CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ________________________________of

class 12th "science" has successfully completed their physics
activity file under the guidance of
"________________________________________"

The approach towards the subject has been sincere and

scientific.
I certify that this project is upto my expectation and as per the
guidelines issued by the CBSE.

External Examiner

Internal Examiner Principal Signature

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher _________________________________ as well as our
principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful Activity which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this activity
within the limited time. I am making this activity file not only
for marks but to also increase my knowledge.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME..............

CONTENTS
 1. Observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

2. Observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

3. Identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a

capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

To Observe Diffraction of Light Due To a Thin Slit

Aim
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Apparatus
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light
(laser pencil) black paper and a glass plate .

Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a
fine opening or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is
comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more
pronounced if the size of the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of
wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to interference of light
waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront. The diffraction
pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band having alternate dark
and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

Procedure

1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.

2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely
close to each other to form a narrow slit in between.
 3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a
suitable distance from a wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at
the comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light .
 To Observe Polarization Of Light Using
Two Polaroids

Aim
To observe polarization of light using two polaroids.

Apparatus
Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light beam with parallel rays, a
Polaroid.

Theory
When an unpolarised light is made incident on the interface of two transparent
media at polarising angle, the refracted and reflected rays depart from each other
at an angle of 90°. The reflected ray is completely plane polarised. It can be tested
by a polaroid.

Procedure
Keep the than glass sheet in a horizontal plane surface with a hole under the
sheet. Take a beam of monochromatic light having parallel rays and make it
incident on the upper face of the glass sheet.
Adjust the angle of incidence to 57.5°.
Observe the reflected rays and the refracted rays. They must make an angle of
90° with each other.
Testing of Polarisation

1. Take a polaroid (P) and keep it in between incident light and your eyes.
Rotate it about an axis along incident ray. No change of intensity of light will
be detected. It is so because the incident light is unpolarised.
2. Take the second polaroid (A) and place it at a proper distance between
polaroid (P) and eye and parallel to it. Light is visible through them.
3. Now rotate the polaroid (A) ranging from 0° to 360°. Keeping the polaroid (P)
fix and note the intensity of transmitted light.
4. When polaroid (A) and polaroid (P) at 90° than transmitted light through
polaroid (A) will be zero.

Result
When the two polaroids are parallel to each other light transmitted through it. But
when they are perpendicular, there is no transmitted light. The light obtained
through polaroid (P) is plane polarised. The light has transverse nature.
Precautions

1. Two polaroids and source of light should be in a straight line.

2. Rotate only second polarised from 0° to 360°. It is so, because the reflected
light is completely plane polarised.
Figure shows the arrangement for testing the polarisation of light by
tourmaline crystals which act as polaroids.
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an
IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items

Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a
mixed collection of such items.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be
considered.

1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does
not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
Hence, it does not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts
when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
light while conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E),
base (B) and collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See
figure (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased
or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It
conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either
forward biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C.
source, then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero
quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
7. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does
not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
Hence, it does not glow.
8. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts
when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
light while conducting. Hence, it glow.
9. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E),
base (B) and collector (C).
 10. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See
figure (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
11. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased
or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor).
It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
12. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either
forward biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C.
source, then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to
zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.

Procedure

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC
(integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
 3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a
capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity.
The probe metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as
common and P (or + ve).

If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On
touching the two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.

1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move
when reversed and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move
when re-versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when
reversed, the item is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when
reversed, the item is a capacitor.

Observations