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PART

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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1
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Comparative
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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Tooth Anatomy © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

The six chapters in
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
this part of©NOT
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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the book provide a detailed

description©of each
Jones type of
& Bartlett toothLLC
Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
in an adult and in a child.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 1 25/03/20 4:22 PM

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Basic Terminology for

1
CHAPTER

Understanding Tooth
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Morphology
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The background terminology and tooth morphology concepts presented in this chapter are divided into 10 sections
© Jones & as
Bartlett
follows: Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
I. Naming teeth based on location within the F. Divisions (thirds) of the crown or root (for
normal, complete human dentition purposes of description)
A. Complete primary dentition G. Root-to-crown ratio
B. Complete permanent dentition VI. Terminology used to describe the morphology
© Jones
II. Tooth identification & Bartlett
systems: Universal,Learning,
World LLCof a tooth © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Dental Federation (International), and Palmer NOTcrown
A. Morphology of an anatomic FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Numbering Systems B. External morphology of the anatomic root
C. Cervical line (cementoenamel junction or CEJ)
III. Terminology used to describe the tissues of a
curvature
tooth (and definition of anatomic crown and root)
D. Relative size
©Introduction
IV. Jones & Bartlett Learning,(and
to the periodontium LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
VII. Terminology related to the ideal tooth
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definition of clinical crown and root) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
alignment of teeth in dental arches
V. Terminology used to define tooth surfaces A. Midroot axis line and tooth alignment
A. Terms that identify outer surfaces (toward the B. Crest of curvature (height of contour) on the facial
cheeks or lips) of anterior versus posterior teeth and lingual surface
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
B. Terms that identify LLC
inner surfaces (toward the © C.
Jones &ContactBartlettareasLearning,
(or proximal crests
LLC of curvature)
tongue) of maxillary versus mandibular teeth D. Embrasure spaces
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C. Terms that differentiate biting surfaces of anterior VIII. Ideal occlusion: inter (between) arch
versus posterior teeth relationship of teeth
D. Terms that differentiate approximating surfaces of
teeth IX. Tooth development from lobes
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E. Terms to denote & Bartlett
tooth surface Learning, LLC
junctions or X. Interesting variations in©animal
Jones & Bartlett
teeth comparedLearning, LLC
dimensions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to human teeth using dental formulae

O B J E CT I V E S
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
This chapter is designed to prepare the learner to perform the following: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
• Based on location in the normal, complete primary • Based on location in the normal, complete permanent
dentition, name all 20 teeth by arch, quadrant, type dentition, name all 32 teeth by arch, quadrant, type
(when applicable), and class. (when applicable), and class.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(Continued )

3
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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 3 25/03/20 4:22 PM

4 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
• Use the Universal Numbering System to identify • Describe and identify (by name) common tooth
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permanent and primary teeth.
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rounded elevations, ridges, depressions, and grooves
• Use the Palmer and International Tooth Numbering for each type of tooth.
Systems to identify teeth, and “translate” them to the • Describe and recognize the parts of a root.
Universal System. • Describe and identify the attributes of ideal tooth
© Jones
• Identify and describe & Bartlett
the supportive Learning,
structures of the LLC alignment and embrasure spaces© Jones relative&toBartlett
other Learning, LLC
teeth (periodontium).
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION teeth within the arch, including
NOT theFOR
cusp orSALE
incisal OR DISTRIBUTION
• Identify and describe the four tissues of a tooth and edge position relative to the tooth’s midroot axis line
their location, mineral content, and function. (proximal views), location of crests of curvature and
• Differentiate an anatomic crown and root from a proximal contacts (facial or lingual views), and relative
clinical crown and root. sizes of embrasure spaces (facial, lingual, or occlusal/
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
• Name each tooth surface on anterior and posterior
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
incisal views).
NOT
teeth. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Describe NOT FORtheSALE
and identify OR DISTRIBUTION
ideal interarch relationship of
teeth in class I occlusion, especially the relationship of
• From all views, divide a tooth crown and root into
first molars and canines.
thirds and label each third.
• Identify the number of developmental lobes that form
• Define terms used to describe a specific dimension of
each tooth, and recognize the anatomic landmarks of a
© Jones & Bartlett
a tooth. Learning, LLC © Jonestooth& that
Bartlett Learning,
form from these lobes.LLC
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Just as you need to learn a new vocabulary before you can understood when discussing teeth. Do you comprehend
speak a foreign language, you need to learn a new vocabulary what is meant when someone says “In ideal class I occlusion,
before you can begin to understand the “foreign language” the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes
© Jones
of dental anatomy. Therefore, & Bartlett
you need Learning,
to understand each LLC
with the mesiobuccal groove of©the Jones & Bartlett
mandibular Learning, LLC
first molar”?
new word defined in thisNOT FOR SALE
introductory chapterOR DISTRIBUTION
(highlighted NOT FOR
If not, study each term in this chapter, SALE
carefully OR
analyze DISTRIBUTION
each
in bold) in order to be able to discuss and appreciate the figure when it is referenced, perform all of the learning exer-
numerous traits that differentiate each type of tooth that are cises, and answer each study question. Then you should be
presented in the next five chapters. Without this understand- able to comprehend and picture exactly what was said in that
ing, you can neither understand others nor make yourself statement.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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NAMING TEETH BASED ON LOCATION WITHIN THE NORMAL,

SECTION I
COMPLETE HUMAN DENTITION
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORThis
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTdentition
section is designed to introduce you to terms used when
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has five teeth in each quadrant. The primary teeth
naming teeth based on their normal location in the mouth. All in each quadrant are further divided into three classes based
of the teeth in the mouth together are referred to as our denti- on their unique shape and function during chewing. Incisors
tion [den TISH un]. Humans have two sets of teeth through- [in SI zerz] are shaped to incise and cut off pieces of food,
out life: one during childhood, called the primary dentition,
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC canines are shaped to pierce and © hold on to&
Jones food, and molars
Bartlett Learning, LLC
and one that will hopefully last throughout adulthood, called are shaped to grind food. Starting on either side of the arch
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the permanent (also known as secondary) dentition. midline, that is, the demarcation between the right and left
The teeth in the upper jawbones (called the maxillae [mak quadrants, the two front teeth in each quadrant of the pri-
SIL ee]) collectively form an arch shape known as the maxillary mary dentition are incisors, followed by one canine, and
[MACK si lair ee] arch, and those teeth in the lower jawbone then two molars.
(called the mandible) collectively
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC form the mandibular [man Two classes of primary
© Jones teeth, incisors
& Bartlett and molars,
Learning, LLCcon-
DIB yoo ler] arch. Each arch can further be divided into the left tain more than one tooth per quadrant and are subdivided
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and right halves, also known as left and right quadrants since into types within each class. Each type can be defined by its
each quadrant contains one fourth of all teeth in that dentition. normal location within the complete quadrant. The type of
primary incisor closest to the arch midline separating the
right and left quadrants is called a central incisor. The type
A. COMPLETE PRIMARY DENTITION of incisor next to, or Learning,
lateral to, the central
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett LLC incisor is called a
There are 20 teeth in the complete primary dentition (shown lateral incisor. Next in each quadrant is a canine, followed
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in Fig. 1-1). There are ten in the upper (maxillary) arch and by two types of molars: a first molar behind the canine and
ten in the lower (mandibular) arch. The complete primary then a second molar (Fig. 1-1).

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 4 25/03/20 4:22 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 5

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PRIMARY TEETH

Incisors

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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Canine Canine NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
en

C
tral rs
inciso

Po
th
tee

ste
Lateral incisors
r

r
Posterio

ior
Molars Canines Molars

te
e th
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
1st Molars
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2nd Molars

RIGHT LEFT
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2nd Molars

Posterior te
ior teeth

1st Molars

Molars Molars
Canines
ster

eth
Po

Lateral incisors
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Canine Canine
en
C

tral r s
inciso

Incisors
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Anterior teeth
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MANDIBULAR
FIGURE 1-1. Maxillary and mandibular primary dentition. The midline of each arch is denoted by a
line between the right and left central incisors.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
The primary dentition is also called the deciduous [de
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT B.
FOR SALE ORPERMANENT
COMPLETE DISTRIBUTION
DENTITION
SIDJ oo us] dentition, referring to the fact that all of these
teeth are eventually shed (like a deciduous tree loses its The complete permanent (or secondary) dentition is pres-
leaves), being replaced by teeth of the permanent dentition. ent in the adult. It is composed of 32 teeth: 16 in the upper
The mixed dentition is the term used to describe the denti- maxillary arch and 16 in the lower mandibular arch (shown
tion where there is a mix of secondary
© Jones and primary
& Bartlett teeth
Learning, in Fig. 1-2). The permanent dentition
LLC © Jones & Bartlett
has eight Learning, LLC
teeth in each
visible in the mouth at the same time, during that time after quadrant, which are divided into four classes: incisors that
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permanent teeth have begun to replace primary teeth, but incise food; canines that pierce and hold food; premolars,
before all primary teeth have been lost. a new class for permanent teeth shaped to chew food; and
molars, also shaped to chew food. Based on location, the
two permanent front teeth in each quadrant are incisors, fol-
© Jones L E&A RBartlett
N I N G Learning,
E X E R C I S ELLC lowed by one © canine,
Jonesthen & Bartlett Learning,
two premolars, LLC
and finally three
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Using either models of the complete primary dentition or The classes of permanent teeth containing more than one
Figure 1-1 while covering up the labels, identify each primary
tooth per quadrant (namely, incisors, premolars, and molars)
tooth based on its location in the arch. Include, in order,
are subdivided into types within each class. Each type can be
the dentition (primary), arch (maxillary or mandibular),
quadrant (right or left), type (if applicable), and class. identified by its normal location within the quadrant. As in
© Jones & For
Bartlett Learning, LLC
example, the tooth next to the midline in the lower left © Jones & Bartlett
the primary Learning,
dentition, the permanentLLC incisor closest to the
NOT FOR SALE
quadrantORwould be identified as the primary mandibular left NOTmidline
DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE between ORthe right and the left quadrants is called a
DISTRIBUTION
central incisor. central incisor; the incisor next to, or lateral to, the central
incisor is called a lateral incisor. Next in the arch is a canine,

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 5 25/03/20 4:22 PM

6 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PERMANENT

Incisors
© Jones & BartlettCanine
Learning, LLC Canine © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
C
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
en
tral incisors
Premolars Lateral incisors
Premolars

Po
ste
eth
Canines

rior
e
Posterior t
1st Premolars

teeth
2nd Premolars
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Molars 1st Molars
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Molars

2nd Molars

3rd Molars

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

RIGHTLLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
LEFT
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3rd Molars

2nd Molars

Molars Molars
1st Molars
Poste

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

2nd Premolars
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
1st Premolars
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eth
r
ior

Canines

te
tee

ior
Lateral
incisors
Premolars
th

ter
Premolars

s
Po
Canine Central incisors
Canine
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Incisors
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A nte r io r t e et h

MANDIBULAR

© Jones & FIGURE

Bartlett Learning,
1-2. Maxillary LLC permanent dentition. The©midline
and mandibular Jones & Bartlett
of each Learning,
arch is denoted LLCthe right and left
by a line between
central incisors.
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followed by a first premolar, and then a second premolar. teeth. Anterior teeth are those teeth in the front of the
Continuing around toward the back in each quadrant are mouth, specifically, the incisors and the canines. Posterior
three molars: a first molar, a second molar, and finally a third teeth are those in the back of the mouth, specifically, the pre-
molar (sometimes referred to as a wisdom tooth).
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC molars and the molars. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
In summary, when comparing the teeth in primary and
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permanent dentitions, be sure to notice the differences.
Although central incisors and lateral incisors and canines
are similarly positioned in both dentitions, permanent LEARNING EXERCISE
dentitions have a new class of teeth called premolars, which
are ©located
Jones between permanent
& Bartlett canines and
Learning, LLC p
ermanent Using either
© models
Jonesof &theBartlett
complete permanent
Learning, dentition
LLC
molars. Premolars erupt into the spaces left where the or Figure 1-2 while covering up the labels, identify
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each permanent tooth based on its location in the arch.
primary molars were located earlier in life. Also, there are
three permanent molars in each quadrant, whereas there To identify each tooth accurately, include, in order, the
dentition (permanent), arch (maxillary or mandibular),
are only two primary molars in each quadrant. These three
quadrant (right or left), type (if applicable), and the class.
permanent molars erupt behind the premolars where no pri- For example, the last adult tooth in the lower right quadrant
© Jones &mary teeth were
Bartlett previously located.
Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett
is correctly Learning,
identified LLC mandibular right
as the permanent
NOT FOR SALE There ORare two other terms used to categorize or distin-
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
third molar.
guish groups of teeth by their location: anterior and posterior

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 6 25/03/20 4:23 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 7

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns
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These questions were designed to help you confirm that you 7. How many teeth are present in one arch of the primary
understand the terms and concepts presented in this section. dentition?
Select the one best answer. a. 5
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCb. 8 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
1. How many teeth are present in one quadrant of a
NOT FOR SALE
complete adult (permanent) dentition?
OR DISTRIBUTION c. 10 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. 16
a. 5
e. 20
b. 8
c. 10 8. How many incisors are present in the complete adult
©20
d. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC dentition?© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
e.
NOT32 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. 2 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
2. What class of teeth is present in the permanent dentition b. 4
that is NOT present in the primary dentition? c. 6
d. 8
a. Incisors
e. 12
b. Canines
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
c. Premolars
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT 9.
FOR How many molars are present in the primary dentition?
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. Molars a. 2
3. In a permanent dentition, the fifth tooth from the midline b. 4
is a c. 8
d. 10
a. Canine
b. Premolar
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCe. 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
c. Molar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION10. How many molars are presentNOTinFOR SALE
each arch of theOR DISTRIBUTION
adult
d. Incisor dentition?
4. The posterior teeth in the permanent dentition include a. 2
which of the following? b. 3
© Premolars
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. 6 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a. only
d. 8
NOT
b. MolarsFOR
onlySALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
e. 12
c. Premolars and molars only
d. Canines, premolars, and molars 11. What is the fourth tooth from the midline in the primary
dentition?
5. Which permanent tooth erupts into the space previously
held by the primary second molar? a. Canine
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones b. & Bartlett
First premolarLearning, LLC
a. First molar
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c. Second premolar
b. Second molar
d. First molar
c. First premolar
e. Second molar
d. Second premolar
6. How many teeth are present in one arch of the adult
dentition? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a. 5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12
e.
© 16Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ANSWERS: 1–b; 2–c; 3–b; 4–c; 5–d; 6–e; 7–c; 8–d; 9–c; 10–c; 11–d

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 7 25/03/20 4:23 PM

8 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
TOOTH IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS:
NOT FOR SALE OR UNIVERSAL, WORLD
DISTRIBUTION
SECTION II DENTAL FEDERATION (INTERNATIONAL), AND PALMER
NUMBERING SYSTEMS

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

Documenting patient treatment with accurate dental records maxillary right third molar, going around the arch to the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
is an important task inNOT FOR
any dental SALE
practice. ToORdo soDISTRIBUTION
expedi- NOT
maxillary left third molar as 16; FOR
dropping SALE
down OR
on the DISTRIBUTION
same
tiously, it is necessary to adopt a code or numbering system side, the left mandibular third molar becomes 17, and then
for teeth. Otherwise, for each tooth being charted, one must the numbers increase around the lower arch to 32, which is
record the dentition, arch, side, type (if applicable), and class. the lower right third molar. This numbering system is used
For example, describing a permanent maxillary right second for each permanent tooth in the illustration in Figure 1-3 and
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
molar requires five words, but it can be simplified by using
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
seen in the mouth in Figure 1-4.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the Universal Numbering System, identifying this same For the NOT
20 teethFOR
in theSALE
primaryOR DISTRIBUTION
dentition, 20 letters of
tooth with the number 2 (only one number). the alphabet are used from A through T. The letter A repre-
The Universal Numbering System was first suggested sents the maxillary right second molar, sequentially around
by Parreidt in 1882 and officially adopted by the American the arch and through the alphabet to J for the maxillary left
Dental Association in 1975. It is accepted by third-party pro- second molar, then dropping down on the same side to K
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
viders in the United States and is endorsed by the American for the mandibular left second molar, and then clockwise
NOT FORSociety
SALEofOR DISTRIBUTION
Forensic Odontology. Basically, the Universal NOT FOR SALE
around the lowerORarch DISTRIBUTION
to T for the mandibular right second
Numbering System uses numbers 1 through 32 for the 32 molar. This system is used to identify each primary tooth in
teeth in the permanent dentition, starting with 1 for the Figure 1-5 and in the mouth in Figure 1-6.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
PERMANENT TEETH
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MAXILLARY

Anterior teeth

Incisors
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Canine Canine
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
8 9
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7
Ce
10 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
6 ntra
l inciso
rs 11
Premolars Lateral incisors
Premolars
Po

5 12
h

Canines
eet

teri

4 13
Posterior t

or tee

1st Premolars

3 14
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
2nd Premolars
th

Molars 1st MolarsMolars

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 NOT FOR SALE
15 OR DISTRIBUTION
2nd Molars

1 16
3rd Molars

RIGHT LEFT
3rd Molars

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

32 LLC 17 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
2nd Molars
NOT FOR SALE
Molars OR 31
DISTRIBUTION 18 Molars NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
1st Molars
Poste

2nd Premolars
30 19
1st Premolars
h
teet
r
io r

29 Canines 20
ior
tee

Lateral
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 28
Premolars
incisors
©Premolars
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
ter

21
th

27 22
Po

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 26 25 24 23 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Canine Central incisors
Canine
Incisors

A nt er i o r te eth
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
MANDIBULAR
NOT FOR FIGURE
SALE1-3.
OR The numbers 1 through 32 on the permanent teethNOT
DISTRIBUTION identifyFOR SALE
each tooth usingOR DISTRIBUTION
the Universal Numbering System, which is
commonly used for record keeping in the United States and used in this book.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 8 25/03/20 4:23 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 9

© JonesThere are also two

& Bartlett other numbering
Learning, LLCsystems: the World
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Dental Federation (International) System used in other
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTcountries
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and the Palmer Tooth Notation System. The World
Dental Federation notation (also known as the Federation
Dentaire Internationale or FDI System) uses two digits for
7 8 9 10 11 12 each permanent or primary tooth. The first digit denotes a
5 6
3 4 1314
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, specific quadrant (right or left),
LLC ©arch (maxillary
Jones or mandibu-
& Bartlett Learning,
LLC
lar), and dentition (permanent or primary) as follows:
30 29 28
27 26 NOT FOR23SALE
25 24 22 OR
21 20DISTRIBUTION
19 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

PERMANENT DENTITION
1 = Permanent dentition, maxillary, right quadrant
2 = Permanent dentition, maxillary, left quadrant
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
FIGURE 1-4. In the mouth of an adult, the permanent teeth that
© Jones
3 = Permanent dentition,&mandibular,
Bartlett left Learning,
quadrant LLC
NOT
are visible are FOR SALE
numbered OR
using the DISTRIBUTION
Universal Numbering System. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
4 = Permanent dentition, mandibular, right quadrant

