Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper

Slag as Subgrade Materials in Road Embankment

Construction
Jaber Shahiri1, Mojtaba Ghasemi2,*

Received: 29. 08. 2016 Accepted: 02. 05. 2017

Abstract
In this study, unconfined compression tests have been conducted to investigate the impacts of copper slag
on mechanical characteristics for stabilized cement and un-stabilized soil. Dozens of specimens were
prepared at four percentages of cement (i.e. 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) and five percentages of copper slag (i.e.
0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight of dry soil. The samples compacted into a cylindrical specimen
and processed for the curing periods of 28, 60 and 90 days. The test results indicated that the inclusion of
copper slag had a significant effect on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). For cement stabilized
specimens, the improvement impacts of the copper slag on the UCS was more tangible than un-stabilized
ones. Furthermore, an increase in the UCS was most apparent in the 2% cemented specimen wherein the
UCS increased more than 78% as the copper slag increased up to 20%. Moreover, it was evident that the
more amount of copper slag increased, the more optimum moisture content (OMD) declined and
additionally maximum dry density (MDD) of soil was on the rise, while the results of the increase in
cement was quite the reverse. Moreover, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed
using eight input parameters including: copper slag content, cement content, water content, dry density,
liquid limit, plastic limit, PH and curing age. An ANN network, composed of 10 neurons in a hidden
layer, was considered as the appropriate architecture for predicting the elastic modulus of mixtures, and
an excellent conformity was acquired between the observed test data and the predicted ones. The results
was proven that the proposed model can be efficiently applied to predict the elastic modulus of stabilized
soils.

Keywords: Copper slag; cement stabilization; unconfined compressive strength; elastic modulus;
artificial neural network.

Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

1. M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Survey Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced
Technology, Kerman, Iran
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Survey Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced
Technology, Kerman, Iran
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 Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper Slag as Subgrade Materials …

1. Introduction strength [Sherwood, 1993]. Such a phenomenon

occurs as a result of the chemical reactions
A large number of executive plans such as between the minerals of clay, cement, and
construction of irrigation and drainage networks, sulfate, forming the Ettringite and Tamasite
roads, and earth dams might face the shortage of minerals, which are strictly inflated by water
appropriate earth materials; therefore, the absorption [Nicholson, Kashyap and Fujii, 1994,
currently existing materials should be improved Bell, 1988].
and reinforced. A method for soil improvement is Bell demonstrated that adding a small amount of
soil stabilization, through which the use of weak cement up to 2% would improve the soil
soil at the site becomes possible and feasible, and properties and a higher amount of cement would
the transportation of materials from a far as well cause some major changes in these properties.
as extravagant costs is an inevitable issue. Such Any sort of cement might be applied for soil
an advantage becomes very important and stabilization, but ordinary Portland cement was
economically effective in the regions where the the most frequently used type [Bell, 2005].
existing materials are soils such as loess, sand or However, the traditional stabilizers like cement
fat clay. Lime, cement, rice husk ash, pozzolans, are under discussion, not only for their negative
microsilica, aluminum sulfate and fly ash are environmental effects during manufacture but
some of the most common additives. Michael also for their cost. Due to the high costs of road
showed that the percentage of lime required for construction, studies must be focused on proper
boosting the properties of the fine-grained soils designing and selection of appropriate materials
ranges from 3% to 8%. Additionally, his research which, in addition to being cost-effective, can
established the basis of a handful discussions and boost the efficiency and lifespan of roads. Quality
investigations on the lime mortar in the following of pavement foundation layers is critical for
years [Mitchell, 1981]. achieving excellent pavement performance.
Cebeci et al. investigated the effect of Stiffness and strength of soil are considered as an
temperature and moisture on the strength and essential and relevant engineering and mechanical
shrinkage of cement and cement-lime mortars properties in both design and construction of
with different lime percentages. Their research earthworks, while soil density and water content
showed an inverse relationship between the are the necessary physical measurements during
strength of cement mortar and increase of the construction process [Salehi Hikouei, Hasani
temperature; however, for the mortars containing and Shirkhani Kelagari, 2016].
cement-limestone, increase of temperature would The amount of material being available for
lead to the increase of strength, which was due to constructing roads and buildings is limited and
the impact of lime on cement mortar [Cebeci, Al- contractors must pay transportation costs to fetch
Noury and Mirza, 1989]. quality materials from quarries for their projects.
Cement improves the behavioral properties of Hence, industrial waste materials can be used as a
argillaceous fine-grained soil such as inflation, secondary resource to satisfy the need for
shear strength, water absorption capability and construction materials [Ziari et al. 2016]. Due to
Atterberg limit [Bell, 1988]. Due to the the depletion of natural resources, growing
constraints of using cement, adding cement to increase of construction activities and road
soil might lead to unfavorable effects on construction, and reducing energy consumption
stabilized soil properties. These destructive and environmental aspects, researchers are trying
reactions include carbonation, effects of sulfates, to find a suitable alternative for the materials
impacts of organic materials and effects of consumed in road construction [Yilmaz et al.
sulfides and sodium chloride. If soil contains 2011, Ayan et al. 2016].
sulfate ions or if stabilized soil is exposed to the Because of increase in population, urbanization,
sulfated water, the presence of cement not only development activities, and changes in life style,
would not plummet the stabilized layer inflation, there is an enormous rise in the generation of
but will also increase inflation and decline waste materials, which in turn makes the solid
International Journal of Transportation Engineering, 46
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 Jaber Shahiri, Mojtaba Ghasemi

