PRACTICE 1

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. DNA was first __________ by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. DNA is used by

__________ as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the
ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity.
A. isolate/ researcher B. isolate/ researches
C. isolated/ researchers D. isolated/ research

2. Judy, a 21-YO woman with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, was __________ to the
hospital with a __________ of pneumonia.
A. admitted/ diagnosis B. admitting/ diagnosis
C. admitting/ diagnose D. admitted/ diagnose

3. A chemical produced in the body will be called a hormone if it can affect processes in
a different part of the body. In fact, a hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to
make things happen _________.
A. elsewhere B. nowhere C. in no place D. lately

4. The nervous system takes in information through our senses, __________ the
information and triggers reactions, such as __________ your muscles move or causing
you to feel pain.
A. processes/ making B. process/ making
C. processes/ make D. process/ make
5. The function of __________ is to give colour to an individual’s skin and to protect it
from the sun while __________ makes the skin tough and waterproof, so it prevents
water from entering the body through the skin.
A. keratin/ melanin B. melanin/ keratin
C. keratin/ keratin D. melanin/ melanin

6. Nutrients are the chemicals found within foods __________ the health of the human
body. Usually, nutrients __________ by the body via the gastrointestinal tract.
A. promoting/ receiving B. that promotes/ are received
C. promoting/ received D. that promote/ are received

1
7. She was brought to the ER by her mother, who said Judy had been very
__________, had a temperature of 104°F, and had had __________ rigidity for three
days.
A. lethargic/ muscle B. lethargic/ muscular
C. lethargy/ muscle D. lethargy/ muscular

8. At the bottom of each nail, under the skin, is the nail root __________ layers of
keratin are formed and pushed out towards the __________.
A. where/ fingertips B. when/ nail bed
C. which/ lunula D. whose/ cuticle

9. Smooth muscle fibres within the prostate, which are __________ sympathetic control,
play a role __________ controlling urine flow through the bulbar urethra, and also
contract at orgasm to move seminal fluid __________ ejaculatory ducts into the bulbar
urethra (emission).
A. under/ with/ through B. with/ in/ through
C. under/ in/ through D. by/ in/ into

10. Efforts to prevent osteoporosis __________ a healthful diet, adequate intake of

calcium and vitamin D, and engaging in __________ weight-bearing exercises, such as
walking, running, aerobics, and weight training.
A. includes/ regular B. include/ regular
C. includes/ regularly D. include/ regularly

11. These exercises __________ bone growth and also __________ to the balance and
muscle strength needed to prevent falls.
A. stimulating/ contribute B. stimulate/ contributing
C. stimulate/ contribute D. stimulating/ contributing

12. Glands can be classified whether they secrete chemicals _________ the blood.
Some glands which make up the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce
substances that are used outside the bloodstream.
A. on B. into C. with D. off

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13. The limbic system of the brain __________ memory, emotion, and behavior.
A. integrates B. integrate C. integrating D. integrated

14. A tumor __________ hypersecretion of GH in children __________ gigantism, in

which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching 2.4
meters (8 feet).
A. that cause/ causes B. causing/ causes
C. causes/ causes D. that causes/ causing

15. The radius and ulna connect to the bones of the wrist, called ________. These
connect to ________ , which are the main long bones of the hand.

A. tarsals/ metatarsals B. metatarsals/ tarsals

C. metacarpals / carpals D. carpals/ metacarpals

16. The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure because they can have
effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track.
They can also have an influence on people’s __________ and actions by modifying
moods and affecting human behavior.
A. psychological B. psychologist C. psychology D. psychologists

17. It generally takes up to 6 hours for digestion __________. During this process, solid
products of digestion __________ into the small intestine.
A. occurring/ transport B. to occur/ transport
C. occurring/ are transported D. to occur/ are transported.

18. Because rickets softens the areas of growing tissue at the ends of a child's bones
(growth plates), it can cause skeletal deformities such as bowed legs or knock knees,
_____________ wrists and ankles and breastbone projection.

