Unit 2 Relational data model

• Fundamentals of RDBMS
• Concept of RDBMS
• E.F. Codd's rule
• Key concept
• Normalization
• Introduction to SQL
• Data types in SQL
• DDL commands
Unit 2 Relational data model
• Data integrity constraints
• XML commands
• DCL commands
• DQL (select) command
• SQL operators
Fundamentals of RDBMS
• Concept and definition of RDBMS
• Records
• Field /columns
• Data types
• Table
• Example
Concept of RDBMS
• RDBMS introduction
• DBMS and RDBMS
• Rows and columns
• Relation between two tables
• Keys to form relation
• Some operations on tables
E. F. Codd's rule
• Rule 1- information rule
• Rule 2- guaranteed access rule
• Rule 3 - systematic treatment of null values
• Rule 4 - Active online catalogue
• Rule 5- comprehensive data sub language rule
• Rule 6 - view updating rule
E. F. Codd's rule
• Rule 7 - High level insert, update, delete rule
• Rule 8 - Physical data independence
• Rule 9- Logical data independence
• Rule 10- Integrity independence
• Rule 11-Distribution independence
• Rule 12 - Non subversion rule
Key concept
• Super key

• Candidate key

• Primary key

• Foreign key
Normalization
• Definition- It is process of decomposition of
database to avoid Data redundancy
• Insert anomalies
• Delete anomalies
• Update anomalies
• Functional dependency
First normal form (1NF)
• Concept
• Example
Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Concept
• Non prime attribute-attribute that is not part of any
candidate key is known as non prime attribute.
• Example
Third Normal Form (3NF)
• Concept
• Transitive dependency
• Example
Boyce Codd Normal Form
(BCNF)
• Concept
• Example
Structured Query Language
(SQL)
• SQL-It is a database query language used for storing
and managing data in relational DBMS
• DDL ( Data Definition Language)
• DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• DCL (Data Control Language)
• DQL (Data Query Language)
Data types in SQL
• Char
• Vatcher and varchar 2
• Date
• Number
• Long
• Raw/ Long Raw
DDL commands
• CREATE - to create table
• ALTRR- to modify created table
• DROP - to whole table
• TRUNCATE- to delete rows or records from created
table
• DESC- to see structure of created table
• RENAME- to change name of created table with
new name
• CREATE USER- to create user.
Create table
• Syntax - create table <tablename>
(<columnname1> < datatype>(<size>),
<columnnane2> <datatype>
(<size>),......<columnnamen> <datatype> (<size>);
• E.g.
• create table student ( rollno number (3), name
vatcher (15), mob_no number (10));
• [Note- no spaces between name of column
allowed..you can use underscore ]
Alter table
• Syntax- alter table <tablename> <action to be
taken>;
• E.g. alter table student add address varchar (30);
• Alter table student modify mobile number (11);
• Alter table student delete (address);
Drop table
• Syntax-
• drop table <tablename>;
• E.g drop table student;
• [ Note- This command will delete whole table from
database.. so after execution of this command you
are not able to perform any action on this table, as
it will not exist.]
Truncate command
• Syntax-
• truncate table <tablename>;
• E.g truncate table student;
• Note- using this command only data(contents in
rows) in table table is deleted, table will remain
unchanged.
Desc command
• Syntax-
• desc <tablename>
• E.g. desc student;
• [Used to display current position of table]
Rename table
• Syntax-
• rename <tablename> to <new table name>;
• E.g
• rename student to Student_details;
Create user
• Syntax
• create user <username> identified
externally/globally
• E.g. create user student identified externally;
• [ Note-user can be created with its identity as
externally or globally]
Data integrity constraints
• Concept
• There are two types of data integrity constraints
• 1 I/O constraints
• a) primary key constraints
• b) foreign key constraints
• c) unique key constraints
• 2 Business rule constraints
• a) default constraints
• b) not null constraints
• c). Check constraints
I/ O constraints
• Determines of which data are inserted or extracted
• a) primary key constraints
• Non repeated values
• Not null values in primary ke
• b) foreign key constraints
• Referential integrity constraints or on delete
cascade
• c) unique key constraints
Business rules constraints
• Business rules are used everyday to Define entities
attributes and relationship
• a) default constraints
• b) not null constraints
• Enforces column to not accept null values
• c) check constraints