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PRIMARY TEETH&

Incisors

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE E F
OR DISTRIBUTION
Canine NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
D G Canine
en
C

tral rs
inciso

Po
th

C H
tee

ste
Lateral incisors
r

r
Posterio

ior
Molars B Molars
Canines I

te
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

e th
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONA
1st Molars NOT
J FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
2nd Molars

RIGHT LEFT
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
2nd Molars
T K
ior teeth

Posterior te

1st Molars

Molars Molars
Canines
ster

S L
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
eth
Po

Lateral incisors
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
R M NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Q N
Canine P O Canine
en
C

tral rs
inciso

Incisors
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Anterior teeth
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
MANDIBULAR
FIGURE 1-5. The letters A to T on the primary teeth identify each tooth using the Universal System, which is commonly used for
record keeping in the United States.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 9 25/03/20 4:23 PM

10 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEUpper
ORright
DISTRIBUTION
Upper left
quadrant #5 quadrant #6

C D G H 3 2
E F 1 1 2 3
S M
R Q © Jones
P O &Bartlett
N Learning, LLC 4 © Jones &
3 Bartlett Learning, LLC
3 2 1 1 2
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Lower right Lower left
quadrant #8 quadrant #7

© Jones
FIGURE 1-6. In the&mouth
Bartlett Learning,
of a child, LLC
the primary teeth that are © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
visibleNOT FORusing
are identified SALElettersOR DISTRIBUTION
as used in the Universal System. FIGURE 1-8. NOT FOR SALE
When identifying OR DISTRIBUTION
each primary tooth using the
World Dental Federation or FDI International System, each
quadrant is numbered 5 through 8 as indicated, and each tooth
PRIMARY DENTITION within that quadrant is identified using numbers 1 though 5 with
5 = Primary dentition, maxillary, right quadrant number 1 for the central incisors, number 2 for lateral incisors, etc.
© Jones &6 =Bartlett Learning,
Primary dentition, LLCleft quadrant
maxillary, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR7SALE
= Primary
OR dentition, mandibular, left quadrant
DISTRIBUTION NOTeach
FOR SALE
primary OR DISTRIBUTION
quadrant is numbered 5 to 8 and each tooth
8 = Primary dentition, mandibular, right quadrant within that quadrant is numbered 1 to 5 (Fig. 1-8). (Using
The second digit denotes the tooth position in each this system, tooth numbers within the range 11 through 48
quadrant relative to the midline, from closest to the mid- represent permanent teeth, whereas tooth numbers within
line to farthest away. Therefore, in the permanent dentition the range 51 through 85 represent primary teeth.) To cite
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
with 8 teeth in each quadrant, 1 is a central incisor clos- an example, 45 is a permanent © Jones
mandibular& Bartlett Learning, LLC
right second
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
est to the midline, 2 is a lateral incisor, 3 is a canine, and NOT FOR SALE
premolar since the first digit, 4, indicates the mandibular OR DISTRIBUTION
so forth through 8, the permanent third molar, farthest right quadrant in the permanent dentition, and the second
from the midline. In the primary dentition with only 5 digit, 5, indicates the fifth tooth from the midline in that
teeth in each quadrant, the number 1 represents the tooth quadrant, namely, the second premolar. Using this number-
closest to the midline or the primary central incisor, and ing system for the primary dentition, tooth 63 is a primary
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the number 5 represents the tooth farthest from the mid-
©canine
maxillary left Jones & the
since Bartlett Learning,
first digit, 6, indicates LLC
maxil-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
line or the primary second molar. In summary, each adult NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
lary left quadrant in the primary dentition, and the second
quadrant is numbered 1 through 4 and each adult tooth digit, 3, indicates the third tooth from the midline, namely,
within that quadrant is numbered 1 to 8 (Fig. 1-7), while the canine. To cite another example, 51 is a primary max-
illary right central incisor since the first digit, 5, indicates
the maxillary right quadrant for a primary tooth, and the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
second&digit,
Bartlett Learning,
1, indicates the first LLC
tooth from the m idline
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTinFOR SALE OR
that quadrant, DISTRIBUTION
namely, the central incisor. Finally, if the
Upper right Upper left Universal number for a tooth was 32, the World Dental
quadrant #1 quadrant #2 Federation number would be 48. If the Universal letter for a
primary tooth was A, the World Dental Federation number
would be 55. All tooth numbers and letters using both sys-
4 3 2 1
© Jones
1
& Bartlett
2 3
Learning,
4 5 6
LLC
tems are shown in Table 1-1. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The Palmer Notation System NOTisFOR used by SALE
many ORortho-DISTRIBUTION
5 6 dontists and other practitioners especially in the United
4
3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 Kingdom. It utilizes four different bracket shapes ( , , ,
and ) to denote each of the four quadrants. The specific
Lower right Lower left
bracket surrounds a number (or letter), which denotes the
© Jones quadrant #4
& Bartlett quadrant
Learning, #3 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
specific tooth within that quadrant. The specific brackets
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
are designed to represent each of the four quadrants of the
FIGURE 1-7. Two methods are shown for denoting each quadrant dentition, as if you were facing the patient as seen in
in the permanent dentition. The Palmer System uses a different Figure 1-7.
“bracket” shape for each quadrant as you face the person, whereas the
FDI International System uses the numbers 1 through 4 to denote is upper right quadrant.
© Jones &each
Bartlett Learning,
adult quadrant. The numbers on each tooth denote the method© Jones &upper
LLC is left quadrant.
Bartlett Learning, LLC
for identifying teeth within each quadrant beginning at the midline with is lower right quadrant.
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number 1 for the central incisors, number 2 for lateral incisors, etc. is lower left quadrant.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 10 25/03/20 4:24 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 11

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

TABLE 1-1 Tooth Identification Systems © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
MajorLLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
UNIVERSAL PALMER NOTATION INTERNATIONAL (FDI)

TOOTH RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT

© Jones & Bartlett

Central incisor E Learning,
F LLC A A © Jones
51 & Bartlett
61Learning, LLC
MAXILLARY

Lateral incisor D G B B 52 62
PRIMARY DENTITION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

TEETH

Canine C H C C 53 63
First molar B I D D 54 64
Second molar A J E E 55 65
Central incisor P O A A 81 71
MANDIBULAR

Lateral incisor Q LLC

Canine R M C C 83 73
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
First molar S L D
NOT FORD
SALE OR84DISTRIBUTION74
Second molar T K E E 85 75
Central incisor 8 9 1 1 11 21
Lateral incisor 7 10 2 2 12 22
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
Canine LLC 6 11 3 3
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
13 23
MAXILLARY

4 4
NOT FOR SALE OR First premolar 5 12 14 24
TEETH

DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR5SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

PERMANENT DENTITION

Second premolar 4 13 5 15 25
First molar 3 14 6 6 16 26
Second molar 2 15 7 7 17 27
Third molar 1 16 8 8 18 28

© Jones & Bartlett

Central incisor 25 Learning,
24 LLC 1 1 © Jones
41 & Bartlett
31Learning, LLC
Lateral incisor 26 23 2 2 42 32
Canine
NOT FOR SALE27
OR DISTRIBUTION
22 3 3
NOT FOR
43
SALE OR 33
DISTRIBUTION
MANDIBULAR

First premolar 28 21 4 3 44 34
TEETH

Second premolar 29 20 5 5 45 35
First molar 30 19 6 6 46 36
Second molar 31 18 7 7 47 37
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
Third molar 32
LLC 17 8
© Jones8&
Bartlett Learning,
48
LLC
38
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The permanent tooth in each quadrant is numbered number or letters for key teeth, possibly the central incisors
from 1 (nearest to the arch midline) to 8 (farthest from the (numbers 8, 9, 24, and 25) or the first molars (numbers 3,
© Jones &midline)
Bartlettas inLearning, LLCSystem. To record a specific
the International © Jones
14, 19,&andBartlett
30). Learning, LLC
NOT FORtooth,
SALE OR
place theDISTRIBUTION
correct number of the tooth in that quadrant NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
within the bracket shape that identifies the correct quadrant
(Fig. 1-7). For example, the lower left central incisor would
Upper right Upper left
be 1 , the lower left second premolar would be 5 , and the
bracket shape bracket shape
upper right canine would be 3 . For primary teeth, the same
four brackets are used © Jonesthe&quadrants,
to denote Bartlettbut Learning,
five let- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR
ters of the alphabet, A through SALE
E, represent theOR DISTRIBUTION
primary teeth C B A NOT A FORB SALE
C OR DISTRIBUTION
in each quadrant (with A being a central incisor, B a lateral
D C B B C
incisor, C a canine, etc.) (Fig. 1-9). For example, the primary A A
upper right first molar would be D . Comparing the Universal
System with the Palmer System, the permanent maxillary Lower right Lower left
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
right second molar would be tooth 2 using the Universal
©bracket
Jones shape
& Bartlett Learning, LLC
bracket shape
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
System, but would be 7 using the Palmer System. If you are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
confused, study Table 1-1 and the figures that illustrate the
quadrant brackets. FIGURE 1-9. When identifying each primary tooth using the Palmer
Unless otherwise stated, the Universal System of System, each quadrant is denoted by bracket shapes as indicated,
tooth numbering is used throughout this text. To master and each tooth within that quadrant is identified using letters A though
© Jones &theBartlett Learning, LLC
Universal System, it may be helpful to memorize the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
B with letter A for the central incisors, letter B for lateral incisors, etc.
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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 11 25/03/20 4:29 PM

12 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
R E V I E
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION W Q u e s t i o ns about Tooth
NOTNotation
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
4. If an orthodontist wrote about tooth 5 , what would the
These questions were designed to help you confirm that you
understand the terms and concepts presented in this section.Universal number be?
More than one answer may be correct. a. 3
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCb. 4 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
1. If you read an article in a British dental journal that
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
refers to tooth number 48, you would suspect that c. 5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the authors were using the International Numbering d. 12
System. What Universal number (or letter) would they e. 13
be talking about? 5. What are the Universal numbers of the permanent
©25
a. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
mandibular & Bartlett Learning, LLC
first molars?
b.
NOTJ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. 30 b. 14
d. T c. 19
e. 32 d. 24
2. Using the Universal Numbering System, what numbers e. 30
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
are used to identify maxillary canines?
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
6. Fill in the blanks: If you are referring to the Universal
NOT FOR SALE a. 6
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
tooth 27, what is its position from the midline?
b. 8 What is its arch?
c. 10 In which quadrant is it located?
d. 11
e. 27 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
3. If you read an article FORdental
in a British SALE ORthat
journal DISTRIBUTION
refers NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to tooth number 55, you would suspect that the authors
were using the International Numbering System. What
Universal number (or letter) would they be talking about?
a. A
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
b. 5
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
c. E FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. T
e. 1

ANSWERS: 1–e; 2–a, d; 3–a; 4–e; 5–c, e; 6–3rd, mandibular, lower right
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THE TISSUES OF

SECTION III© Jones
A TOOTH (AND
& Bartlett DEFINITION
Learning, LLC OF ANATOMICAL CROWN
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
AND ROOT)
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Each tooth is made up of four tissues: enamel, dentin, cemen- Enamel [ee NAM el] is the relatively white, protective
tum, and pulp. The first three of these (enamel, dentin, and external surface layer of the anatomic crown. It is highly
© Jones
cementum) & Bartlett
are relatively hard Learning, LLCconsider- calcified or ©
since they contain Jones &
mineralized andBartlett Learning,
is the hardest substanceLLC
in the
able NOT
mineralFOR
content, especially
SALE ORcalcium (so these tissues can
DISTRIBUTION body. Its mineral
NOT FOR contentSALE
is 95%OR calcium hydroxyapatite
DISTRIBUTION
also be described as calcified). Only two of these tissues are (which is calcified).
normally visible on an intact extracted tooth: enamel and Cementum [se MEN tum] is the dull yellow external
cementum. Enamel covers the portion of the tooth known layer of the anatomic root. The cementum is very thin, espe-
as the anatomic crown, and cementum covers the portion of cially next to the part of the root where the crown joins with
© Jones &theBartlett
tooth knownLearning, LLCroot. The other two tissues
as the anatomic © Jones & Its
the root. Bartlett
thicknessLearning,
can be comparedLLCto the thickness of a
NOT FOR(dentin
SALEand OR pulp) are usually not visible on an intact tooth.
DISTRIBUTION NOThuman
FOR hair
SALE (onlyOR
50 toDISTRIBUTION
100 μm thick where 1 μm is one mil-
Refer to Figure 1-10 while reading about each tissue. lionth of a meter). Cementum is 65% mineralized. (Another

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 12 25/03/20 4:29 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 13

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Apical foramen LLC
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Root canal

Anatomic Root
Cementum

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Dentin © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Cementodentinal
junction
FIGURE 1-10. A maxillary anterior tooth
Pulp chamber
is sectioned faciolingually through the
middle to show the distribution of the
Cementoenamel junction
tooth©tissues
Jones and &
theBartlett
shape of theLearning,
pulp LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cavity (made up of pulp chamber and
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root canal). On the right is a close-up of Anatomic Crown
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Enamel
the root tip depicting the usual expected
constriction of the root canal near the Dentinoenamel junction
apical foramen. The layer of cementum
covering the root of an actual tooth is Lingual surface of crown
© Jones &proportionately
Bartlett Learning,
much thinner thanLLCseen © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORinSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
these drawings. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

author, Melfi, states that the mineral content of cementum is The dentinoenamel [DEN tin o ehn AM el] junction is
about 50%.) Cementum is about as hard as bone but consid- the inner surface of the enamel where enamel joins dentin.
erably less hard than enamel. This junction can be best seen on a radiograph (Fig. 1-11).
The cementoenamel © [se
Jones
MEN toe& Bartlett
ehn AM el]Learning,
junction LLC
The cementodentinal [se MEN ©toe
Jones
DEN tin &al]
Bartlett Learning, LLC
(or dentino-
(also called the CEJ or NOTcervicalFOR SALE
line) is OR DISTRIBUTION
the junction between cemental) junction is the inner NOT FOR
surface SALE OR
of cementum whereDISTRIBUTION
the enamel covering the anatomic crown and the cementum cementum joins dentin. Cementum is so thin that it is dif-
covering the anatomic root. This junction is also known as ficult to identify this junction on a radiograph.
the cervical [SER vi kal] line, denoting that it surrounds the Pulp is soft, nonmineralized connective tissue contain-
neck or cervix [SER viks] of the tooth. ing a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves located in the
© Jones
Dentin [DEN&tin]
Bartlett Learning,
is the hard LLC
yellowish tissue underlying © Jones
cavity or space & Bartlett
in the center of the crownLearning, LLC
and root called the
NOT and
the enamel FOR SALEand
cementum, ORmakes
DISTRIBUTION
up the bulk of the inner pulp cavity.NOT FOR
The pulp SALE
cavity has aOR DISTRIBUTION
coronal portion toward
portion of each tooth crown and root. It extends outward from the crown called a pulp chamber and a portion within the
the pulp cavity (located in the center of the tooth) to the inner roots called a pulp canal or root canal. The pulp cavity is
boundary of the enamel (covering the crown) or cementum surrounded by dentin, except at a hole (or holes) near the
(covering the root). Dentin is not normally visible except on a root tip (apex) called an apical [APE i kal] foramen [fo RAY
© Jones &dental
Bartlett Learning,
radiograph, LLC
or when the enamel or cementum has been © Jones & Bartlett
men] (plural foraminaLearning,
[fo RAM i LLCna]). Nerves and blood
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worn away, or cut away when preparing a tooth with a bur, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
or vessels enter the pulp canals through these apical foramina.
destroyed by decay. Mature dentin is composed of about 70% Like dentin, the pulp is normally not visible, except on a den-
mineralized calcium hydroxyapatite making it less hard (and tal radiograph (Fig. 1-11) or on a sectioned tooth. Functions
less brittle) than enamel, but harder than cementum. of the dental pulp are as follows:

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Dentinoenamel junction
FIGURE 1-11. A radiographs (x-ray) shows
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
tooth crowns covered with enamel, and the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
toothNOT FOR SALE
roots embedded OR
within the DISTRIBUTION
alveolar NOT FOR SALE OREnamel
DISTRIBUTION
bone. You can distinguish the whiter outer Dentin
enamel shape from the darker inner dentin.
The pulp chamber in the middle of the
tooth is the darkest. The very thin, dark Pulp
© Jones &periodontal
Bartlettligament
Learning, can alsoLLC
be seen Periodontal ligament
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
(dark line)
NOT FORbetween
SALEtheOR rootDISTRIBUTION
and the bone, but the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Alveolar bone
cementum is so thin it cannot be seen.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 13 25/03/20 4:29 PM

14 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Formative:Learning,

• Bartlett Dentin-producing
LLC cells (odontoblasts) dentin
© Jones (odontoblasts
& Bartlett ). Surprisingly,
Learning, LLC blood being pumped
produce dentin throughout the life of a tooth. This into the tooth pulp had passed through the heart only
NOT FOR SALE OR
normally DISTRIBUTION
maturing dentin is called secondary dentin.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
6 seconds previously.
• Sensory: Nerve endings in the pulp relay the sense of • Defensive or protective: Pulp responds to injury or decay
pain caused from heat, cold, drilling, sweet foods, decay, by forming reparative dentin (by the odontoblasts).
trauma, or infection to the brain, so we feel it. However,
the nerve fibers in a©
dental
Jones pulp &
areBartlett Learning, LLCSome advanced information
unable to distinguish © on the embryology of tooth
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the cause of the pain. tissues that had been included in this chapter in previous
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEinOR
editions is now presented at the end of the chapter DISTRIBUTION
a sec-
• Nutritive: Blood vessels transport nutrients from the
bloodstream to cells of the pulp and the cells that produce tion called “Advanced Topics.”