waste management one of the major ANN modeling approach is a computer

environmental concerns worldwide [Ahmad and methodology that attempts to simulate some
Mahdi, 2015]. important features of the human nervous system;
Furthermore, in addition to the waste materials in other words, it is the ability to solve problems
resulted from the construction projects, the by applying the information gained from
waste and residual materials from industrial previous precious experiences to contemporary
factories and mines have caused an increase in issues. ANN, as a sort of soft computing tools,
the need for a depot site. Numerous works have has been established as a mapping between a set
been conducted on the use of residual materials of input and output numbers [Ghanizadeh and
for road construction by the organizations Ahadi, 2015]. ANN are widely used in civil
related to the environment and roads [Li, 2008, engineering for finding the patterns between the
Lee, 2009, Zhao, Leeftinkb and Rotterc, 2010]. input data and output results [Kolay and Baser,
In recent studies, use of recycled waste lime, 2014, Mozumder and Laskar, 2015,
phosphate filler waste, ashes of incinerated Shafabakhsh, Jafari and Talebsafa, 2015,
municipal solid waste, and waste ceramic Zavrtanik et al. 2016].
materials has been studied as the filler and the The present study aims to investigate the effects
obtained results are satisfactory [Katamine, of combining cement and copper slag with soil.
2006, Hwang, Parkand and Rhee, 2008, Huang, In addition, a feed-forward back -propagation
Dong and Burdette, 2009]. The industrial neural network is proposed to predict elastic
factories’ waste materials have been used in modulus, failure strain (ɛf) and UCS of the soils
concrete blocks, soil stabilization, construction modified with cement and copper slag.
materials, cement production, cement mixtures, 2. Materials and Methods
and so on. Rossi et al. used the waste coal as the
fine granules in the pavement concrete blocks. 2.1 Soil and Cement
The results showed that replacing 25-50% of the The samples were provided by 20% of clay and
waste coal with the fine-grained ones would lead 80% of sand by weight. A clay soil from
to satisfactory results in terms of mechanical Kerman's mines, which is classified as CL
strength [Rossi, Ramos and Pagnussat, 2012]. according to the Unified Soil Classification
Garcya et al. used waste coal as a part of cement System (USCS), was selected to perform the
in cement mixture and found that the use of current experimental work. The particle size
waste coal by 20%, instead of cement, increased distribution curve and the physical properties of
7-day compressive strength, but declined 90-day the clay and sand are illustrated in Figure 1 and
strength [Garcya, Freasa and Sanchez, 2012]. Table 1, respectively. Portland cement (type II)
Inuthia and Nidzam used the waste coal for the was used for soil stabilization. Table 2 presents
stabilization of the foundation and sub- the chemical compositions of the employed
foundation. The obtained results indicated an cement.
increase in the 7-, 28- and 90-day compressive
strength [Inuthia and Nidzam, 2009]. The 2.2 Copper Slag
industrial metal slag, ore and mine waste are The copper slag collected from Sarcheshmeh
generally suitable for recycling and the use of Copper Mine in Kerman. The chemical
such mine waste has been reported as an properties of copper slag are indicated in Table
alternative in building construction, road 3. The used copper slag was of black color with
construction and geotechnical applications density 4.44 gr/cm3. Figure 2 shows the used
[Hartlen, Carling and Nagasaka, 1997, Kamon, copper slag.
1997, Kamon and Katsumi, 1994, Sarsby, 2000,
Vazquez et al. 1991, Comans et al. 1991].

