Training materials -

Adjustments
Advanced Network
Adjustment

Version 1.0
Introduction
This is a step-by-step tutorial in which the topics that were discussed in the “Advanced Adjustment
Concepts” are used to help identify potential problems in a combined network adjustment and
provide solutions.

A network of GNSS, TPS and Level observations has been set up over seven points. Four of those are
control points. The goal is to arrive at a constrained adjustment solution that is both accurate and
reliable.

The functionality discussed in this guide requires the Network Adjustments license.

The data from the following folders will be used in this tutorial:
· Data\ contains the Infinity project.

Table of Contents
1. Getting familiar with the dataset ............................................................................................................................. 4
2. Define the adjustment settings ................................................................................................................................ 6
3. Check loop misclosures before the adjustment ................................................................................................ 9
4. Run Pre-Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
5. Run an inner-constrained adjustment................................................................................................................. 12
6. Visualise accuracy and reliability information .................................................................................................. 15
7. Run a constrained adjustment ............................................................................................................................... 16

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 3

1. Getting familiar with the dataset
1.1 Start Infinity and register the project from
the data folder.

A network of GNSS, TPS and Level

observations is displayed in the
view.

1.2 To view the number and the type of the

network observations, move to the
Adjustments tab of the Inspector and
select the Observations side tab.

1.3 To view the GNSS baselines, drill in the

GNSS category.

You can exclude a GNSS

observation, by unchecking it in
the Use column.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 4

1.4 To view the Level observations, drill in the
Level category.

You can exclude a Level

observation, by unchecking it in
the Use column.

1.5 To view the TPS observations, drill in the

TPS category.

You can exclude a TPS

observation, by unchecking it in
the Use column.

1.6 This dataset contains reduced TPS

observations that have been derived from
Sets of Angles. To view the reduced
observations only, select the filter button
next to Face column, and activate the “-“
option.

· The list is filtered to show only the

reduced observations.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 5

2. Define the adjustment settings
2.1 To define the adjustment settings, move
to the Adjustments ribbon bar.

2.2 Select General from the ribbon bar, set

the Confidence Levels for Heights – 1D
and Error Ellipses – 2D to 95.0% and
select OK to accept the changes.

General: it includes the general

adjustment settings. Here, you
can change the confidence levels
and fine tune the visibility of the
error ellipses and the reliability
boxes.
Controls: Constrained means the
control points will be kept fixed
during adjustment and their
standard deviations will be set to
zero.
Controls: Weighted means the
control points will receive
corrections during adjustment
and their standard deviations will
be the ones entered by the user.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 6

2.3 Select TPS from the ribbon bar and make
the following changes:
- Source for Standard Deviations:
Use Defaults
- Horizontal Angle: 0.0001 gon
- Vertical Angle: 0.0001 gon
- Absolute Slope Distance: 0.001m
- Relative Slope Distance: 1 PPM
- Set all Centring/Height Errors to
0.001m by default
- Select OK to accept the changes.

TPS Accuracy Information: it

includes the accuracy information
for the TPS observations, based
on the total station model that
was used. Whatever is set here
will affect the weight matrix of the
TPS observations.
2.4 Select GNSS from the ribbon bar and
make the following changes:
- Set all Centring/Height Errors to
0.001m by default
- Select OK to accept the changes.

GNSS Accuracy Information: it

includes the accuracy information
for the GNSS observations.
Whatever is set here will affect the
weight matrix of the GNSS
observations.
Individual means that the Qxx
matrix of the baseline processing
will be used in the weight matrix.
Use Defaults to override the Qxx
matrix and calculate the weights,
based only on the length of each
baseline.
The σ a-priori (GNSS) is used to
further scale the weight matrix of
the GNSS observations, so that
their contribution to the total
weight matrix of the adjustment is
more realistic.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 7

2.5 Select Level from the ribbon bar and
make the following changes:
- Source for Standard Deviations:
Use Defaults
- Absolute Level Line: 0.000m
- Select OK to accept the changes.

Level Accuracy Information: it

includes the accuracy information
for the levelling lines, based on
the level model that was used.
Whatever is set here will affect the
weight matrix of the level
observations.