© Jones
R E&
V I Bartlett
E W Q u eLearning, LLC Tooth Tissues © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
s t i o ns about
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
These questions were designed to help you confirm that you
3. What tissue forms the outer boundary of almost all of a
understand the terms and concepts presented in this section.
pulp chamber?
More than one answer may be correct. a. Enamel
© Jones &1. Bartlett Learning,
Which tooth junctions LLC
are NOT normally visible on © b.
a Jones & Dentin
Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE handheld
ORintact tooth?
DISTRIBUTION NOT FORCementum
c. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. Alveolar bone
a. Cementoenamel junction
e. Periodontal ligament
b. Dentinoenamel junction
c. Dentinocemental junction 4. Which of the following is (are) NOT functions of the
d. Dentinopulpal junction pulp?
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
2. Which mineralizedNOTtissue FOR
is the hardest? a. Taste sweet and sour
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. Sense pain NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
a. Cementum
c. Provide nutrition to dentin
b. Pulp
d. Produce new dentin
c. Dentin
e. Produce new enamel
d. Enamel
© Alveolar
e. Jonesbone& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ANSWERS: 1–b, c, d; 2–d; 3–b; 4–a, e

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

INTRODUCTION TO©THE
LLC PERIODONTIUM
Jones (AND
& Bartlett Learning, DEFINITION
LLC
SECTION IV
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OF CLINICAL CROWN AND
NOT FORROOT)
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

The periodontium [pair ee o DON she um] is defined as is the edge of the gingiva closest to the biting or chewing sur-
the supporting tissues©ofJones
the teeth&inBartlett
the mouth,Learning,
includ- faces of the teeth (Fig. 1-13). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
LLC
ing surrounding alveolar bone, the gingiva, the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONperiodontal The gingival sulcus is not seen
NOT visually
FORbut can beOR
SALE evalu-
DISTRIBUTION
ligament, and the outer, cementum layer of the tooth roots ated with a thin probe (periodontal probe), since it is actually
(Fig. 1-12). Alveolar bone is the portion of the upper (maxil- a space (or potential space) between the tooth surface and the
lary) or lower (mandibular) bones that surrounds the roots narrow unattached cervical collar of free gingiva. If you insert
of the teeth. The gingiva is the part of the soft tissue in the a periodontal probe into this sulcus, it should extend only 1
mouth© Jones & the
that covers Bartlett
alveolarLearning, LLCand is the
bone of the jaws to 3 mm deep © inJones
a healthy&person
Bartlett The interdental
Learning,
(Fig. 1-14). LLC
onlyNOT
part ofFOR
the periodontium
SALE OR that is visible in a healthy
DISTRIBUTION (interproximal)
NOTpapilla
FOR[pah PILL OR
SALE ah] (plural is papillae [pa
DISTRIBUTION
mouth. Part of it is firmly bound to the underlying alveolar PILL ee]) is that part of the collar of free gingiva that extends
bone and is called attached gingiva. The other part is free between the teeth. A healthy papilla conforms to the space
gingiva (or marginal gingiva), which is a collar of thin gin- between two teeth (interproximal space), so it is very thin and
giva that surrounds each tooth and, in health, adapts to the easy to damage near where the adjacent teeth contact. The
© Jones &tooth
Bartlett Learning,
but provides LLC
access into the potential space between © Jones
papilla& Bartlett
also Learning,
has a hidden sulcus whereLLCdental floss can fit once
NOT FORthe free gingiva
SALE and the tooth, which is called a gingival sul-
OR DISTRIBUTION NOTitFOR
passesSALE
betweenOR the teeth (Fig. 1-15). The floss must curve
DISTRIBUTION
cus (crevice). The gingival margin (or free gingival margin) around the tooth to avoid cutting into the interdental papilla.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 15

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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Gingival sulcus
(a potential space)
Free gingiva
Gingival margin

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Cementum of root
Attached gingiva

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesPeriodontal

& Bartlett
(much
ligament
smaller in theLearning,
mouth) LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Alveolar bone

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-12. This diagram is a tooth supported within the periodontium. The periodontium is made
up of alveolar bone, which surrounds the anatomic root; gingiva (gum tissue), which covers the bone;
cementum, which covers the tooth root; and the periodontal ligament, which attaches the cementum of
the tooth root to the bone.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Although the term ligament is most often defined as healthy periodontal ligament is only about one to four times
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a tough fibrous band of tissue that connects two bones, a
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thicker than the diameter of an average healthy human hair.
periodontal ligament (abbreviated PDL) is a very thin CLINICAL CROWN AND ROOT: As mentioned pre-
ligament that connects a tooth to its surrounding bone. It viously, the anatomic crown is that part of the tooth (in the
is composed of many microscopic tissue fibers that attach mouth or handheld) normally covered by an enamel layer,
the outer layer of the tooth root (covered with cementum) and the anatomic root is the part of a tooth covered by
© Jones &to Bartlett Learning, LLC
the thin layer of dense alveolar bone surrounding each
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cementum (recall Fig. 1-10). However, when the tooth is in
NOT FORtooth.
SALE TheOR DISTRIBUTION
fibers of the periodontal ligament represented inNOTthe
FOR SALE
mouth, OR DISTRIBUTION
the amount of the tooth that is visible in the oral
Figure 1-12 are greatly enlarged. The average t hickness of a cavity (i.e., not covered with gingiva) is called the clinical

Attached
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
gingiva © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Free gingiva
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over the
potential space: Interdental
gingival sulcus papilla
Gingival
margin
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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1-13. Healthy gingiva surrounds each

tooth forming a characteristic scallop-shaped
gingival margin. Interproximal papillae fill
© Jones &theBartlett Learning,
spaces between most teeth.LLCThe attached © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORgingiva
SALEis theORgingiva that is firmly attached to
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the underlying bone.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 15 25/03/20 4:30 PM

16 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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FIGURE 1-15. Dental floss must adapt around the curved surface
of each tooth when entering the gingival sulcus in order to clean
FIGURE 1-14. A periodontal probe is carefully placed into the the proximal surface of the tooth and avoid damaging the free
gingival sulcus. gingiva.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORcrown,
SALEand
ORtheDISTRIBUTION
portion of the tooth that is not visible since NOT
it FOR or
disease SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
periodontal therapy, exposing more of the ana-
is covered with gingiva is called the clinical root. When the tomic root. In this case, the clinical crown is longer than the
gingival margin in a 25-year-old patient with healthy gin- anatomic crown since the clinical crown in this mouth con-
giva approximately follows the curvature of the cervical line, sists of the entire anatomic crown plus the part of the ana-
the clinical crown is almost the same as the anatomic crown tomic root that is exposed (Fig. 1-16C). In this situation, the
(Fig. 1-16A). However,©throughout
Jones & Bartlett
life, Learning,
the gingival margin LLC
clinical root is shorter than the©anatomic
Jonesroot. & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
is not always at the level FOR
of the SALE
cervical OR DISTRIBUTION
line because of the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
eruption process. For example, the gingiva on a partially
LEARNING EXERCISE
erupted tooth of a 10-year-old covers much of the enamel
of the anatomic crown of the tooth, resulting in a clinical
Examine the mouths of several persons of different ages
crown (exposed in the mouth) that is much shorter than the
© Jones to see if the
© cervical
Jonesline&ofBartlett
each anatomic tooth is visible
anatomic crown & Bartlett
(Fig. Learning,
1-16B). The clinical rootLLC
(the part of Learning,
or hidden. As the individual grows older, the location of
LLC
NOTnotFOR
the tooth SALE
visible OR DISTRIBUTION
in the mouth) would be longer than the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the margin of the gingiva may recede toward the root
anatomic root, since it includes all of the anatomic root plus tip (apically) because of periodontal disease or injury. Of
the part of the anatomic crown covered with gingiva. course, the location of the cervical line on the tooth remains
In contrast, the gingival margin of an older person may the same. In other words, the distinction between the
exhibit gingival recession, especially after having p eriodontal anatomic crown and root does not change over a lifetime.
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Clinical crown
(partially erupted)

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A
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC B © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
FIGURE 1-16. FOR
A. On SALE
a young ORhealthy
adult with DISTRIBUTION
gingiva, the entire anatomic crown is all that can be
seen, so the clinical crown is approximately the same
Clinical as the anatomic crown. B. Since this canine is partially
crown
Anatomic erupted, the anatomic crown is only partially exposed, so
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC crown
© Jones &a Bartlett
there is Learning,
short clinical crown. C. ThisLLCmaxillary molar
has a very long clinical crown since all of the anatomic
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crown and much of the anatomic root are exposed due
C to recession of the gingiva and loss of bone.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 16 25/03/20 4:31 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 17

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
R E V I E
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION W Q u e s t i o ns about the Periodontium
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
These questions were designed to help you confirm that you 3. Which of the following structures is (are) NOT part of
understand the terms and concepts presented in this section. the periodontium?
More than one answer may be correct. a. Alveolar bone
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCb. Periodontal ligament © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
1. Which statement(s) is (are) likely to be true on a person
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with a barely erupted tooth 9? c. Gingival margin NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. Cementodentinal junction
a. The clinical crown is larger than the anatomic crown.
e. Attached gingiva
b. The clinical crown is smaller than the anatomic crown.
c. The clinical root is larger than the anatomic root. 4. The periodontal ligament attaches the alveolar bone to
©The
d. Jones
clinical&root
Bartlett Learning,
is smaller LLC root.
than the anatomic © Jones
what tooth tissue? & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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2. Which statement(s) is (are) true regarding a tooth on a. NOT
Dentin FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
a person who has lost most of the bone and gingiva b. Enamel
surrounding the tooth? c. Cementum
d. Pulp
a. The clinical crown is larger than the anatomic crown.
b. The clinical
© Jones & Bartlett crown is smaller
Learning, LLC than the anatomic crown. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
c. The clinical root is larger than the anatomic root.
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d. The clinical root is smaller than the anatomic root.
ANSWERS: 1–b, c; 2–a, d; 3–d; 4–c

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SECTION V TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE TOOTH SURFACES

All teeth have surfaces that are named according to their 5 in Fig. 1-17). In the maxillary arch, this surface can also be
© Jones
normal, & Bartlett
ideal alignment withinLearning, LLCRefer to
the dental arch. © Jones
called the palatal surface&due
Bartlett Learning,
to its proximity with theLLC
palate.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Figure 1-17 when studying the terms to denote tooth surfaces. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
C. TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE BITING
A. TERMS THAT IDENTIFY OUTER SURFACES SURFACES OF ANTERIOR VERSUS
(TOWARD THE CHEEKS OR LIPS) OF POSTERIOR TEETH
ANTERIOR
© Jones & Bartlett VERSUS
Learning, LLC POSTERIOR TEETH © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
The occlusal [ahk KLOO zal] surface is the chewing sur-
NOT FORThe
SALE
facial OR DISTRIBUTION
surface NOTface
of a tooth is the surface toward the face, that FOR of aSALE OR
posterior DISTRIBUTION
tooth (labeled on tooth 2 in Fig. 1-17).
is, the surface of a tooth in the mouth resting against or next to Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) do not have an occlusal
the cheeks or lips. Facial may be used to designate this surface of surface but do have a cutting incisal edge or ridge (labeled
any tooth, anterior or posterior. Another name for the facial sur- on tooth 8 in Fig. 1-17).
face of posterior teeth is buccal [BUCK k’l], located next to the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cheek (labeled on tooth 3 in Fig. 1-17). Dental terms that begin
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR
with “bucc” refer to a relationship SALEtoOR
or proximity DISTRIBUTION
the cheek. It is D. TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
incorrect to use the term buccal when speaking about the inci- APPROXIMATING SURFACES OF TEETH
sors or canines because the facial surface of these teeth does not The proximal [PROCK se mal] surfaces are the sides of a tooth
approximate the cheeks. The facial surface of anterior teeth is next to an adjacent tooth. Depending on whether the proxi-
properly called a labial [LAY bee al] surface, located next to the mal tooth surface faces toward the archLearning,
midline between the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett LLC
lips (labeled on tooth 6 in Fig. 1-17). The term labial should not central incisors or away from the midline, it is either a mesial
NOT
be used FOR
when SALE
referring to theOR DISTRIBUTION
premolars or the molars. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
[MEE zi al] surface (closer to the midline) or a distal [DIS tal]
surface (farther from the midline). Mesial and distal surfaces
B. TERMS THAT IDENTIFY INNER SURFACES are labeled on tooth 1 in Figure 1-17. Note that the mesial sur-
(TOWARD THE TONGUE) OF MAXILLARY face of a tooth touches, or is closest to, the distal surface of an
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TEETH adjacent
© Jones &tooth EXCEPT
Bartlett between the LLC
Learning, central incisors where the
VERSUS MANDIBULAR mesial surface of the right central incisor faces the mesial sur-
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The lingual [LIN gwal] surface is the surface of a maxillary face of the left central incisor. Also, the distal surface of the last
or mandibular tooth nearest to the tongue (labeled on tooth (third) molar in each arch does not approximate another tooth.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 17 25/03/20 4:31 PM

18 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION teet
h NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
r
io
t er
An Midline of dental arch Central incisor

Qu
a
Lateral incisor

dra
Incisal edge
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

nt
Canine
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Cingulum NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
1st Premolar
Labial surface
8
7
6 2nd Premolar
Lingual surface
© Jones & LLC5Bartlett Learning,
(palatal) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
4 NOT FOR SALE
1st MolarOR DISTRIBUTION
Maxillary
Buccal alveolar
surface

Median
Raphe
process
3
eth

2nd Molar
Posterior te

Occlusal
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
surface 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
3rd Molar
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Mesial side 1
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of 3rd molar

Distal side
of 3rd molar
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-17. Maxillary dental arch of teeth with various tooth surfaces labeled. Remember that the labial surface
of an anterior tooth and the buccal surface of a posterior tooth are both referred to as facial surfaces. Also, the mesial
and distal sides or surfaces are both correctly called proximal surfaces.

© Jones
Soft debris & particles
and food Bartlett on Learning, LLC
proximal surfaces are not eas- © Jones
is better to say & Bartlett
distolingual Learning,
than linguodistal.) LLCof
Examples
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ily cleaned by the action of the cheeks, lips, and tongue when NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
external line angles of a molar crown include mesio-occlusal,
compared to most of the facial or lingual surfaces, which aremesiolingual, mesiofacial, disto-occlusal, distolingual, disto-
considered more self-cleansing, that is, more easily able to be
facial, bucco-occlusal, and linguo-occlusal. Point angles are
cleaned by the rubbing action of the cheeks, lips, and tongue.
the junctions of three tooth surfaces at a point, such as a
mesiobucco-occlusal point angle. Examples of these external
© Jones &E.Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett
line angles and point Learning,
angles are seenLLCin Figure 1-18.
TERMS TO DENOTE TOOTH SURFACE
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEa dimension
To describe OR DISTRIBUTION
of a tooth, terms can be combined
JUNCTIONS OR DIMENSIONS to denote the direction over which a dimension is taken. For
The junction line where two tooth surfaces meet is called example, the length of an incisor crown from the incisal edge
an external line angle. To name a line angle, combine the to the cervical line is called the incisocervical dimension or the
names of the two surfaces, but change the “al” ending of the dimension incisocervically, and the width of the buccal surface
first surface to an “o.” (A©guideline
Joneshas & been
Bartlett Learning,
suggested for the LLC
of a molar crown from the mesial © Jones
surface to&theBartlett Learning, LLC
distal surface
order used when combining NOTterms.
FORUse SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the following order: is the mesiodistal dimension (Fig. NOT FOR
1-18). SALE
Other OR ofDISTRIBUTION
examples
mesial is used first; then distal, facial, [buccal or labial] or terms used to describe a crown dimension include mesiodistal,
lingual; and lastly occlusal or incisal. Using this guideline, faciolingual or buccolingual, and occlusocervical. The length of
it is better to say mesio-occlusal than occlusomesial, and it a root could be described as its cervicoapical dimension.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
R E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns about Dim ensions

1. What surface(s) of a tooth would you be looking at in 2. What surface(s) of a tooth would you be looking at when
order to determine the mesiodistal dimension of a molar? measuring the buccolingual dimension of a molar?
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
ANSWERS: 1–Buccal, lingual, or occlusal surfaces; 2–Mesial, distal, or occlusal surfaces
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 18 25/03/20 4:31 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 19

Incisocervical dimension Mesiodistal dimension

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©Mesiobuccal-
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Buccolingual dimension
occlusal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
point angle Linguo-occlusal
line angle
Distolingual Mesiobuccal Distolingual line angle
Mesiolabial line angle line angle Distobuccal line angle
line angle
Distolabial
L
ES
IAL© Jones &INBartlett Learning, LLC ESIAL
GU line angle
AL
LIN© Jones
GU & Bartlett Learning, LLC
M M AL
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
LA BU
L C L
B IA TA CA TA
L DIS L DIS

ANTERIOR TOOTH POSTERIOR TOOTH

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
FIGURE FOR
1-18. SALE representations
Diagrammatic OR DISTRIBUTION NOTexamples
of an incisor and a molar crown have several FOR ofSALE ORand
line angles DISTRIBUTION
point angles
labeled in red. Three examples describing dimensions are labeled in green.

mesial, middle, and distal thirds. When viewing proximal

© Jones &F.Bartlett
DIVISIONS (THIRDS)
Learning, LLCOF THE CROWN © Jones
(mesial&orBartlett Learning,
distal) surfaces, LLC
vertical lines can be used to divide
NOT FOR SALE OR OR
ROOT (FOR PURPOSES OF
DISTRIBUTION NOTthe
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
crown or root into facial, middle, and lingual thirds.
DESCRIPTION) When viewing a tooth from the occlusal (or incisal) surface,
lines running mesiodistally can be used to divide the crown
A tooth can be divided into thirds in order to define more
into facial, middle, and lingual thirds, and lines running
precisely the location of its specific landmarks such as proxi-
faciolingually can be used to divide the tooth into mesial,
mal contacts. When viewing
© Jonesa tooth&from the facial,
Bartlett lingual,
Learning, LLC LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
middle, and distal thirds.
mesial, or distal surface, horizontal lines can divide
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the tooth NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
crown into the following thirds: cervical, middle, and occlusal
(or incisal) (Fig. 1-19). Similarly, horizontal lines can divide G. ROOT-TO-CROWN RATIO
the root into thirds: cervical, middle, and apical (toward the If we know the length of a tooth root from the cervical line to
root tip or apex). the tip of the root, and the length of the crown (as defined at
When
© Jonesviewing& the facial orLearning,
Bartlett lingual surfaces
LLC of a tooth, © chapter
the end of this Jonesin & Dr.Bartlett Learning,
Woelfel’s original researchLLC
data),
vertical
NOT linesFOR
can be used toOR
SALE divide the crown or root into
DISTRIBUTION we can calculate
NOTa FOR root-to-crown
SALE ratio. The r oot-to-crown
OR DISTRIBUTION

Division of teeth in thirds

Facial or labial view Mesial view Facial or buccal view Distal view
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Lingual 3rd
Middle 3rd

Buccal 3rd
Mesial 3rd

Middle 3rd
Distal 3rd

Apical 3rd
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(facial)

Middle 3rd
Occlusal 3rd
Cervical 3rd Middle 3rd
Cervical 3rd Cervical 3rd
Middle 3rd Cervical 3rd
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Incisal 3rd
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Middle 3rd
Lingual 3rd

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Middle 3rd
Distal 3rd
Middle 3rd
Mesial 3rd

Labial 3rd

Apical 3rd
(facial)

Occlusal views
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Facial 3rd
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT Middle
FOR3rdSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Lingual 3rd
Mesial 3rd

Middle 3rd

Distal 3rd

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR FIGURE
SALE1-19.
OR Diagrams
DISTRIBUTION NOT
of a maxillary canine and mandibular molars FOR
show how aSALE
crown orOR DISTRIBUTION
root can be divided into thirds from each view.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 19 25/03/20 4:31 PM

