REPORT Project Based Practicum

Plant
Physiology
Responsible Lecturer
Dr. Ismail, M. S.

RESTIDAR SUDARTO (1814442007)

Group:
RESTIDAR SOEDA RTO (1814442007)
A. GITA NUR INDAH SARI (200107512002)
REGINA GHANDI (200107510003)
ZAHRA AULIA (200107510007)
DEVI ERI SUSANTI (1714441014)

UNIT III (Fotosintesis )

Biology Education Study Program

Faculty Of Math And Science
State of Makassar University
 2022

1. INTRODUCTION
All living things need food in order to grow and live. Humans consume rice,
tubers, beans, vegetables, and fruits which are all obtained or derived from plants. Humans
also consume meat, fish, milk, and eggs which are all obtained or derived from animals.
Thus, human nutrition (food) is obtained from plants and animals. Meanwhile, animals get
their food or nutrition from plants or other animals. Based on the food they consume,
animals are divided into 3 types including, carnivorous animals or commonly referred to as
meat eaters, for example, crocodiles, Komodo dragons and eagles. Then, other types of
animals, namely herbivores or commonly called plant eaters, for example, are rabbits,
elephants and horses. And other types of animals, namely omnivorous animals commonly
referred to as meat and plant eaters or animals that eat both, for example, chickens, ducks
and pandas.
Humans and animals cannot make their own food to meet all their food and energy
needs. To build their bodies and get energy, humans and animals take substances derived
from plants as a source of food. This shows that humans and animals are very dependent on
plants for their survival. Just as humans and animals are living things that need energy, so
are plants. Plants also really need energy and food to survive. Plants can obtain energy and
food through a process. Photosynthesis is the process that can provide energy and food for
plants.
However, in contrast to humans and animals which get their food and energy from
other living things, namely from plants and animals, plants are living things that can make
their own food. However, not just any plant can make its own food. Plants that can make
their own food are plants that have chlorophyll. With photosynthesis, plants can produce
food and obtain energy for their survival.
Photosynthesis is the event of the synthesis or arrangement of organic substances
consisting of sugars from inorganic substances consisting of water and carbon dioxide with
 the help of light energy or photons of the sun. In photosynthesis, glucose or carbohydrates
and oxygen are produced. Almost all living things are very dependent on the results of
photosynthesis. So photosynthesis is very important for life on earth. Organisms that are
able to make organic compounds from inorganic compounds are called autotrophs.Problems
Humans, animals, and plants are living things which need food to survive. Humans can get
food from nature or by buying the food in the market or supermarket. Meanwhile, animals
obtain food by utilizing nature or some other animals obtain food by hunting. How about
plants? Plants get their food by photosynthesis with the help of sunlight, because plants are
living things that are autotrophs that can convert inorganic materials into organic (can make
their own food) with the help of energy such as sunlight and chemical energy.
1.1 Investigation Question
1. How can photosynthesis take place by looking at air bubbles?
2. How does the light environment affect the process of photosynthesis?
3. Can the process of photosynthesis take place in a place where there is no light, be
it light or sunlight?
1.2 Hypotesis
Identification of air bubbles on the photosynthesis process with Hydrilla plants as an
indicator used based on the results or data obtained during the practice by giving
several different treatments.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Photosynthesis comes from the word photon which means light, and synthesis
which means to compose. So photosynthesis can be interpreted as an arrangement of
complex chemical compounds that require light energy. Photosynthesis is the most
important thing for green plants in producing carbohydrates in the form of glucose. In 1964
the reactions of photosynthesis for the first time could be described clearly as a gas
exchange as follows: 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2. This process can take place because
of the presence of a certain pigment with CO2 and H2O materials. Sunlight consists of
several spectrums, each spectrum has a different wavelength, so the effect on the
photosynthesis process is also different. The process of photosynthesis requires light which
is indicated by the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. At high light
intensity it will affect the overall photosynthesis reaction. In a state of low light intensity,
the rate of photosynthesis will also be low (Thomas, 1965).
There are two phases in the photosynthesis process, namely, the light phase
contained in the photosynthesis process which is usually called the Hill reaction where
NADPH will act to react to light which will convert light energy into ADP and then it will
be converted back into ATP (adenine triphosphate). Meanwhile, the dark reaction or
blackman will convert ADP to ATP and further reduce NADP to NADPH2 (Harjadi, 1979).
Photosynthesis or carbon assimilation is the process of converting light energy
into chemical energy. Leaves are the main organ in the plant body as a place for
photosynthesis to take place. In chloroplasts, energy transformation occurs, namely light
energy (photons) as kinetic energy turned into chemical energy as potential energy in the
form of bonding organic compounds to glucose (Setiowati and Furqonita, 2007).
There are two kinds of photosystems namely photosystem I and photosystem II.
Photosystem I is composed of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in a ratio of 12:1 and is
maximally excited by light at a wavelength of 700 nm. In photosystem II, the ratio of
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b is 1:2 and is maximally excited by light at a wavelength of
680 nm (Syamsuri, 2000).
Photosynthesis is the process of combining CO2, H2O into sugar using light
energy using organelles called chloroplasts. The process of photosynthesis is divided into
two reactions, namely:
1. Light Reaction
The light reactions are the steps in converting solar energy into chemical energy.
The light absorbed by chlorophyll drives the transport of electrons and hydrogen from water
to an acceptor called NADP+ which functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration.
