Science 8 Quarter 3 - Module 8: Periodic Properties of Elements

Name: ___________________________________ Score: ___________

Grade Level/Section: ____________________ Date: ____________

What I Need To Know

The modern periodic table is a very valuable tool for predicting the chemistry
of elements. It summarizes relationships that exist among elements and their
compounds. Thus, many individual properties of elements need not be
memorized if periodic relationships are known.

This module will further broaden your knowledge about the elements.
It allows you to explore the modern periodic table in terms of the following
periodic properties of the elements: atomic size, ionization energy, metallic
character, electronegativity, and electron affinity. After going through this
module, you are expected to:

1. Use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element

(S8MT- IIIi-j-12).

Specifically, this module will let you recognize the trends in atomic
size, ionization energy, metallic character, electronegativity, and electron
affinity of elements across the period and down the family.

What's In
In the previous module, you were able to identify the elements in the
modern periodic table arranged in groups and periods; representative and
transition elements, metals, metalloids, and non-metals. In this module, we
focus on the variations in atomic properties that are useful in predicting the
chemical behavior of elements.

Activity 1: The Periodic Properties

Direction: Use the clues to solve the
puzzle.

Across
1. ability to attract electrons 4. repeating
trends in element
properties
Down
2. ability to accept electrons 3. adj., the
character of an atom to readily lose an electron 5.
energy to remove an electron
from an atom

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 What's New

The periodic properties of elements can be related to human behavior.

Below is a short excerpt from the chapter Argon in Primo Levi's book "The
Periodic Table".

“The little I know about my ancestors presents many similarities to these

gases. Not all of them were materially inert, for that was not granted them.
On the contrary, they were—or had to be— quite active, in order to earn a
living and because of a reigning morality that held that “he who does not work
shall not eat.” But there is no doubt that they were inert in their inner
spirits, inclined to disinterested speculation, witty discourses, elegant,
sophisticated, and gratuitous discussion. It can hardly be by chance that all
deeds attributed to them, though quite various, have in common a touch of
the static, an attitude of dignified abstention, of voluntary (or accepted)
relegation to the margins of the great river of life.”
Adopted from: What Element Are You Lesson Plan. https://kenanfellows.org//kfp-cp-sites/cp04/cp04/sites/kfp-
cpsites.localhost.com.cp04/files/What%20Element%20are%20You%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

According to Levi, a chemist, and writer, each element had an

associative value—its properties symbolizing certain thoughts and activating
specific memories. He describes Argon as a rare gas, part of the air we breathe
and need to survive but not always noticed or appreciated.
In what way does Levi identify with Argon?
What does the element symbolize about his Jewish background?

The rotations of planets, seasons, high and low tides are periodic
processes in our solar system and nature. Ancient astronomers and
astrologers used these observations to regulate the activities of individuals or
even of nations. Periodicity is an essential part of our life, as evidenced by the
beating of the heart and our eating, sleeping, and waking patterns.
The elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number. These elements display several other trends, and we can use
the periodic table to predict their chemical, physical, and atomic properties.

Activity 2: Connecting circles!

Direction: Using graphs A and B, connect all circles by increasing atomic number
with a thin straight line.

Figure 1.GraphicalRepresentation of
AtomicRadius vsAtomicNumber
Source
: http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pd
f

2
 Figure2. GraphicalRepresentation of First
IonizationEnergy vsAtomicNumber
Source
: http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pd
f

Interpret the data as presented in the graph and answer these questions:

1. How do you describe the line that connects all circles in Graph A?
What about
Graph B?
What does the line in Graph A mean? What about the line in Graph B? You may
refer to the periodic table for your answer.

What is It

The periodic law states that when the elements are arranged in order
of increasing atomic number, their physical and chemical properties vary
periodically. In this module, we will look at the following physical and
chemical properties of an atom, namely; atomic size, ionization energy,
metallic character, electronegativity, and electron affinity.
Periodic trends are specific patterns present in the periodic table that
illustrate different aspects of a certain element. The trends provide chemists
with an invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's properties. These
trends exist because of the similar atomic structure of the elements within
their respective group families or periods and because of the periodic nature
of the elements.

