Object-Oriented Programming-I

3140705

Object Oriented
Programming-I

Prof. Swati R Sharma

Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Rajkot
swati.sharma@darshan.ac.in
Teaching and Examination Scheme

OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

subject

Teaching Credits Examina Total

Scheme tion Marks
Marks
L T P C Theory Practical
Marks Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Syllabus
Syllabus
Sr. Content Total
No. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
Hrs

1 Introduction to java and elementary programming: 04

Java language specification API, JDK and IDE, Creating, compiling and Executing a simple java
program, Programming style, documentation and errors, Reading input from console, identifiers
and variables, Assignment statements, Named constants and naming conventions, Data Types
(Numeric, Boolean, Character, String) its Operations and Literals, Evaluating Expressions and
operator Precedence, Types of Operators (Augmented assignment, Increment and Decrement,
Logical), operator precedence and associativity, numeric type conversions.
2 Selections , Mathematical functions and loops: 04
If statements, Two way, Nested if and multi-way if statements, Switch statements, Conditional
Expressions, Common mathematical functions ,While , do-while and for loop, nested loops,
Keyword break and continue.
3 Methods and Arrays: 06
Defining and calling method, Passing argument by values, Overloading methods and scope of
variables, Method abstraction and stepwise refinement, Single Dimensional arrays, copying arrays
,Passing and returning array from method, Searching and sorting arrays and the Array class, Two-
Dimensional array and its processing, Passing Two-dimensional Array to methods,
Multidimensional Arrays.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. Content Total
No. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
Hrs

4 Objects and Classes: 04

Defining classes for objects, Constructors, accessing objects via reference variable, using classes
from the java library, static variables, constants and methods, visibility modifiers and Data field
encapsulation, passing objects to methods, array of objects, immutable objects and classes,
scope of variable and the this reference.
5 Object oriented thinking: 05
Class abstraction and Encapsulation, thinking in objects and class relationships, Primitive data
type and wrapper class types, Big integer and Big decimal class, string class, String Builder and
String Buffer class, super class and subclass, using super keyword, overriding and overloading
methods, polymorphism and dynamic binding, casting objects and instanceof operator, The
ArrayList class and its methods, The protected data and methods.
6 Exception Handling, I/O, abstract classes and interfaces: 04
Exception types, finally clause, rethrowing Exceptions, chained exceptions, defining custom
exception classes, file class and its input and output, Reading data from web, Abstract classes,
interfaces, Comparable and Cloneabal interface.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. Content Total
No. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
Hrs

7 JAVAFX basics and Event-driven programming and animations: 05

Basic structure of JAVAFX program, Panes, UI control and shapes, Property binding, the Color
and the Font class, the Image and Image-View class, layout panes and shapes, Events and
Events sources, Registering Handlers and Handling Events, Inner classes, anonymous inner
class handlers, mouse and key events, listeners for observable objects, animation
8 JAVAFX UI controls and multimedia: 04
Labeled and Label, button, Checkbox, RadioButton, Textfield, TextArea, Combo Box, ListView,
Scrollbar, Slider, Video and Audio.
9 Binary I/O ,Recursion and Generics: 04
Text I/O, binary I/O, Binary I/O classes, Object I/o, Random Access files, Problem solving using
Recursion, Recursive Helper methods, Tail Recursion, Defining Generic classes and interfaces,
Generic methods, Raw types and backward compatibility, wildcard Generic types, Erasure and
Restrictions on Generics.
10 List, Stacks, Queues and Priority Queues: 04
Collection, Iterators, Lists, The Comparator interface, static methods for list and collections, Vector
and Stack classes, Queues and priority Queues.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Syllabus (Cont.)
Sr. Content Total
No. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
Hrs

11 Sets and Maps: 02

Comparing the performance of Sets and Lists, singleton and unmodifiable collections and Maps.
12 Concurrency: 02
Thread states and life cycle,Creating and Executing threads with the Executor Framework, Thread
synchronization

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 Object-Oriented Programming
3140705

Introduction to java
and elementary
programming

Prof. Swati R Sharma

Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Rajkot
swati.sharma@darshan.ac.in
 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Introduction
Welcome to the world of Programming
What is Language?
A language is a system of communication used by a particular country or community.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

It is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and

subject

gesture (spoken language), sign or often writing.

Both person should understand each other’s language.

Hell કેમ
o! 你 છો! મજા
好 માં

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Programming Language
A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers
(developers) to communicate with computers. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

It is a set of instructions written in a specific language to perform a specific task.

It allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer
understands.
5000+ programming languages are there, notably used are approximate 250.
E.g. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, PHP, Pascal, etc.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Types of Programming Languages
1. Low-level programming language
It is a machine-dependent (hardware specific) programming language.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

It consists of a set of instructions that are either in the binary form (0 or 1) or in a

symbolic and human-understandable mnemonics (ADD, MOV, SUB).
E.g. Machine level language, Assembly language, etc.
2. High-level programming language
It is closer to human languages than machine-level languages.
It is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words.
It allows to write the programs which are independent of a particular type of machine
(hardware).
A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level language.
E.g. Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, LISP, FORTRAN, etc.
3. Middle-level programming language
Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level and high-level
programming language.
E.g. C, C++, etc.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Introduction to
JAVA
Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is open source,
platform independent, object-oriented and specifically designed to have as few
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

implementation dependencies as possible.

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released
in 1995.
Java was initially namedJava
Current Version
as SE
Oak language and renamed to JAVA in 1995.
17.0. 2  (as of September, 14th 2021)
Version we will use Java SE 11 (LTS)
Setup size 149 MB (Linux), 152 MB (Windows x64)
Download Link https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html
Official Website https://java.com
Integrated Development 1. Eclipse NetBeans
Environment 2. IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition
(IDE) 3. BlueJ

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Features of JAVA
Simple: Java inherits C/C++ syntax and many object-oriented features of C++.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Object Oriented: “Everything is an object” paradigm, which possess some

state, behavior and all the operations are performed using these objects.

Robust: Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in

eliminating error as it checks the code during compile and runtime.

Multithreaded: Java supports multiple threads of execution, including a set of

synchronization primitives. This makes programming with threads much
easier.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Features of JAVA (Cont.)
Architectural Neutral: Java is platform independent which means that any
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

application written on one platform can be easily ported to another platform.

subject

Interpreted: Java is compiled to bytecodes, which are interpreted by a Java

run-time environment.

High Performance: Java achieves high performance through the use of

bytecode which can be easily translated into native machine code. With the
use of JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers, Java enables high performance.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Features of JAVA (Cont.)

Distributed: Java provides a feature which helps to create distributed

OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

applications. Using Remote Method Invocation (RMI), a program can invoke a

method of another program across a network and get the output. You can
access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

Dynamic: Java has ability to adapt to an evolving environment which supports

dynamic memory allocation due to which memory wastage is reduced and
performance of the application is increased.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Components of Java
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JDK Java Runtime Environment
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

(JRE)
Java Development Kit (JDK)
Compiler
(javac.exe) Java
JVM
Java Packages
Application (math, util,
Launcher awt etc…)
(java.exe),
AppletViewer, Runtime
etc..) Libraries

Development JRE
tools

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Java Development Kit (JDK)
JDK contains tools needed ,
To develop the Java programs and
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

JRE to run the programs.

The tools include
compiler (javac.exe),
Java application launcher
(java.exe),
Appletviewer, etc…
Java application launcher (java.exe)
opens a JRE, loads the class, and
invokes its main method.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
The JRE is required to run java applications.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform subject

core classes and supporting libraries.

JRE is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), but can
be downloaded separately.
It does not contain any development tools such as
compiler, debugger, etc.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JVM is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java
programs as well as programs written in other languages and OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

compiled to Java Bytecode.

Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to
be executed by the Java Virtual Machine(JVM).
Byte code is intermediate representation of java source code.
Java compiler provides byte code by compiling Java Source
Code.
Extension for java class file or byte code is ‘.class’, which is
platform independent.
JVM is virtual because , It provides a machine interface that
does not depend on the operating system and machine
hardware architecture.
JVM interprets the byte code into the machine code.
JVM itself is platform dependent, but Java is Not.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

How Java become Platform Independent?
Source
.java
code
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

(Program) file

Compil
er

Bytecode
.class
file

JVM JVM JVM

(Window (Linux) (Mac)
s)
Machine Machine Machine
Code Code Code

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Java Interview Question
1. Difference between JRE and JVM?
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

2. Difference between interpreter and JIT compiler? subject

3. Why Java is platform independent? 

4. What are Java bytecodes?
5. JVM vs. JRE vs. JDK

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Hello World Java Program File must be saved as
HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld
Main method from where execution will
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

{ start
subject

public static void main(String[] args)

{ String must start with capital
System.out.println("Hello World"); letter

}
System must start with capital
} letter

We have to save this in HelloWorld.java file as it has public class named HelloWorld.
String and System are inbuilt Java Classes.
Classes in java are always written in Camel case.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

How to execute Java Program?
1. Save the program with the same name as the public class with .java extension.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

How to execute Java Program?
1. Open command prompt (cmd) / terminal & navigate to desired directory / folder.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
2.

