Jai Sri Gurudev

With the Blessing of his Holiness

MEMORABLE PARAMAPOOJYA JAGADGURU PADMABHUSHANA

Sri. Sri. Sri. Dr. Balagangadharanatha Mahaswamiji
PARAMAPOOJYA JAGADGURU
Sri. Sri. Sri. Dr. Nirmalanandanatha Mahaswamiji
President, Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®
And
Sri. Sri. Prasannanatha Swamiji,
General Secretary, Sri Adichunchanagiri Mahasamsthana Mutt.
Secretary, Sri Gangadhareshwara Swamy Composite P.U College

SRI GANGADHARESHWARA SWAMY COMPOSITE P.U COLLEGE

Sri Adichuchanagiri Kshethra, Nagamangala Taluk,
Mandya Distric.
II-PUC-PHYSICS, EXAM BOOK:
(As per NCERT Text Book)
Student name;

College;

HMJ- SGS, Composite P.U. College, A.C. Giri, Nagamangala, Mandya. 2019-20. (9964675121)
 II-PUC-PHYSICS, EXAM BOOK , Previous solved
Problems,& Previous Questions Papers (As per NCERT Text Book)
Unit. No Chapters. No Topic Page numbers No .of Hours Weightage of marks
3 & 5 marks Comparative Questions and answer 1-2
PART -I
I 1 Electric Charges and Fields 3-6 10 8
II 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 6-9 9 8
III 3 Current Electricity 9-11 15 13
IV 4 Moving Charges and Magnetism 12-16 12 10
5 Magnetism and Matter 16-19 8 7
V
6 Electromagnetic Induction 19-21 7 6
7 Alternating Current 21-24 8 7
VI
8 Electromagnetic Waves 24-25 3 3
PART -II
VII 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 25-30 10 9
VIII 10 Wave Optics 30-33 10 9
IX 11 Dual Nature of Radiation And Matter 33-35 6 5
12 Atoms 35-38 5 5
13 Nuclei 38-42 7 6
X
14 Semiconductor Electronics 42-47 10 9
TOTAL 120 105
Previous exam solved Problems (2014 March to June 21019) 47-58
Previous examination questions paper (2014 March to June 21019) 47-70
BY
H.M.Jayaramu.
M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.phil.,
Lecturer in Physics,
Sri Gangadhareshwara Swamy Composite P.U. College.
Sri Adichunchanagiri Kshethra Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District.

