SAMPLE TEST 1

I. LISTENING
HƯỚNG DẪN PHẦN THI NGHE HIỂU
· Bài nghe gồm 4 phần; mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần, mỗi lần cách nhau 05 giây; mở đầu và kết thúc mỗi
phần nghe có tín hiệu.
· Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe có tín hiệu nhạc. Thí sinh có 3 phút để hoàn chỉnh bài trước tín hiệu nhạc
kết thúc bài nghe.
· Mọi hướng dẫn cho thí sinh (bằng tiếng Anh) đã có trong bài nghe.

Part 1: For questions 1–5, listen to a radio news bulletin about dogs and decide whether the following
statements are true (T) or false (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
1. In French advertisements, dogs are being used in lieu of human models.
2. Parisian dog-owners take their pets for beauty treatments.
3. The popularity of a film is instrumental in the appetite for dogs as models.
4. French people are well-known to be dog-lovers.
5. The bulletin is aimed at amusing its audience.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 2: For questions 6–15, listen to a piece of news from the BBC about technology development in
New York and fill in the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the
recording for each answer in the corresponding numbered spaces.
· The project New York Wi-fi Orchestra:
§ aims at connecting various people as well as turning New York into an unparalleled, outlandish
(6)____________________.
§ was successful mainly due to free access to municipal wi-fi.
§ inspires New York government to plan a project to provide high speed wireless connection across
the (7)____________________.
· 2015: the introduction of a new product that is capable of
§ displaying advertisements.
§ allowing people to (8)____________________, find their best route, and even make free phone call.
· The grand plan is also expected to play a role in (9)_____________________ the Big Apple producing
the gigabit network.
· The authority is also working with the (10)______________________ of specialist companies including
New York Control Group that invents the (11)____________________ used in the project.
· Despite this good news,
§ New Yorkers seem to be of concern as to how good the speed and coverage will be in some areas.
§ people with less (12)____________________ might not be interested in the project.
§ those that are not living within New York wouldn’t be happy.
· The new system also contributes to address the (13)____________________.
§ A lot of (14)____________________ will be able to make use of a bigger data plan.
§ The project is hoped to make New York become the most (15)_________________ city in the world.

Part 3: For questions 16–20, listen to a part of a lecture about farming practices and complete the notes with
the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each
answer in the corresponding numbered spaces.
Problems:
· (16)____________________
· pollution from various sources, including chemical fertilisers
Conventional farming methods Organic farming methods

 (17)  (19)
 Synthetic fertilizer & chemicals used for  Covering crops
(18)  Use of insects and natural
(20)
 Genetically-modified seeds  Addition of manure & green waste
 Pesticide & fungicide sprayed on crops after
picking
 No need for documentation of production
practices.

Part 4: For questions 21–25, listen to two academics called John Farrendale and Lois Granger
taking part in a discussion on the subject of attitudes to work and choose the best answer (A, B, C or
D) according to what you hear.
21. Lois concurred with John’s viewpoint that _______.
A. most people tremble at the prospect of unemployment
B. problems surface when unemployment coincides with other harrowing events
C. some people are better equipped to tackle unemployment than others
D. the psychological effects of unemployment can be overplayed
22. Lois agrees with the listener who insinuated that _______.
A. not everybody can expect a high level of job satisfaction
B. people should make provisions for redundancy as they would for retirement
C. voluntary work may be more gratifying than paid work
D. work is only one facet of a contented life
23. What is John’s outlook on people who deem work as a ‘means to an end’?
A. He defers to the fact that they have chosen a viable alternative.
B. He feels they may be missing out on something important.
C. He is inclined to think it will instigate predicaments for them later.
D. He suspects their level of allegiance to the job.
24. On being asked about so-called ‘slackers’ at work, John points out that _______.
A. people often jump to uncalled-for conclusions about them
B. such a perspective has become progressively beyond the pale
C. their stances are deplorable in a free labour market
D. they accept the notion that work is a necessary evil
25. Lois quotes the psychologist Freud in such a way as to _______.
A. dispute that an aspiration to work is understandable
B. lend weight to John’s concepts about increased social mobility
C. provide a dissimilitude to the hypothesis of Bertrand Russell
D. substantiate how erudite postulations have shifted over time
Your answers
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