20 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

ratio is the root length divided by crown length. Since © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
almost all tooth roots are longer than their crowns, the
NOT FORroot-to-crown
SALE OR ratiosDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
for teeth are normally greater than 1.0.
For example, the average root length of a maxillary central
16.5
incisor is only 13.0 mm and the crown length is 11.2 mm.
The root-to-crown ratio is 13 divided by 11.2, which equals 13.0
1.16. When this number is close to 1, it indicates
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
root is not much longer than the crown. Compare this with
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
a maxillary canine, where the average root is much longer, at
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
16.5 mm, but the crown is only 10.6 mm, for a much larger
root-to-crown ratio of 1.56. This larger ratio indicates that
the root is over one and a half times (1.56 times) longer 10.6 D M 11.2 D M
than ©theJones
crown. &TheBartlett
obvious difference between
Learning, LLC the root- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
to-crown ratio on these two teeth is apparent in Figure 1-20.
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The ratio can be clinically significant, since a tooth with a
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FACIAL VIEWS
small root-to-crown ratio (closer to 1) is not the best choice
for attaching and supporting false teeth, because the addi- Right maxillary canine Right maxillary
central incisor
tional attached teeth would apply even more force on a tooth
© Jones &that already has
Bartlett a short rootLLC
Learning, compared to its crown length. FIGURE&1-20.
© Jones Compare
Bartlett the root-to-crown
Learning, LLCratio of a maxillary
Therefore, the long-term success of attaching false teeth to central incisor where the root is not much longer than the crown
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTandFOR SALE
the ratio ORofDISTRIBUTION
is 13 mm crown length divided by 11.2 mm of
a tooth like the maxillary canine with a large root-to-crown
ratio of 1.56 would be better than attaching it to a tooth like root length, or only 1.16, with a maxillary canine where the root
is considerably longer than the crown so the ratio is much larger:
the maxillary central incisor with a small root-to-crown
16.5 mm crown length divided by 10.6 mm root length, or 1.56.
ratio of 1.16.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
R E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns about Tooth Term inolog y

These questions were designed to help you confirm that you 4. The term labial refers to association with or proximity to
© Jones
understand & Bartlett
the terms Learning,
and concepts LLC
presented in this section. the lips, ©
andJones
the term&_____
Bartlett Learning,
refers to LLCor
association with
MoreNOT FOR
than one SALE
answer may OR DISTRIBUTION
be correct. proximity NOT
to theFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cheeks.
1. Which tooth surface(s) face(s) the lips or cheeks? a. Facial
b. Buccal
a. Facial
c. Labial
b. Distal
d. Proximal
c. BuccalLearning, LLC
© Jones & Bartlett © Jones e. & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Palatal
NOT FOR SALE d. Occlusal
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
e. Labial 5. When viewing tooth 8 from the distal view, it can be
divided into thirds from the incisal to the cervical and
2. Which pairs of teeth have a mesial surface touching a
from the facial to the lingual. Which third is NOT
mesial surface?
possible to see from the distal view?
a. 25 and 26
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCa. Facial © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
b. 16 and 17
c. 7 and 8 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. Cervical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. Middle
d. 1 and 32
d. Mesial
e. 8 and 9
e. Incisal
3. Which teeth have a distal surface that does not normally
© Jones
contact & Bartlett
another tooth? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
a. 1 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
b. 3
c. 8
d. 17
e. 24
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 20 25/03/20 4:31 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 21

© Jones &6. Bartlett

When viewing tooth 19LLC
Learning, © Jones
from this one view, it can be & Bartlett
9. Which Learning,
of the following phrases LLC
are correct?
divided into thirds from the buccal to lingual and NOT FOR SALE
a. Buccal OR ofDISTRIBUTION
surface tooth 10
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
from the mesial to the distal. From which view is this b. Labial surface of tooth 19
possible? c. Palatal surface of tooth 29
a. Buccal d. Occlusal surface of tooth 27
b. Lingual e. Facial surface of tooth 1
c. Mesial © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
10. Which term does NOT refer to a tooth crown line
d. Distal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION angle?
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
e. Occlusal
a. Mesio-occlusal
7. If you were observing the faciolingual dimension of a b. Mesiofacial
tooth, what surface(s) could you be viewing? c. Mesiodistal
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a. Mesial d. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Distofacial
b. Occlusal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e. Linguo-occlusal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. Proximal
d. Labial
e. Distal
8. If the root-to-crown ratio of a maxillary molar (tooth 14)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
is 1.72 and that of a maxillary incisal (tooth 8) is 1.16,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
which tooth has the longest root relative to its shorterNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
crown?
a. Tooth 14.
b. Tooth 8.
c. More information is required
© Jones &inBartlett
order to answer this
Learning,
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
question.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ANSWERS: 1–a, c, e; 2–e; 3–a, d; 4–b; 5–d; 6–e; 7–a, b, c, e; 8–a; 9–e; 10–c

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THESALE OR DISTRIBUTION
MORPHOLOGY
SECTION VI
OF A TOOTH

© Jones &A.Bartlett Learning, cusp and a lingual cusp. Three-cusped

LLCpremolars have one
MORPHOLOGY OFLLC
AN ANATOMIC CROWN© Jones
buccal
& Bartlett
and two
Learning,
lingual cusps, and the two lingual cusps are
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Teeth are made up of many rounded elevations, ridges, depres- named after the adjacent line angles, that is, mesiolingual cusp
sions, and grooves. Specific tooth structures that occur with and distolingual cusp. A four-cusped molar has four cusps
some frequency on teeth within a class have been assigned named after the adjacent line angles: mesiobuccal, distobuc-
specific names. To identify the following anatomic structures, cal, mesiolingual, and distolingual. A three-cusped maxillary
reference will be made © to Jones & Bartlett
representative drawings Learning,
of various molar has two buccal cusps (mesiobuccal
LLC © Jones &andBartlettdistobuccal)
Learning, LLC
teeth seen in figures throughout this book.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and one lingual cusp. On a five-cusped molar, the three
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbuc-
cal cusps are called mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and the smallest
distal cusp. Refer to Figure 1-21 for examples of cusp names
1. Elevations: Pointed Cusps and Linear Ridges on posterior teeth with two, three, four, and five cusps.
a. Cusps: Cusp Names and Numbers
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
b. Cusp Ridges & Bartlett Learning, LLC
A cusp
NOT is a pyramidal
FOR SALE elevation
ORwith a peak called a cusp tip.
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Cusps are located on the occlusal surfaces of molars and pre- Many cusps can be thought of as having four cusp ridges
molars and on the incisal surfaces of canines. Canines have (linear prominences of enamel) converging toward the
one cusp, premolars normally have two or three cusps, and cusp tip. These four ridges form the shape of a four-sided
most molars have from three to five cusps. On teeth with mul- pyramid with rounded surfaces. If you draw a line along
tiple cusps, each cusp
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCis named according to its location on the the greatest
© Jones linear bulge
& Bartlett of each of
Learning, LLCthese four ridges, the
tooth. For example,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on a two-cusped premolar, the two cusps lines would intersect at
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the cusp tip indicated by the “X”
are named after the surface adjacent to each cusp: a buccal on Figure 1-22. On this example of a buccal cusp on a

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 21 25/03/20 4:31 PM

22 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC VIEWED FROM OCCLUSAL

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Two-cusped Three-cusped Three-cusped Four-cusped Five-cusped
premolar premolar molar molar molar

2-cusped 3-cusped
mesiobuccal
distobuccal mesiobuccal mesiobuccal
B
buccal © JonesB & Bartlett
buccal Learning,
B LLC B © Jones &BBartlett
distobuccal distobuccal Learning, LLC

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEdistalOR DISTRIBUTION

M D M D D M M D M D

L L L
L
©lingual
Jones & Bartlett Learning,
mesiolingual
distolingual LLC L © Jones
mesiolingual & Bartlett Learning,
distolingual distolingualLLC
lingual mesiolingual
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VIEWED FROM BUCCAL

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCOne visible cusp © Jones &visible

Four Bartlett
cusps Learning, LLC

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

mesiolingual
distolingual
mesiobuccal
buccal

D
© Jones & Bartlett
M
Learning, LLC
D M © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

distobuccal

© Jones
FIGURE & names
1-21. Cusp Bartlett Learning,
on teeth having two, LLC
three, four, and five cusps, viewed © Jones
from & Bartlett
the occlusal Learning,
and buccal views. Notice thatLLC
the
cusps are named after the adjacent surface or line angle EXCEPT on five-cusped mandibular first molars with three buccal cusps. On five-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cusped molars, the two larger buccal cusps are named mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusps, as on the four-cusped molar, but the smallest
cusp is called the distal cusp.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
These cusps are basically a gothic pyramid:
F
3
2 1 5

4 D 2 1 M
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 6 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
L
Two-cusped One-cusped
premolar canine

© Jones
FIGURE 1-22. The&four-cusped
Bartlett ridges
Learning, LLC
of the buccal cusp of a two-cusped premolar ©have
Jones & Bartlett
a somewhat pyramidal Learning,
design (actually,LLC
a
pyramid with rounded sides called a gothic pyramid). The cusp ridges are numbered 1 to 4 and converge at the cusp tip (at the “X”). Ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
1 is the mesial cusp ridge of the buccal cusp; ridge 2 is the distal cusp ridge of the buccal cusp; ridge 3 is the more subtle buccal
ridge of the buccal cusp; and 4 is the triangular ridge of the buccal cusp. (Courtesy of Drs. Richard W. Huffman and Ruth Paulson.) Cusp
ridges on the single cusp of a maxillary canine also have a mesial cusp ridge labeled 1 and distal cusp ridge labeled 2, the same as on the
premolar, but 5 is the labial ridge of the canine cusp (similar to a buccal ridge on a premolar), and 6 is the lingual cusp ridge.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 22 25/03/20 4:31 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 23

Buccal ridge teeth from the occlusal, denoted in green on the two cusps of
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a premolar in Figure 1-25.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEridges
Triangular OR areDISTRIBUTION
located on the major cusps of pos-
terior teeth. Each triangular ridge extends from a cusp tip
toward the depression (sulcus) near the middle of the occlu-
sal surface faciolingually, most easily identified when viewing
D M a proximal surface as on Figure 1-26, but also evident when
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
viewing the occlusal surface as on Figure 1-25. When a trian-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gular ridge from a buccal cuspNOT joins FOR SALE OR
with a triangular ridgeDISTRIBUTION
from a lingual cusp, these two ridges together form a longer
ridge called a transverse ridge. A transverse ridge crosses
the occlusal surface of posterior teeth in a more or less buc-
colingual direction, running between the buccal and lingual
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cusps on a premolar (seen from an occlusal view and a proxi-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION mal view inNOT FOR
Figs. 1-25 andSALE
1-26) or OR DISTRIBUTION
connecting the buccal
FIGURE 1-23. A rounded buccal ridge can be seen on the and lingual cusps that are lined up across from one another
buccal surface of many premolars. on a molar (seen on a mandibular molar in Fig. 1-27 and on
the two-cusped premolar). An oblique ridge is found only
© Jones &premolar,
Bartlett three of the ridges
Learning, are named after the circum-
LLC on maxillary
© Jones molars. Learning,
& Bartlett It crosses the occlusal
LLC surface obliquely
(diagonally) and is made up of one ridge on the mesiolin-
NOT FORferential
SALE tooth surface they extend toward: the more subtle
OR DISTRIBUTION NOTgual
FOR cusp SALE
joining OR
with DISTRIBUTION
the triangular ridge of the distobuccal
buccal ridge extends onto the buccal surface, the mesial
cusp ridge extends from the cusp tip toward the mesial sur- cusp (seen in Fig. 1-27 on the maxillary molar). According
face, and the distal cusp ridge extends from the cusp tip to Ash, 1
the ridge of the mesiolingual cusp that forms the
toward the distal surface. The fourth ridge extends from the lingual half of the oblique ridge is the distal cusp ridge of the
cusp tip toward the faciolingual
© Jonesmiddle of the tooth
& Bartlett mesiolingual
and is LLC
Learning, cusp. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
called a triangular ridge. The single cusp of many canines may also have four
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ridges emanating from its cuspNOT FOR
tip (Fig. SALE
1-22): a mesialOR cuspDISTRIBUTION
The buccal ridges that run cervico-occlusally on the
buccal surfaces of premolars or molars are often the least ridge and a distal cusp ridge, a labial ridge similar to a buc-
distinct of the four ridges that emanate from the cusp tip, cal ridge running cervicoincisally from the cusp tip, and
although they may be more prominent on some types of sometimes a fourth ridge called a lingual ridge that extends
teeth©(Fig. 1-23).
Jones & Lingual cusps Learning,
Bartlett do not normally
LLChave prom- lingually toward the cervical
© Jones bulge (cingulum).
& Bartlett Learning, TheseLLCridges
inentNOTlingual ridges running can be prominent on maxillary canines (Fig. 1-28A and B).
FOR SALE ORcervico-occlusally
DISTRIBUTION from the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cusp tips.
The mesial and distal cusp ridges are also known as
c. Marginal Ridges and Cingulum
cusp slopes or cusp arms. They are most evident when view-
ing teeth from the facial or lingual aspect where they can be On the lingual of all anterior teeth, a cingulum [SING gyoo
seen as inclined ridges
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that converge toward the cusp tip to lum] (plural
© Jones cingula)Learning,
& Bartlett is the prominenceLLCor bulge in the cer-
form an angle (seen in green on a buccal cusp of a premolar vical third of the lingual surface of the crown (incisors and
NOT FORand SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
on a buccal cusp of a molar in Fig. 1-24). For some teeth,
NOTcanines)
FOR SALE (seen onOR DISTRIBUTION
the lingual view in Fig. 1-29 and seen as a
the sharpness or bluntness of a cusp angle can be an defining prominence in the cervical third of the crown on the proxi-
trait. These ridges are more difficult to discern when viewing mal view in Fig. 1-30). On anterior teeth, mesial and distal

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
distal cusp NOT
ridge FORmesial
SALE cuspOR distal cusp ridge of
ridgeDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of buccal cusp of buccal cuspmesiobuccal cusp
mesial cusp ridge of
mesiobuccal cusp

D M D M
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Premolar Molar

FIGURE 1-24. Cusp ridges (cusp slopes) are labeled on the buccal cusp of a mandibular premolar and on
the mesiobuccal cusp of a four-cusped mandibular molar.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 23 25/03/20 4:31 PM

24 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

Buccal ridge
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Distal cusp ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of buccal cusp
NOT
Buccal cusp tip FOR
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Mesial cusp ridge
Distobuccal groove of buccal cusp
Mesiobuccal groove
Triangular ridge
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Transverse ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 1-25. NOT
On thisFOR SALE
two-cusped OR
DISTRIBUTION
maxillary
Central developmental groove premolar, the mesial and distal cusp ridges
Triangular ridge
of the buccal and lingual cusps are shaded
Mesial cusp ridge green. The triangular ridges of the buccal and
of lingual cusp lingual cusps are shaded blue and together are
Distal cusp ridge
©lingual
Jones called a transverse ridge. The buccal ridge of
of cusp &
Bartlett Learning, LLCLingual cusp tip © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the buccal cusp is shaded green.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

arginal ridges form the mesial and distal borders of the lin-
m d. Occlusal Table Outline versus Crown Outline
gual surface, and these ridges converge toward a rounded ele-
© Jones &vation
Bartlett
or bulgeLearning,
in the cervicalLLC © Jones
third called a cingulum, as seen
When & Bartlett
viewing Learning,
posterior teeth from LLC
the occlusal view, it is
NOT FORon SALE ORinDISTRIBUTION important to distinguish
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the entire crown outline of the tooth
an incisor Figures 1-29 and 1-30. When distinguishing
from the occlusal table of that tooth. The occlusal crown
a mesial from a distal marginal ridge on anterior teeth, it can
outline is the outer outline of the entire tooth crown from
be useful to remember that the mesial marginal ridge is nor-
the occlusal view, whereas the occlusal table is the occlusal
mally longer than the distal. When determining which mar-
surface that is bounded by the continuous cusp ridges and
ginal ridge is longer, think of the length of a marginal ridge as
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
extending from the incisoproximal line angle to its junction
marginal ridges. On the premolar© Jones
in Figure & Bartlett
1-31, the o Learning, LLC
cclusal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION table is bounded by a mesial marginal
NOT ridge
FOR joined
SALE with
OR the
DISTRIBUTION
with the cingulum (as on Fig. 1-29 where the mesial marginal
mesial and distal cusp ridges of the buccal cusp, then the dis-
ridge appears slightly longer than the distal marginal ridge).
tal marginal ridge, and the cusp ridges of the lingual cusp.
On posterior teeth, marginal ridges form the mesial and
This would be a good time to refer to Figure 1-32 and
distal borders of the occlusal surface. The mesial marginal
perform the learning exercise to test your knowledge of cusp
ridge on a premolar is shaded red in Figure 1-31.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ridges. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

Crest of curvature
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Depression on crown
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Crest of curvature
C

Groove crossing
mesial marginal FIGURE 1-26. When seen from the mesial view on
Tip of buccal cusp
ridge this maxillary two-cusped premolar, the outlines of two
Sulcus
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
T of lingual
Tip cusp & triangular
BartlettridgesLearning,
form a “V”LLC
shape and join at the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE depth of OR
the occlusal sulcus to form one transverse
DISTRIBUTION
Triangular ridges ridge.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 24 25/03/20 4:32 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 25

buccal ridge
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
buccal triangular
B

M distal D transverse
marginal
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
L LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
lingual triangular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
A Premolar, two cusp type

triangular of MB
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
transverse
triangular of ML
©
M Jones & Bartlett Learning,
triangular
D triangular
of DB LLC
transverse
of DL
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
distal marginal ridge
L
FIGURE 1-27. Three posterior teeth B Mandibular molar
show transverse and oblique ridges.
© Jones &A. Bartlett
Two triangularLearning,
ridges on a two-LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORcusped
SALE OR form
premolar DISTRIBUTION
one transverse NOT FOR SALEB OR DISTRIBUTION
ridge. B. Two pairs of triangular ridges triangular of MB
on a mandibular molar join to form
M transverse
two transverse ridges. C. One pair of triangular of DB
D
oblique
triangular ridges on a maxillary molar is ridge of ML
triangular of ML
aligned buccolingually and © Jones
forms one & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
transverse ridge in blue, and another pair L
NOT FOR
of ridges is aligned obliquely (diagonally)
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to form an oblique ridge in purple. C Maxillary molar

e. Other Bulges and Ridges

© Jones
L E&
A RBartlett
NING E Learning,
X E R C I S ELLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Other bulges or ridges can be seen on the cervical third of
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
certain teeth facially or lingually. On the facial surface of
The diagram in this Figure 1-32 the ridges seen from the permanent molars, the ridge or bulge running mesiodistally
occlusal view that bound the occlusal table of a two-cusped
in the cervical one third of the facial surface of a crown is
premolar. Name each ridge next to its corresponding number.
called the cervical ridge. This ridge forms the greatest bulge
(Note that ridges labeled 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 form a continuous
on the buccal surface, which is known as the crest of cur-
© Jones & Bartlett
outline on theLearning, LLC
occlusal surface. The area inside of this line is © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
called the occlusal table.) vature (or height of contour) (Fig. 1-33A and B). This ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTisFOR
most SALE
evident OR DISTRIBUTION
on mandibular second molars where the

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett

cingulum Learning, LLC
mesial marginal ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
distal marginal ridge