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 Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper Slag as Subgrade Materials …

OMC 11%
MDD 19.2 kN/m3

Table 2. Chemical composition of cement

Cement properties Values
CaO 63.95
SiO2 21.86
Al2O3 4.70
Fe2O3 3.51
MgO 2.40
SO3 2.10
K2O 0.55

Table 3. Chemical composition of copper slag

Copper slag properties Values
CaO 5.80
SiO2 28.83
Al2O3 3.71
(a) sand Fe2O3 46.37
Cu 0.54
SO3 3.26
K2O 1.15

(b) clay
Figure 1. Grain size distribution of clay and sand

Table 1. Physical properties of clay

Soil properties Values
Specific gravity 2.71
Liquid limit 34%
Plastic limit 25%
Plasticity index 9%
USCS classification CL Figure 2. Copper slag used in sample preparation

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 Jaber Shahiri, Mojtaba Ghasemi

2.3 Sample Preparation and Test and the results are given in Figures 3 and 4. It is
Procedures observed that by increasing cement content,
According to requirements of TM-D2166, MDD decreases and OMC increases. This test
cylindrical specimen with 50 mm diameter and also shows that inclusion of copper slag leads to
100 mm height was determined for unconfined reduction of OMC and increase of MDD.
compressive test. Based on pre-test results, the
cement contents of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% and 3.2 Unconfined Compression Tests
copper slag contents of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and To study the effects of curing time, cement, and
20% by weight of dry soil were selected. For copper slag, UCS test was performed on the
each combination, weight of each material was specimens. Figure 5 provides the UCS results of
defined exactly on the basis of OMD and MDD treated specimens with maximum percentages of
obtained from the standard Proctor compaction cement and copper slag after 90 days of curing
test, according to requirements of ASTM D698. versus axial strain. Figure 6 is also shows the
The standard Proctor Test is a laboratory UCS versus curing time. Figures 7 to 10 provide
geotechnical testing method used to determine the UCS results of treated specimens with 0, 2, 4
the OMD at which soil can reach its MDD. Soil, and 6 percentages of cement at 28, 60 and 90
cement and copper slag were mixed in dry days of curing versus copper slag percentages.
condition properly. Then, water was gradually
added into the mixture until a uniform feature According to the Figures 5 to 10, the strength of
was met. The uniformity of distribution has been the specimens increased drastically with the
checked by eye observation. rising the cement content. Moreover, the
Weight of each specimen was determined in addition of copper slag was found to have a
accordance with given specimen volume and significant effect on the improvement in strength
obtained MDD from compaction tests. This of soil. The increase in UCS may vividly be
weight was divided into three portions and each observed on the basis of the high angle of an
portion was compacted in 33mm layer in an iron internal friction for the copper slag.
mold. The specimens were cured in a plastic bag Furthermore, when the cement content was
to avoid evaporation in a place having a constant, the relationship between strength
temperature about 20 °C for 28, 60 and 90 days. versus copper slag contents is approximately
For each combination, three specimens were linear. So being that, the strength of the
examined to assure repeatability of results. UCS specimens increased with the increase of the
tests were carried out on specimens in curing age.
accordance with ASTM D5102. Elastic modulus for a soil is usually the secant
modulus from zero deviator of normal stress to a
deviator stress equal to one-half of the peak
3. Results deviator stress. ɛf is also defined as failure strain
3.1 Compaction corresponding to maximum UCS. Elastic
For soil–cement–copper slag combinations, modulus and ɛf of each specimen is provided in
standard Proctor compaction test was carried out Tables 4-6