SECTION II: LEXICO – GRAMMAR

Part 1. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete the sentences
1. He’s a tough politician - he knows how to _________the storm.
 A. run down B. keep up C. push back D. ride out
2. You must _________ work. Otherwise you’ll end up with an unimaginable backlog of tasks.
A. portion B. assign C. delegate D. entrust
3. I’m so _________ under with work at the moment – it’s awful!
A. snowed B. iced C. rained D. fogged
4. His public announcement of the secret plans was dealt a sheer_________ of confidence and was
heavily criticized by other members of the council.
A. damage B. breach C. crash D. fracture
5. Don’t call Pam just now. Something has gone wrong with the computer; she’s _________
because she can’t get the data she needs.
A. in a stew B. out of a rut C. in the swim D. under the sink
6. The needs of gifted children in schools have long been _________neglected.
A. dolefully B. woefully C. idly D. Pathetically
7. A sharp frost _________ the beginning of winter.
A. advertised B. predicted C. heralded D. showed
8. The old man led a _________ existence after she left and refused even to see his children.
A. reclusive B. deserted C. remote D. vacant
9. Having planned our weekends to watch football, we found the news of the home team’s players’ strike
most _________.
A. disconcerting B. refreshing C. activating D. debilitating
10. Dominant individuals may use _________ gestures to underline their power.
A. submissive B. expansive C. flirtatious D. nervous
11. The elderly are particularly _________ to this form of illness.
A. wimpy B. weak C. vulnerable D. trivial
12. It was Alice’s year: a new home, a better job – everything just clicked into _________.
A. spot B. position C. space D. place
13. Serena is still _______ ignorant of the fact that she is about to be made redundant.
A. blissfully    B. delightedly   C. jubilantly   D. ecstatically 
14. The UN has called for an immediate _______ of hostilities.
A. cessation   B. deletion   C. cancellation   D. ceasefire 
15. Although the twins look identical, they have widely _______ opinions on almost every topic under the
sun.
A. dissimilar  B.  divergent   C. distinct   D. distinguished 
16. We'd all been at school together for 12 years and at our leaving celebrations we _______ eternal
friendship.
A. pledged   B. undertook   C. confided   D. assured 
17. It was a close _______ but we just made it to the airport on time for our flight.
A. run   B. drive  C.  call   D. go 
18. Not many people are good at assessing their own abilities and Mark must be _______ for recognising
that he would never become a great musician.
A.merited   B. advocated   C. commended  D. talented 
19. The recently discovered documents _______ credence to Professor Vaughan's interpretation of
events.
A. lend  B. provide  C. afford  D. supply
20. The princess's nanny's autobiography really gives the _______ on life among the royals.
A. know-how  B. low-down C.  look-out  D. show-down 
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part 2. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition or particle.
1. Gareth Bale is a brilliant young footballer who is ______________ the up and up.
2. Jan's good at keeping secrets, so you'll have to worm it _____________  her!
3. None of us could fathom ___________  why the experiment wasn't working.
4. Jim seems to be___________  the misapprehension that tomorrow’s a holiday. It isn't.
5. That’s enough TV! It’s time to knuckle _____________  and get on with your homework now.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 3. The passage below contains 5 mistakes. IDENTIFY and CORRECT them. Write your answers
in the space provided.
1 Original written work and information are protected by copyright laws, like original
2 inventions. Therefore, when you reference or use information you find while doing
3 research, you should always give credit to the person or organization that produced it.
4 To plagiarize is to use ideas that are not your own without giving credit to the original
5 source, or to claim that someone else’s ideas are your own. It is akin to steal someone
else’s work.
6 Internet-related plagiarism has become such a problem because it is so easy to find and
7 copy information online. There are thousands of resources for students who wish only to
8 copy or cheat. Moreover, the Internet also makes it easier for educators to check for
9 plagiarism. Often a simple Internet search for a quote will be enough to impose copying.
10 Some educators are more concerned about unintended plagiarism. Because copying
11 and pasting is so easy, it is becoming more and more common for good-meaning
12 students to mix up material source with their original ideas. While this kind of plagiarism
usually happens innocently, it is still an offense.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 4. Write the correct FORM of each bracketed word in the spaces provided. (1.0 pt)
The US Declaration of Independence contains the phrase 'life, (1. LIBERATE) and the pursuit of
happiness' and implies that it is an (2. ALIEN) right for every American citizen. But what is the pursuit of
happiness exactly? It is certainly a mellifluous phrase, one we like to hear and believe to be a possibility.
But how does one 'pursue' happiness and why is it in official documents? A more (3. COMPREHEND)
analysis of the issue shows that while people are in control of their (4. DESTINED) to some extent, it is
also the government's role to create the conditions necessary for an individual to flourish and
consequently achieve happiness. It is (5. OBLIGATION) to remove obstacles which might bar a person
from being happy. Such an obstacle might be not having the right to speak out against (6. FAVOUR)
conditions, or not having the right to speak one's mind.
For the pursuit of happiness to exist, education must be accessible to the masses, health care must not be
denied to anyone based on race or religion and people must have the
right to a fair (7. TRY) in a court to be heard by (8. PART) fellow citizens. The US hasn't always been
perfect in its application of this principle, but the very fact that its citizens can criticise the government for
its practices without fear of (9. PERSECUTE) means that the principle is largely (10. HOLD) and can
stand as a model for other countries.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

