signal are required to produce the change in
state.
52. What is a Bistable Multivibrator?
Bistable Multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level unless an external trigger is
applied . Application of an external trigger signal causes a change of state, and this output level is
maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is applied. Thus, it requires two external triggers
before it returns to its initial state.
53. Mention any two Audio Frequency Oscillators.
i. RC phase shift oscillator
ii. Wein bridge oscillator
54. What are the characteristics of a comparator?
1.Speed of operation
2.Accuracy
3.Compatibility of the output
55. What is a filter?
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies and
attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band.
56. What are the demerits of passive filters?
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductors become
problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequency applications, more
number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s
performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.
57. What are the advantages of active filters?
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as passive elements.
58. Define low pass filter.
A low pass filter allows only low frequency signals up to a certain break point fH to pass through it.
59. Define High pass filter.
A low pass filter allows only high frequency signals up to a certain break point fH to pass through it.
60.Draw the freq. response of the LPF.

61.Define slew rate and what causes slew rate. (April 2015)
Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input voltage.
Unit is V/μs.
S=2πfVm/10^6 V/µS
Vm is amplitude of input signal
f is frequency of input signal
Slew rate of 741 IC is 0.5V/μS.
Cause of slew rate: A capacitor present in an op-amp is used to prevent oscillation. This capacitor
prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.
62. Define magnitude plot and phase angle plot.
Magnitude plot is drawn between “changes in gain of an op-amp along y-axis with respect to the
changes in frequency along x-axis”.
Phase angle plot is drawn between “phase angle changes along y-axis with respect to the changes in
frequency along y-axis”.
63. Why is the practical integrator called as lossy integrator?
The gain of the integrator at lower frequencies can be limited to avoid the saturation problem, if the
feedback capacitor Cf is shunted by a resistor Rf. The parallel combination of Rf and Cf behaves like
practical capacitor, which dissipates power, unlike an ideal capacitor. For this reason, the circuit is
called as lossy integrator
64. Draw the circuit of clipper using op-amp. How it can otherwise be called?[June 2018, Nov 2018]
CONVENTIONAL RECTIFIER PRECISION RECTIFIER
Practical diode is used. Ideal diode is used. The circuit is constructed
by placing diode in feedback of op-amp.
Rectify input signal voltage from
cut-in voltage. Rectify input signal less than cut- in voltage.
Crossover distortion occurs. Crossover distortion is completely eliminated.
Conducts when Vin>cut-in
voltage. Conducts when Vin <60μV.
 UNIT III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

1. List the basic building blocks of PLL

1. Phase detector/comparator
2. Low pass filter
3. Error amplifier
4. Voltage controlled oscillator
2. Define FSK modulation. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
FSK is a type of frequency modulation, in which the binary data or code is transmitted by means of a
carrier frequency that is shifted between two fixed frequencies namely mark (logic1) and space
frequency (logic 0).
3. What is analog multiplier? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
A multiplier produces an output v0, which is proportional to the product of two inputs vx and vy
V0= kvxvy
4. List out the various methods available for performing for analog multiplier.
• Logarithmic summing technique
• Pulse height /width modulation technique
• Variable Tran’s conductance technique
• Multiplication using gilbert cell
• Multiplication technique using Trans conductance technique
5. Mention some areas where PLL is widely used. (DEC 2009)
1. Radar synchronizations
2. Satellite communication systems
3. Air borne navigational systems
4. FM communication systems
5. Computers.
6. What are the three stages through which PLL operates?
1. Free running
2. Capture
3. Locked/ tracking
7. Define lock-in range of a PLL. (MAY 2010) [Nov / Dec 2015]
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called
the lock-in range or tracking range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running
frequency.
8. Define capture range of PLL (MAY 2010)[Nov / Dec 2015]
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is called the
capture range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
9. Define Pull-in time. [R2008Nov / Dec 2015]
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time. It depends on the initial phase
and frequency difference between the two signals as well as on the overall loop gain and loop filter
characteristics.