A. thicken B. thickened C. thick D. thickness

19. Your child's body needs vitamin D _____________ calcium and phosphorus from
food.

A. absorbs B. absorbing C. absorbed D. to absorb

3
20. The integument is the outer covering of the body, __________ all of the parts of the
body inside and __________ unwanted things from entering the body from outside.
A. that holds/ prevents B. holds/ preventing
C. holding/ prevent D. which holds / prevents

II. FIND THE MISTAKE.

1. Laboratory studies of stem cells enable scientists to learn about the cells’ essential
properties and which makes them different from specialized cell types.

2. In osteomalacia there is a softening of bone tissue because diminished calcium salt

formation.

3. The main function of the heart is pumped the blood (to function as the engine of the
cardiovascular system), beginning the process of circulation.

3. Possibly causes include deficiency of vitamin D, needed to absorb calcium and

phosphorus from the intestine; renal disorders; liver disease; and certain intestinal
disorders.

4. The dermis contain the glands, such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and
sebaceous glands which produce oil to make the skin and hair elastic.

6. Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called appendicitis, is the standard

treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis.

7. When osteomalacia occurs in children, the disease is called as rickets. Rickets is

usually caused by a vitamin D deficiency.

8. After her stroke, Rosita was unable to understand writing or spoken words.

9. Bones located in the nasal cavity includes the vomer - a triangular bone in the nasal
septum, the palatine, which is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity and the
inferior nasal concha, which extends horizontally along the wall of the nasal cavity.

10. Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or
even mild stresses such as bending over or cough can cause a fracture.

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III. READING COMPREHENSIION

Read the article and choose the best answer to each question. Write TRUE, FALSE
or NOT GIVEN for each of the following statements below.

TRUE if the statement agrees with the text

FALSE if the statement contradicts the text

NOT GIVEN if no information is given

Chronic kidney failure, as opposed to acute kidney failure, is a slow and gradually
progressive disease. Even if one kidney stops functioning, the other can carry out normal
functions. It is not usually until the disease is fairly well advanced and the condition has
become severe that signs and symptoms are noticeable; by which time most of the
damage is irreversible. It is important that people who are at high risk of developing kidney
disease have their kidney functions regularly checked. Early detection can significantly
help prevent serious kidney damage.

Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood when
the kidneys cannot do the job properly any more. Dialysis has some serious risks,
including infection. There are two main types of kidney dialysis. Each type also has
subtypes. The two main types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis: Blood is pumped out of the patient's body and goes through a dialyzer (an
artificial kidney). The patient undergoes hemodialysis about three times per week. Each
session lasts for at least 3 hours. Experts now recognize that more frequent sessions
result in a better quality of life for the patient, but modern home-use dialysis machines are
making this more regular use of hemodialysis possible.

Peritoneal dialysis: The blood is filtered in the patient's own abdomen; in the peritoneal
cavity which contains a vast network of tiny blood vessels. A catheter is implanted into
the abdomen, into which a dialysis solution is infused and drained out for as long as is
necessary to remove waste and excess fluid.

A kidney transplant is a better option than dialysis for patients who have no other
conditions apart from kidney failure. Even so, candidates for kidney transplant will have
to undergo dialysis until they receive a new kidney. The kidney donor and recipient should
5
have the same blood type, cell-surface proteins and antibodies, in order to minimize the
risk of rejection of the new kidney. Siblings or very close relatives are usually the best
types of donors. If a living donor is not possible, the search will begin for a cadaver donor
(dead person).