SECTION III : READING

Part 1. Fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Getting ready for Mars
The 'Mars 500 project' (1) ______ an experiment that simulated a return mission to Mars.
Spending 18 months in a sealed facility in Moscow (2) ______ access to natural light or fresh air,
six men were monitored as they attended (3) ______ their daily duties. A study into (4) ______
each of them coped with the psychological and physical constraints of the mission has found that
there were wide differences in their wake-sleep patterns. For example, (5) ______ most of the
crew began to sleep for longer periods as the mission progressed and boredom set in, one
individual slept progressively less, resulting (6) ______ him becoming chronically sleep-deprived
towards the end of the (7) ______ . Identifying bad sleepers could be important on a real Mars
mission, during (8) ______ people are required to be constantly alert even when days are
tediously similar. Researchers warn that for any astronaut heading to Mars, exciting as the trip
might initially seem, (9) ______ could be problems with stress brought on by the monotony of
routine. However, they also report that (10)______ some personal tensions between crew
members, there was overall harmony within the group.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 2. Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the
text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Orientation and Navigation
To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins
simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South
America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring.
The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way
around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named
Gustavo Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.
Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate.
Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point
A to point B.
Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the
time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they
fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal
migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation
was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times
there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they
were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the
Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances,
the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass
to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by
the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.
So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in
only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the
same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be
changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served
as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were
altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the
right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the
birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.
In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial
Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about
15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were
assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible,
however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words,
they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological
clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.
What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea,
caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory
period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can
be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the
birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the
birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds
were orienting according to the stars.
There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of
environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines,
sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes
contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one
sensory ability may back up another.
1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?
A. Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.
B. The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.
C. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.
D. The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.
2. The word ‘perplexed’ in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. defeated B. interested C. puzzled D. occupied
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A. Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless
movements.
B. Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of
their normal migratory route.
C. Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.
D. Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was
overcast.
4. The word ‘preposterous’ in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. unbelievable B. inadequate C. limited D. creative
5. According to paragraph 3, why did Kramer use mirrors to change the apparent position of the
Sun?
A. To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness
B. To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate
C. To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route
D. To cause the birds to migrate at a different time than they would in the wild
6. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?
A. When the weather is overcast
B. When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route
C. When their normal time for migration arrives
D. When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer’s reason for filling
one food box and leaving the rest empty?
A. He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.
B. He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the
box with food.
C. He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following
their migratory route.
D. He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the
compass.
8. According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?
A. They kept the direction of their flight constant.
B. They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
C. They kept flying toward the Sun.
D. They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun.
9. The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a
biological clock because _____.
A. when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the
sky
B. birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns
direction
C. birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun
D. birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or not
10. According to paragraph 6, how did the birds navigate in the planetarium's nighttime
environment?
A. By waiting for the dome to stop rotating
B. By their position on the planetarium floor
C. By orienting themselves to the stars in the artificial night sky
D. By navigating randomly until they found the correct orientation
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 3. Read the following passages and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each gap.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (1.0 pt)
Peoples' personalities vary considerably from one another as there are no two alike. Our ingrained
characteristics which determine the patterns of our behaviour, our reactions and temperaments are
unparalleled on (1) ________of the diversified processes that mould our personality in the earliest
(2) ________of human development.
Some (3) ________ of character may to some extent be hereditary simulating the attributes that
(4) ________ our parents. Others may(5) ________ from the conditions experienced during
pregnancy and infancy in this way reflecting the parents' approach towards (6) ________ their
offspring.
Consequently, the environmental factor (7) ________a crucial role in strengthening or eliminating
certain behavioural systems making an individual more prone to (8) ________ to the patterns that
deserve a prize.
Undoubtedly, human personality(9) ________ the most profound and irreversible formation
during the first period of its development, yet, certain characteristics may still be (10) ________
to considerable changes conditioned by different circumstances and situations.