10. Write the expression for FSK modulation. (MAY 2010)
Δvf=f2-f1/k0
11. Define free running mode. (MAY 2010)
An interactive computer mode that allows more than one user to have Simultaneous use of a
program.
12. For perfect lock, what should be the phase relation between the incoming signal and VCO output
signal?
The VCO output should be 90 degrees out of phase with respect to the input signal.
13. Give the classification of phase detector:
1. Analog phase detector.
2. Digital phase detector
14. What is a switch type phase detector?
An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from VCO and the input signal is
chopped at a repetition rate determined by the VCO frequency. This type of phase detector is called a
half wave detector since the phase information for only one half of the input signal is detected and
averaged.
15. What is a voltage controlled oscillator?
Voltage controlled oscillator is a free running multivibrator operating at a set frequency called the
free running frequency. This frequency can be shifted to either side by applying a dc control voltage
and the frequency deviation is proportional to the dc control voltage.
16. Define Voltage to Frequency conversion factor.
Voltage to Frequency conversion factor is defined as,
Kv = fo / Vc= 8fo /Vcc
Vc is the modulation voltage
fo-frequency shift
17. What is the purpose of having a low pass filter in PLL?
*It removes the high frequency components and noise.
*Controls the dynamic characteristics of the PLL such as capture range, lock-in range, band-width
and transient response.
*The charge on the filter capacitor gives a short- time memory to the PLL
18. Discuss the effect of having large capture range.
The PLL cannot acquire a signal outside the capture range, but once captured, it will hold on till the
frequency goes beyond the lock-in range. Thus, to increase the ability of lock range, large capture
range is required. But, a large capture range will make the PLL more susceptible to noise and
undesirable signal.
19. Mention some typical applications of PLL. [APR/MAY 2015]
• Frequency multiplication/division
• Frequency translation
• AM detection
• FM demodulation
• FSK demodulation.
20. What is a compander IC? Give some examples. (DEC 2009)
The term companding means compressing and expanding. In a communication system, the audio
signal is compressed in the transmitter and expanded in the receiver.
Examples: LM 2704-LM 2707; NE 570/571.
21. What are the merits of companding?
*The compression process reduces the dynamic range of the signal before it is transmitted.
*Companding preserves the signal to noise ratio of the original signal and avoids non linear
distortion of the signal when the input amplitude is large.
*It also reduces buzz, bias and low level audio tones caused by mild interference.
22. What is a VCO? [APR/MAY 2010]
VCO is a free running multivibrator which operates at free running frequency.
23.Draw the relation between the capture ranges and lock range in a PLL. [APR/MAY 2010]
24. What is lock range and capture range of PLL? [NOV/DEC 2010] [NOV/DEC 2013]
Range of frequencies over which PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called lock
range. Range of frequencies over which PLL can acquire lock with the incoming signal is called
capture range.
25. With reference to a VCO, define voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv. [APR/MAY 2011]
Kv = Δfo / ΔVc
26. What are the advantages of variable trans conductance technique? [APR/MAY 2012]
1. Provides four quadrant operations.
2. Good accuracy.
3. High speed operation.
4. Less error.
27. VCO is called v-f converter? Why? [APR/MAY 2012]
The frequency deviation is directly proportional to the dc control voltage and hence it is called a V-f
converter.
28. A PLL frequency multiplier has an input frequency of “f” and a decade counter is included in the
loop. What will be the frequency of the PLL output? [May / June 2013](Apply)
Output of PLL = 10f
29. Mention any two applications of PLL. [May / June 2013]
Frequency translation and AM Detection
30. What is meant by Frequency synthesizing? [NOV/DEC 2013]
Large number of desired frequencies can be produced from a single crystal controlled oscillator
31. What is the need for Frequency Synthesizer? [MAY/JUNE 2014]
To produce precise series of frequencies from a stable crystal oscillator
32. What is the function of phase detector in PLL? [NOV/DEC 2014]
The phase detector produces a DC or low frequency signal which is proportional to the phase
difference between the input signal and VCO output signal.