49 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

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Figure 3. Relationship between MDD, OMC, and cement stabilized clay specimens from Proctor compaction test

Figure 4. Relationship between MDD, OMC, and copper slag stabilized clay specimens from Proctor compaction test

International Journal of Transportation Engineering, 50

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 Jaber Shahiri, Mojtaba Ghasemi

Figure 5. UCS value vs. axial strain after 90 days of curing

Figure 6. UCS value vs. curing time

Figure 7. UCS value vs. percentage of copper slag (cement = 0%)

51 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

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 Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper Slag as Subgrade Materials …

Figure 8. UCS value vs. percentage of copper slag (cement = 2%)

Figure 9. UCS value vs. percentage of copper slag (cement = 4%)

Figure 10. UCS value vs. percentage of copper slag (cement = 6%)
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 Jaber Shahiri, Mojtaba Ghasemi

Table 4. Geotechnical properties of the untreated and treated specimens after 28 curing days
Criteria Untreated Cement treated soil 20% Copper Slag and Cement
soil treated soil
2% 4% 6% 2% 4% 6%
Soil type Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement
UCS (MPa) 1.44 2.68 4.82 7.48 4.03 6.02 9.29
ɛf (%) 1.27 1.14 1.11 1.04 1.33 1.25 1.19
Elastic modulus 87 112 149 170 144 164 189
(MPa)

Table 5. Geotechnical properties of the untreated and treated specimens after 60 curing days.
Criteria Untreated Cement treated soil 20% Copper Slag and Cement
soil treated soil
2% 4% 6% 2% 4% 6%
Soil type Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement
UCS (MPa) 1.85 3.89 6.81 10.92 6.61 10.57 12.76
ɛf (%) 1.69 1.15 1.06 1.01 1.29 1.25 1.11
Elastic modulus 128 263 325 345 301 343 347
(MPa)

Table 6. Geotechnical properties of the untreated and treated specimens after 90 curing days.
Criteria Untreated Cement treated soil 20% Copper Slag and Cement
soil treated soil
2% 4% 6% 2% 4% 6%
Soil type Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement
UCS (MPa) 2.4 4.58 7.37 11.9 8 11.7 13.4
ɛf (%) 1.95 1.75 1.69 1.62 2.10 1.94 1.82
Elastic modulus 133 274 337 362 313 357 375
(MPa)

4. Discussion 4.2 UCS

The UCS value of the un-stabilized soil obtained
4.1 Compaction at 2.4 MPa. Based on the UCS results, by
It can be seemed that the high specific gravity of increasing the cement content from 2 to 6%,
the copper slag results in an increase of MDD. UCS values of stabilized soil with cement
By mixing the copper slag content, the increased from 11.9 MPa for 90 curing days.
proportion of sand sized particles increased Then the UCS value of the stabilized soil with
leading to fewer dependency towards water, thus 6% cement after 90 curing days was at 4.96
a reduced OMC is observed. These mentioned times higher than that of the untreated soil. In
effects are combined in cement–copper slag–soil the other hand by increasing the copper slag
mixture too, but in the range of selected contents content from 5 to 20%, UCS values of stabilized
of materials, cement content has more hugely soil with copper slag increased from 3.4 MPa for
effective impressions on compaction parameters 90 curing days. Then the UCS value of the
in comparison with copper slag content.
53 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,
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 Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper Slag as Subgrade Materials …