1. A. account B. means C. token D. event

2. A. states B. instants C. terms D. stages
3. A .factors B. traits C. items D. breeds
4. A. identify B. recognize C. associate D. pertain
5. A. rise B. relate C. stem D. formulate
6. A. breeding B. rearing C. growing D. yielding
7. A. makes B. does C. finds D. plays
8. A. comfort B. pledge C. acquiesce D. obey
9. A .undergoes B. undertakes C. underacts D. underlies
10. A. practicable B. feasible C. subject D. potential
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 4. Read the text below and answer questions 1-10.

You are going to read some extracts from a health advice magazine. Choose from the extracts
(A-F). The extracts may be chosen more than once.
In which extract is the following mentioned?
1. People may be unaware of something that is causing disease in their body.
2. Cutting back too much can be harmful.
3. If you feel self-conscious, this could be for you.
4. A shocking hygiene confession is made.
5. This could be a flexible way to monitor your activity and performance levels.
6. A change in body reaction could be dangerous.
7. Drastic measures may not achieve the expected results.
8. You should reassess your lifestyle to see if it is causing a bad habit.
9. People need to be aware of the dangers of something that seems safe.
10. A high-profile health problem boosts manufacturers' turnover.

A. There are now five times as many cases of food poisoning as there were 20 years ago. It's
partly down to the fact that we eat out more often. Consider that one in men and one in
three five women admit that they don't wash their hands after going to the toilet or before
preparing food; it's enough to put you off popping out for a quick bite on a Friday night. And
before you reach for one of those mints sitting on the counter by the till, think how many
non-hand-washers have dipped their fingers into that bowl. But the problem isn't restricted
to grubby eateries. More than half of food poisoning infections are acted in the home. This
 may be because people are eating more pre-prepared food and shopping less often, so is
stored for longer. But most food poisoning is preventable if you know what you're doing.

B. Next time you have a headache, don't automatically reach for painkillers. Using them too
often could be more dangerous than you think. For a vulnerable minority, the route to
addiction can be alarmingly fast. It's thought that overusing painkillers leads to changes in the
way the handles pain signals, so it becomes oversensitive to stimuli that wouldn't normally
cause pain. As the pain threshold lowers, people seek out stronger medication and increase
the dosage and soon they are hooked. Somewhere along the line we have become blasé
about the dangers of these medicines which are available in petrol stations, news agents and
supermarkets. People must not assume that over the counter drugs are safe because clearly
this is not the case.