QUESTIONS 1-10

1. Once one kidney stops functioning, the other cannot function normally.

A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

2. People at high risk of developing kidney disease should have their kidney functions
regularly checked.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

3. Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood
when the kidneys cannot function properly any more.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

4. There are two main types of kidney dialysis, including hemodialysis and peritoneal
dialysis.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

5. Patients with serious kidney damage can save a lot of money using modern home-
use dialysis machines.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

6. With peritoneal dialysis, blood is pumped out of the patient's body and goes through a
dialyzer.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

7. Peritoneal dialysis is more efficient than hemodialysis in dealing with kidney failure.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

8. A kidney transplant is a better option than dialysis for every patient with kidney
failure.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

9. Candidates for kidney transplant will have to undergo dialysis until they receive a new
kidney.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

10. The kidney donor and recipient don’t need to have the same blood type, cell-surface
proteins and antibodies, in order to minimize the risk of rejection of the new kidney.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

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 PRACTICE 2

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. The epidermis is __________ of many layers of flattened cells that form a tissue
called epithelial tissue in __________ two important molecules are found: keratin and
melanin.
A. composed/ that B. comprised/ which
C. made/ where D. constructed/ when
2. Rickets can occur if your child's body doesn't get enough vitamin D or if his or her
body has problems using vitamin D _____________.

A. properly B. proper C. quick D. quickly

3. Occasionally, not getting enough calcium or _____________ of calcium and vitamin D

can cause rickets.

A. enough B. lack C. much D. any

4. Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by __________ the liver to take glucose out of
circulation and store it, while glucagon instructs the liver __________ some of its stored
supply to raise the blood sugar level.
A. instructing/ release B. instructing/ to release
C. instruct/ release D. instruct/ to release

5. The limbic system is __________ of a group of related nervous system structures

that __________ the functional center of emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and
sadness.
A. comprised/ is B. composed/ are
C. make/ are D. construct/ is

6. 4. Growth hormone treatment has been restricted to children who remain abnormally
small because of its complicated effects on the body.
A. abnormal B. abnormality C. normally D. abnormally

7. Dark skin has more of the pigment melanin, _____________ lowers the skin's ability
to produce vitamin D from sunlight.

1
 A. where B. who C. when D. which

8. Muscles, attached __________ bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are
responsible __________ movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result
__________ muscle contraction.
A. to/ for/ of B. by/ for/ from C. with/ from/ in D. to/ for/ in

9. A baby born to a mother with severe vitamin D deficiency can _____________ with
signs of rickets or develop them within a few months after birth.

A. be born B. was born C. born D. bear

10. The primary goal of hormone replacement therapy is to _________ ailments

associated with aging. Because the quantities and proportions of hormones produced
change with age, scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine
system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
A. alleviate B. alleviation C. alleviated D. alleviating

11. Babies born before their due dates tend have lower levels of vitamin D
_____________ they had less time to receive the vitamin from their mothers in the womb.

A. when B. where C. because D. although

12. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for
material scientists and engineers __________ in micro- and nano- fabrication. Among
notable advances in this field __________ DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.
A. interested/ are B. interested/ is
C. are interested / is D. are interested / are

13. Certain types of anti-seizure medications and antiretroviral medications, used to treat
HIV infections, appear _____________ with the body's ability to use vitamin D.

A. to interfere B. interfere C. interferes D. interfering

14. Breast milk doesn't contain _____________ vitamin D to prevent rickets.

A. too B. many C. some D. enough

2
15. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.
This is where _________ stimulates the release of digestive chemicals.
A. it B. they C. he D. its

16. In the term myopathy, the suffix -pathy means __________.

A. abnormal condition B. disease C. inflammation D. swelling

17. An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spine is known
as __________.
A. kyphosis B. scoliosis C. spondylosis D. lordosis

18. The term __________ means pain in the stomach.

A. appendicitis B. gastrectomy C. gastralgia D. gastrostomy

19. Babies who are exclusively _____________ should receive vitamin D drops.

A. breast-feed B. breast-fed C. breast-feeding D. breast-feeds

20. Bones located in the nasal cavity include the __________ - a triangular bone in the
nasal septum, the __________, which is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity and
the inferior __________, which extends horizontally along the wall of the nasal cavity.
A. nasal concha/ vomer/ palatine B. vomer/ palatine/ nasal concha
C. palatine/ nasal concha/ vomer D. vomer/ nasal concha/ palatine

II. FIND THE MISTAKE.

1. Paget disease (osteitis deformans) is a disorder of aging in that bones become

overgrown and thicker but deformed.

