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FME9 Lecture Guide 1 - Heat Transfer Fundamentals

This lecture guide provides an overview of heat transfer, including: 1) Definitions of heat transfer and the three fundamental modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. 2) Explanations of how thermodynamics and heat transfer relate, with thermodynamics dealing with energy transfer in systems at equilibrium and heat transfer predicting energy transfer rates. 3) Presentation of basic equations for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation.

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34 views3 pages

FME9 Lecture Guide 1 - Heat Transfer Fundamentals

This lecture guide provides an overview of heat transfer, including: 1) Definitions of heat transfer and the three fundamental modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. 2) Explanations of how thermodynamics and heat transfer relate, with thermodynamics dealing with energy transfer in systems at equilibrium and heat transfer predicting energy transfer rates. 3) Presentation of basic equations for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation.

Uploaded by

Lapid Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture Guide 1 in Heat Transfer

DEFINITION OF HEAT TRANSFER


Heat Transfer – is a science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place
between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference. Heat transfer may take place
by one or more of three modes: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Fundamental Heat Transfer Processes


1. Conduction – the transmission of heat by molecular vibration from one part of a body to
another or from one body to another body in direct contact with it. It is a mode of heat
transfer by molecular communication though solid material or stagnant fluids.

2. Convection – the transfer of heat between a fluid and a surface by the circulation or
mixing of the fluid. It is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is carried from one point to
another by actual movement of the substance.

3. Radiation – the transmission of heat in the form of radiant energy or wave motion form
one body to another across an intervening space; or it is a mode of heat transfer in
which heat is transferred between bodies by energy propagating electromagnetic waves.
It is a mode of heat transfer in which invisible electromagnetic waves are passed from
one body to another though space.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

1. Thermodynamics teaches that energy transferred is defined as heat.

2. Heat transfer explains how hear energy may be transferred and predicts the rate at
which the exchange will take place under certain specified condition

3. Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium. It may be used to predict the


amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another.

4. Heat transfer supplement the first and second principle of thermodynamics by providing
additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy-transfer rates

5. Thermodynamics may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the
system is not in equilibrium during the process.

6. Heat transfer predicts the temperature of a body as function of time.


HEAT TRANSFER BASIC EQUATIONS
1. Conduction Heat Transfer Equation:

𝑑𝑇 𝑘
𝑞𝑘 = −𝑘𝐴 ( ) = − 𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Where:
qk = conduction heat transfer, W, Btu/hr
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-K, Btu/hr-ft2-°R
A = surface area, m2, ft2
𝑑𝑇
= temperature gradient, K/m
𝑑𝑥
x = thickness of the wall, m, ft
T1 = temperature of hotter wall surface, K, °R
T2 = temperature of colder wall surface, K, °R

2. Convection Heat Transfer Equation:


𝑞𝑐 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )
qc = convection heat transfer, W, Btu/hr A = surface area, m2, ft2
Tw = temperature of the wall, K, °R
h = convection heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2-K, Btu/hr-ft2-°R
T∞ = temperature of the fluid flowing, K, °R

3. Radiation Heat Transfer:

𝑞𝑟 = 𝐹𝜖 𝐹𝐺 𝜎 𝐴(𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 )
Where,
qr = radiation heat transfer, W, Btu/hr
Fϵ = emissivity factor
FG = geometric view factor
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.669 x 10-8 W/m2-K4

Combination of Three Modes of Heat transfer


𝒒𝒌 = 𝒒𝒄 + 𝒒𝒓
𝒅𝑻
−𝒌 ( ) = 𝒉(𝑻𝒘 − 𝑻∞ ) + 𝑭𝝐 𝑭𝑮 𝝈 (𝑻𝒘𝟒 − 𝑻𝑺𝟒 )
𝒅𝒙
where
Ts = temperature of the surroundings, K
Tw = surface temperature, K
T∞ = fluid temperature, K

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

Dimension is a physical variable used to specify the behaviour or nature of a particular system.
Example: Length, L; mass, M; force, F; time, t; temperature, T.
Unit of Energy based on Thermal Phenomena
1 Btu will raise 1 lbm of water 1°F at 68°F
1 Calorie will raise 1 gram of water 1°C at 20°C
1 kcal will raise 1 kg of water at 1°C at 20°C

Some conversions for Units of Work and Energy


1 Btu = 778.16 ft-lbf = 1055 J = 1.055kJ =252 cal
1kcal = 4187 J = 4. 187 kJ
1 ft-lbf = 1.365 J

Unit of Viscosity
1 Centipoise = 2.42 lbm/hr-ft
1 lbf/s-ft = 32.16 lbm/s-ft

Units of Thermal Conductivity


1 cal/s-cm-°C = 242 Btu/hr-ft-°F 1 W/cm- °C = 57.79 Btu/hr-ft-°F

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