C. The basic premise of detox is that we need to clear the toxic waste from our bodies every so
often in order to stay healthy. It sounds a reasonable idea, but nutrition experts are quick to
point out that there's no evidence to support it. Detoxing is a concept that underestimates
the abilities of our liver and kidneys. Any toxins that do get absorbed are very efficiently dealt
with and secreted by our bodies. The concept of detox diets is irrational and unscientific.
Those promoting detox diets often claim that in order to detoxify, we should avoid foods such
as wheat and dairy products. The reality is that these foods provide us with important
nutrients, and it is unnecessary potentially harmful to exclude them from the diet.

D. There is a lot of publicity about the dangers of having 'high cholesterol' at the moment -
mainly coming from companies that make special foods that claim to lower it for you. It is a
widespread problem though: according to the British Heart Foundation around two thirds of
British people have a blood cholesterol level above the suggested healthy target figure. And
as there are no symptoms until it causes disease, many people with high cholesterol may not
be aware that they have it. However we need some cholesterol because the body wouldn't
function without it! It is a key part of cell membranes and it is also found in bile, which is
important for digestion and absorption of fat.

E. Just like a real-time personal trainer (PT), an online coach discusses personal goals, tailors
exercise schedules and offers advice to clients of all abilities. Instead of face-to- face
guidance, however, the virtual trainer gives feedback via emails and texts - perfect for the
self-conscious exerciser! While critics say that it is impossible to effectively train clients
without meeting them, online coaches offer a valuable compromise when it comes to
training. First they are a cost-effective alternative. Second, they represent a more flexible
option, especially if your work takes up much of your time or makes it difficult for you to
commit to regular sessions. And just because your coach is in cyberspace, it doesn't mean he
won't be keeping tabs on you. The mere thought of the next email should have you racing to
put on your sports kit.

F. Most of us are unclear as to where social drinking stops and alcohol dependency starts. A
heavy-drinking student is fairly normal, but a 40-year-old party animal? A sozzled 60-year-
old? At what point do the questions demand a serious answer? Recommendations from the
 government are that men should consume no more than three to four units of alcohol a day
and women only two to three units. Of course, committed social drinkers of all ages often
ignore units, taking comfort from the fact that they are not reaching for the bottle before
lunchtime, and their friends are drinking as much as they are so it must be alright. But you
can even test yourself online by looking at Alcohol Concern's website to determine if alarm
bells should be ringing. Most people can reduce their alcohol consumption without
professional help but it's not just about cutting down, it's about editing your life to remove the
reasons you are drinking too much.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
I. Rewrite the sentences in such a way that they mean almost the same as those printed before them.
1. John only understood very little what the teacher said.
John could hardly ___________________________________________________
2. I’m sure that the doctor has examined every child.
 I’m sure that all ____________________________________________________
3. We were very impressed that she tried very hard to overcome difficulties.
 Her great _________________________________________________________
4. John asked if it was the blue one or the green she wanted.
 “Which ___________________________________________________________ ?”
5. We know that feudalism lasted for hundreds of years in Europe.
 Feudalisim ________________________________________________________

II. Use the word given in brackets and make any necessary additions to write a new sentence in such a
way that it is similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence. Do NOT change the form of the
word given. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
0. The company’s profits appear to be improving significantly this year. (EVIDENCE)
The company’s profits show evidence of significant improvement this year.

1. Although the signs are optimistic, there are imminent dark clouds. (TEETH)
On the ____________________________________________________________ optimistic signs.
2. It is recommended that you take water with you as wells are few and far between in this area. (LEST)
Travellers to this area are advised to carry water __________________________________ ground.
3. Getting to work should be much easier once the new underground line is ready. (COMMUTING)
The new underground line ____________________________________________________ sailing.
4. We only ingratiated ourselves with our teacher because Kate insisted. (CURRIED)
It was ________________________________________________________________ our teacher.
5. Nobody expected it of him but Sam was laid off. (RANKS)
Against ______________________________________________________________ unemployed.