2. Hips and knees are most common restored, with almost 300,000 hip arthroplasties and
more than 500,000 knee replacements performed each year in the United States.

3. With time, there may be neurologic signs, heart fail, and predisposition to bone cancer.

4. When the body has difficulty metabolized nutrients or ingested materials, stool can
become either very hard or very soft and watery.

3
5. Paget disease results in bowing of the long bones and distortion of the flat bones, such
as the skull bones. Paget disease usually involve the bones of the axial skeleton, causing
pain, fractures, and hearing loss.

6. The hypophysis is an important endocrine organ that secreting at least nine major
hormones.
7. Bile, a greenish-brown alkaline liquid which is secreted by the liver, carry away waste
products formed by this organ and also helps to break down fats in the small intestine
for digestion.

8. Fatigue is a very common complain and it is important to remember that it is a symptom

and not a disease. Many illnesses can result in the complaint of fatigue and they can be
physical, psychological, or a combination of the two.

9. Some children with muscular dystrophy die in infants while others live into adulthood
with only moderate disability.

10. Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood when
the kidneys cannot do the job proper anymore.

III. LISTENING COMPREHENSION

1. According to the recording, how are burns classified?
A. the death rate caused by the burn
B. the number of tissue layers affected by the burn
C. the number of dead cells caused by the burn
D. the degree of new cells produced by the burn
2. Which is NOT a symptom of the first-degree burn?
A. redness B. slight swelling C. severe pain D. All are correct.
3. Which skin layer(s) may be affected by the second-degree burn?
A. the epidermis
B. the epidermis and the dermis
C. the epidermis and part of the dermis
D. the epidermis, part of the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer
4. What type of burn may not cause pain initially?
A. first-degree burn B. second-degree burn
C. third-degree burn D. All are correct
5. What type of burn may appear white?
A. first-degree burn B. second-degree burn
C. third-degree burn D. B & C

4
 PRACTICE 3
I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER

1. The components of the limbic system are linked __________ the cerebral cortex, the
part of the brain involved __________ complex learning, reasoning, and personality.
A. by/ with B. with/ by C. to/ in D. at/ to

2. The beaches are best source of suntan as they are _________ of city and inland
dust, tars, pollen, and allergens.
A. lack B. free C. freely D. shortage

3. The dermis is comprised of __________ tissue, and the hypodermis is comprised of

__________ tissue.
A. adipose, connective B. epithelial, connective
C. connective, epithelial D. connective, adipose

4. The sun seems to have a lesser impact upon the hair. The penalty of the sun
parching is a brittle _________.
A. dry B. dried C. dryness D. drying

5. The epidermis also has a group of resident bacteria __________ on its surface and
__________ protection by combating the bad bacteria and viruses which try to invade
the body.

A. live / provide B. lives / provides

C. that live / which provide D. living/ providing

6. The integument is the outer covering of the body, __________ all of the parts of the
body inside and __________ unwanted things from entering the body from outside.
A. that holds/ prevents B. holds/ preventing
C. holding/ prevent D. which holds / prevents

7. The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic
unit of the nervous system?
A. Glial cell B. Meninges C. Neuron D. Cerebrospinal fluid

1
8. In many western countries, a suntan has become the trade-mark of a _________,
active, outdoor person.
A. health B. healthy C. unhealthy D. healthily

9. The neuron cell is made up of which of the following parts?

A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Nucleus D. All of the Above

10. Loss of vision due to exposure to bright sun without sunglasses might take several
weeks _________.
A. recover B. recovering C. recovered D. recovers

11. The cerebral cortex makes __________ about the emotional content of these
unique human qualities after “consulting” the limbic system and other brain centers in
12. __________ and retrieving memories. It may, in turn, use memories to modify
behavior.
A. decisive/ processing B. decisive/ process
C. decisions/ process D. decisions/ processing