HMJ- SGS, Composite P.U. College, A.C. Giri, Nagamangala, Mandya. 2019-20. (9964675121)
II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
What is Equivalent Capacitor: The single What is Equivalent resistor: The single resistor What is Equivalent cell: The single cell which
capacitor which produces the same effect as that of which produces the same effect as that of the set of produces the same effect as that of the set of cells is
the set of capacitors is called equivalent capacitor. resistors is called equivalent resistor. called equivalent cell.
Derive an expression for effective (Equivalent) Derive an expression for effective resistance of Derive an expression for effective emf and internal
capacitance of capacitor in Series combination: two resistors connected in series. resistance of two cells connected in series.
Consider series combination is shown in the figure, Consider series combination is shown in the figure, Consider series combination is shown in the figure,
Let C1and C2 are capacitance capacitors having a
potential difference C1 C2
Q Cs
V1and V2. Q Q
The charge on each
capacitor is Q=Q1 =Q2. let ε1, and ε2 emf cell with internal resistance r1 & r2
V let R1, and R2 resistors of resistance having potential
The total potential is, V1 V2 having potential differenceV1and V2.
differencV1and V2
V  V1  V2 ---- (1) V The current through each resistor is I=I1 =I2.
The current through each resistor is I=I1 =I2.
V The total potential is, V  V1  V2 --------------- (1)
But, C  Q
V 
Q The total potential is, V  V1  V2 --------------- (1)
W.K.T. V= ε– Ir For first cell, V1=VA –VB= ε1– Ir1
V C From Ohm’s law, V = IR For second cell, V2=VB –VC= ε2– Ir2
For first and second capacitor V1  Q and V2  Q For first resistor V1=IR1, For second resistor V2=IR2, From equation (1) becomes, V= (ε1– Ir1)+( ε2– Ir2)
C1 C2 From equation (1) becomes, V = IR1 + IR2 V= (ε1+ ε2) – I(r1+ r2) ==> V= εequ– Irequ
V 1 1  V/I = R1 + R2. Where εequ=(ε1+ ε2) and requ=(r1+ r2) are effective emf
From equation (1) becomes  
1 1 1 Q C1 C2 But V = IRS  RS= R1 + R2. This is the expression and internal resistance of cells connected in series.
   for effective resistance (Rs) in series combination.
Cs C1 C2 This is expression for effective Derive an expression for effective emf and internal
capacitance (Cs) of capacitor in series combination. Derive an expression for effective resistance of two resistance of two cells connected in parallel.
Derive an expression for effective (Equivalent) resistors connected in parallel. Consider parallel combination is shown in the figure
capacitance of capacitor in Parallel combination: Consider parallel combination is shown in the figure,
Consider parallel combination is shown in the
figure, Let C1and C2 are capacitance capacitors
having a charge Q1 and Q2.the potential difference in
each capacitor is C1
CP let R1, and R2 resistors of resistance having current
V1  V2  V Q
Let ε1, and ε 2 emf cell with internal resistance r1 & r2
The total charge is,
Q1 I1and I2 . The potential difference V1  V2  V
having current I1and I2.
Q=Q1+Q2 ------ (1) Q2 And The total current is, I = I1 + I2 …………. (1) The potential difference V=V1=V2
V
But, Q = CV
C2 From Ohm’s law, I  V , And The total current is, I = I1 + I2 …………. (1)
For first capacitor Q1 R V
= C1V, V V W.K.T. V= ε– Ir or I 
V For first resistor, I1  ,For second resistor I 2  V r
For second capacitor Q2 R1
For first cell, I1  1  V , For second cell, I2   2  V
R2
=C2V From equation (1) becomes, r1 r2
From equation (1) becomes, Q=C1V+C2V
 1 1   1  1  1 From equation (1) becomes, I  1  V   2  V
I
Q   
==>  C1  C2 V  R1 R 2  R P R1 R 2
V  CP  C1  C2 r1 r2
This is the expression for effective resistance (RP) in 
This is expression for effective capacitance of   1 1 
parallel combination. I  1  2 V  
capacitor(CP)in parallel combination.  r1 r2   r1 r2 