© Jones
D & Bartlett
M Learning,
M LLC D © Jones
M & Bartlett Learning,
D LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-29. The mesial and distal marginal ridges are shaded
A B
red, and the cingulum is shaded green on the lingual surface of
FIGURE 1-28. A. On this maxillary canine, a labial ridge can be a maxillary incisor. If you think of the length of a marginal ridge as
© Jones &seenBartlett Learning,
running from the cusp tip LLC
cervically along the labial surface. © Jones
running& Bartlett
from the proximalLearning, LLC
incisal line angles to the cingulum, you
NOT FORB.SALEOn this maxillary canine, a prominent lingual ridge is visible NOTcan
OR DISTRIBUTION FORsee that this mesial
SALE ORmarginal ridge is slightly longer than the
DISTRIBUTION
running from the cusp tip cervically to the cingulum. distal marginal ridge.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 25 25/03/20 4:32 PM

26 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

Root axis line

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & ridge
Distal cusp Bartlett Learning, LLC Mesial cusp ridge
of buccal cusp of buccal cusp
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Apex of root NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Distal marginal Mesial marginal ridge

ridge

Anatomic root
Root axis line Mesial cusp ridge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORofSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
lingual cusp
Distal cusp ridge
of lingual cusp

FIGURE 1-31. Occlusal view of a two-cusped premolar shows the

Cementum

difference between the occlusal outline of the tooth (the black

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Cementoenamel
LLC © Jones
outline surrounding &tooth
the entire Bartlett
from thisLearning, LLC
view) and the smaller
red occlusal table (or occlusal chewing surface) bounded by six
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONjunction NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ridges: the two cusp ridges of the buccal cusp (green), the two cusp
Cervical line Cervical line
ridges of the lingual cusp (green), and the two marginal ridges (red).
Cingulum
Anatomic crown
Enamel

worn off after the tooth comes into functional contact with
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
its opposing teeth. If you have the opportunity, observe a
av l
ity
co ngua

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT7-year-old

FOR SALE smile OR
to seeDISTRIBUTION
these mamelons on newly erupted
nc
Li

permanent incisors. When mamelons remain on the incisors

of an adult, it is because maxillary and mandibular anterior
Tip of
cusp teeth do not touch together to wear away the enamel. When a
patient desires, the dentist can reduce the mamelons to make
© Jones
FIGURE 1-30. This maxillary & Bartlett
canine demonstrates thatLearning,
the LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the incisal edge more uniformly curved.
cingulum bulge in greenNOT FORin theSALE ORofDISTRIBUTION
is located cervical third the
Finally, perikymata [pear NOT FOR
i KY mah tah]SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
are the numer-
lingual surface. One visible marginal ridge is shaded red.
ous, minute horizontal ridges on the enamel of newly erupted
permanent teeth (Fig. 1-35). They form from the overlapping
occlusal outline of the mesiobuccal cusp appears to bulge of layers of enamel laid down during tooth formation. These
(Fig. 1-33C). lines are closer together in the cervical third of the crown
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Mamelons are three small bulges or tubercles on the than in the incisal third. Perikymata are more prominent
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
incisal edges of newly erupted incisors (Fig. 1-34). Usually, on the teethNOT FOR
of young SALE
people OR
than on theDISTRIBUTION
teeth of older per-
mamelons are not evident on adult dentition since they are sons because perikymata, like mamelons, wear away from

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Buccal LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
2
1. ___________________________________________________
1 3
2. ___________________________________________________ 8
3. ___________________________________________________
Transverse

Mesial
Distal

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

4. ___________________________________________________
7
© Jones
4
& Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
5. ___________________________________________________ NOT
10 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
6. ___________________________________________________
9
7. ___________________________________________________ 6 5
8. ___________________________________________________
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
9. ___________________________________________________
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Lingual
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
10. Transverse
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
marginal ridge; 8—triangular ridge of buccal cusp; 9—triangular ridge of lingual cusp.
4—mesial marginal ridge; 5—mesial cusp ridge of lingual cusp; 6—distal cusp ridge of lingual cusp; 7—distal
ANSWERS: 1—distal cusp ridge of buccal cusp; 2—buccal (cusp) ridge; 3—mesial cusp ridge of buccal cusp;
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR FIGURE OR Identify
SALE1-32. the ridges numbered on this maxillary premolar.
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 26 25/03/20 4:32 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 27

B
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettBuccal
Learning, LLC
cervical
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ML
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ridge
DL

DB MB Buccal
D height of M
D
contour
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

A © Jones & Bartlett

Mandibular first molarLearning, LLC B © Jones
C & BartlettMandibular
Learning, secondLLC
molar
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEL OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-33. A. On this mandibular first molar from the buccal view, a buccal cervical ridge is the rounded prominence located in
the cervical third of the crown. B. From the proximal view, the buccal cervical ridge forms the greatest bulge or crest of curvature in the
cervical third of this molar. C. From the occlusal view on this four-cusped mandibular second molar, the buccal cervical ridge forms a
prominent bulge on the mesiobuccal outline.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORoSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTside
ngoing abrasion due to eating and even tooth brushing with FOR andSALE
forwardOR DISTRIBUTION
against the upper teeth during chewing.
abrasive toothpastes. Partially chewed food squirts out through grooves toward
the tongue and cheeks. Each tooth has major developmen-
tal grooves, which are often consistent in location for teeth
2. Depressions and Grooves of an Anatomic Crown
of the same type, and other minor, supplemental grooves,
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
An occlusal sulcus [SUL kuss] (plural sulci [SUL sye]) of
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
which can vary greatly from tooth to tooth. Developmental
NOT FOR SALE OR
a tooth is the broad V-shaped depression or valley on theDISTRIBUTIONgrooves separate cusps and other NOT FOR
major SALE
portions of aOR DISTRIBUTION
tooth
occlusal surface of each posterior teeth running mesiodistally formed from the developmental lobes (described later in
between the buccal and lingual cusps. The sulcus is formed Section IX of this chapter). On most posterior teeth like
by the sloping of the buccal and lingual triangular ridges the premolar in Figure 1-37A, a central groove is a devel-
that converge toward the developmental grooves located in opmental groove that separates the buccal from the lin-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the depth of the sulcus on each posterior tooth (Fig. 1-36).
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
gual cusps and is located near the buccolingual center of
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Although a sulcus is a linear depression, there is much varia- NOTOther
the tooth sulcus. FORd SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
evelopmental grooves are named
tion to the anatomy within the sulcus of each tooth. For according to their location. For example, on mandibular
example, there are triangular and marginal ridges (discussed molars with two buccal cusps, a buccal groove separates
previously) and grooves (channels) within the sulcus, as well the mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusps and is likely to
as multiple depressions, each called a fossa [FAH sah] (plural, extend onto the buccal surface. On mandibular molars with
© Jones &fossae
Bartlett Learning, LLC
[FAH see]. © Jones & Bartlett
three buccal cusps, Learning,
there are twoLLC grooves separating the
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GROOVES: A groove is a linear channel often found NOTthree
FOR SALE
buccal OR
cusps, DISTRIBUTION
so they are called a mesiobuccal groove
between cusps in the depth of the sulcus and between that separates the mesiobuccal cusp from the distobuccal
ridges. They serve as important escape ways for food mor- cusp, and a distobuccal groove that separates the distobuc-
sels when the teeth of the lower jaw move from side to cal cusp from the smallest distal cusp (Fig. 1-37B). Both of
these grooves are likely to extend onto the buccal surface.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Mandibular molars also have © Jones
a lingual & Bartlett
groove Learning, LLC
between the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION mesiolingual and distolingualNOT cusp, FOR SALE
but these ORareDISTRIBUTION
grooves
not likely to extend onto the lingual surface. Most maxillary
molars have a lingual groove that often extends onto the
lingual surface between the mesiolingual and distolingual
cusps, and a buccal groove between the mesiobuccal and
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC distobuccal© Jones
cusps & Bartlett
that does Learning,
not normally LLC
extend onto the
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buccal surface (Fig. 1-37). SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Additional occlusal grooves that are not developmental
grooves are called supplemental grooves. These small irreg-
ular (extra) grooves do not occur at the junction of the lobes
or major portions of the tooth and do not occur at the same
© Jones & FIGURE
Bartlett Learning, LLC
1-34. Three distinct unworn mamelons are evident on
© Jones &on
location Bartlett Learning,
teeth of the same type, soLLC
these extra grooves are
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incisal edge of this mandibular incisor. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
normally not assigned a specific name.

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28 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

Perikymata
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
ENAMEL LLC
SECTION SURFACE
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ENAMEL
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
SURFACE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
B FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

A
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C ENAMEL SURFACE ENLARGED

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
FIGURE 1-35. A. Perikymata are the small ridges visible on the labial surface of this incisor. B. Magnified cross section of enamel shows
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perikymata ridges on the tooth surface (on the right half). C. Higher magnification (220×) shows the enamel rods that make up enamel
ending on the perikymata waves. (These scanning electron micrographs were provided by Dr. Ruth B. Paulson, Associate Professor Emeritus,
Division of Oral Biology, the Ohio State University.)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
FOSSAE:
NOT FOR Located
SALEat theORmesial and distal ends of the
DISTRIBUTION which they aim,
NOT forFOR
example, in Figure
SALE OR1-38, the distobuccal
DISTRIBUTION
central groove on each posterior tooth within the occlu- developmental groove (more precisely called the distobuc-
sal table and next to the mesial and distal marginal ridges, cal triangular or fossa groove) runs toward the distobuccal
there are shallow depressions called a mesial fossa and dis- line angle of the tooth. A pit may form at the depth of a fossa
tal fossa (sometimes called a mesial and distal triangular where central groove joins the fossa grooves. For example,
fossa) (Fig. 1-38).
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fossa grooves (also called fossa develop- within&
© Jones theBartlett
distal fossa on a premolar,
Learning, LLCthere is a distal pit at
mental grooves or triangular fossa grooves) may be found the junction of the central groove with the distobuccal and
NOT FORwithin
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splitting off of the ends of the central
NOTdistolingual
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
fossa grooves (Fig. 1-38). Most molars and
groove directed toward the line angles of the tooth. These three-cusped premolars have an additional central fossa
grooves can be named for the line angles of the tooth toward seen in Figure 1-39.
Many anterior teeth have a shallow, broad lingual fossa
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCis located on the lingual surface
that © Jonesbetween
& the mesial and
Bartlett Learning, LLC
distal marginal ridges and just incisal to the cingulum (par-
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ticularly on maxillary incisors, Fig. 1-40). The lingual ridge of
some maxillary canines may divide the lingual surface into
Crest of curvature
two fossae: a mesial fossa bounded by the mesial marginal
ridge and the lingual ridge and a distal fossa bounded by the
Crest of curvature
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC distal marginal ridge and&the
© Jones lingual ridge
Bartlett (Fig. 1-41).LLC
Learning,
Groove crossing Deep, defective pits and fissures may be found at the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION mesial marginal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Tip of buccal cusp
ridge
depth of fossae and grooves caused by the incomplete fusion
Sulcus of enamel during tooth development (at the white arrow in
Tip of lingual cusp
Fig. 1-42). Because it is very difficult to remove food debris
Triangular ridges
from these inaccessible fissures, tooth decay (also called
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

F IGURE 1-36. This two-cusped premolar has a sulcus between dental &
© Jones caries [CARELearning,
Bartlett eez]) often begins
LLCin the deepest part
the buccal and lingual cusps. of a fissure or pit (seen spreading out within dentin as the
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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 29

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Central developmental groove (C) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Fossa developmental grooves (F) NOT
S
FOR
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F
C M
Supplemental grooves (S) S S

Marginal ridge groove (M)

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NOT
A FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

central groove buccal groove

© Jones
B & Bartlett Learning, LLC
buccal groove © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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mesiobuccal
D groove
M D
M D M
distobuccal
groove
distobuccal triangular
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
L LLC
lingual groove © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Mandibular molars

© Jones & Bartlett

B
Learning,
buccal groove LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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central groove NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
mesiobuccal
triangular
D M groove M D

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
mesiolingual
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION triangular
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
L lingual groove
groove
lingual groove
B Maxillary molars

FIGURE 1-37. A. This two-cusped premolar has developmental (major) and supplemental (extra) occlusal grooves. (Courtesy of
© Jones &Drs.Bartlett
Richard W. Learning, LLC
Huffman and Ruth Paulson.) B. Grooves are labeled©onJones & Bartlett
a mandibular four-cuspedLearning, LLC
molar (upper left and center), a
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mandibular five-cusped molar (upper right) and a maxillary molar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
with four major cusps (lower row). The buccal, lingual, and central
grooves are considered developmental grooves. The buccal groove extends between the two buccal cusps onto the buccal surface on
mandibular molars, and the lingual groove extends between the two lingual cusps onto the lingual surface of maxillary molars. Five-
cusped mandibular first molars have three buccal cusps, so there are two developmental grooves: a mesiobuccal groove between the
mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusps and a distobuccal groove between the distobuccal and distal cusps.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Distobuccal DISTRIBUTION
triangular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(fossa) groove
Buccal cusp

Distal triangular fossa (red) and pit

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Mesial OR DISTRIBUTION
triangular fossa (red) and pit

© Jones & FIGURE

Bartlett Learning,
1-38. The mesial and LLC Distolingual triangular © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
(fossa) groove
NOT FORdistal
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OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Lingual cusp
this maxillary two-cusped premolar.

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30 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

FOSSAE AND PITS

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Two-cusped premolar Three-cusped premolar
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B mesial fossa B mesial triangular fossa
and pit and pit

D
M D M distal triangular
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fossa and pit LLC
Mesial
M © JonesD& Bartlett
DistalLearning, LLC
NOT
distal fossa FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
central fossa and pit fossa NOT FOR SALEfossa
OR DISTRIBUTION
L L
and pit

Four-cusped molar
mesial triangular fossa
© Jones & Bartlett
and pitLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Lingual ridge
NOT FOR SALEB OR DISTRIBUTION
central fossa and pit
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-41. This maxillary canine has a lingual ridge that divides
the lingual surface into a mesial fossa and a distal fossa.
M distal triangular fossa
and pit
D
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
open, it&isBartlett Learning,
like a fissured LLCtwo rivers converge
groove. Where
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
L (as when grooves or
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfissures converge), the whirlpools and
eddies may have formed a depression, like a fossa, possibly
FIGURE 1-39. Fossae and pits are labeled on teeth with two,
with a pit at its depth. Needless to say, it is difficult to define
three, and four cusps. Two-cusped teeth have two fossae (a mesial
and a distal fossa), while three- or four-cusped teeth also have a
exactly where a mountain stops and the valley begins, just
third fossa called a central fossa. as it would be difficult to define exactly where a tooth cusp
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
stops and a sulcus or fossa begins. & Bartlett
Just realize Learning, LLC
that these
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION terms are not precise, but that they
NOT FOR SALElearning
are helpful when OR DISTRIBUTION
dark area between the two black arrows) and described in how to reproduce tooth form during construction of crowns
more detail in Chapter 10. These carious pits and fissures and placement of fillings or when learning to finish and pol-
are most likely to be located in four areas: at the depth of ish an existing filling.
deep grooves and pits on the occlusal surface of posterior
teeth,©inJones & Bartlett
buccal grooves Learning,
that extend onto the LLC
buccal surface © Jones
B. EXTERNAL & Bartlett Learning,
MORPHOLOGY OF THE LLC
of mandibular
NOT FOR molars,
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the lingual surface of maxillary molars, and on the lingual
ANATOMIC ROOT
surface of maxillary incisors where the lingual fossa joins the Recall that the anatomic root is the part of a tooth that is
cingulum (Fig. 1-43). covered with cementum. The apex of the root is the tip or
In summary, if you compare tooth morphology to a peak at the end of the root, often with visible openings called
© Jones &mountain
Bartlett Learning,
range, LLC
the mountain peak would be the cusp tip. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORRidges
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ridges and triangular ridges. The depression between the
mountains is a valley, like the depressions between cusps is a
sulcus. The dried river bed at the bottom of the valley is like a
groove at the bottom of the sulcus. If the riverbed is cracked
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lingual pit (if present)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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M D
lingual fossa FIGURE 1-42. A cross section of a mandibular molar shows an
occlusal groove (white arrow), which actually has a fissure (crack-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & extending
like fault) Bartlett Learning,
through LLC and into the dentin.
the outer enamel
NOT FOR FIGURE OR The
SALE1-40. lingual surface of this maxillary lateral incisor NOTThe
DISTRIBUTION FOR blackSALE
arrows show
ORhow the dental decay spreads out once it
DISTRIBUTION
shows the shallow lingual fossa and an adjacent lingual pit. reaches softer dentin at the depth of this fissure.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 31

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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A B C D

FIGURE 1-43. Caries-prone pits and fissures are located in four places (arrows). A. The occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. B. The lingual
surfaces of maxillary molars. C. The buccal surfaces of mandibular molars. D. The lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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apical foramina, where the nerves and blood vessels enter three-rooted teeth). The furcal region or interradicular
into the tooth pulp canals. The cervix [SUR viks] or neck of space is the region or space between two or more roots,
the tooth is the slightly
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC constricted region surrounding the apical &
© Jones to the furcation
Bartlett where the roots
Learning, LLC divide from the root
junction of the crown and the root (Fig. 1-44B). trunk.
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Some new terms apply to multirooted teeth
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(Fig. 1-44B). The root trunk or trunk base is the part of
the root of a multirooted molar or two-rooted premolar
C. CERVICAL LINE (CEMENTOENAMEL
next to the cementoenamel junction that has not yet split JUNCTION OR CEJ) CURVATURE
(like a stubby tree trunk before it &
© Jones gives off branches).
Bartlett The
Learning, LLC
When viewed from the mesial©orJones & Bartlett
distal aspect, Learning, LLC
the cervical
furcation [fur CAY shun] is the place on multirooted teeth line of a tooth curves (is convex)
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toward the incisal occlu-
DISTRIBUTION
where the root trunk divides into separate roots (called a sal surface (Fig. 1-44). In general, the amount of curvature
bifurcation on two-rooted teeth and a trifurcation on is greater on the mesial surface than on the distal surface of

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Apex NOT FOR SALE Apex
OR ofDISTRIBUTION
lingual root

Apex of root Apical foramina

Furcal region
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Root© Jones
& Bartlett Learning, LLC
bifurcation
Anatomic root

Longitudinal
NOT FOR SALERoot
OR DISTRIBUTION
axis line NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdepression on root
Cementum

Root trunk

© Jones & BartlettCementoenamel

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junction Cementoenamel
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cervix NOTjunction
FOR(cervical
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Cervical line Cervical line
line)
Anatomic crown
Enamel

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Tip of
A B
cusp

FIGURE 1-44. A. Root anatomy on a single-rooted canine. B. Root anatomy of a bifurcated (split) root on a maxillary
first premolar.
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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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32 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

TABLE 1-2 LLC
Summary © JonesJunction
of Curvatures of the Cementoenamel & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Proximal surfaces: mesial curvature vs. Generally, teeth have a greater proximal cervical line curvature on
JUNCTION) CURVATURES distal curvature the mesial than the distal.
(CEMENTOENAMEL
CERVICAL LINE

Proximal surfaces: anterior teeth vs.