13. A tumor __________ hypersecretion of GH in children __________ gigantism, in

which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching 2.4
meters (8 feet).
A. that cause/ causes B. causing/ causes
C. causes/ causes D. that causes/ causing

14. When the body temperature rises, sensory receptors that measure temperature
send messages to a part of the brain called the __________.
A. thalamus B. brainstem C. hypothalamus D. pons

15. Wearing a hat has a dual effect: it protects the hair and helps to prevent the
_________ dangerous of outdoor afflictions: sunstroke.
A. most B. more C. less D. least

16. Which of these is NOT a synovial joint?

A. A knee joint B. An elbow joint C. Wrist joints D. Sutures

2
17. The medical world appears to be _________ on the effects of the sun upon the
human body.
A. divided B. dividing C. divide D. divides

18. Perimenopausal hormone replacement therapy __________ bone loss, but because
of safety concerns, this treatment is still being __________.
A. prevent/ reevaluated B. prevents/ reevaluating
C. prevent/ reevaluating D. prevents/ reevaluated

19. Sun treatment is often _________ to persons suffering from general debility–
repeated colds, respiratory diseases, influenza and the like.
A. help B. helps C. helpful D. helpless

20. Some drugs are available for __________ bone resorption and __________ bone
density. These include the bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor
modulators.
A. reducing/ increasing B. reducing/ increase
C. reduce/ increase D. reduce/ increasing

21. Muscles, attached __________ bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are
responsible __________ movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result
__________ muscle contraction.
A. to/ for/ of B. by/ for/ from C. with/ from/ in D. to/ for/ in

22. __________ muscles are so called because the muscle fibres have a more uniform
appearance, unlike the __________ muscles which are striped or striated.
A. Skeletal/ smooth B. Smooth/ skeletal
C. Mixed/ cardiac D. Cardiac/ mixed

23. 90% of skin cancer _________ on the heavily exposed hands and face.
A. occur B. occurring D. occurred D. occurs

24. Scientists keep track of genes by __________ them unique names. Because gene
names can be long, genes are also assigned symbols, which are short __________ of
letters that represent an abbreviated version of the gene name.
A. giving/ combination B. give/ combine

3
 C. giving/ combinations D. give/ combines
25. Even a few hours in the bright sun without sunglasses could cause a significant
_________ of vision.
A. lose B. loss C. losing D. lost

26. The brain controls what we think and feel, how we learn and remember, and the
way we move and talk. But it also controls things we're less ___________ of - like the
beating of our hearts and the ___________ of our food.
A. conscious / construction B. afraid / ingestion
C. aware / digestion D. alert / destruction

27. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for
material scientists and engineers __________ in micro- and nano- fabrication. Among
notable advances in this field __________ DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid
materials.
A. interested/ are B. interested/ is
C. are interested / is D. are interested / are

28. Since the ladies of ancient Egypt first began to apply the fat of the so-called sacred
temple cats to their faces, women have been tireless in waging this battle _________
damage to the skin from the sun.
A. with B. on C. in D. against

29. Calcium salts ________ strength to bone while collagen fibres ________ the bone
with a certain degree of flexibility.
A. gives/ provides B. give/ provide
C. given/ provided D. giving/ providing

30. It generally takes up to 6 hours for digestion __________. During this process, solid
products of digestion __________ into the small intestine.
A. occurring/ transport B. to occur/ transport
C. occurring/ are transported D. to occur/ are transported.

II. FIND THE MISTAKE.

1. A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell die.

4
2. In many tissues, stem cells serving as a sort of internal repair system, dividing
essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still
alive.

3. Bile, a greenish-brown alkaline liquid which is secreted by the liver, carry away waste
products formed by this organ and also helps to break down fats in the small intestine
for digestion.

4. Skin cancer — the abnormal grow of skin cells — most often develops on skin
exposed to the sun.

5. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of your skin not ordinarily
exposed to sunlight.