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  r   2 r1   r1r2  L
V 1 2   I 
E R  …….……………….. (4)
 r1  r2   r1  r2  I HP LP A
e e e On comparing equations (3) and (4), we get
This combination replaced by an equivalent cell is, vd
V=eq – Ireq m
L  is resistivity of material.
Where  eq  1r2   2 r1 , req  r1r2 are Let HP  higher potential, LP  lower potential ne2 
But conductivity,   1    ne 
2
r1  r2 r1  r2
Consider a conductor of length ‘L’ shown in the fig.
effective emf and internal resistance of cells  m
A uniform cross-sectional area,
connected in parallel combination. This is conductivity material of the conductor.
Vpotential difference across ends of the conductor,
What is Drift velocity of electrons and Derive an Where nnumber of free electrons per unit volume,
E electric field, AL  volume of conductor,
equation for drift it; m  mass of the electron, τ relaxation time,
n number of free electrons per unit volume
Explain origin of the resistivity; Vpotential difference across ends of the conductor,
nAL the total number of free electrons.
The average velocity with which free electrons e  charge of free electron, E electric field,
move or drift under the influence of electric field is echarge of electron.
A uniform cross-sectional area,
called drift velocity. q=nLAe Total charge, t time for which the
R  resistance of electric conductor.
The average velocity of free electron in a conductor charge pass through the conductor,
L Derive relation between j   E using Ohm’s law;
is zero due to in their random direction.
W.K.T. I  q  I  neA
N
i,e, 1  vi  0 Where v i is the velocity of ith t t Consider a conductor of length ‘L’as shown in the
N i 1 I=neAvd. This is current through the conductor. E
electron and i=1,2,3,………N. Where vd=L/t  Drift velocity of free electrons. I HP LP
When potential difference is applied across ends Derive an equation for conductivity of a material e e e
vd
of the conductor, The accelerated electrons colloid (=ne2/m);
again and again with positive ion of the metal. Consider a conductor of length ‘L’as shown in the fig. L
Therefore, the electrons drift with small velocity in Current through a conductor, I=neAvd Let HP  higher potential, LP  lower potential
opposite to electric field direction. Hence this Current through a conductor, I=neAvd ……….. (1)
E
average velocity is called drift velocity. It is order of e E
I HP LP And Drift velocity in the conductor, vd  …(2)
10-5 m/s. As result opposition exist in the conductor e e e m
for flow of electrons and ions is known as origin of vd I
resistivity. But current density, j  , ………..…………. (3)
L A
When potential difference applied to conductor, Let HP  higher potential, LP  lower potential
From (1),(2) & (3). We get j  ne E   ne   E
The force on each electron is, F=  eE
2
 2 
e E
And force due to collision is, F=ma And Drift velocity in the conductor, vd  m  m 
eE m
where E electric field, nAe2 E  ne 2 
a  I  j E  
m vd  drift velocity, m  
nAe2 V  m 
Vd eE τ  relaxation time, But E  V ,  I
 Lm Where nnumber of free electrons per unit volume,
 m m mass of an electron, L
 Lm  ……..………… (1) m  mass of the electron, τ relaxation time,
e E e charge of electron, V I
 vd    Ane  
2 Vpotential difference across ends of the conductor,
m aacceleration of electron.
From Ohm’s law, V= RI. ……............… (2) e  charge of free electron, E electric field,
Negative sign shows that the direction of the
A uniform cross-sectional area,
electron is opposite to that of electric field. from (1) and (2), R   m  L ……….. (3)
Equation for current through a conductor;  ne   A
2
Note; Ohm’s law in Vector form is j   E

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Chapter 01; Electric charge and field: Duration;10 hours Where, 0 is called the permittivity of free space. 0=8.85410-12 C2N-1m-2
Explain three basic Properties of Electric Charge: Define unit charge (Coulomb): “when one coulomb of charge placed at a
1) Additivity: Additivity of electric charges means that the total charge of a system distance of 1m from another charge of same magnitude in vacuum experience
is the algebraic sum of all individual charges in the system. force of 9109N.”
2) Conservation of electric charge: the total charge of an electrically isolated 1 q1q 2
system remains constant. We have F 
40 r 2
3) Quantisation of charge: the total charge (q) of a body is always an integral
multiple of a fundamental charge. i.e. q  ne If q1=q2=1C, r=1m, then F=9109N
Electric field intensity (E) or Electric field strength: It is defined as “The force
Where, n is an integer which is positive or negative.
experienced by unit positive charge placed at that point.”
e is the charge of an electron or proton which is equal to 1.60210-19C.
Force F V
charge Q Electric field intensity (E)  . ie E . or E  
1) Line charge density (  ):   ,   UPC q X
length l -1
Electric intensity is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is NC or Vm .-1