Proximal cervical line curvatures are greatest on the mesial
posterior teeth surfaces of central incisors and, for most teeth, tend to get
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
smaller when moving from the anterior © teeth
Jones & the
toward Bartlett
last Learning, LLC
molar where there may be no curvature
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Posterior teeth: facial vs. lingual On many posterior teeth, the cervical line is in a more occlusal
surface position on the lingual than on the facial.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the same
NOTtooth,
FOR andSALE
the amount of curvature is greatest for
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
central incisors and diminishes in size for each tooth when Important Tooth Dimensions to
TABLE 1-3
Memorize
moving distally around each quadrant (Table 1-2).
Tooth with longest crown Mandibular canine (Woelfel
research: maxillary incisor)
© Jones &D. RELATIVE
Bartlett SIZE LLC
Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Longest tooth overall Maxillary canine
NOT FORInSALE
order OR DISTRIBUTION
to document NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the relative sizes of tooth crowns
and roots, Dr. Woelfel studied a convenient sample of 4572 Longest root Maxillary canine
extracted teeth. His findings are presented in Table 1-7 at Widest crown mesiodistally Mandibular first molar
the end of this chapter. This table should not be memo-
Widest crown Maxillary first molar
rized, but it can be useful when comparing the average
© Jones buccolingually
dimensions of each tooth and in & Bartlett
order Learning,
to appreciate the LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOTforFOR
wide range of dimensions each SALE
tooth. AOR DISTRIBUTION
summary of Narrowest crown NOT FORcentral
Mandibular SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
incisor
the most important highlights of that data is presented in mesiodistally
Table 1-3. Greatest cervical line curve Mesial of maxillary incisor

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TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO THE IDEAL TOOTH ALIGNMENT
SECTION VII
OF TEETH IN DENTAL ARCHES

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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
When viewed from the occlusal aspect, the alignment NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of
teeth within each dental arch is somewhat U shaped or par-
abolic like the famous landmark in Missouri, the St. Louis
Arch (Fig. 1-45). The incisal edges and the buccal cusp tips
follow a curved line around the outer edge of the dental arch;
the lingual cusp tips of©theJones & teeth
posterior Bartlett
followLearning,
a curved LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
line nearly parallel to the buccal cusp tips. Between the buc- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cal and lingual cusps of posterior teeth is the sulcular groove
(occlusal sulcus), a V-shaped depression that extends
anteroposteriorly through all of the posterior teeth in each
quadrant. This sulcular groove is made up of the occlusal sul-
cuses©ofJones
adjacent & Bartlett
posterior teethLearning, LLC
in each quadrant (Fig. 1-45). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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A. MIDROOT AXIS LINE AND TOOTH
ALIGNMENT
The midroot axis line (or root axis line) is an imaginary line FIGURE 1-45. This model of the maxillary dentition with ideal
© Jones &through
Bartlett Learning,
the center LLC
of the tooth root. When viewing the facial© Jones
alignment& form
Bartlett
an arch Learning, LLC
shape and the rope of blue wax on the left
NOT FORorSALE
lingual OR DISTRIBUTION
surface, NOThalf
it can be visualized as a line that divides FOR SALE
falls within the OR DISTRIBUTION
occlusal sulcus.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 33

Root axis line

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Apex of root © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Apex of root

Root axis line

Anatomic root
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Root axis line © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Cementum
Cervix
rvix Cervical line
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
(cementoenamel
junction)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR Lingual
DISTRIBUTION
crest
Distal contactt Labial crest
Mesial contact of curvature of curvature

crown
area and crestt

Enamel
area and crest (height of

mic cro
of curvature
e
of curvature contour)
Cingulum

Anatomic
(green)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALETipORof
DISTRIBUTION
A B
cusp

FIGURE 1-46. The midroot axis line is drawn on two views of a canine. A. When viewed from the facial (or lingual), the greatest bulges
on the mesial and distal surfaces (crests of curvature) on this canine are the widest points on the crown that touch lines parallel to the
midroot axis line. These crests of curvature
© Jones are essentially
& Bartlett the same as the
Learning, LLCcontact areas of teeth when they © are
Jonesaligned& ideally in the Learning, LLC
Bartlett
mouth. Notice that these contact areas are positioned more incisally on the mesial surface than on the distal. B. When viewed from the
NOT
proximal, the greatest bulges on theFORfacialSALE OR
and lingual surfaces (crests of curvature) are the points on theNOT
DISTRIBUTION FOR
facial and SALE
lingual OR DISTRIBUTION
crown outline
that touch lines that are parallel to the midroot axis line. They are located in the cervical third on both the facial surface and on the lingual
surface (on the cingulum shaded green) for all anterior teeth.

the bulk of the root

© Jones & into mesial and
Bartlett distal halves
Learning, (Fig. 1-46A).
LLC (or cusp tip)©ofJones
a maxillary canine is more
& Bartlett likely to beLLC
Learning, labial
When viewing the mesial or distal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION surface, it divides the bulk to the midroot axis line (as seen in Fig.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1-46B).
of the root into facial and lingual halves (Fig. 1-46B). It is an When the posterior teeth in each arch are viewed from
important reference line for describing the location of tooth the buccal aspect as in Figure 1-47, notice that posterior teeth
landmarks. For example, you will learn that the incisal ridge are not aligned exactly parallel to one another and all cusp

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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FIGURE 1-47. A wax strip placed between stone models
of the maxillary and mandibular teeth demonstrates the
anteroposterior curve (curve of Spee), which is concave
in the mandibular arch but convex in the maxillary arch.
© Jones &Note
Bartlett Learning,
the difference in the axial LLC
alignment of the teeth © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORwithin
SALE eachORarch demonstrated
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the third molars and on the first premolars.

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34 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Maxillary arch
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Mandibular arch © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 1-48. Dental stone casts viewed from the distal with a wax strip used to demonstrate the mediolateral curve (of Wilson). It is
convex in the maxillary arch, but concave in the mandibular arch. Note the red lines that denote posterior tooth alignment within each arch:
maxillary molar crowns tilt toward the facial, and mandibular molar crowns tilt toward the lingual.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
tips in
NOTa quadrant
FOR do not normally
SALE fall along a ruler-straight
OR DISTRIBUTION mediolateralNOTcurve FOR
of the maxillary
SALE OR archDISTRIBUTION
is convex, whereas
line. The axial alignment changes gradually from posterior that of the mandibular arch is concave (Fig. 1-48).
to anterior teeth, which is evident when you compare the
alignment of the mandibular third molar (tipped noticeably
more to the mesial) than on the first premolar. Subsequently, B. CREST OF CURVATURE (HEIGHT OF
© Jones &if you
Bartlett
were to Learning,
connect the buccalLLCcusp tips with a line, a grad- © JonesCONTOUR)
& Bartlett ON THE FACIAL
Learning, LLC AND
NOT FORual anteroposterior
SALE curve (curve of Spee) is evident (see
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR LINGUAL
SALE OR SURFACE
DISTRIBUTION
Fig. 1-47). This curve is convex in the maxillary arch, while
The shape and extent of the greatest bulge on the facial and
the curve is concave in the mandibular arch.
lingual crown surfaces help determine the direction that food
When viewed from the distal, maxillary posterior teeth
particles are deflected as they are crushed between tooth sur-
are axially tilted facially within the maxillary arch, whereas
faces when chewing. When we chew food, these natural tooth
mandibular posterior teeth © Jones
are tilted& Bartlett
lingually within Learning,
the man- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
convexities divert food away from the thin free gingiva and
dibular arch (Fig. 1-48).NOT FOR in the
SALEmouth,OR DISTRIBUTIONgingiva sulcus surrounding theNOT FOR SALE and OR DISTRIBUTION
Therefore, lingual cusps
cervix of the tooth toward
of maxillary posterior teeth appear longer than the buccal
the firmer tissues of the mouth, thus minimizing trauma to
cusps, while the lingual cusps of mandibular posterior teeth
the gingiva. If teeth were flat facially and lingually, food could
appear shorter than the buccal cusps due to the lingual tilting
more likely damage the gingiva (Fig. 1-50). Needless to say, it is
within the mandible. However, to avoid confusion, you need
best for the dentist, dental hygienist, and/or dental technician
© Jones
to realize &inBartlett
that later the book, Learning,
you will learn LLC
that when you © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
to reproduce and maintain these natural convexities when
holdNOT FOR SALE
a mandibular molar in ORyour DISTRIBUTION
hand with the midroot axis NOTwhen FORfinishing
SALEand ORpolishing
DISTRIBUTION
restoring a tooth, fillings near
aligned vertically, the lingual cusps of mandibular molars are
the gum line, or when contouring a replacement tooth crown.
actually slightly longer than buccal cusps (Fig. 1-49). When a
The facial or lingual crest of curvature (height of con-
line connects the buccal and lingual cusps of the same type
tour) is the point on a crown outline where a line drawn par-
of molars and premolars on opposite sides of the arch, this
allel to the midroot axis line touches the greatest bulge on
© Jones &side-to-side
Bartlettcurve is the mediolateral
Learning, LLC curve (of Wilson). The © Jones & Bartlett
the crown (Fig. 1-51).Learning, LLC in either the cervi-
It is usually located
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTcalFOR
thirdSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
or the middle third, normally not in the occlusal or
incisal third. When viewed from the proximal, the location
of the crest of curvature on the facial surface on both ante-
rior and posterior tooth crowns is normally located in the
B L B L
cervical third. The location of the lingual crest of curvature
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
depends on whether the tooth is anterior or posterior. The
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
lingual crest of curvature on anterior teeth isSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
in the cervical
third, on the cingulum (Fig. 1-46B). The lingual crest of cur-
vature on posterior teeth is most often located in the middle
third (Fig. 1-51). Refer to Table 1-4 for a summary of the
location of the facial and lingual heights of contour for ante-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
rior teeth compared to posterior teeth.
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C. CONTACT AREAS (OR PROXIMAL CRESTS
OF CURVATURE)
FIGURE 1-49. This mandibular second molar with its mid-root axis
© Jones &aligned
Bartlett
verticallyLearning, LLC
(left drawing) has When &
lingual roots that appear longer,© Jones theBartlett
teeth are Learning,
in normal, ideal
LLC alignment within an
whereas the same
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tooth with the midroot axis tipped lingually, as it arch and viewed directly
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtoward the facial or lingual surfaces,
would be in the mandible, has lingual cusps that appear shorter. the location of the mesial or distal greatest bulges or crests

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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 35

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FIGURE 1-50. A. Normal facial and

lingual crests of curvature help divert
food away
© Jonesfrom the& gingival sulcus. Learning, LLC
Bartlett © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
B. When crests of curvature are not
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adequate, food can more readily
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damage the gingival sulcus. A B

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Midroot axis line (in red)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Crest of curvature
(cervical third)
FIGURE 1-51. On the proximal view of this Crest of curvature (middle third)
premolar, the buccal crest of curvature (height
© Jones &of Bartlett
contour) is located in the cervical third, while
Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the lingual height of contour is located more
NOT FORocclusally,
SALE inOR DISTRIBUTION
the middle third. This is typical of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
most posterior teeth.

ummary of the Location of Facial and Lingual Heights of Contour (Greatest Bulge) of the Crown
S
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
TABLE 1-4 NOTSeen
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(Best from the Proximal View)

FACIAL (HEIGHT OF CONTOUR) LINGUAL (HEIGHT OF CONTOUR)

Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) Cervical third Cervical third (on cingulum)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Posterior teeth (premolars and molars) Cervical third In or near middle third
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General learning guidelines:
1. Facial crest of curvature for all teeth is in cervical third.
2. Lingual crest of curvature for all anterior teeth is in the cervical third (on the cingulum).
3. Lingual crest of curvature for posterior teeth is in the middle third (slightly more occlusal in mandibular teeth due to the lingual tilt of the
crown).
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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36 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

Crest of curvature on buccal ridge

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Buccal cusp
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Distal contact Mesial contact

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FIGURE 1-52. The mesial and distal contact areas seen on

the occlusal view of this two-cusped maxillary premolar are
Lingual cusp located buccal to the center of the tooth buccolingually, which
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Crest of curvature is typical © Jones
of most & Bartlett
posterior teeth. Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of curvature is essentially the same location as contact areas • When chewing, tooth contacts help prevent food
where two adjacent teeth touch (labeled on a canine from the from being forced between the teeth where it could
facial view in Fig. 1-46A and on a premolar from the occlusal contribute to decay and gum and bone disease
© Jones &view
Bartlett Learning, LLC
in Fig. 1-52). © Jones & Bartlett
(periodontal Learning,
disease). LLC
Further, you must be able to pass
NOT FOR SALE In a young person, contacts between teeth start off
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR floss SALE
through OR
eachDISTRIBUTION
contact area in order to clean the
between recently erupted teeth as contact points. Then, as proximal surfaces, which are otherwise inaccessible to
the teeth rub together during function, these points become the toothbrush.
somewhat flattened and truly become contact areas. (It has • Contact protects the thin interdental papillae of the
been shown by careful measurements that by age 40 in a gingiva by diverting food buccally and lingually.
© Jones
healthy mouth with a complete & Bartlett
dentition, a total Learning,
of 10 mm LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
A diastema [di ah STEE mah] is a space that exists
of enamel has been worn NOT FOR
off the SALE
contact areasOR
of allDISTRIBUTION
teeth in
between two adjacent teeth inNOT FOR
the same archSALE ORthe
that is not DISTRIBUTION
an entire arch. This averages 0.38 mm per contact area on
result of a missing tooth. It is most commonly seen between
each tooth and certainly emphasizes the amount of proximal
the maxillary right and left central incisors, but can occur
wear that occurs. Therefore, we would expect contact areas
between any teeth (Fig. 1-53A and B).
on teeth of older people to be large and somewhat flattened.)
When learning the normal location of the proximal con-
© Jones
The proximal&contact
Bartlett Learning,
of each tooth withLLCthe adjacent © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
tacts for each type of tooth, it will be helpful to learn the
teethNOT FORimportant
has several SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
functions: NOT guidelines
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
following general that apply to most permanent
• The positive contact of all teeth within each dental arch teeth. Exceptions to these general rules will be presented in
stabilizes the position of teeth within each arch. later chapters.

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
A B
FIGURE 1-53. A. This stone model has a space between maxillary central incisors called a diastema. B. On these primary teeth, there is
an obvious diastema between the maxillary central incisors.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 37

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© Jones
FIGURE & Bartlett
1-54. A. These Learning, LLC
maxillary teeth © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
are aligned
NOTtoFOR demonstrate
SALE location
the OR of
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
proximal contacts: contacts are more incisal
(near the incisal edge) on the central incisor,
but are located progressively more cervical
as you move posteriorly to the third molars.
B. Proximal contacts between the central
© Jones &incisors
Bartlett Learning, LLC
are very close to the incisal edge at the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORmidline
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(most incisal between the mandibular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
incisors), but more cervical as you move
posteriorly. B

• When viewing teeth from the facial, contact areas are

© Jones
located in one of three places: in&theBartlett
incisal (orLearning,
occlusal) D. EMBRASURE SPACES
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
third, at the junctionNOT
of the incisal
FOR(or occlusal)
SALE ORandDISTRIBUTION
middle When adjacent teeth contact, the NOT FOR SALE
continuous OR
space that DISTRIBUTION
sur-
thirds, or in the middle third of the crown. Contact areas rounds each contact area can be divided into four somewhat
are not normally located in the cervical third. triangular embrasure spaces. These spaces are narrow-
• On most teeth, the mesial contact is more incisal or est closest to the contact area where the teeth are in tight
occlusal than its distal contact (Fig. 1-54A). contact, but due to the tapered shape and rounded corners
• In©general,
Jonesproximal
& Bartlett Learning,
contacts are closer LLC
to the biting/ © Jones
of most teeth, & Bartlett
these spaces Learning,
widen facially to form a LLC
buccal
chewing
NOT FOR surfaceSALE
on anterior teeth than are posterior
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
or labial embrasure spaceSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and lingually to form a lingual
teeth. The mesial contact areas on central incisors are embrasure space and widen occlusally (or incisally) to form
positioned near the incisal edge, closest to the biting/ a small occlusal or incisal embrasure space. The fourth space,
chewing surfaces (Fig. 1-54B), while contacts on molars cervical to the contact area, is properly called the interproxi-
are located closer to the middle of the crown, the farthest mal space.
from the chewing
© Jones & Bartlett surface.LLC
Learning, © Jones The&lingual
Bartlett Learning,
embrasure LLC larger or longer
is ordinarily
• When viewing
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION posterior teeth from the occlusal view, than the facial embrasure
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION because most teeth are narrower
contacts are often located slightly to the facial of the tooth (have less bulk) in the lingual half than on the facial half
midline buccolingually (Fig. 1-55). and because their contact points are most often located
• When viewing anterior teeth from the incisal view, facial to the faciolingual midline of the crown. See the dif-
contacts are nearly centered faciolingually (Fig. 1-55). ference in the embrasure space sizes in Figure 1-56.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
FIGURE FOR
1-55. TheseSALE
maxillaryOR
teethDISTRIBUTION
are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
aligned to demonstrate the location of proximal
contacts when viewed from the occlusal.
Between posterior teeth, the contacts are
located buccal to the middle of the teeth
© Jones &buccolingually.
Bartlett Between
Learning,
anteriorLLC
teeth, the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FORcontacts
SALEareOR located near the center of the
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
teeth faciolingually.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 37 25/03/20 4:34 PM

38 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

but occlusal
© Jones to their contact
& Bartlett area. This
Learning, LLC is the space where we
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
place the dental floss before passing it through the contact
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTarea
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to clean tooth surfaces in the interproximal space.
When viewed from the facial or lingual, the triangular-
shaped interproximal space is bounded by the proximal
surfaces of adjacent teeth, with the apex of the triangle at the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC contact between two teeth (Fig. 1-57A and
© Jones &B). In a mouth
Bartlett Learning, LLC
with healthy periodontium, this space is completely filled
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR
with the interdental papilla (Fig. 1-57C). Sometimes, this
DISTRIBUTION
interproximal space is referred to as the cervical or gingival
FIGURE 1-56. When viewed from the occlusal, the lingual embrasure.
embrasure spaces of posterior teeth are larger than the buccal Excellent proximal contacts and well-formed crown
embrasure spaces due to the taper of the teeth narrower toward
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC contours forming the proximal
© Jones embrasure
& Bartlett spaces serve
Learning, LLCto
the lingual and the location of the proximal contacts buccal to the direct food away from the gingiva. When the embrasures are
NOT
midline FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
faciolingually. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
incorrectly shaped (as with a poorly contoured dental resto-
ration), or when there is a space between the teeth, fibrous
The occlusal or incisal embrasure is usually shallow food may readily lodge in the interproximal spaces requir-
from the occlusal surface or incisal edge to the contact areas ing frequent use of dental floss or toothpicks for its removal.
© Jones &and is narrower
Bartlett faciolingually
Learning, LLCon anterior teeth but broader This food
© Jones impactionLearning,
& Bartlett is not only anLLCannoyance, but it can
on posterior teeth. The occlusal embrasure on posterior teeth contribute to the formation of periodontal disease (bone
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is the small area between the marginal ridges of adjacent teeth loss) and dental decay.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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FIGURE 1-57. A. The mandibular

teeth are aligned to demonstrate the
A
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Interdental papilla © Jonesinterproximal
& Bartlettspaces Learning,
(or cervicalLLC
Incisal embrasure spaces) located between
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
embrasure NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
each pair of contacting teeth. B. This
space
close-up of mandibular incisors in
a skull (without tissue) shows the
interproximal space cervical to the
Interproximal proximal contact (gingival embrasure
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
space (cervical © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
space). The veryLLC small triangular space
embrasure
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
space) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
above the proximal contact is the incisal
embrasure space. C. The interproximal
spaces between these maxillary teeth
are filled with healthy gingiva called
B C interdental papillae.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
R E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns

These questions were designed to help you confirm that you 2. Which ridges help to surround the perimeter of the
understand the terms and concepts presented in this section. occlusal surface (occlusal table) of a two-cusped
More©than
Jones & Bartlett
one answer Learning, LLC
may be correct. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
premolar?
NOT of
1. Which FOR SALE bumps
the following OR DISTRIBUTION
or ridges is NOT likely to NOT
a. Mesial FOR
marginal SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ridge
be found on a maxillary premolar? b. Distal marginal ridge
c. Mesial cusp ridge of the buccal cusp
a. Oblique ridge
d. Distal cusp ridge of the lingual cusp
b. Cingulum
e. Transverse ridge
c. Mesial Learning,
© Jones & Bartlett marginal ridgeLLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
d. Transverse ridge
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e. Triangular ridge

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 38 25/03/20 4:35 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 39

On a two-cusped premolar, which ridges meet to form ©
Learning, LLC a Jones
6. When viewed from
& Bartlett the proximal
Learning, LLCviews, what is the
transverse ridge? location of the greatest bulge (crest of curvature or height
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of contour) on the facial surface of all teeth?
a. Buccal ridge of the buccal cusp
b. Triangular ridge of the lingual cusp a. Occlusal third
c. Triangular ridge of the mesiolingual cusp b. Lingual third
d. Triangular ridge of the buccal cusp c. Buccal third
e. Cervical ridge of©the
Jones & Bartlett
Learning, LLCd. Middle third
buccal cusp © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e. Cervical third NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
4. Which of the following is (are) NOT a cusp found on
three-cusped type premolars? 7. Which space(s) contain(s) the part of the gingiva known
a. Mesiobuccal as the interdental papilla?
b. Distobuccal a. Buccal embrasure
c. Buccal
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. Occlusal embrasure
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
d. Mesiolingual c. Lingual embrasure
NOT FOR
e. Distolingual
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
d. Cervical embrasure
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e. Interproximal space
5. What is the correct order of anatomic landmarks of a
tooth with two roots from the cementoenamel junction
to the root tip?
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a. Cervix, trunk, furcation, apex
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b. Trunk, cervix, furcation, apex NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. Trunk, furcation, cervix, apex
d. Cervix, trunk, apex, furcation
e. Furcation, trunk, cervix, apex
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
ANSWERS: 1–a, b; 2–a, b, c, d; 3–b, d; 4–a, b; 5–a; 6–e; 7–d, e
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE
IDEAL OCCLUSION: INTER (BETWEEN)
NOT FORARCH RELATIONSHIP
SECTION VIII OR DISTRIBUTION SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
OF TEETH

Occlusion [ah KLOO zhun] in dentistry refers to the rela- mandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth will be presented in
© Jones &tionship
Bartlett Learning,
of the upper andLLC
lower teeth when they close© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
this section.
NOT FORtogether
SALE or OR DISTRIBUTION
contact NOT FOR
one another during function or rest. ToothSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
relationships were described and classified as
Therefore, occlusion involves the contacting of occlusal and classes I, II, and III in the early 1900s by Edward H. Angle.
incisal surfaces of opposing maxillary and mandibular teeth. He classified ideal occlusion as class I and defined it based
The word occlude literally means to close up or shut, as in on the relationship between the maxillary and mandibular
closing your teeth together. dental arches. When defining class I occlusion, the teeth
© Jones
It is important to learn & Bartlett
the relationships Learning,
of teeth in ideal LLC
should be closed together in © Jones
their maximum& Bartlett Learning, LLC
intercuspal
NOT malocclusions
occlusion in order to identify FOR SALEthat ORcould
DISTRIBUTION
con- NOT
position, or best fitting together FOR
of the SALE
teeth, OR inDISTRIBUTION
as shown
tribute to dental problems. The importance of proper occlu- Figure 1-58. This relationship can be achieved on handheld
sion cannot be overestimated. It is essential for both dental models when the maxillary teeth fit as tightly as possible
health and general health and for a patient’s comfort and abil- against the mandibular teeth (i.e., are most stable). The fol-
ity to speak, chew, and enjoy food. Understanding occlusion lowing specific tooth relationships define class I ideal occlu-
© Jones
requires & Bartlett
a knowledge not onlyLearning,
of the relationLLC
of the lower © Jones
sion in the adult & Bartlett Learning, LLC
dentition:
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jaw to the upper jaw but also of the jaw joints, their com- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
• Horizontal overlap of anterior teeth: The incisal edges
plexities, and the muscles, nerves, ligaments, and soft tissues
of maxillary anterior teeth horizontally overlap the
that affect the position of the mandible. These topics will be
mandibular teeth such that the incisal edges of maxillary
covered in much more depth in Chapter 9. The arrangement
teeth are labial to the incisal edges of mandibular teeth
of teeth within the dental arches (alignment, proximal con-
© Jones &tacts,
Bartlett Learning, (best
&seen in Fig. 1-58).
and embrasure spaces)LLC © Jones
has been discussed in the previ- Bartlett Learning, LLC
• Vertical overlap of anterior teeth: The incisal edges
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section of this chapter, and the ideal relationship of the FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of the maxillary anterior teeth extend below (overlap

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40 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

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FIGURE 1-58. Dental stone casts with
adult teeth fitting together in the maximum
intercuspal position (tightest fit). Notice
that, from this view, each tooth has the
Anteroposterior
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC curve potential for © Jones
contacting two&opposing
BartlettteethLearning, LLC
(curve of Spee) except the maxillary third molar. The vertical
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red line marks the relationship of first molars
in class I occlusion: the mesiobuccal cusp
of the maxillary first molar occludes in the
mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first
molar. Also, the maxillary canine fits into the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett
facial embrasure Learning,
between LLC
the mandibular
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT canine
FORand SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
first premolar.

vertically) the incisal edges of the mandibular teeth so • The lingual cusp tips and lingual surfaces of the
that, when viewed from the facial, part of the incisal mandibular teeth are lingual to those in the maxillary
portion of mandibular
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC incisors is hidden from view by the
© Jones & arch.
Bartlett Learning, LLC
overlapping maxillary incisors (Fig. 1-59). • Relative alignment: The vertical (long) axis midline of
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Relationship of posterior teeth: Maxillary posterior teeth
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each maxillary tooth is slightly distal to the vertical axis
are positioned slightly buccal to mandibular posterior of its corresponding mandibular tooth type so that:
teeth (Fig. 1-60) so that: • The tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first
• The buccal cusp tips and buccal surfaces of the molar is aligned directly over the mesiobuccal groove
maxillary teeth are
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (the mesial of two buccal
buccal to those in the mandibular © grooves)
Joneson &the mandibular
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arch. first molar (the mesiobuccal cusp of tooth 14 fits into
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• The lingual cusps of maxillary teeth rest in occlusal
NOT FOR SALE OR
the mesiobuccal groove of tooth 19 in Fig. 1-61). This
DISTRIBUTION
sulcuses and fossae of the mandibular teeth. relationship of first molars (the first permanent teeth
• The buccal cusps of the mandibular teeth rest in the to erupt) is a key factor in the definition of class I
occlusal sulcuses and fossae of the maxillary teeth. occlusion. Further, the maxillary canine fits into the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC facial©embrasure
Jones between the mandibular
& Bartlett Learning, canine
LLC and
first premolar.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
• Most teeth in an ideal dental arch have the potential
for occluding with two teeth in the opposing arch.
For example, the distal surface of the maxillary first

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
5 6
NOT FOR SALE OR7 DISTRIBUTION
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
29 19
28
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Buccal surface
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Lingual surface NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of maxillary
of maxillary molar
FIGURE 1-59. Maxillary and mandibular teeth of the permanent molar L B
dentition are in the maximum intercuspal position. Observe the
L B
interproximal spaces filled with the interdental papillae
between each pair of teeth. Notice how each tooth is in contact Lingual surface
with © Jonesteeth,
its adjacent & Bartlett
and how theLearning,
midline between LLCproximal of mandibular© Jones & Bartlett Learning, BuccalLLC
surface
of mandibular
NOT
contacts FOR
of the SALE
maxillary centralOR DISTRIBUTION
incisors lines up with the midline molar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION molar
between proximal contacts of the mandibular central incisors.
Also, note how the incisal edges of maxillary anterior teeth overlap
(vertical overlap) and hide the incisal edges of the mandibular
anterior teeth, and how each of the relatively wide maxillary central
© Jones &incisors overlapsLearning,
Bartlett not only the narrow
LLCmandibular central incisor but© Jones
FIGURE&1-60. This proximal
Bartlett view of a maxillary
Learning, LLC and mandibular
also part of the mandibular lateral incisor (e.g., tooth 9 overlaps molar in normal interarch alignment reveals the alignment and
NOT FORtooth
SALE OR
24 and partDISTRIBUTION
of 23). NOTposition
FOR ofSALE OR
buccal and DISTRIBUTION
lingual cusps in ideal occlusion.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 40 25/03/20 4:35 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 41

premolar
© Jones & Bartlett(tooth 12 in Fig. 1-61)
Learning, LLC is posterior to the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
distal surface of the mandibular first premolar (tooth
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR21),
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and therefore, tooth 12 occludes with both the
mandibular first and second premolar (teeth 20 and
9 10 11 15
12 13 14 21). Exceptions to this rule include the mandibular
18
central incisor, which, due to its size and location,
25 24 23 22 © Jones & Bartlett
21 20 19 Learning, LLC only occludes with the© maxillary
Jonescentral incisor Learning,
& Bartlett (as LLC
seen in Fig. 1-59), and the maxillary third molar,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONwhich only occludes with NOT FOR SALE OR
the mandibular third molar
DISTRIBUTION
(Fig. 1-58).
To summarize, ideal occlusion involves a class I relation-
FIGURE 1-61. The left cheek has been drawn back to reveal
ship between the maxillary and mandibular first molars in
how each of these maxillary teeth occludes with two opposing
© Jones
mandibular & Bartlett
teeth. Tooth 19 has twoLearning,
buccal grooves:LLCmesiobuccal
maximum intercuspal
© Jonesposition.
& BartlettAlso, Learning,
ideally, there LLC
should
(with NOT
a buccalFOR be no large flattened chewing surfaces (facets) and no tooth
SALE
filling) and OR DISTRIBUTION
distobuccal (not visible). Note that the
grinding
NOT FOR
(bruxing)
SALE
habits, bone
ORcrooked
loss,
DISTRIBUTION
teeth, loose
mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar (tooth 14) occludes
with the mesiobuccal groove on the mandibular first molar (19) teeth, or joint pain.1 Classes II and III of occlusion and mal-
and that the maxillary canine (11) fits into the facial embrasure occlusion (literally meaning bad occlusion) will be discussed
between the mandibular canine (22) and the first premolar (21). in detail in Chapter 9.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
R E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns about Occlusion

These questions are to help you confirm that you understand 2. Where do lingual cusps of maxillary teeth occlude in
the terms and concepts©presented
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCideal class I occlusion? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
in this section. More than
one answer may be correct.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. In the buccal embrasure NOT
spaceFOR SALE
between OR DISTRIBUTION
mandibular
1. Ideal class I occlusion involves an important first teeth
permanent molar relationship where the mesiobuccal b. In the lingual embrasure space between mandibular
cusp of the maxillary first molar is located within the teeth
c. In occlusal fossae of mandibular teeth
a. Mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
b. Distobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar.
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c. Buccal groove of the mandibular second molar. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
d. Mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular second molar.
e. Distobuccal groove of the mandibular second molar.
ANSWERS: 1–a; 2–c
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

SECTION IX TOOTH DEVELOPMENT FROM LOBES

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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Tooth crowns develop from lobes or primary growth cen- from four lobes: three facial lobes and one lingual lobe
ters (Fig. 1-62). Most normal teeth show evidence of hav- forming the cingulum.
ing developed from three to five lobes. As a general rule, the As on anterior teeth, the facial portion of the facial cusp
facial portion of anterior teeth (incisors and canines) forms of a premolar forms from three lobes, often evident by a buc-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
from three lobes, and the lingual cingulum area forms from
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cal ridge and a depression on either side dividing the facial
one NOT FOR SALE
lobe. Evidence of threeOR DISTRIBUTION
facial lobes can sometimes be surface intoNOT FOREach
three parts. SALE ORcusp
lingual DISTRIBUTION
forms from one
seen as a labial ridge separated from the rest of the facial lobe. Therefore, a two-cusp-type premolar forms from four
surface by two shallow depressions dividing the facial sur- lobes: three facial and one lingual, the same as for an anterior
face into three parts (seen clearly on a maxillary central tooth. However, a three-cusp-type premolar with two lingual
incisor in Fig. 1-63A) or three mamelons on an incisal edge cusps forms from five lobes: three facial and two lingual, one
© Jones &(Fig. 1-63B).
Bartlett To Learning, LLC
summarize, anterior teeth normally develop
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
for each lingual cusp.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 41 25/03/20 4:35 PM

42 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
C

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
A B D

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

E F G
FIGURE 1-62. Lobes or primary anatomic divisions on teeth. Drawings (A), (B), and (C) show the facial, mesial, and incisal views of a
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
maxillary central incisor that, like all anterior teeth, forms from four lobes. The lingual cingulum develops from one lobe (labeled 4) seen in
views (B) and (C). Mamelons NOT mayFORappearSALE ORedge
on the incisal of newly erupted incisors, an indication of theNOT
DISTRIBUTION FOR
three labial SALE
lobes. OR(D)DISTRIBUTION
Drawings
and (G) are the mesial and occlusal view of a two-cusped premolar that also forms from four lobes. As with anterior teeth, the facial cusp
forms from three lobes, and one lingual lobe forms the lingual cusp. The divisions between the facial and lingual lobes are evidenced by the
marginal ridge developmental grooves. Each cusp of a molar is formed by one lobe. Drawing (E) is a mandibular first molar with five
lobes, three buccal, and two lingual, which is one lobe per cusp. Drawing (F) is a maxillary first molar with three larger lobes and one smaller
lobe, © Jones
or one & Bartlett
per cusp. Learning,
A very small fifth LLCwhen large enough, may have©formed
(Carabelli) cusp, Jones from& Bartlett
a separate lobe.Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
As a general rule, each molar cusp forms from one lobe. Two types of tooth unusual occurrences (called anoma-
For example, maxillary or mandibular molars with five cusps lies), peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors (seen later in
form from five lobes, and those with four cusps form from Chapter 11) and some extra teeth (also called supernumer-
© Jones &four lobes. Some
Bartlett maxillary molars
Learning, LLC have as few as three cusps ary teeth),
© Jones form from
& Bartlett less than three
Learning, LLC lobes. Guidelines for
and form from three
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lobes. A small fifth cusp (of Carabelli) determining the number
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of lobes that form each tooth are
may also be present on some maxillary molars, and when it presented in Table 1-5.
is large, it may have formed from a separate lobe.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Two © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
depressions
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1-63. A. The light reflecting off of this maxillary

central incisor reveals the three bulges reflecting the
formation of the facial surface by three facial lobes. The
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &three
Bartlett
bulges areLearning, LLC
separated by two depressions. B. This
NOT FOR SALE OR A DISTRIBUTION B NOT FOR mandibular
SALE OR incisor with three mamelons reflects its
DISTRIBUTION
Three bulges formation from three facial lobes.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 42 25/03/20 4:35 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 43

© Jones &
Bartlett Learning,
TABLE 1-5 © Jones
LLCfor Determining the Number
Guidelines of Lobes& Bartlett
Forming AdultLearning,
Tooth LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
TOOTH CLASS NO. LINGUAL CUSPS OR CINGULUM NO. OF LOBES (FACIAL AND LINGUAL)
PREMOLARS
All anterior teeth 1 Cingulum 3+1=4
TEETH AND
ANTERIOR

Two-cusped premolars 1 lingual 3+1=4

Three-cusped premolars 2 lingual 3+2=5
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Guideline for determining the number of lobes for anterior teeth and premolars:
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Number of lobes = 3 facial lobes + 1 lobe per lingual cusp or cingulum

MOLAR BY NUMBER OF CUSPS NO. TOTAL CUSPS NO. OF LOBES

Four-cusped molars 4 4
NOT FOR SALE
Five-cusped OR(including
molars DISTRIBUTION
5 NOT 5FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
large Carabelli cusps)
Guideline for determining the number of molar lobes:
Number of molar lobes = 1 per cusp (including Carabelli if large)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

R E V I E W Q u e s t i o ns about L obes

© Jones
These questions were designed & Bartlett
to help Learning,
you confirm that you LLC
4. How many developmental © Jones
lobes form& Bartlett
a mandibularLearning, LLC
understand the terms andNOT FORpresented
concepts SALE in OR thisDISTRIBUTION
section. lateral incisor? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
More than one answer may be correct. a. 1
1. How many developmental lobes form a premolar with b. 2
two cusps (one buccal cusp and one lingual cusp)? c. 3
d. 4
© 1Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a.
e. 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
b.
NOT2 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. 3 5. What separates the portions of tooth formed by different
d. 4 lobes?
e. 5 a. Supplemental grooves
2. How many developmental lobes form a maxillary molar b. Mamelons
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©
with three cusps (two buccal cusps and one lingual cusp)? Jones c. & Bartlett
Cusp ridges Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE d. Transverse ridges
a. 1 OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
e. Developmental grooves
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
3. How many developmental
NOT FOR lobesSALE
form a ORthree-cusped
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
premolar with one buccal cusp and two lingual cusps?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
© 4Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
d. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
e. 5 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ANSWERS: 1–d; 2–c; 3–c; 4–d; 5–e

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 43 25/03/20 4:35 PM

44 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
INTERESTING VARIATIONS
NOT FORINSALE
ANIMAL TEETH COMPARED TO
OR DISTRIBUTION
SECTION
NOT FOR SALE X
OR DISTRIBUTION
HUMAN TEETH USING DENTAL FORMULAE

A dental formula for the human primary dentition can be 2 1 2 3

represented by placing©the Jones & Bartlett
abbreviation Learning,
for incisors I C PM M = 8 upper and
(I) fol- LLC ©8Jones
lower teeth
& in each
Bartlett Learning, LLC
2 1 2 3
lowed by an upper number NOT FOR SALEthe
representing ORnumber
DISTRIBUTION
of NOT
quadrant, 32 teethFOR SALE
in all four OR DISTRIBUTION
quadrants
incisors in an upper quadrant over a bottom number repre-
senting the number of incisors in a lower quadrant (I 2/2), It is interesting to note that the dentition of animals can
then the number of canines (C) in an upper and lower quad- be represented by the same type of formula as described
rant (C1/1), and then the number of molars (M) in an upper above. Look at the formulas for animals in Table 1-6,
© Jones
and lower & Bartlett
quadrant (M2/2). The Learning,
formula used LLC
to represent and note that
© Joneshave
cows no upperLearning,
& Bartlett incisors or LLC
upper
teethNOT
in the FOR
humanSALEprimary OR DISTRIBUTION
dentition is as follows: canines. They have three upper and three
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lower premolars
on each side. Did you know that dogs have twice as many
2 1 2 premolars as humans if you include uppers and lowers,
I C M = 5 upper and 5 lower teeth in each quadrant;
2 1 2 as well as the right and left sides? Did you know that
20 teeth in all four quadrants the tusks on an elephant are maxillary central incisors?
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
The dental formula for the human permanent Elephants
© Jones
denti- have the Learning,
& Bartlett largest diastema
LLCin the world, large
tion, adding the new
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION abbreviation for premolars (PM), is as enough for the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONmassive trunk between their central
follows: incisors.