33. Under what condition the gilbert cell will function as a multiplier? [APR/MAY 2015]
When both the input to the gilbert cell are very small, it will work as a multiplier.
34. How do you convert a basic multiplier to a squaring and square root circuit? [APR/MAY 2015]
When the input is connected to both the terminals of the multiplier IC, it will act as a squaring circuit
35. Mention two application of analog multiplier. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Gilbert cell, two and four quadrant multiplier.
36. With the equations, show how is a multiplier cab be used for finding phase angle difference
between two signals. [R2008 Nov / Dec 2015]
37. What is four quadrant multiplier? [APR/MAY 2016]
A four-quadrant multiplier is one where inputs and outputs may swing positive and negative. Many
multipliers only work in 2 quadrants (one input may only have one polarity), or single quadrant
(inputs and outputs have only one polarity, usually all positive).
38. Draw the circuit diagram of PLL circuit using as a FM detector. [APR/MAY 2016]

39. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used?

A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last sampled value
until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital interfacing, analog to digital
systems, and pulse code modulation systems.
40. What are the merits of companding?
*The compression process reduces the dynamic range of the signal before it is transmitted.
*Companding preserves the signal to noise ratio of the original signal and avoids non-linear
distortion of the signal when the input amplitude is large.
*It also reduces buzz, bias and low level audio tones caused by mild interference.
 UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

1. Name the essential parts of a DAC. (MAY 2010)

• Drive motors
• Analog devices
• Deglitcher
• Filter
2. Write down the drawback of weighted D/A converter
The main disadvantage of binary weighted D/A converter is the requirement of wide range of resister
values. As the length of the binary word is increased .the range of resister values needed also
increases.
3. List the broad classification of ADCs.
1. Direct type ADC.
2. Integrating type ADC.
4. List out the direct type ADCs (DEC 2009)
1. Flash (comparator) type converter
2. Counter type converter
3. Tracking or servo converter
4. Successive approximation type converter
5. List out some integrating type converters.
1. Charge balancing ADC
2. Dual slope ADC
6. What is integrating type converter?
An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the analog I/P
signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is known as integrating type
A/D converter.
7. Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
The circuit of successive approximation ADC consists of a successive approximation register (SAR),
to find the required value of each bit by trial & error. With the arrival of START command, SAR sets
the MSB bit to 1. The O/P is converted into an analog signal & it is compared with I/P signal. This
O/P is low or High. This process continues until all bits are checked.
8. What are the main advantages of integrating type ADCs?
a. The integrating type of ADC’s do not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
b. It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form
9. Where are thesuccessive approximation types ADC’s used?
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers & instrumentation
where conversion speed is important.
10. What is the main drawback of a dual-slop ADC? (DEC 2009)
The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual slope ADC
11. State the advantages of dual slope ADC. (DEC 2009)
It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples of the
integration time T.
12. Define conversion time. (DEC 2009)
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital output. It depends on
the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components. The conversion time
of a successive approximation type ADC is given by
T(n+1) where T---clock period Tc---conversion time n-- --no. of bits
13. Where are the successive approximation type ADC‟s used? (Remember)
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers &
instrumentation where conversion speed is important.
14. What is the main drawback of a dual-slop ADC? (Remember)
(DEC 2009)
The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual
slope ADC
15. State the advantages of dual slope ADC (Understand)
(DEC 2009)
It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples
of the integration time T.
16. Define conversion time. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital
output. It depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit
components. The conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by
T(n+1)
where T---clock period
Tc---conversion time
n----no.of bits
17. Define resolution of a data converter. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be
produced at the output or input of the converter. Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2n-1=1 LSB
increment. The resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a
one bit change at the output
18. Define accuracy of converter. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
Absolute accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the ideal converter
output.