• Used to avoid entering unnecessary values to the
columns by checking the condition specified
DML commands
• Insert command
• Syntax- insert into <tablename> values (value 1,
value 2,...);
• E.g. insert into student values (01, 'abc',
1234567890, 'naskroad');
•
DML commands
• UPDATE commands
• Syntax- update <tablename> set
<columnname>=<expression>,
<columnname>=<expression>;
• E.g. update student set name ='xyz' where roll= 02;
DML commands
• DELETE command
• Used to delete records from the table
• Syntax- delete from <tablename> where <
condition>;
• E.g. delete from student where roll=02;
DML commands
• CALL command
• Used to call stored procedure written in SQL
• Syntax-
• CALL <procedure_name>;
• E.g.
• call fact;
• (Fact is stored procedure)
DCL commands
• Used to create rules, permissions, to control access
to database
• Commit- to end transaction and to make effect
permanent to database i.e. to save
• Syntax-
• commit work;
• OR only
• commit
DCL commands
• Savepoint- to temporarily save transactions so that it can
be rolled back to the point where ever required.
• Syntax- savepoint savapoint_name;
• E.g. savepoint S1;
• ( Savepoint_name is user defined)
• Rollback- used to restore the database to last commited
state.It is used with savepoint command
• Syntax- rollback work;
• E.g Rollback; OR
• Rollback S1;
DCL commands
• Grant- to provide access or privilege on database
objects to the users.
• Syntax- grant privilege on <object_name> to
<username>;
• E.g. grant update on student to user 1;
• Revoke- to revoke or remove some or all granted
privileges from database.
• Syntax- revoke privileges on <object_name> from
<username>
• E.g revoke update on student from user 1;
DQL command select
• It includes only one command , select.
• Select command is used to display table rows and
columns in data base.
• Syntax- to show all contents of table
• select * from <table name>;
• E.g. select * from student;
Select with different clauses
• To show perticular rows from a table, select
command is used with where clause
• Syntax-
• select * from <table name> where <condition>;
• E.g. select * from student where rollno= 03;
• Which shows all records of roll no= 03.
• In space of * different column names can also be
placed, to display perticular value of a column
specified.
SQL Operators
• Operators represents actions.
• Three types of operators
• 1 Arithmetic operators
• 2 comparison operators
• 3 Logical operators
Arithmetic operators
• Used for arithmetic operations as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division
• Select Empid, empname, salary+incentive from
empdetails;
• (Create empdetails tables and add some values
first)
Comparison operator
• Used mostly to compare attribute values
• E.g. select Empid, empname, address from
empdetails where salary >10000;
Logical operator
• Used when one or more conditions should be true
• Three logical operator AND, OR, NOT
• E.g select * from empdetails where salary>10000
ÀND salary< 30000;
• Select Empid, empname from empdetails where
address=Nasik OR address= Mumbai;
• Select Empid, empname from empdetails where
address NOT like 'pune';
Set operators
• To combine output of two queries the special type
of operators used known as set operators.
• Union operator
• It selects distinct values of same attribute of
different related table.
• E. g. Select Empid from empdetails Union select
Empid from deptdetails;
Set operators
• Union all-
• It combines all records from both the queries
without avoiding duplicate values
• E g. select Empid from empdetails Union all select
empid from deptdetails;
Set operators
• Intersect
• It is used to find out similar attribute values between
two tables for same attribute
• E. G. Select Empid from empdetails Intersect select
Empid from deptdetails;
• Minus
• It is subtraction operator. The difference between two
columns are expressed using minus operator.
• E. G. Select Empid from empdetails minus select Empid
from deptdetails;
Range searching operator
• Between
• To search value between a particular range,
BETWEEN operator is used.
• E. G. Select Empid from deptdetails where deptno
between 1 and 4;
Pattern matching operators
• Like
• It is used pattern matching of ssc string. It is used
with NOT logical operator.
• Special characters are used to match pattern of
string
• "? "- used to match single character
• " %"- used to match number of characters
• E. G. Select Empid, empname from empdetails
where empname like ‘%esh' ;
Thank you