stabilized soil with 20% copper slag after 90 4.4 εf

curing days was at 1.42 times higher than that of From the results, it can be seen that the ɛf
the untreated soil. Therefore, adding cement has decreased by increasing the contents of cement
more significant effects than copper slag on from 2% to 6%. This trend represents that
increasing UCS. adding cement increases the brittleness of the
specimens. It is unlike adding that by increasing
The average increase in the UCS due to increase
the curing time, the failure strains of the
in copper slag from 0 to 20% are illustrated in
specimens decreased. This trend was due to
Figure 11. It can vividly be said that the greatest
curing and decreasing water content of the
impact of increase in copper slag is when the
specimens. Furthermore, adding copper slag led
two percent cement employed for the soil
to increase the failure strains.
stabilization.
4.5 ANN Modeling And Sensitivity
4.3 Elastic Modulus Analysis
Among the specimens with cement only and An ANN model was developed using 8 input
parameters including copper slag content,
with oth cement and copper slag, the
cement content, water content, dry density,
stabilized specimens with both 6% cement liquid limit, plastic limit, PH and curing age. An
and 20% copper slag after 90 curing days ANN with 10 neurons in the hidden layer was
had the highest values of elastic modulus at considered as the appropriate architecture for
375 MPa, which was at 2.82 times more predicting elastic modulus, ɛf and UCS of
than that of the un-stabilized soil, which stablized soils, as illustrated in Figure 12.
mad up 133 MPa. Expectedly, elastic Excellent conformity was observed between the
modulus increased by increasing the cement predicted and test data. The result indicated that
content, copper slag content and curing the proposed model can be applied to predicting
days. From the Tables 4 to 6, it can be elastic modulus, ɛf and UCS of the soils
concluded that the effects of adding cement modified with cement and copper slag.
The relative ranking of different target variables
was more than the effects of curing time,
of ANN is shown in Table 7. It may be observed
and the effects of curing time was more than in Table 7 that ANN ranked elastic modulus as
the effects of adding copper slag. the most predictable target.

Figure 11. The average increase in the UCS value vs. percentage of cement

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 Jaber Shahiri, Mojtaba Ghasemi

Figure 12. The ANN architecture used as a prediction model for elastic modulus
Table 7. Most predictable target
Target elastic modulus ɛf UCS
R 0.995 0.905 0.967
Relative ranking 1 3 2

Table 8. Results of sensitivity analysis

Eliminated Slag Cement Water Dry Liquid Plastic PH Curing
input content content content density limit limit age
R 0.846 0.950 0.511 0.897 0.966 0.961 0.633 0.931
Relative 3 6 1 4 8 7 2 5
ranking

Sensitivity analysis was employed to accuracy of the model indicates its

understand the effect and to quantify the importance. The importance and relative
importance of different input modified soil ranking of different input variables of ANN
parameters on the predicted elastic modulus are shown in Table 8. It may be observed in
of the specimens. Eight different ANN Table 8 that sensitivity analysis ranked
models developed as one of the inputs were water content as the most important
eliminated in each of them. The effect of parameter and liquid limit and plastic limit
eliminating each input on reducing the as the least important ones.
conclusions of experiments have been
5. Conclusion summarized as follows:
The effects of copper slag on the 1. Copper slag has the potential to improve
improvement of cement stabilized and the mechanical properties of soil. The best
unstabilized soil were conceptually UCS belongs to specimens with 6% cement
investigated by unconfined compression content and it increases by inclusion of 20%
tests and results were discussed in the copper slag.
current laboratory work. The chief
55 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,
Vol.5/ No.1/ Summer 2017
 Utilization of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Copper Slag as Subgrade Materials …

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