Relative accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation after gain & offset errors have been removed. The
accuracy of a converter is also specified in form of LSB increments or % of full scale voltage.
19. What is settling time? (Remember)
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band ±½LSB
of its final value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends
upon the switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance &
inductances. Settling time ranges from 100ns. 10Ws depending on word length & type circuit
used.
20. Explain in brief stability of a converter: (Understand)
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply
variation. So all the relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity
must be specified over the full temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability
performances.
21. What is meant by linearity? (Remember)
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how
close the converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually
expressed as a fraction of LSB increment or percentage of full-scale voltage. A good
converter exhibits a linearity error of less than ±½LSB.
22. What is monotonic DAC? (Remember)
A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital
input.
23. What are the specifications of D/A converter? (Remember)
The specifications are accuracy, offset voltage, monotonicity, resolution, and settling
time.
24. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used? [MAY/JUNE2014],
[NOV/DEC 2014] (Remember)
A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last
sampled value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital
interfacing, analog to digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems.
25 .Define sample period and hold period. (Remember) (DEC 2009)
The time during which the voltage across the capacitor in sample and hold circuit is
equal to the input voltage is called sample period. The time period during which the voltage
across the capacitor is held constant is called hold period.
26. Which is the fastest ADC and why? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
Simultaneous type A/D converter (flash type A/D converter) is the fastest because
A/D conversion is performed simultaneously through a set of comparators.
27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of R-2R ladder DAC? (MAY2010)
(Remember)
Advantage:
• Easier to build
• Number of bits can be expanded by adding more sections.
Disadvantage:
• More power dissipation makes heating, which in turns develops non-linearties in
DAC.
28. Give the disadvantages of flash type A/D converter. (Remember) (MAY
2010)
The simultaneous type A/D converter is not suitable for A/D conversion with more
than 3 or 4 digital output bits. Then (2n- 1) comparators are required for an n-bit A/D
converter and the number of comparators required doubles for each added bit.
29. Define quantization error. (Remember)
In A/D converter the smallest digital step is due to the LSB and it can be made
smaller only by increasing the number of bits in the digital representation. This error is called
quantization error.
30. Define Dither. (Remember)
It is a very small amount of random noise (white noise) which is added to the input
before A/D conversion to improve the performance of A/D converter.
31. Define Delta modulation. (Remember)
Delta modulation is a technique in which derivative of the signal is
Quantized. The delta modulation shows slope overload for fast input signals and their
performance is dependent on input signal frequency.
32. Define slope overload noise and granular noise. (Remember)
Slope overload noise is introduced due to the use of a step size delta is too small to
follow some portions of the waveform with a step size. Granular noise results from using a
step size that is too large in parts of the Waveform having a small slope.
33. Define resolution of a data converter.[APR/MAY 2010] , [NOV/DEC 2010]&
[APR/MAY2011], [NOV/DEC 2014] (Remember)
Resolution of a converter is a smallest change in voltage which may be produced at
the output.
34. Give the advantages of integrating type ADC. (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2010]
Integrating type ADC perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the
analog input signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to digital code. Here
accuracy is more.
35. Compare and contrast binary ladder and R-2R ladder DAC? (Analyze)
[NOV/DEC 2010]
Binary ladder DAC:
Requires wide range of resistor values.
R-2R ladder DAC:
Only two resistor values are required.
36. Define conversion time of DAC. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2010],
[APR/MAY2011]
It is the total time required to convert digital signal into analog signal.
37. Define following performance parameters of D/A converters: (Remember)
[APR/MAY2011]
Accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output and the ideal
converter output.
Monotonicity: [APR/MAY2015]
Monotonic DAC is the one whose analog output increases for an increase in
digital input.
38. Which is the fastest ADC? State the reason. (Understand) [APR/MAY 2011]
Flash type ADC is the fastest ADC as the conversion takes place simultaneously
rather than sequentially.