3.

4.

5. Compile the “.java” file with javac command.

6.

7.

8.

9. Execute the “.class” file with java command without extension.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Tokens
Tokens
The smallest individual unit of a language / program is known as a token.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

Tokens are basic building blocks of any language. subject

“Jane bakes tasty cookies.”

Jane is noun
bakes is verb
tasty is adjective
cookies is noun
‘.’ is special character to end the sentence.
Each and every word and punctuation is a token.
We divide sentence into tokens to understand the meaning of a sentence.
Similarly, the compilers of programming language breaks a program into the tokens
and proceeds to the various stages of the compilation.
However, collection of tokens in appropriate sequence makes a meaningful sentence.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Classification of Tokens
Sr. Token Description Examples
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

1 Keywords Predefined reserved words void, int, float, for, if

2 Identifiers User-defined combination of alphanumeric characters. Name a, i, sum, number, pi

of a variable, function, class, etc.

3 Constants Fixed values that do not change 17, -25.50, 82, 0

4 Strings A sequence of characters “Darshan”, “Hi!”

5 Special Symbols Symbols that have special meaning #, $, @, %, =, :, ;

6 Operators A symbol that performs operation on a value or a variable +, -, *, /

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Identifiers
Identifiers
They are used for class names, method names and variable names.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of subject

uppercase(A…Z) and lowercase(a..z) letters

Numbers(0..9)
Underscore(_) and dollar-sign($) characters
Examples for valid Identifiers,
AvgTemp
count
a4
$test
this_is_ok
Examples for invalid Identifiers,
2count
High-temp (Identifiers can not start with
digit)
Ok/NotOK (Identifiers can not contain
dash)
(Identifiers can not contains
slash)
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Identifier Name Valid or Invalid?
for Rajkot _Name If Roll Number Rs.
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subject

_________a int student _7 Identifier Valid

C C++ Java C# Compiler ___8__a__8

7Student Who? v.a.l.u. A_B_C_D_E i if

Int A2020 2021 sum a,b,c i;

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Data Types

OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

subject

Java Datatypes

Primitive Non-primitive

Integers Floating-point Character Boolea Class

numbers s n

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Primitive Data Types
Data Type Size Range Example
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
byte 1 Byte -128 to 127 byte a = 10;
subject

short 2 Bytes -32,768 to 32,767 short a = 200;

int 4 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to int a = 50000;
2,147,483,647
long 8 Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to long a = 20;
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 Bytes 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038 float a = 10.2f;

double 8 Bytes 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308 double a = 10.2;

char 2 Bytes 0 to 65536 (Stores ASCII of char a = ‘a’;

character)
boolean Not true or false boolean a = true;
defined

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Escape Sequences
Escape sequences in general are used to signal an alternative interpretation of a
series of characters. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

For example, if you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape
sequence, \", on the interior quotes.
System.out.println("Good Morning \"World\"");

Escape Sequence Description

\’ Single quote
\” Double quote
\\ Backslash
\r Carriage return
\n New Line
\t Tab

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Type Casting
Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type
Casting. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

In Java, type casting is classified into two types,

Widening/Automatic Type Casting (Implicit)

Narrowing Type Casting(Explicitly done)

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Automatic Type Casting
When one type of data is assigned to other type of variable , an automatic type
conversion will take place if the following two conditions are satisfied:
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subject

The two types are compatible

The destination type is larger than the source type
Such type of casting is called “widening conversion”.
Example:
int can always hold values of byte and short
public static void main(String[] args) {

byte b = 5;
// √ this is correct
int a = b;
}

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Casting Incompatible Types
To create a conversion between two incompatible types, you must use a cast
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

A cast is an explicit type conversion. subject

Such type is called “narrowing conversion”.