TABLE 1-6 Some Dental Formulae (Order of Teeth per Quadrant) and Interesting Facts about Teeth in Animals2–4
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR
Humans, Old World monkeys, SALE M 33 Porcupines and beavers NOT IFOR
I 22 C 11 P 22OR DISTRIBUTION 1
1
C 00 P 11 SALE OR
M 33 DISTRIBUTION
and apes
New World monkeys I 22 C 11 P 33 M 33 Bears and pandas I 33 C 11 P 44 M 23

Dogs, wolves, and foxes I 33 C 11 P 44 M 23 Squirrels I 11 C 00 P 21 M 33

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett2 Learning, LLC
Cats I 33 C 11 P 32 M 11 Rabbit‡ I 1 C 00 P 32 M 33
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Cows I 03 C 01 P 33 M 33 Mice and rats I 11 C 00 P 00 M 33

Horses and zebra* I 33 C 11 P 44 M 33 Moles I 33 C 11 P 44 M 33

Walruses I 01 C 11 P 33 M0
Jones Vampire bats I 2 C 1P 3 M 00
0 1 1 2
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR
Elephants† DISTRIBUTION I 01 C 00 Dm† 3
3
NOT
M 33 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Shrews I 31 C 11 P 31 M 33
*
Pigs and hippopotami have the same formula, except that they have two or three upper and two or three lower incisors.
†
Elephants have deciduous molars (Dm) but no premolars. An elephant’s skull is not larger than necessary to house its brain. The size is needed to provide
mechanical support for the tusks (one third of their length is embedded in the skull) and the enormous molars. Each molar weighs about 9 pounds and is
nearly a foot long mesiodistally on the occlusal surface. Tusks (the central incisors) can be as long as 1½ feet and weigh 440 pounds.5
‡ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Guinea pigs have the same formula, except that they have only one maxillary incisor.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The beaver has four strong curved incisors. They have very hard, bright orange enamel on the labial surface and much softer exposed dentin on the lingual
surface. As the dentin wears off, this leaves very sharp cutting edges of enamel. The incisors continue to grow throughout life. The posterior teeth have flat,
rough edges on the occlusal surface, and they stop growing at 2 years of age. There is a large diastema immediately posterior to the incisors, and flaps of
skin fold inward and meet behind the incisors to seal off the back part of the mouth during gnawing.
Therefore, splinters are kept out. The flaps of skin relax for eating and drinking.
The shrew has two hooked cusps on the upper first incisor. Its primary dentition is shed in utero. The shrew’s 1- to 1½-year life span is limited by the wear
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
on their molars. Death occurs by starvation once the molars wear out. Also, their small body can store only enough food for 1 to 2 h, so they must feed
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almost continually. Their diet consists of small invertebrates, woodlice, and fruit. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The vampire bat has large canines, but its highly specialized upper incisors, which are V shaped and razor edged, are what remove a piece of the victim’s
skin. The bat’s saliva contains an anticoagulant, and its tongue rolls up in a tube to suck or lap the exuding blood.
Some vertebrates do not have any teeth (complete anodontia) but have descended from ancestors that possessed teeth. Birds have beaks but depend
on a gizzard to do the grinding that molars would usually perform. Turtles have heavy jaw coverings, which are thin edged in the incisor region and wide
posteriorly for crushing. The duck-billed platypus has its early-life teeth replaced by keratinous plates, which it uses to crush aquatic insects, crustaceans,
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
and mollusks. The whalebone whale and anteaters also have no teeth, but their diets do not require chewing.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 44 25/03/20 4:36 PM

LEAR N I NG EXERCI SE 3 (continued)
LEARNING EXERCISE 1

Bartlett Learning,
a tooth LLC in cross section, and label © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
and adjacent gingiva
the following structures: enamel, dentin, cementum, root NOT FOR SALE BEGIN OR DISTRIBUTION
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
canal, pulp chamber, apical foramen location, dentinoenamel
HERE

First
junction, cementoenamel junction, dentinocemental junction, molars
periodontal ligament space, alveolar bone, gingiva, gingival
sulcus, anatomic crown, and anatomic root. Use Figures 1-10
and 1-12 as a guide.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE NOTforFOR
1-65. As per the directions SALE
this learning OR DISTRIBUTION
exercise,
name each structure. Then identify the same teeth using the
International System, then the Palmer System.
LEARNING EXERCISE 2
a
© Jones
Identify the teeth&visible
Bartlett Learning,
in Figure LLC
1-64 using the Universal b © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
k LLC

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Numbering System. Remember that as you are viewing c NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
this mouth, the left side of the photograph is the right side j
of the mouth. Begin with the second molar in the maxillary d
arch and continue to the central incisor. Then drop to i
the mandibular central incisor and continue numbering
© Jones & back
Bartlett
to theLearning, LLC molar. Compare your
mandibular second © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
responses to the answers that follow. Then identify the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
same teeth using the International System and finally the
Palmer System. e f g h

FIGURE 1-66. As per the directions for this learning

BEGIN HERE exercise, name each structure on this mandibular left second
premolar with three cusps (cusp©tips
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC denoted&
Jones by Bartlett
three small Learning, LLC
circles) and this mandibular left first molar with five cusps
Second NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (cusp tips denoted by five smallNOTcircles).FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
molars

Answers:
Universal tooth numbers for teeth in order:
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; then 19 for
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
mandibular & Bartlett
first molar, Learning,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, LLC
27,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 28, 29,NOT
30. TheFOR correctSALE
numbersOR DISTRIBUTION
using the International
FIGURE 1-64. As per the directions for this learning exercise, System are as follows: 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 21, 22,
identify all visible teeth using the Universal number. Then 23, 24, 25, 26; then 36 for mandibular left first molar,
identify the same teeth using the International System, then 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. Then use
the Palmer System. Table 1-1 to confirm the correct method for identifying
each of these teeth using the Palmer System.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Answers.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Universal tooth numbers for teeth in order:
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; 25 for central incisor, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31. The correct numbers using the International LEARNING EXERCISE 4
System are 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11; 41 for central
incisor, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. Then, use Table 1-1 One tooth in Figure 1-66 is©aJones mandibular left secondLearning, LLC
to confirm the correct© Jones
method for &identifying
Bartletteach Learning,
of LLC & Bartlett
premolar with three cusps (cusp tips are indicated by the
these teeth using the NOT FOR
Palmer SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
System. NOT
three small circles), and the other FOR
tooth SALE OR
is a mandibular left DISTRIBUTION
first molar with five cusps (cusp tips indicated by five small
circles). Based on this information, you should be able to
identify each of the structures (except maybe i) indicated in
Figure 1-66. Confirm your answers below.
© Jones
L E&
A RBartlett
N I N G Learning,
E X E R C I S ELLC
3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Answers: (a) Lingual groove; (b) mesial pit; (c) mesial
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
marginal ridge; (d) mesial cusp ridge of the buccal
Identify the teeth visible in Figure 1-65 using the Universal cusp; (e) triangular ridge of the buccal cusp; (f) distal
Numbering System, beginning with the maxillary first molar cusp ridge of the mesiobuccal cusp; (g) mesiobuccal
on the left side of the photograph, and continue numbering groove; (h) distobuccal groove; (i) distal cusp tip; (j)
through the maxillary first molar on the right side. Then drop transverse ridge made up of the triangular ridges of
© Jones & down
Bartlett
to the Learning,
mandibular firstLLC
molar and continue numbering © Jonesthe
& distobuccal
BartlettcuspLearning, LLC cusp; (k)
and the distolingual
through OR
NOT FOR SALE the first molar on the other side (Fig. 1-66).
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE
mesial ORridge
marginal DISTRIBUTION
groove.

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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 45 25/03/20 4:36 PM

46 PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
C R I T I C AL Th i n k i n g

1. A. Using good light source (like a small flashlight), a large mirror (magnifying if possible), and a small, clean disposable
dental mirror (which
© Jonescan be&purchased
Bartlett from most drug stores),
Learning, LLC evaluate the facial and lingual a maxillaryLearning, LLC
surfaces&ofBartlett
© Jones
right lateral incisor in your own mouth. Describe the tooth in as much detail as possible trying to use as many of the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
terms presented in this chapter as possible. Underline each term you use. For example, “There is a pit on the lingual
or palatal surface in the cervical or gingival third in the lingual fossa adjacent to the cingulum that is deeply stained.”
B. Repeat this exercise for the maxillary left lateral incisor, then the maxillary right central incisor, and finally the
maxillary left central incisor.
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2. This exercise is designed to assure student mastery of the three common systems used to identify teeth.
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A. In the chart that follows, record the Universal tooth number to identify each of the four permanent first molars.
Next, identify each of these teeth using the International System. Finally, use the Palmer System.

Maxillary Right Maxillary Left Mandibular Left Mandibular Right

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First Molar First© Jones
Molar & Bartlett Learning, LLC
First Molar First Molar
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Universal
International
Palmer
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B. In this chart, record the correct answers for each of the four permanent central incisors.
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Maxillary Right Maxillary Left Central Mandibular Left Mandibular Right
Central Incisor Incisor Central Incisor Central Incisor

Universal
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NOTInternational
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Palmer

3. Obtain a model of someone’s complete adult dentition from your dentist or orthodontist. Evaluate the shape of each
tooth to confirm which teeth are present. On this model, answer each of the following questions: Do all incisors have
marginal ridges and lingual fossa? Do the maxillary canines have distinct facial ridges? Do they have a distinct lingual
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ridge? Do mandibular canines have distinct marginal ridges and lingual fossae? Do any of the premolars have three
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nonexistent? If so, are they mandibular first premolars? Do all first molars have five cusps? What are their Universal
numbers?

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REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES

1. Ash MM. Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion. Jordan R, Abrams L, Kraus B. Kraus’ dental anatomy and occlusion.
7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1993. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book, 1992.
© Jones
2. Osborn JR, ed.& Bartlett
Dental anatomy Learning, LLC
and embryology. Oxford, UK: Melfi RC. Oral© embryology
Jones &and Bartlett Learning,
microscopic LLC
anatomy, a textbook
Blackwell
NOT FOR Scientific
SALE Publications, 1981:133.
OR DISTRIBUTION for students
NOTin FOR
dental hygiene.
SALE 10th OR ed. Philadelphia, PA:
DISTRIBUTION
3. Palmer RS. Elephants. In: Richard Harmon, ed. World book Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
encyclopedia. Vol. 6. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc., 1979:178C. Renner RP. An introduction to dental anatomy and esthetics.
4. Brant D. Beavers. In: Richard Harmon, ed. World book Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing, 1985.
encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc., 1979:147.
5. Zoo books: elephants. Wildlife Education Limited. San Diego,
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
CA: Frye & Smith, 1980:14.
©Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 46 25/03/20 4:36 PM

CHAPTER 1 ■ Basic Terminology for Understanding Tooth Morphology 47

and dentin. Odontoblasts can continue

LLCto form new dentin
© Jones &1.Bartlett
Advanced Topics about
Learning, LLCthe Embryology and © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
Mineral Content of Tooth Tissues over a lifetime (called secondary dentin), and when a tooth
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traumatized (as from decay), the odontoblasts can form a
When you study tooth embryology, you will learn that there type of dentin called reparative dentin.
are three cell layers in the forming embryo: the outer ecto- The three tooth tissues differ in their hardness since each
derm, the middle mesoderm, and the inner endoderm. contains a different amount of mineral content, primar-
Some outer ectodermal cells form an enamel organ. Enamel ily hydroxyapetite. Enamel, the hardest tissue, is 95% cal-
develops from the enamel © Jones & Bartlett
organ (ectoderm) and isLearning,
a product LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
cium hydroxyapetite (mineralized and calcified) and only
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of specialized epithelial cells called ameloblasts [ah MEL o NOT FOR SALE
5% water and enamel matrix. Mature dentin is composed
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blasts]. Some mesodermal cells form a dental sac with spe- of about 70% calcium hydroxyapetite, 18% organic matter
cialized cells called cementoblasts [se MEN toe blasts] that (collagen fibers), and 12% water. Cementum is composed of
produce cementum. Other mesodermal cells form a dental 65% calcium hydroxyapetite, 35% organic matter (collagen
papilla with specialized cells called odontoblasts [o DON
tow © Jones
blasts] that &produce
Bartlett Learning,
dentin. LLC dentin- fibers), and 12%
Odontoblasts,
water. (Another
© Jones author,Learning,
& Bartlett Melfi, states that
LLC the
mineral content of cementum is only about 50%.)
NOT
building FOR
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are located the DISTRIBUTION
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D r . W o e l f e l’ s O r i g i n a l R e s e a r c h D ata
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Data obtained from Dr. Woelfel’s original research on tooth On maxillary molars with two buccal and one lingual root, the
dimensions were used to draw conclusions throughout this measurements were taken to the tip of the longest buccal root,
book. Average measurements obtained on a sample of 4572 usually the mesiobuccal. On mandibular molars with two roots,
extracted teeth obtained from dentists in Ohio from 1974 a mesial and distal, the measurement was taken to the apex of
© Jones
through 1979 are presented here in&Table
Bartlett Learning,
1-7. Root lengths LLC © Jones
the longest root, usually the mesial & Bartlett
root. On two-rooted Learning, LLC
premo-
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were measured from the cervical line to the apex of the root. lars, measurements were taken to the apex of the buccal root. DISTRIBUTION
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verage Measurements on 4572 Extracted Teeth Obtained From Ohio Dentists during a Study by Dr. Woelfel and his First-Year Dental Hygiene
A
TABLE 1-7
48

Students of the Ohio State University College of Dentistry, 1974–1979

CROWN ROOT ROOT-TO- OVERALL CROWN CERVIX CROWN CERVIX MESIAL DISTAL
LENGTH LENGTH CROWN LENGTH WIDTH WIDTH WIDTH WIDTH CERVICAL CERVICAL

9781284218251_CH01_001_048.indd 48
(MM) (MM) RATIO (MM) MD (MM) MD (MM) FL (MM) FL (MM) CURVE (MM) CURVE (MM)

MAXILLARY TEETH
Central incisor (398) 11.2A 13.0 1.16 23.6 8.6 6.4 7.1 6.3 2.8H 2.3
Lateral incisor (295) 9.8 13.4 1.37 22.5 6.6 4.7 6.2 5.8 2.5 1.9

C D
Canine (321) 10.6 16.5 1.56 26.3 7.6 5.6 8.1 7.6 2.1 1.4

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First premolar (234) 8.6 13.4 1.56 21.5 7.1 4.8 9.2 8.2 1.1 0.7
Second premolar (224) 7.7 14.0 1.82 21.2 6.6 4.7 9.0 8.1 0.9 0.6
G
First molar (308) 7.5 12.9 MB root 1.72 20.1 10.4 7.9 11.5 10.7 0.7 0.3
PART 1 ■ Comparative Tooth Anatomy

12.2 DB

13.7 L

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Second molar (309) 7.6 12.9 MB root 1.70 20.0 9.8 7.6 11.4 10.7 0.6 0.2
12.1 DB
13.5 L
Third molar (305) 7.2 10.8 MB root 1.49 17.5 9.2 7.2 11.1 10.4 0.5 0.2
10.1 DB
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11.2 L
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Avg. for 2392 upper teeth 8.77 13.36 1.55 21.59 8.23 6.11 9.20 8.48 1.40 0.97
MANDIBULAR TEETH
Central incisor (226) 8.8 12.6 1.43 20.8 5.3E 3.5 5.7 5.4 2.0 1.6
Lateral incisor (234) 9.4 13.5 1.43 22.1 5.7 3.8 6.1 5.8 2.1 1.5
B
Canine (316) 11.0 15.9 1.45 25.9 6.8 5.2 7.7 7.5 2.4 1.6

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First premolar (238) 8.8 14.4 1.64 22.4 7.0 4.8 7.7 7.0 0.9 0.6
Second premolar (227) 8.2 14.7 1.80 22.1 7.1 5.0 8.2 7.3 0.8 0.5
First molar (281) 7.7 14.0 M root 1.83 20.9 11.4F 9.2 10.2 9.0 0.5 0.2
13.0 D

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Second molar (296) 7.7 13.9 M root 1.82 20.6 10.8 9.1 9.9 8.8 0.5 0.2
13.0 D
Third molar (262) 7.5 11.8 M root 1.57 18.2 11.3 9.2 10.1 8.9 0.4 0.2
10.8 D
Avg. for 2180 lower teeth 8.62 13.85 1.62 21.61 8.17 6.24 8.22 7.44 1.20 0.80

Size ranges are shown in tables in each chapter.

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Key for Tooth Surface Abbreviations: D, distal; DB, distobuccal; FL, faciolingually; L, lingual; M, mesial; MB, mesiobuccal; MD, mesiodistal.
A, longest crown by Woelfel; B, longest crown by Kraus; C, longest root: D, longest tooth overall; E, narrowest crown mesiodistally; F, widest crown mesiodistally; G, widest crown faciolingually; H, greatest cervical line curve.

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CH01 001 048

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the book provide a detailed

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Basic Terminology for

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NAMING TEETH BASED ON LOCATION WITHIN THE NORMAL,

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PRIMARY TEETH

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© Jones & FIGURE

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Molars 1st MolarsMolars

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© JonesThere are also two

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TOOTH RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT LEFT

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TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THE TISSUES OF

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesPeriodontal

FIGURE 1-13. Healthy gingiva surrounds each

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Incisocervical dimension Mesiodistal dimension

ANTERIOR TOOTH POSTERIOR TOOTH

mesial, middle, and distal thirds. When viewing proximal

Division of teeth in thirds

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© Jones &6. Bartlett

NAMING TEETH BASED ON LOCATION WITHIN THE NORMAL,

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