39. Define settling time of D/A converter. (Remember) [APR/MAY 2012]
Time taken for the output to settle within specified band + ½ LSB of its final value.
40. What is the main drawback of dual slope ADC (Remember) [APR/MAY 2012]
Long conversion time
41. Mention any two specifications of a D/A converter. (Remember)[May / June 2013]
Accuracy & Resolution.
42. For an n-bit flash type A/D converter, how many comparators are required? State
the disadvantage of that type of converter.[May / June 2013] (Understand)
2n – 1.
43. State the principle of single slope A/D Converter (Understand) [NOV/DEC 2013]
It uses a integrator to generate a sawtoothwafeform which is then compared against the
analog input by a comparator
44. Give any two advantages of SA type ADC (Remember) [MAY/JUNE 2014]
Efficient
Conversion speed is more
45. What is over sampling? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
Oversampling converters sample the analog signal at a rate much higher than the
sampling rates normally required with nyquist converters.
46. What would be produced by a DAC whose output range is 0-10v and whose input
binary number is 10111100 (for a 8 bit DAC)? (Apply) [APR/MAY 2015]
V0 = 10V [1/21+0/22+1/23+1/24+1/25+1/26+0/27+0/28]
= 10[47/64]
= 7.34 V
47.Explain the operation of basic sample and hold circuit.
A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and
contains at least one fast FET switch and at least one operational amplifier. To sample
the input signal the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier.
The buffer amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the
capacitor is practically equal, or proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the
switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably
discharged by its own leakage currents and useful load currents, which makes the
circuit inherently volatile, but the loss of voltage (voltage droop) within a specified
hold time remains within an acceptable error margin.
48. State the advantages and applications of sample and hold circuits.
A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on
to its last sampled value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used
in digital interfacing, analog to digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems.
49. Define start of conversion and end of conversion.
Start of Conversion in ADC (SOC): This is the control signal for start of
conversion which initiates A/D conversion process.
End of Conversion in ADC (EOC): This is the control signal which is
activated when the conversion is completed.
50. What are the applications of 555 Timer?
Astable multivibrator
Monostable multivibrator
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Pulse width modulation
FSK generator
Pulse position modulator
Schmitt trigger
51. List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Frequency divider
Pulse width modulation.
52. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation:
* FSK generator
* Pulse-position modulator
53. Define 555 IC?
The 555 timer is an integrated circuit specifically designed to perform signal
generation and timing functions.
54. List the basic blocks of IC 555 timer?
A relaxation oscillator
RS flip flop
Two comparator
Discharge transistor.
55. List the features of 555 Timer?
It has two basic operating modes: monostable and astble
It is available in three packages. 8 pin metal can , 8 pin dip, 14 pin dip.
It has very high temperature stability.
56. Define duty cycle?
The ratio of high output and low output period is given by a mathematical
parameter called duty cycle. It is defined as the ratio of ON Time to total time.
57. Define VCO.
A voltage controlled oscillator is an oscillator circuit in which the frequency of
oscillations can be controlled by an externally applied voltage.
58. List the features of 566 VCO.
Wide supply voltage range(10-24V)
Very linear modulation characteristics
High temperature stability
59. What does you mean by PLL?
A PLL is a basically a closed loop system designed to lock output frequency
and phase to the frequency and phase of an input signal.
60. Define lock range.
When PLL is in lock, it can trap freq changes in the incoming signal. The range
of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is
called as lock range.
61. Define capture range.
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with the input
signal is called as capture range.
62. Define pull-in time.
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time.
63. List the applications of 565 PLL.
Frequency multiplier
Frequency synthesizer
FM detector
Unit v
WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS
16. Define switched voltage regulators?
Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency
on/off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current continuously. This gives
improved efficiency over series regulators.