6. When the body has difficulty metabolized nutrients or ingested materials, stool can
become either very hard or very soft and watery.

7. The epidermis is comprised of many layers of flattened cells that form a tissue called
epithelial tissue in which two important molecules found: keratin and melanin.

8. The brain controls what we think and feel, how we learn and remember, and the way
we move and talk. But it also controls things we're less aware of - like the beating of our
hearts and the digest of our food.
9. Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called appendicitis, is the standard
treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis.

10. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem
cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized functions, such as a muscle
cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

TASK 3. BLANK FILLING.

Bones are (1) __________ to one another with connective tissue (2) __________ as
ligaments. Ligaments are comprised (3) __________ collagen and some elastin fibers.
Collagen fibers give (4) __________ , while elastin fibers allow for stretching. Elastin
fibers (5) __________ the connection between the bones (6) __________. Ligaments
fuse with the outer covering of one bone and then (7) __________ it to the outer covering
of another bone.
5
(8) __________ bones to move, they need to be connected to muscles. Tendons are the
strands of connective tissue (9) __________ bones to muscles. Tendons are (10)
__________ in much the same way as ligaments.

1. A. connect B. connecting C. connected D. to connect

2. A. known B. called C. is known D. is called

3. A. by B. of C. with D. from

4. A. strong B. strongly C. stronger D. strength

5. A. make B. made C. have made D. making

6. A. flexibly B. flexible C. flexibility D. flex

7. A. connecting B. to connect C. connected D. connect

8. A. For B. Due to C. Despite D. With

9. A. connect B. to connect C. connecting D. that connecting

10. A. organize B. organizing C. organization D. organized

TASK 4. READING

The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine. It starts at the end of the final
segment of your colon and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage leading to
the anus.

Cancer inside the rectum (rectal cancer) and cancer inside the colon (colon cancer) are
often referred to together as "colorectal cancer." While rectal and colon cancers are
similar in many ways, their treatments are quite different. This is mainly because the
rectum sits in a tight space, barely separated from other organs and structures in the
pelvic cavity. As a result, complete surgical removal of rectal cancer is challenging and
highly complex. Additional treatment is often needed before or after surgery or both to
reduce the chance that the cancer will return.

In the past, long-term survival was uncommon for people with rectal cancer, even after
extensive treatment. Thanks to treatment advances over the past 30 years, rectal cancer
can now, in many cases, be cured.

6
Rectal cancer occurs when healthy cells in the rectum develop errors in their DNA. In
most cases, the cause of these errors is unknown. Healthy cells grow and divide in an
orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But when a cell's DNA is damaged
and becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide — even when new cells aren't needed.
As the cells accumulate, they form a tumor. With time, the cancer cells can grow to invade
and destroy normal tissue nearby. And cancerous cells can travel to other parts of the
body.

Talk to your doctor about when you should start getting screened for colorectal cancer.
Guidelines generally recommend having your first colorectal cancer screening test at age
50. Your doctor may recommend more-frequent or earlier screening if you have other risk
factors, such as a family history of colon or rectal cancer. The most accurate screening
test is a colonoscopy. In this test, a doctor examines the lining of your rectum and large
intestine using a long, flexible tube with a tiny video camera at its tip (colonoscope). The
colonoscope is inserted in the anus and advanced through the rectum and colon. As the
scope's camera moves through the bowel, it sends a video of the rectal and colonic lining
to a monitor the doctor sees. If a polyp or suspicious-looking area of tissue is found, the
doctor can also take samples of tissue from these areas with instruments inserted in the
colonoscope.

QUESTIONS 1-5:

1. What is often referred to together as “colorectal cancer"?

2. Why are treatments for rectal and colon cancers quite different?

3. When does rectal cancer occur?

4. In a colonoscopy, what does the doctor use to examine the lining of your rectum and
large intestine?

5. What can be done by the doctor if a polyp or suspicious-looking area of tissue is

found?