The light reactions use solar energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of
electrons together with a hydrogen nucleus or H+. The light reactions also produce ATP by
providing energy for the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called
photophosphorylation (Lakitan, 2007).
he light reactions occur in the grana, their persistence in the thylakoid membrane.
The light reactions use 2 related photosystems. My photosystem absorbs light with a
wavelength of 700 nm hence called P700, works to produce NADPH. Photosystem II
absorbs light with a wavelength of 680 nm and is therefore called P680, working to make
the oxidation state high enough to break the air potential. When working together, these 2
photosystems carry out a non-cyclic photophosphorylation process that produces ATP and
NADPH. My photosystem transfers electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH. Losing electrons
are supported by electrons from photosystem II. Photosystem II with its high oxidation
potential can split air to replace electrons transferred to photosystem I. These two
photosystems are laid down by an electron-carrying complex called cytochrome/b6-f
complex. This complex uses the energy from electron transfer to move protons and activates
the proton gradient used by the ATP synthase enzyme (Lakitan, 2007).
When the reaction center of Photosystem II absorbs a photon, an electron is
excited in the chlorophyll molecule P680, which transfers these electrons to the electron
acceptor. P680 is oxidized removing electrons from the outer shell of the Mg atom. The Mg
atom, which is oxidized with the help of air-splitting enzymes, releases electrons from the
oxygen atoms of 2 air molecules. This process allows P680 to absorb 4 photons to complete
the oxidation of 2 air molecules and produce 1 oxygen. The excited electrons are carried by
the plastoquinone and then accepted by the b6-f complex. The presence of electrons causes
the proton complex to enter the thylakoid gap, then electrons are carried by plastocyanin to
photosystem I (Lakitan, 2007).
Sunlight is a source of energy needed by plants for the process of photosynthesis.
Without sunlight, plants will not be able to carry out the photosynthesis process, this is
because the chlorophyll in the leaves cannot use sunlight because chlorophyll will only
work when there is sunlight (Dwidjoseputro, 1986).
Photosynthesis comes from the word photon which means light and synthesis
which means arrangement. So photosynthesis is the process of arranging organic substances
(H2O and CO2) into complex organic compounds that require light. Photosynthesis can
only occur in plants that have chlorophyll, the pigment that functions as a catcher of solar
energy (Kimball, 2002).
Plants, especially higher plants, to obtain food as their basic needs must carry out
a process called the carbohydrate synthesis process that occurs in the leaves of a plant that
has chlorophyll by using sunlight. Sunlight is a source of energy that plants need for this
process. Without sunlight, plants will not be able to carry out the photosynthesis process,
this is because the chlorophyll in the leaves will only function when there is light
(Dwidjoseputro, 1986).
Plants are autotrophs. Autotrophs means they can synthesize food directly from
organic compounds. Plants use H2O and CO2 to produce the sugars and oxygen they need
for food. Energy to run this process comes from photosynthesis. The reaction equation is as
follows:
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H1206 + 602
Based on the photosynthesis reaction above, CO2 and H20 are substrates in the
photosynthesis reaction and with the help of sunlight and photosynthetic pigments (in the
form of chlorophyll and other pigments) will produce carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Sunlight includes all colors of the visible spectrum from red to purple, but not all
wavelengths of the visible spectrum are absorbed (absorbed) by the pigment fotositensis.
The O atom in carbohydrates comes from CO2 and the H atom in carbohydrates comes from
H20 (Sasmitamihardja and Siregar, in Song Al, 2012).
Glucose can be used to form other organic compounds such as cellulose and can
also be used to form other organic compounds such as cellulose and can also be used as fuel.
This process takes place through cellular respiration which occurs in both animals and
plants. In general, the reaction that occurs in respiration is the opposite of the above
equation. In respiration, glucose and other compounds react with oxygen to produce CO2,
H2O, and chemical energy (Kimball, 2001).
So, photosynthesis is the most important process in life in this world, because
photosynthesis is the process of converting organic substances (H2O and CO2) by
chlorophyll into organic substances (carbohydrates) with the help of light and producing by-
products in the form of oxygen gas (O2).Starch or in everyday life called starch is a
polysaccharide that is abundant in nature, especially in most plants. Starch is found in
tubers, stems, leaves, and seeds. Starch consists of two kinds of polysaccharides, both of
which are polymers of glucose, namely amylose (between 20 -28%) and the rest
amliopectin. Starch can be completely hydrolyzed with the help of the enzyme amylase
(Marzuki, et al., 2010).
Plants need light as a condition for photosynthesis to occur. Without
photosynthesis, plants cannot synthesize their food. This results in disruption of plant
 growth and development. Very clear evidence seen in plants that live in the dark. These
plants grow fast with stems that are longer, slender, and brittle and leaves that are not wide
and pale, while plants that grow in bright places grow shorter, stems are sturdy, and leaves
are green, wide, and thicker (Firmansyah, et al. ., 2007).
The duration of sunlight exposure also affects the intensity of sunlight that can be
absorbed by plants so that it also affects photosynthetic activities. To support good plant
growth, 9-10 hours of irradiation is needed per day (Juanda and Cahyono, 2005).
PRACTICUM METHOD
 Tool and Materials
 Tool
1. 5 pieces aqua plastic cups
2. Rock
3. Rope
4. Ruler
5. Scissors
6. Plastic color (red, green, and purple)
 Material
1. Hydrilla Plant
2. Water
 Prosedure
1. Prepare tools and materials.
2. Cutting Hydrilla plants 5 cm
3. Tie the Hydrilla plant using the end of the rope and then attach it to the rock using
the same rope.
4. Put the Hydrilla plant that has been tied to a rock into the water and don't forget to
treat it.
5. Observe the bubbles in the water.