2.6 Select Test Criteria from the ribbon bar

and make the following changes:
- σ a posteriori: Ignore
- Select OK to accept the changes.

Test Criteria: it includes the

significance levels for the B-
Method of statistical testing.
The σ a posteriori will not be
used to rescale the variance-
covariance matrices.

2.7 Select Advanced Terrestrial from the

ribbon bar and make the following
changes:
- Use reduced observations:
checked
- Use vertical refraction
coefficient: Compute
- Use scale factor correction:
Compute
- Select OK to accept the changes.

Advanced Terrestrial
Parameters: it includes additional
parameters that control the
parametrisation of the
mathematical model of the
network adjustment.
For relatively small distances, it is
suggested to compute the vertical
refraction coefficient.
When combining GNSS and TPS
observations, it is suggested to

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 8

 compute the scale factor
correction.
2.8 Select Coordinate System from the
ribbon bar and make the following
changes:
- Coordinate System: WGS84
- Select OK to accept the changes.

· Coordinate System: you can

select the coordinate system type
that fits best to your data. When
GNSS and TPS observations are
combined, it is suggested to use
WGS84. If control points are used,
then it is suggested to use Local
Geodetic, provided that at least 3
control points are kept fixed
during adjustment.

3. Check loop misclosures before the adjustment

3.1 To check loop misclosures before running

a network adjustment, select Compute
Loops 3D from the Adjustments ribbon
bar.

· The results for the loop

computation can now be viewed
in the Computed Loops Results
side tab of the Inspector.

Checking loop misclosures might

indicate the poor quality of the
observations in general, although
it cannot identify specific outliers.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 9

3.2 To create a report for the loop
misclosures, highlight the result in the
Inspector and select Reports Loops
and Misclosures Report from the
Adjustments ribbon bar, or use the
context menu.

· The Loops and Misclosures

Report is displayed.

In this report, information about

all independent GNSS, TPS and
Level loops can be found.

Four kinds of loops are supported:

GNSS, Direction and Distance,
Zenith Angle and Distance and
Height Difference loops.
For each loop, the misclosures
and their statistical tests are
displayed.
If the statistical test of a
misclosures exceeds the tolerance
that is calculated by the defined
Level of Significance (α0), it is
marked in bold red.

4. Run Pre-Analysis

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 10

4.1 To run a pre-analysis of the network,
select Run Pre-Analyis 3D from the
Adjustments ribbon bar.

· The results for the Pre-Analysis

computation can now be viewed
in the Pre-Analysis Results side
tab of the Inspector.

Pre-Analysis can identify possible

weaknesses in a network, detect
unknowns that cannot be solved
and check input data.

4.2 To create a Pre-Analysis report, highlight

the result in the Inspector and select
Reports Loops and Misclosures Report
from the Adjustments ribbon bar, or use
the context menu.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 11

 · The Pre-Analysis Report is
displayed.

In this report, information about

Configuration Defects,
Comparison of Identical
Observations, Comparison of
Observations and Approximate
Coordinates, Possibly Identical
Observations, Possibly Identical
Stations and various Errors and
Warnings can be found.
In this example, the error message
indicates that if we need to run a
constrained adjustment for this
dataset, we must keep at least
three control points fixed.

5. Run an inner-constrained adjustment

5.1 To run a 3D network adjustment, select
Run Full Adjustment from the
Adjustments ribbon bar.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 12

 · The results for the adjustment can
now be viewed in the Adjustment
Results side tab of the Inspector.
· The F-Test value is bigger than
the Crit. Value F-Test. This is an
indication of problems that can
be related to either the wrong
weight of observations or to the
existence of outliers among the
observations or to an unsuitable
mathematical model used or to
any combination of those causes.

The inner-constrained adjustment

is used to check the quality of the
observations and detect possible
outliers in the network, before
constraining it to the datum of
the control points.
5.2 To identify the reasons for the failure of
the F-Test, highlight the result in the
Inspector and select Reports Network
Adjustment Report from the
Adjustments ribbon bar, or use the
context menu.

· The Network Adjustment

Report is displayed.