7
 PRACTICE 4

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1.The structures that are able to detect heat, pressure, or pain are called __________.
A. nerves B. sensory receptors
C. effector organs D. reticular fibers

2. There is __________ cavity between the bones in cartilaginous joints. The bones fit very
closely together—for example, the bones in your spine.
A. many B. a lot of C. no D. much

3. __________ calcitonin is released into the bloodstream, it causes the extra calcium in the
blood to be taken out and added to the bone matrix.
A. Although B. When C. So D. So that

4. There are many ways to __________ different types of joints.

A. distinguish B. distinguishing C. distinguished D. distinguishes

5. A __________ occurs when a bone is moved out of its normal position within a joint.
A. fracture B. break C. dislocation D. sprain

6. The cartilaginous joint typically has __________ movement.

A. limited B. a lot of C. no D. much

7. The __________ bone is located at the back of the head.

A. occipital B. parietal C. zygomatic D. maxilla

8. Bones located in the nasal cavity include the __________ - a triangular bone in the nasal
septum, the __________, which is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity and the
inferior __________, which extends horizontally along the wall of the nasal cavity.
A. nasal concha/ vomer/ palatine B. vomer/ palatine/ nasal concha
C. palatine/ nasal concha/ vomer D. vomer/ nasal concha/ palatine

9. Smell is the most direct of all the senses. It is __________ to be the oldest sense in terms
of human evolution, __________ may explain why smell is hard-wired into the brain.
A. thought/ which B. thought/ that
C. thoughtful/ which D. thoughtful/ that

1
10. The jaw does not have the type of joint I am describing. It is not a __________ joint.
A. fibrous B. synovial C. cartilaginous D. hinge

11. The olfactory nerve, which __________ the perception of smells, is essentially an
__________ of the brain.
A. manages/ extend B. manages/ extension
C. manage/ extend D. manage/ extension

12. A little membrane-lined sac called a bursa __________ synovial joints.

A. cover B. covers C. covered D. covering

13. Bones located in the nasal cavity include the __________ - a triangular bone in the
nasal septum, the __________, which is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity and the
inferior __________, which extends horizontally along the wall of the nasal cavity.
A. nasal concha/ vomer/ palatine B. vomer / palatine/ nasal concha
C. palatine/ nasal concha/ vomer D. vomer/ nasal concha/ palatine

14. Bones at fibrous joints are __________ or don’t move.

A. movable B. immovable C. move D. immoving

15. Nutrients are the chemicals found within foods __________ the health of the human
body. Usually, nutrients __________ by the body via the gastrointestinal tract.
A. promoting/ receiving B. that promotes/ are received
C. promoting/ received D. that promote/ are received

16. The radius and ulna connect to the bones of the wrist, called ________. These connect
to ________ , which are the main long bones of the hand.

A. tarsals/ metatarsals B. metatarsals/ tarsals

C. metacarpals / carpals D. carpals/ metacarpals

17. Cartilaginous joints have a tough, smooth tissue __________ the parts of the bone. It’s
like a pad or cushion and it protects the bone from friction.
A. protect B. protecting C. protected D. protects
18. A tumor __________ hypersecretion of GH in children __________ gigantism, in which
the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching 2.4 meters (8
feet).

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 A. that cause/ causes B. causing/ causes
C. causes/ causes D. that causes/ causing

19. The special fluid __________ and keeps the synovial joint nourished and this type of fluid
absorbs nutrients from the blood through the joint’s outer membrane.
A. lubricate B. lubricates C. lubricating D. lubricated

20. The zygomatic bones are also ________ as the cheek bones. They can be felt by
________ the face just under the eye.
A. known / touch B. known/ touching
C. called/ touch D. called/ touching

21. Smooth muscle fibres within the prostate, which are __________ sympathetic control,
play a role __________ controlling urine flow through the bulbar urethra, and also contract at
orgasm to move seminal fluid __________ ejaculatory ducts into the bulbar urethra
(emission).
A. under/ with/ through B. with/ in/ through
C. under/ in/ through D. by/ in/ into

22. The maxillae are the two bones that ________ the upper jaw. They are located
________ the nose and mouth.
A. forms/ between B. form/ from
C. form/ between D. forming/ above

23. An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spine is known as
__________.
A. kyphosis B. scoliosis C. spondylosis D. lordosis

24. The mandibles ________ the two bones that form the lower jaw. These can be ________
below the mouth.
A. are/ found B. are/ finding C. is/ found D. is / find

25. 4. Knuckles are good examples of __________ joints.