Atomic Size
The atomic radius
of a chemical element is the
measure of the size of its atoms. The
atomic radius is one-half the
distance between the nuclei of two
atoms (just like a radius is half the
diameter of a circle). Thus, based on
the atomic radii, the atomic size
patterns are observed throughout
Periodic table showing
trends inatomic size
the periodic table. The following are Image Source:
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.
the general trends in the size of
atomic radii:

1. Within each period (horizontal row), the atomic radius tends to

decrease with the atomic number (nuclear charge). The largest atom in a

3
 period is a
Group IA
atom and
the
smallest is
Periodic table showing ionization energy trends a Group
Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic
Chemistry/Modules_and_Web
.
sites_(Inorganic_Chemistry
) VIIIA or
/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Propertie
s/Periodic_Trends noble gas
atom.
2. Within each group (vertical column), the atomic radius tends to
increase with the period number.
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a
neutral atom in its gaseous phase.
Conceptually, ionization energy is the opposite of electronegativity. The lower
this energy is, the more readily the atom becomes a cation. Therefore, the higher this
energy is, the more unlikely it is that the atom becomes a cation (kat·ai·aan).
Generally,elements on the right side of the periodic table have higher ionization energy
because their outermost level occupied by the electron is nearly filled. Elements on the
left side of the periodic table have low ionization energies because of their willingness to
lose electrons and become cations. Thus, ionization energy increases from left to
right on the periodic table.

Metallic Character
The metallic character of an element can be defined as how readily an atom
can lose an electron. From right to left across a period, the metallic
character increases because the
attraction between the outermost
electron and the atomic nucleus
is weaker, enabling it easier to
lose electrons. Metallic
character increases as you
move down a group because the
atomic size is increasing. When
the atomic size increases, the
outer level of an atom occupied
by an electron is farther away.
The principal energy level of an
atom occupied by an electron
increases, and average electron
density moves farther from the
nucleus. The electrons of the
valence shell have less attraction Periodic table trends in metallic character
to the nucleus and, as a result,
can lose electrons more readily. This causes an increase in metallic character.
● Metallic characteristics decrease from left to right across a period. This
is caused by the decrease in radius of the atom that allows the outer
electrons to ionize more readily

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 ● Metallic characteristics increase down a group. Electron shielding
causes the atomic radius to increase, so the outer electrons ionize
more readily than
electrons in smaller
atoms.
● Metallic character
relates to the ability to
lose electrons, and
nonmetallic character
relates to the ability to
gain electrons.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity can be
understood as a
chemical property describing
an atom's ability to attract and Periodic table trends in electronegativity
bind with electrons. In 1934, Robert S. Mulliken, an American physicist, and
chemist suggested on theoretical grounds that the
electronegativity (X) of an atom be given as half its ionization energy (I.E.)
minus electron affinity (E.A.).
𝐼.𝐸. − 𝐸.𝐴.
X=

The nature of electronegativity is effectively described thus: the more

inclined an atom is to gain electrons, the more likely that atom will pull
electrons toward itself.
● From left to right across a period of elements, electronegativity
increases.
● From top to bottom down a group, electronegativity decreases.
● Important exceptions to the above rules include the noble gases,
lanthanides, and actinides. The noble gases possess a complete
valence shell and do not usually attract electrons. The lanthanides
and actinides possess more complicated chemistry that does not
generally follow any trends. Therefore, noble gases, lanthanides, and
actinides do not have electronegativity values.
● As for the transition metals, although they have electronegativity
values, there is little variance among them across the period and
up and down a group. This is because their metallic properties affect
their ability to attract electrons as easily as the other elements.

Electron Affinity
As the name suggests, electron affinity is the ability of an atom to
accept an electron. Unlike electronegativity, electron affinity is a quantitative
measurement of the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a
neutral gas atom. The more negative the electron affinity value, the higher an
atom's affinity for electrons.

Electron affinity generally decreases down a group of elements because

each atom is larger than the atom above it. This means that when an atom is
getting larger due to an added electron, this makes an electron to be farther
away from the atom's nucleus compared with its position in the smaller atom.
With a larger distance between the negatively-charged electron and the
positively-charged nucleus, the force of attraction is relatively weaker.
Therefore, electron affinity decreases. Moving from left to right across a
period, atoms become smaller as the forces of attraction become stronger.

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This causes the electron to move closer to the nucleus, thus increasing the
electron affinity from left to right across a period.

● Electron affinity increases from left to right within a period. This is

caused by the decrease in atomic radius.
● Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom within a group. This is
caused by the increase in atomic radius.

Figure 6. Periodic table showing electron affinity trend.

Source: https://socratic.org/chemistry/the-periodic-table/periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity

What I Have Learned

Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic
table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size
and its electronic properties.