17. What are the advantages of adjustable voltage regulators over the fixed voltage
regulators?
i) Improved line and load regulation by a factor of 10 or more.
ii) Because of the improved overload protection, greater load current can be drawn.
iii) Improved reliability.
18. List out the parameters related to the fixed voltage regulators?
1) Line regulation
2) Load regulation
3) Ripple rejection
4) Output impedance
5) Maximum power dissipation
6) Rated output current
19. Define dropout voltage of a fixed voltage regulator?
It is the minimum voltage that must exist between input and output terminals. For
most of regulators, it is 2 to 3 volts.
20. What is an opto-coupler IC? Give examples.
Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a
photosensing device.
Examples for opto-coupler circuit : LED and a photo diode,
LED and photo transistor, LED and Darlington.
Examples for opto-coupler IC : MCT 2F , MCT 2E .
21. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers.
*Better isolation between the two stages.
*Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
*Wide frequency response.
*Easily interfaced with digital circuit.
*Compact and light weight.
*Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce, are eliminated.
22. What is an isolation amplifier?
An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its inputs
and output terminals.
1. Mention some applications of 555 timer (DEC 2009) (Remember)
*Oscillator
*pulse generator
*ramp and square wave generator
*mono-shot multivibrator
*burglar alarm
*traffic light control
2 . List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation: [NOV/DEC „13]
(Remember)
*Missing pulse detector
*Linear ramp generator
*Frequency divider
*Pulse width modulation.
3. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation: (Remember)
(MAY/JUNE2010)[NOV/DEC 2013]
*FSK generator
*Pulse-position modulator
4. What is a voltage regulator? (Remember) (MAY 2010)
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage
independent of the load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations.
5. Give the classification of voltage regulators: (Remember) (MAY 2010)
*Series / Linear regulators
*Switching regulators.
6. What is a linear voltage regulator? (Remember)
Series or linear regulator uses a power transistor connected in series between the
unregulated dc input and the load and it conducts in the linear region .The output voltage is
controlled by the continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor.
7. What is a switching regulator? (Remember)
Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency
on/off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This give
improved efficiency over series regulators.
8. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators? (Remember)
*low cost
*high reliability
*reduction in size
*excellent performance
9. Give some examples of monolithic IC voltage regulators: (Remember)
78XX series fixed output, positive voltage regulators
79XX series fixed output, negative voltage regulators
723 general purpose regulators.
10. What is the purpose of having input and output capacitors in three terminal IC
regulators? (Remember)
A capacitor connected between the input terminal and ground cancels the Inductive
effects due to long distribution leads. The output capacitor improves the transient response.
11. Define line regulation. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013], [NOV/DEC 2014]
Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change
in the input voltage. It is expressed in mill volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
13. Define load regulation. (Remember)
Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It
is expressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
13.What is meant by current limiting? (Remember) [APR/MAY 2015]
Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from
increasing above a preset value.
14. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators: (Remember)
*The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line
frequency.
*Because of low line frequency, large values of filter capacitors are required to
decrease the ripple.
*Efficiency is reduced due to the continuous power dissipation by the
transistor as it operates in the linear region
15.What is the advantage of monolithic switching regulators? (Remember)
(MAY 2010)
*Greater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low
impedance switch. Power transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a
steady current flow.
*By using suitable switching loss reduction technique, the switching frequency can be
increased so as to reduce the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors.
16. What is an opto-coupler IC? Give examples. (Remember) (MAY 2010)
[MAY/JUNE 2014]
Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a photo
sensing device. Examples for opto-coupler circuit: LED and a photo diode, LED and photo
transistor, LED and Darlington.
Examples for opto-coupler IC: MCT 2F, MCT 2E.
17. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers: (Remember)
*Better isolation between the two stages.
*Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
*Wide frequency response.
*Easily interfaced with digital circuit.
*Compact and light weight.
*Problems such as noise, transients, and contact bounce are eliminated.