Syntax:
(target-type) value
Example:
public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 5;
// × this is not correct
byte b = a;
// √ this is correct
byte b = (byte)a ;
}

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Operator
Perform definite operation
Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

2. Relational Operators subject

3. Bitwise Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Conditional / Ternary Operator
7. Instance of Operator

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Operators
An operator is a symbol to perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
We use operators in maths to perform certain operations, e.g. +, -, *, /, etc.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Unary operators (++, --) take one operand, Binary operators (+, -, *, /) take two operands.
Programming languages are rich in operators which can be divided in following categories,

Sr. Operator Examples

1 Arithmetic Operators +, -, *, /, %
2 Relational Operators <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
3 Logical Operators &&, ||, !
4 Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=
5 Increment and Decrement ++, --
Operators
6 Conditional Operator ?:
7 Bitwise Operators &, |, ^, <<, >>

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Arithmetic Operators
An arithmetic operator performs basic mathematical calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values (constants and
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

variables).

Operator Meaning Example Description

+ Addition a+b Addition of a and b

- Subtraction a–b Subtraction of b from a

* Multiplication a*b Multiplication of a and b

/ Division a/b Division of a by b

% Modulo division- remainder a%b Modulo of a by b

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Relational Operators
A relational operators are used to compare two values.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

They check the relationship between two operands, if the relation is true, it returns 1;
subject

if the relation is false, it returns value 0.

Relational expressions are used in decision statements such as if, for, while, etc…

Operator Meaning Example Description

< is less than a<b a is less than b
<= is less than or equal to a <= b a is less than or equal to b
> is greater than a>b a is greater than b
>= is greater than or equal to a >= b a is greater than or equal to b
== is equal to a == b a is equal to b
!= is not equal to a != b a is not equal to b

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Relational Operators Note : A = 10 & B =
20

Operator Description Example

OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

== Equals (A == B) is not true.

!= Not Equals (A != B) is true.

> Greater than (A > B) is not true.

< Less than (A < B) is true.

>= Greater than equals (A >= B) is not true.

<= Less than equals (A <= B) is true.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Bitwise Operators Note : A = 60 & B =
13
Operator Description Example
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subject

& Binary AND Operator A & B = 12 which is 0000 1100

| Binary OR Operator A | B = 61 which is 0011 1101

^ Binary XOR Operator A ^ B = 49 which is 0011 0001

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator ~A = -61 which is 1100 0011 in

2's complement form due to a
signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator A << 2 = 240 which is 1111
0000
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. A >> 2 = 15 which is 1111

>>> Shift right zero fill operator. A >>>2 = 15 which is 0000

1111

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Logical Operators
Logical operators are decision making operators.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

They are used to combine two expressions and make decisions. subject

An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon

whether expression results false or true.
Operator Meaning Example (Let’s assume c=5 and d=2)

&& Logical AND. True only if all operands are true expression ((c==5) && (d>5)) equals to
0.
|| Logical OR. True only if either one operand is expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) equals to 1.
true
! Logical NOT. True only if the operand is false expression !(c==5) equals to 0.
a b a && b a || b

0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Logical Operators Note : A = true & B = false

Operator Description ExampleOOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

subject

&& Logical AND operator (A && B) is false.

|| Called Logical OR Operator (A || B) is true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator !(A && B) is true.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign a new value to the variable.
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite

The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand
subject

of the assignment operator is a value or a result of an expression.

Meaning of = in Maths and Programming is different.
Value of LHS & RHS is always same in Math.
In programming, value of RHS is assigned to the LHS
Operator Meaning

= Assigns value of right side to left side. Suppose

a=5 and b=10. a=b means now value of a is 10.
+= a += 1 is same as a = a + 1 Shorthand Assignment Operators

-= a -= 5 is same as a = a – 5

*= a *= b is same as a = a * b

/= a /= c is same as a = a / c

%= a %= 10 is same as a = a % 10
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
= Simple assignment operator C = A + B will assign value of
subject

A + B into C
+= Add AND assignment operator C += A is equivalent to C = C
+A
-= Subtract AND assignment operator C -= A is equivalent to C = C -
A
*= Multiply AND assignment operator C *= A is equivalent to C = C *
A
/= Divide AND assignment operator C /= A is equivalent to C = C /
A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator C %= A is equivalent to C = C
%A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2 is same as C = C <<
2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2 is same as C = C >>
2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment
Prof. Swati R Sharma
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
#3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Increment / Decrement Operators
Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that add or subtract one, to or
from their operand. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

the increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable by 1, e.g. a++ means a=a+1
the decrement operator -- decreases the value of a variable by 1. e.g. a–– means a=a–1
If ++ operator is used as a prefix (++a) then the value of a is incremented by 1 first then it
returns the value.
If ++ operator is used as a postfix (a++) then the value of a is returned first then it
increments value of a by 1.