The atomic size of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its

atoms. Within each period (horizontal row), the atomic size through its radius
tends to decrease with increasing atomic number (nuclear charge). The largest
atom in a period is a Group IA atom, and the smallest is a noble-gas atom.
Within each group (vertical column), the atomic size tends to increase with
the period number.
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a
neutral atom in its gaseous phase. Conceptually, ionization energy is the
opposite of electronegativity. Ionization energy increases from left to right
(across the period) on the periodic table because of increasing attraction
between the positive nucleus and negative outermost electron of the atom. On
the other hand, as a family is descended, the number of energy levels
occupied by the electron of an atom increases because this outweighs the
effect of a higher nuclear charge. As the distance of the outer electrons from
the nucleus increases, ionization energy decreases.
The metallic character of an element can be defined as how readily an
atom can lose an electron. From right to left across a period, the metallic
character increases because the attraction between the level of an atom
occupied by the electron and the nucleus is weaker, enabling an easier loss of
electrons. Metallic character increases as you move down a group because the
atomic size is increasing.
Electronegativity can be understood as a chemical property
describing an atom's ability to attract and bind with electrons. It increases

6
from bottom to top in groups and increases from left to the right across
periods.
Electron affinity is the ability of an atom to accept an electron.
Electron affinity increases from left to right within a period and decreases
from top to bottom within a group.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Supply me!

Direction: Answer what is asked in each of the items below.
1. Order the following elements by increasing atomic radius according to
what you expect from periodic trends: Se, S, As.
2. Using periodic trends, arrange the following elements by increasing
ionization energy: Ar, Na, Cl, Al.
3. In terms of electron affinity, which member of each of the following pairs
has the greater negative value: (a) As, Br (b) F,
Li.

Assessment
Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the best
answer. Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Consider the following sequence:

I. Al < Si < P < S
II. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr
III. I < Br < Cl < F
Which of these give(s) a correct trend in increasing atomic size?
a. I only c. III only
b. II only d. I and II only

2. Compared with the electronegativities of the elements on the left side of the
period, the electronegativities of the elements on the right side of the same
period tend to be _____.
a. lower c. the same
b. higher d. unpredictable

3. Which of the following is NOT a trend that varies periodically in the periodic
table?
a. Electronegativity c. Ionization energy
b. Symbols of elements d. Atomic radius

4. Use the periodic table to predict which element has the largest ionization
energy.
a. Phosphorus c. Arsenic
b. Sulfur d. Selenium

5. Use the periodic table to predict which element has the largest atomic size.
a. Lithium c. Sodium
b. Beryllium d. Magnesium

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6. Electronegativity tends to increase as you:
a. go down a column of the periodic table
b. go from left to right across the periodic table
c. go toward the middle of the periodic table
d. go from upper left-hand corner to the lower right-hand corner of the
periodic table

7. From the position of elements in the periodic table, the most metallic element is
___.
a. lead c. tin
b. bismuth d. antimony

8. The willingness of an atom to receive electrons is measured by its ____.

a. electron affinity c. ionization energy
b. atomic size d. electronegativity

9. Given the elements inside the box below, which order shows an increasing
electronegativity? [S, Se, Cl, Br and P]
a. P, Se, S, Br, Cl c. S, P, Se, Cl, Br
b. S, Br, P, Se, Cl d. P, Se, Br, S, Cl

10. Which of the following elements has the lowest electron affinity?
a. Manganese c. Iron
b. Technetium d. Ruthenium

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 Answer Key Gr8Q3 Module 8

Activity 1. ThePeriodic Properties the gained electron is stronger.

Across 1. Electronegativity for the attraction between the nucleus and
Across 4. Periodicity nonmetals will prefer to accept electrons
Down 2. Affinity
Nonmetals. It is because
Down 3. Metallic
Down 5. Ionization to release an electron is likewise stronger.
accept electron is stronger, then its ability
Activity 2. Connecting circles because when the ability of an atom o t
High ionization energy. It is
Answers may vary.
The line is crooked (like the saw attraction stronger as it gains electron.
teeth with sharp edges or amplitude closer to the nucleus, making their
of a speaker) for both the graphs. the atom is smaller, the outermost shell is
Both graphs also show a periodic Smaller atom. It is because when
pattern.
In Graph A, atomic radius is electron.
greater at certain atomic numbers. nucleus andthe negative incoming
It shows that as x increases, y stronger attraction between the positive
sometimes increases and outermost shell is; therefore, it has
sometimes decreases. With
smaller the atom is, the closer the
reference to the periodic table, the
pattern is indeed periodic showing
Smaller atom. It is because the
that atomic radius decreases from Decreasing
right to left and bottom to top. In Activity 3. Chart Chat
Graph B, at certain atomic
numbers, first ionization energy
appears to be higher. With
reference to the periodic table, B
ionization energy increases m froleft D
to right and from bottom to top. A
A
b. F
B
C a. Br
C
B Na, Al, Cl, Ar
B
S, Se, As
B me!
ASSESSMENT Activity 4. Supply