18. What is an isolation amplifier? Mention it‟s application. (Remember) (MAY/JUNE
2010) [APR/MAY 2016]
An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its input
and output terminals.
19. What is the need for a tuned amplifier? (Remember) (MAY 2009)
In radio or TV receivers, it is necessary to select a particular channel among all other
10. available channels. Hence some sort of frequency selective circuit is needed that will allow us
o amplify the frequency band required and reject all the other unwanted signals and this
function is provided by a tuned amplifier.
20. Give the classification of tuned amplifier: (Remember)
(i) Small signal tuned amplifier
*Single tuned
*Double tuned
*Stagger tuned
(ii) Large signal tuned amplifier.
21. Write the frequency of oscillation (f0) equation for triangular wave generator
(Remember) .
(MAY10)
f0=R3/4R1C1R2
22. How frequency to voltage converted on OP-AMPS. (Understand)
(MAY 2010)
A Frequency to voltage converter produces an output voltage, whose amplitude is a
function of frequency of the input signal. The input signal may be a sine wave, a square wave
or a pulse train. The F/V converter is essentially an FM detector or discriminator.
23. What is video amplifier? (Remember)
(MAY/JUNE 2010)
The video or wideband amplifiers are designed to provide a relatively flat gain versus
frequency response characteristics for the range of frequencies required to transmit video
information.
24. Define Multivibrators. Mention its types. (Remember) (MAY/JUNE 2010)
[MAY/JUNE 2014]
Multivibrators are regenerative circuits, which are mainly used in timing applications.
Based on their operational characteristics they can be classified into •AstableMultivibrators
• MonostableMultivibrators
• BistableMultivibrators
25. Define AstableMultivibrators. (Remember)
The astableMultivibrators toggles between one state and the other without the
influence of any other external control signal. It is also called as free running multivibrator.
26. Define MonostableMultivibrators(Remember)
The monostablemultivibrator or one –shot requires an external signal called a trigger
to force the circuit into a quasi-stable state for a particular time or delay.
27. What is audio amplifier? (Remember)
The amplifier receives an input from signal source or from a transducer and gives out
an amplified signal to the output device is called an audio amplifier.
28. Define AstableMultivibrators. (Remember)
The astableMultivibrators toggles between one state and the other without the
influence of any other external control signal. It is also called as free running multivibrator.
29. Define MonostableMultivibrators. (Remember)
The monostablemultivibrator or one –shot requires an external signal called a trigger
to force the circuit into a quasi-stable state for a particular time or delay.
30. What is audio amplifier? (Remember)
The amplifier receives an input from signal source or from a transducer and gives out
an amplified signal to the output device is called an audio amplifier.
31. What are the three different wave forms generated by ICL8038? (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2010]
Sine wave, Square wave & Triangular wave.
32. What is meant by thermal shutdown applied to voltage regulators? (Remember)
[NOV/DEC 2010]
The IC has a temperature sensor which turns off the IC when it becomes too hot. The
output current will drop and remain there until IC has cooled significantly.
33. What is an opto-coupler IC? Mention its applications. (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2011]
It is combined package of LED and Photodiode.
34. Define the duty cycle in Astablemultivibrator using IC 555. (Remember)
[APR/MAY 2011]
Duty cycle = ( Rb / Ra+2Rb)*100
35. What are the limitations of three terminal regulators(Remember)
[APR/MAY 2012]
1. No short circuit protection.
2. Output voltage is fixed.
36. What is switched capacitor filter. (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2013]
A switched capacitor filter is a three terminal element which consists of capacitors,
periodic switches and op-amps whose open circuit voltage transfer function represents filter
characteristics.