4. RESULT AND CUNCULATION

 Result
Treatment Time
 T0 T15 T120 T240
Treatment I - - + +
Treatment II - + ++ +++
Treatment III - - - +
Note:
Treatment I : Stored in the room
Treatment II : Stored in the sun
Treatment III : Placed in a dark place (without light)
- : No bubbles
+ : There are bubbles
++ : There are bubbles (slightly)
+++ : There are bubbles (quite a lot)
 Conculation
Based on the practicum carried out, 3 different treatments were given to Hydrilla
plants, namely, in the first treatment it was placed in a room for 240 minutes or 4 hours,
in this first treatment in the 1st minute (T0) and 15th (T15) it was still not visible.
Bubbles, at the 120th minute (T120) and 240th minute (T240) bubbles began to appear.
In the second treatment, it was placed under the sun for 240 minutes or 4 hours, in this
first treatment at minute 1 (T0) no bubbles were seen and continued at minute 15 (T15)
bubbles began to appear, and the bubbles continued to form. increased until the 120th
minute (T120) it looks like little by little bubbles are coming, while at the 240th minute
(T240) it becomes the peak of the arrival of bubbles, at this minute there are lots of
bubbles that are generated on Hydrilla plants. In the third treatment, it was placed in a
dark room without any incoming light for 240 minutes or 4 hours, in this first treatment at
the 1st minute (T0), 15th (T15), and 120th (T120) still not bubbles were seen, and
bubbles began to appear at the 240th minute.

5. DISCUSSION
From the discussion above, we can conclude that photosynthesis is the process of
making energy or food substances/glucose which takes place on the role of sunlight (photo =
light, synthesis = manufacturing/processing process) using nutrients/minerals, carbon
dioxide and water. Photosynthesis takes place in two stages, namely the light reaction
 (requires sunlight) and the dark reaction (does not require sunlight). NADPH. In the second
stage, the dark reaction uses this product to absorb and reduce the carbon dioxide. Factors
that affect photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature,
water content, photosynthetic content and growth stage.
6. REFERENCE

Anwar, A. 1984. Ringkasan Biologi. Bandung: Ganeca Tepat.

Ai, N.S. 2012. Evolusi Fotosintesis pada Tumbuhan. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains,
12(1).

Firmansyah, R. Mawardi, A. dan Riandi, U., 2007. Pembelajaran Biologi

Mudah dan Aktif. Bandung: PT. Setia Purna Investasi.

Harjadi, S.S. 1979. Pengantar Agronomi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.

Juanda, D dan Cahyono, B. 2005. Teknik Budidaya Wijen dan Analisis

Usaha Tani. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Karmana, O., 2006. Biologi. Bandung: Grafindo Media Pratama.

Kimball, John W. 2001. Biologi Edisi kelima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Lakitan B. 1996. Fisiologi Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Tanaman.

Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.

Setiowati, T dan Furqonita, D. 2007. Biologi Interaktif. Jakarta: Azka

Press.

Syamsuri. I. 2000. Biologi. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Thomas J B. 1965. Primary Photoprocesses in Biology. Amesterdam: Nort-

Holland Publishing Company.