A. hinge B. pivot C. ball-and-socket D. immovable

26. The olfactory nerve __________ a direct link from receptors at the top of the nose to the
portion of the brain __________ memory, emotion, and behavior.

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 A. providing/ controlling B. providing/ which controls
C. provides / that controls D. provides/ which control

27. A tumor __________ hypersecretion of GH in children __________ gigantism, in which

the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching 2.4 meters (8
feet).
A. that cause/ causes B. causing/ causes
C. causes/ causes D. that causes/ causing

28. Bones are ________ to one another with connective tissue called ________ .

A. connect/ tendons B. connected/ tendons

C. connect/ ligaments D. connected/ ligaments

29. The __________ joint allows the greatest range of movement, and therefore, it is the
most anatomically complex joint.
A. fibrous B. pivot C. ball-and-socket D. immovable

30. ________ are the strands of connective tissue that ________ bones to muscles.
A. Tendons/ connect B. Ligaments / connect
C. Ligaments / connects D. Tendons/ connects

II. FIND THE MISTAKE.

1. The nervous system takes in information through our senses, processes the information
and triggers reactions, such as making your muscles move or causes you to feel pain.

2. Scientists keep track of genes by giving them unique names. Because gene names can be
long, genes are also assigned symbols, which are short combination of letters that represent
an abbreviated version of the gene name.

3. Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood when the
kidneys cannot do the job proper anymore.

4. Daisy, a 21-YO woman with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, was admitted to the hospital
with a diagnose of pneumonia.

5. She was brought to the ER by her mother, whom said Judy had been very lethargic, had a
temperature of 104°F, and had had muscular rigidity for three days.

6. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to genetic defects are inherited from a
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 person's parents.

7. The main function of the heart is pumped the blood (to function as the engine of the
cardiovascular system), beginning the process of circulation.

8. Since the first total hip replacement in the early 1960s, millions of joint replacements,
called as arthroplasties, have been performed successfully

9. Most are done to decrease joint pain in older people with osteoarthritis and other chronic
degenerative bone diseases after other treatments such as weight loss, physical therapy,
and medication has been tried.

10. Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called appendicitis, is the standard treatment
for almost all cases of appendicitis.

III. BLANK FILLING.

Sweat glands are coiled tubes (1) __________ in the dermis region of skin. They connect (2)
__________ the surface of the skin by a tube, or duct. A person has over 2 million sweat glands
in his skin.
The function of sweat glands is (3) __________ body temperature by excreting water. For (4)
__________, when a person exercises, the body gets hot. To release this heat, the sweat
glands take water and some molecules (5) __________ as salt out of the blood. Then this
water and salt (called sweat) (6) __________ through the duct to the surface of the body. When
the water in sweat evaporates on the skin, it helps the body to (7) __________ down.
Another function of sweat glands is to rid the body (8) __________ some waste molecules.
These wastes include urea, ammonia, and salt, (9) __________ are waste products from cells.
When the bacteria on the surface of a person's skin (10) __________ with these molecules, a
person can smell bad.
1. A. are found B. is found C. founded D. that are found
2. A. by B. with C. through D. on
3. A. regulate B. regulated C. to regulate D. regulation
4. A. example B. instance
C. A& B are correct D. A& B are incorrect
5. A. like B. such C. with D. for
6. A. travels B. travel C. travelling D. travelled
7. A. calm B. heat C. cold D. cool
8. A. of B. at C. on D. about
9. A. that B. which C. what D. they
10. A. interact B. interacts C. interacted D. interacting