37. Give the formula for period of oscillations in an op-amp as table circuit.
(Remember)
[May/June 13]
T = 2RC ln(1+β / 1-β)
38. Define duty cycle of a periodic pulse wave form. (Remember)
[May / June 2013]
Duty cycle = (Rb / Ra+2Rb)*100
39. State the two conditions for oscillations? (Understand) [APR/MAY 2015]
1. The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude and
2. The phase shift around the loop is zero or an integer multiple of 2π
40. Draw the functional diagram of 723 regulator?(Apply) [APR/MAY
2015]
41. What is the purpose of connecting a capacitor at the input and the output side of an
IC voltage regulator? (Remember) [NOV/DEC 2015]

The figure above shows the application of LM340 IC as a voltage regulator. Pins 1, 2,
and 3 are the input, output and ground.
When there is quite a distance (in cms) from the IC to the filter capacitor of the
unregulated power supply, there may occur unwanted oscillations within the IC due to lead
inductances within the circuit. In order to remove this unwanted oscillation, the capacitor C1
has to be placed as shown in the circuit. Capacitor C2 is sometimes used to improve the
transient response of the circuit.
Any device in the LM 340 series needs a minimum input voltage at least 2 to 3 V
greater than the regulated output voltage. Otherwise, it will stop regulating. Furthermore,
there is a maximum input voltage because of excessive power dissipation.
42. Mention two applications of frequency to voltage converter. (Remember)
[NOV/DEC 2015]
1. Frequency to voltage converter in tachometers.
2. Frequency difference measurement.
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
43. Write the advantages of switching regulator over series voltage regulators.
(Remember)
[R2008 NOV/DEC 2015]
3. Define sink current and source current?
Sink current: When the output is low, the load current that flows through the load
connected between Vcc and o/p terminal is called sink current.
Source current: When the output is high, the load current that flows through the load
connected between ground and o/p terminal is called source current.
4. Define normally ON load and normally OFF load?
Normally ON load: The load connected between VCC and output terminal.
Normally OFF load:The load connected between output terminal and ground
5. What is the use of reset pin of 555 timer?
This is an interrupt for the timing device when pin 4 is grounded, it stops the
working of device and makes it off.
Draw the internal block diagram of a function generator IC (Nov/Dec 2014)

29. What is a switching regulator? (Nov/Dec 2014)

Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high
frequency on/off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current
continuously. This give improved efficiency over series regulators.
Draw the pin diagram of IC 8038 (Nov/Dec 2014)

State the need for protection diodes in voltage regulators based on LM 317
regulators (April/May 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
When external capacitors are used with LM 317, it is sometimes necessary to
add protection diodes to prevent the capacitors from discharging through low current
points into the regulators. Protection diodes are included for use with outputs greater
than 25V and high value of output capacitance.
32. What is an isolation amplifier? (Nov/Dec 2012), (Nov/Dec 2011)
An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its
input and output terminals. Easy to use, ultra low leakage 18 pin DIP package
Better isolation between the two stages.
Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
Wide frequency response
Easily interfaced with digital circuit
Compact and light weight
Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce, are eliminated
33. Define load regulation (Nov/Dec 2013)
is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current and of
V0. Typical value of load regulation for 7805 is 15mV for 5mA < I0 < 1.5A
34. What are the applications of switch mode power supplies? (April/May 2012)
Adjustable high voltage constant current sources
Battery powered systems
Telecommunication circuits
Personal computers
Printers
Video games
Motor and industrial control systems
Automotive applications
35. Why do switching regulators have better efficiency than series regulator?
(April/May 2012)
Switching regulators have better efficiency than series regulator because the
switching regulator have applied a very high frequency signal (40 kHz and above), the
transistors used are acting as the switches and become alternately ON and OFF at a
frequency of 20 kHz. The time duration, power consumption, size and cost is very
small when compared with series regulator.
36. What are the disadvantages of linear voltage regulator? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Low efficiency
Use of step down transformer is bulky and expensive
Weight is high
Response to load variation is fast
37. What are the advantages of switched capacitor filter over active filters?
(April/May 2010)
The switched capacitor filter have very small size, low power consumption and
reliability and price which are more favorable than those of passive LC and RC active
filters.