Chapter TWO: Types of Machine Drawing
Machine Drawing
Machine drawing is the indispensable communicating medium employed in industries, to furnish all the information required
for the manufacture and assembly of the components of a machine.
It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of orthographic views, so that the size and
shape of the component is fully understood.
Types of Machine Drawings:
1.1. Part Drawing
Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture. All the principles of
orthographic projection and the technique of graphic representation must be followed to communicate the details in a part
drawing.
Since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a
time, it is advisable to prepare the production drawing of each
component on a separate sheet. However, in some cases the
drawings of related components, regardless of its size, may
be given on the same sheet.
Figure 1 : Part drawing
A part drawing with production details are rightly called as a production drawing or working drawing.
1.2. Production Drawing
A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the dimensions, limits and special finishing
processes such as heat treatment, honing, lapping, surface finish, etc., to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing
the component. The title should also mention the
material used for the product, number of parts
required for the assembled unit, etc.
Since the production or working drawings may be sent
to other companies to make or assemble the unit, the
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drawings should confirm with the standards followed
in the country. For this reason, a production drawing
becomes a legal document between the parties, in
case of disputes in manufacturing. Figure 2 represents
Figure 2 : Production or working drawing an example of a production drawing.
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Types of Production Drawing:
Production or working drawings may be classified into two groups:
I. Detail or part production drawings and
II. Production/working assembly drawings.
I. Detail or part production drawings
A detail or part drawing is nothing but a production or component drawing, furnishing complete information for the
construction or manufacture of the part. This information may be classified as:
Shape description: This refers to the selection of number of
views to describe the shape of the part. The part may be drawn in
either pictorial or orthographic projection; the latter being used
more frequently. Sectional views, auxiliary views and enlarged
detailed views may be added to the drawing in order to provide a
clear image of the part.
Size description: Size and location of the shape features are shown
by proper dimensioning. The manufacturing process will influence
the selection of some dimensions, such as datum feature,
tolerances, etc.
Specifications: This includes special notes, material, heat
treatment, finish, general tolerances and number required. All this
information is mostly located near the title block.
Additional information: Information such as drawing number,
scale, method of projection, date, names of the parts, the
draughter's name, etc., come under additional information which
is included in the title block.
Figure 3 : Detail or part production drawing
II. Production/working assembly drawings:
It is usually made for simple machines or jobs, consisting of a relatively smaller number of simple parts. All the dimensions
and information necessary for
the manufacture of a part and
for the assembly of the parts
are given directly on the
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assembly drawing. Separate
views of specific parts, in
enlargement, showing the
mating of parts, may also be
drawn, in addition to the
regular assembly drawings.
Figure 4 : Production/working assembly drawings
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Figures 4(a) and 4(b) shows the detailed assembly of a tea-poy and crank assembly respectively.
Detailed Drawings and Manufacturing Methods
The type of manufacturing process influences the selection of material and detailed features of a part . As shown in Fig. 5a,
if the component has to be cast, then rounds and fillets are to be added to the part. Additional material will also be provided
where surface requires finishing. Several drawings may be made for the same part, each one giving only the information
necessary for a particular stage in the manufacture of the part. A component which is to be produced by forging, for example,
may have one drawing showing the forged part (Fig. 5b) with no machining details and a separate drawing for the machining
of the forging (Fig. 5c).
Figure 5 : Manufacturing methods expressed in detailed drawings
1.3. Assembly Drawing
A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an assembly drawing (Fig. 6). There
are several types of such drawings:
Figure 6 : Assembly drawing
Types of Assembly Drawings:
1.3.1. Design Assembly Drawing
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When a machine is designed, an assembly
drawing or a design layout is first drawn to
clearly visualize the performance, shape and
clearances of various parts comprising the
machine.
Figure 7 : Design Assembly Drawing
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1.3.2. Detailed Assembly Drawing
It is usually made for simple machines, comprising of a relatively smaller number of simple parts. All the dimensions and
information necessary for the construction of such
parts and for the assembly of the parts are given
directly on the assembly drawing. Separate views of
specific parts in enlargements, showing the fitting of
parts together, may also be drawn in addition to the
regular assembly drawing. For example, the view in
Fig. 8 is a detailed assembly drawing.
Figure 8 : Detailed Assembly Drawing
1.3.3. Sub-assembly Drawing
Many assemblies such as an automobile, lathe, etc., are assembled with many pre-assembled components as well as
individual parts. These pre-assembled units are known as sub-assemblies. A sub-assembly drawing is an assembly drawing
of a group of related parts, that form a part in a more complicated machine. Examples of such drawings are: lathe tail-stock,
diesel engine fuel pump, carburetor, etc.
1.3.4. Installation Assembly Drawing
On this drawing, the location and dimensions of few important parts and overall dimensions of the assembled unit are
indicated. This drawing provides useful information for assembling the machine, as this drawing reveals all parts of a machine
in their correct working position.
1.3.5. Assembly Drawing for Catalogues
Special assembly drawings are prepared for company catalogues. These drawings show only the pertinent details and
dimensions that would interest the potential buyer. Fig. 9 shows a typical catalogue drawing, showing the overall and
principal dimensions. Prepared by dep’t. of mechanical engineering|WKU
Figure 9 : Catalogue drawing
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1.3.6. Assembly Drawing for Instruction Manuals
These drawings in the form of assembly drawings, are to be used when a machine, shipped away in assembled condition, is
knocked down in order to check all the parts before reassembly and installation elsewhere. These drawings have each
component numbered on the job. Fig. 10 shows a typical example of such a drawing.
Speed change lever (1)
Deep adjusting knob (2)
Mech. feed engagement lever (3)
Hand feed lever (4)
Feed change knob (5)
Switch for tapping (6)
Gear shifting lever (7)
Main switch (8)
Lamp switch (9)
Selector switch (10)
Forward/reverse switch (11)
Pilot lamp (12)
Feed disengagement push button (13)
Start push button (14)
Emergency stop (15)
Elevating handle (17)
Clamping handle (17)
Supply inlet (18)
Figure 10 : Assembly drawing for instruction manuals
1.3.7. Exploded Assembly Drawing
In some cases, exploded pictorial views are supplied to meet instruction manual requirements. These drawings generally
find a place in the parts list section of a company instruction manual. Figure 11 shows drawings of this type which may be
easily understood even by those with less experience in the reading of drawings; because in these exploded views, the parts
are positioned in the sequence of assembly, but separated from each other.
Figure 11 : Exploded assembly drawing
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1.3.8. Schematic Assembly Drawing
It is very difficult to understand the operating principles of complicated machinery, merely from the assembly drawings.
Schematic representation of the unit facilitates easy understanding of its operating principle. It is a simplified illustration of
the machine or of a system, replacing all the elements, by their respective conventional representations. Figure 12 shows
the schematic representation of a gearing diagram.
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Figure 12 : Schematic assembly drawing
1.3.9. Machine shop Drawing
Rough castings and forgings are sent to the machine shop for finishing operation (Fig. 13). Since the machinist is not
interested in the dimensions and information of the previous stages, a machine shop drawing frequently gives only the
information necessary for machining. Based on the same
principle, one may have forge shop drawing, pattern shop
drawing, sheet metal drawing, etc.
Figure 13 : Machine shop drawing
1.3.10. Patent Drawing
When new machines or devices are invented, patent drawings come into existence, to illustrate and explain the invention.
These are pictorial drawings and must be self-explanatory. It is essential that the patent drawings are mechanically correct
and include complete illustrations of every detail of the invention. However, they are not useful for production purposes.
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The salient features on the drawing are numbered for identification and complete description.