Expression Evaluation (Let’s say a=10, c=15) Expression Evaluation (Let’s say a=10,
c=15)
b = a++ Value of b would be 10 and value of a would b = --a + c++
b = 24
be 11.
b = a++ + ++c
b = ++a Value of b & a would be 11. b = 26
b = ++a - ++c
b = a-- Value of b would be 10 and value of a would b = –5
be 9.
b = --a Value of b & a would be 9.
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Conditional Operator (Ternary)
Conditional Operator ( ? : )
Syntax:
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subject

variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false

Example:
b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Operator Precedence & Associativity
How does java evaluate 1 + 10 * 9 ?
(1 + 10 ) * 9 = 99 OR 1 + (10 * 9) = 91
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

To get the correct answer for the given problem Java came up with Operator
precedence. ( multiplication have higher precedence than addition so correct answer
will be 91 in this case)
For Operator, associativity means that when the same operator appears in a row,
then to which direction the expression will be evaluated.
How does java evaluate 1 * 2 + 3 * 4 / 5 ???
2 + 12 / 5
2 + 2.4
4.4

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

Precedence of Java Operators
Category  Operator  Associativity 
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject
Postfix  () [] . (dot operator) Left to right 
Unary  ++ - - ! ~ Right to left 
Multiplicative   * / %  Left to right 
Additive   + -  Left to right 
Shift   >> >>> <<   Left to right 
Relational   > >= < <=   Left to right 
Equality   == !=  Left to right 
Bitwise AND  &  Left to right 
Bitwise XOR  ^  Left to right 
Bitwise OR  |  Left to right 
Logical AND  &&  Left to right 
Logical OR  ||  Left to right 
Conditional  ?:  Right to left 
Assignment  = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |=  Right to left 
Comma  ,  Left to right 
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Operators Precedence &

Associativity
Priority matters!
Operators Precedence & Associativity
Operators Precedence and Associativity are two characteristics
of operators that determine the evaluation order of sub- OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

expressions in absence of brackets.

Operator precedence determines which operation is performed
first in an expression with more than one operators with
different precedence.
a=10 + 20 * 30 is calculated as 10 + (20 * 30) and not as (10
+ 20) * 30 so answer is 610.
Operators Associativity is used when two operators of same
precedence appear in an expression. Associativity can be either
Left to Right (L to R) or Right to Left (R to L).
a=100 / 10 * 10
If Left to Right means (100 / 10) * 10 then answer is 100
If Right to Left means 100 / (10 * 10) then answer is 1
Division (/) & Multiplication (*) are Left to Right
associative so the answer is 100.
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Operators Precedence and Associativity
1) Associativity is only used when there are two or more operators of same
precedence. OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

2)
PriAllOpe
operators with the same precedence
Description  Associativihave
Pri same associativity
Operator Description  Associativi
ty ty
orit rator orit
y y
1 ( )[ ]. Parentheses (function call) left-to- 7 ==  != is equal to/is not equal left-to-
->a+ Brackets (array subscript)Member right to right
+a selection via object nameMember 8 & Bitwise AND left-to-
— selection via pointerPostfix right
increment/decrement
9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR left-to-
2 ++a Prefix increment/decrementUnary right- right
—a+ plus/minusLogical negation/bitwise to-left
–! ~ complementCast (convert value to 10 | Bitwise OR left-to-
(type) temporary value of type)De-reference right
*& Address (of operand)Determine size in
sizeo bytes on this implementation 11 && Logical AND left-to-
f right
3 *  /  Multiplication/division/modulus left-to- 12 || Logical OR left-to-
% right right
4 +  – Addition/subtraction left-to- 13 ?: Ternary conditional right-
right to-left
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java
Exercise
Sr. Exercise Answer
OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
1. int i=1; i=2+2*i++; subject
4
2. int a=2,b=7,c=10; c=a==b;
0
3. int a=2,b=7,c=10; c=a!=b;
4. int a=100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10 1
5. int a = 2, b = 6, c = 12, d; d = a * b + c / b; printf("The value of d = %d
", d); 90
14

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3140705(OOP) Unit 01 – Introduction to java

 OOP Java is the easiest, scoring and my favorite
subject

Thank You