In this report, information about

everything related to the
adjustment run can be found.
In most cases, the table of
Testing and Estimated Errors
can provide useful information
about the existence of outliers or
a weighting problem.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 13

5.3 Scroll down to the table of Testing and
Estimated Errors and locate the
observation with the biggest T-Test value.

· The baseline 4à2 has the biggest

T-Test value and since this value is
much bigger than the rest of the
failing ones, it can be considered
as an outlier and needs to be
removed from the adjustment.

Only one observation must be

removed from the adjustment at
each run. It is the observation with
the biggest absolute test value.
Observations with failing tests and
Est Error values that are smaller
than the respective MDB values
cannot be considered as true
outliers.

5.4 To remove the possibly outlying baseline

observation 4à2, locate it in the
Observations GNSS tab of the
Inspector and uncheck it.

5.5 Run a new 3D adjustment and repeat the

previous steps by removing only one
observation each time, until no
observations can be considered as actual
outliers.

· After all possible outliers have

been removed, the F-Test passes
and all the observations with
failing tests have Est Error values
smaller to the respective MDB
values.
Reduced TPS observations may
have to be removed.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 14

6. Visualise accuracy and reliability information

6.1 To visualise the absolute and relative error

ellipsoids as well as the reliability boxes,
follow the next steps:
- Activate the layers Absolute Error
Ellipses, Relative Error Ellipses and
Reliability Boxes.
- Make sure that the lighting mode is set
to Shaded with Edges or Shaded. This
can be checked by selecting the from
the view toolbar:
- Highlight the last adjustment result and
store it by selecting Store Result from the
Adjustments ribbon bar or by using the
context menu.

· The absolute and relative error

ellipsoids and the reliability boxes
are drawn in the view.

6.2 To change the scale of the visualised

ellipsoids and boxes, select General from
the Adjustments ribbon bar, type in
different values at the Visualisation
Exaggeration Factors and select OK to
accept the changes.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 15

 · The absolute and relative error
ellipsoids and the reliability boxes
are rescaled.

7. Run a constrained adjustment

7.1 To run a constrained network adjustment

in the datum defined by the control
points, these need to be fixed. Follow the
next steps:

- Navigate to the Define

Coordinate Constraints side tab
of the Inspector and set all the
control points to Fix 2D and Fix
1D.

- Set the Coordinate system of the

adjustment to Local Geodetic
and select OK.

- Run Full Adjustment from the

Adjustments ribbon bar.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 16

 · The F-Test fails. This is a strong
indication that there is a problem
with the coordinates of the
control points.

The fact that the F-Test fails and

that the control points are treated
as absolutely constrained yields
the conclusion that the network
does not fit to the datum these
control points define. Thus, we
need to check for possible
inconsistencies.
7.2 To identify the reasons for the failure of
the F-Test, highlight the result in the
Inspector and select Reports Network
Adjustment Report from the
Adjustments ribbon bar, or use the
context menu.

· The Network Adjustment

Report is displayed.

7.3 Scroll down to the Coordinate Tests sub-

section of the Testing and Estimated
Errors section and locate the coordinate
with the biggest W-Test value.

· The longitude of control point 6

has the biggest W-Test value and
since this value is much bigger
than the rest of the failing ones, it
can be considered as an outlier
and needs to be removed from
the adjustment.

Only one coordinate observation

must be removed from the
adjustment at each run. It is the
observation with the biggest
absolute test value.
Coordinate observations with
failing tests and Est Error values
that are smaller than the
respective MDB values cannot be
considered as true outliers.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 17

7.4 To remove the possibly outlying longitude
coordinate of the control point 6 locate it
in the Define Coordinate Constraints
side tab of the Inspector and uncheck Fix
2D.

7.5 Run a new 3D adjustment and repeat the

previous steps by removing only one
control point coordinate observation each
time, until no coordinates can be
considered as actual outliers.

· After all possible outliers have

been removed, the F-Test passes
and all the observations with
failing tests have Est Error values
smaller to the respective MDB
values.

Leica Infinity, Advanced Network Adjustment 18

Heinrich-Wild-Strasse
CH-9435 Heerbrugg
Switzerland