Where, Q=amount of charge, l=length of small element. SI unit is C/m Deduce an expression for Electric field intensity due to a point charge:
charge Q Consider a point charge ‘Q’ is placed at ‘O’ in free space (ε 0). Let P be a point
2) Surface charge density (  );   
area S at a distance ‘r’ from the point charge ‘Q’ and E is electric field intensity.
Where, Q=amount of charge, S= area of the element. SI unit is C/m2 According to coulomb’s law
O q
charge Q  1  Qq F
3) Volume charge density ():     F  2 rˆ
volume V  40  r r P
Q
Where, Q=amount of charge, V= volume element. The SI unit of volume  1  Qq
charge density is /m3.   r̂
F  40  r 2
Electroscope; the device which is used to detect the charge on the body. But E , E
q q
Ex; Gold-Leaf Electroscope
State and explain the Coulomb’s law of electrostatic and its vector form: q=1C (UPC)  1 Q along OP direction.
E  2 rˆ
It states that “The force of attraction or repulsion between two stationary  40  r
point charges in air is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the Electric dipole moment (P): The strength of the electric dipole is measured by its
two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between dipole moment. The dipole moment of an electric dipole is defined as “The product
them.” The force acts always along the line joining the two charges. of magnitude of either of the charge and the distance between two charges is called
Consider two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance ‘r’ in vacuum dipole moment.”
or free space as shown in the figure. P=q2a
According to coulomb’s law F r F P=2aq in vector form P  2aqPˆ
qq q1q 2 q1 q2
F  12 2 or F  K Dipole moment is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is coulomb-metre (C-m). The
r r2 direction of dipole moment is along the axis of dipole from q to q.
Where, K is a proportionality constant and the value of K  1 What is Electric field lines and mention the Properties for its: “An electric field
40 line is the imaginary path along with unit positive charge move or tends to move in
1 q1 q 2 an electric field.”
F Properties for Electric field lines;
40 r 2 1. In strong electric field, electric field lines are curded.
1 q1q 2 2 2. No two electric field lines never intersect each other.
Coulomb’s law in vector form is F  rˆ
40 r 2 3. The tangent drawn to an electric field line gives the direction of an electric field.
4. Electric field lines do not form any closed loops.

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
5. The tangent drawn to an electric field line gives the direction of an electric field. q 1
dipole moment, W.K.T E
6. The electric field lines are purely imaginary. 4 o r 2
7. They are straight lines for an isolated charge and curved for a system of charges.
The electric field intensity ‘E1’ at ‘P’ due to the charge q
State the Principle of super position of multiple charges:
It state that “Force on any charge due to a number of other charges is the vector  1  q  1  q along PA.
E1     
  0  
2 2
sum of all the forces on that charge due to the other charges, taken one at a time.”  4 0  AP  4 r  a
OR the force on any charge due to all other charges is the vector sum of the force The electric field intensity ‘E2’ at ‘P’ due to the charge +q is
acting on the charge.  1  q  1  q along BP.
Let F12, F13 …F1n be the force on the charge. The total force on any of the charge E2     
 40  BP  40   r  a 
2 2
due to all charges is the vector sum of the forces F12, F13 .…F1n
 F  F12  F13  F14  ....  F1n The net electric intensity at ‘P’ is, E= E2E1 ( E2>E1)
1 q 1 q
Calculate the forces between multiple charges using principle of super position: E 
Consider a system of ‘n’ stationary charges q1, q2, q3 …..qn are in 40  r  a  2
40  r  a 2
vacuum at a distance with position vector r12,r13, r14,…..r1n 2aq  2r
respectively. E ===>
 40   r 2  a 2 
2
According to the principle of super position, the total
force F1 on ‘q1’ due to q2, q3, q4……qn is,
If ‘a’ is very small compared to r. ie r>>a then  r  a  r
F1  F12  F13  F14  ....  F1n ..……...(1)
 E  1  2 Pr
  4 o r 4
Let F12   1  q1q2 2 rˆ12 is the force on q1 due to q2
 40  r12  along OP.
 1  q1q 3 is the force on q1 due to q3
F13    2 rˆ13
 4  0  r13 And in vector form .
 1  q1q n
F1n    2 rˆ1n is the force on q1 due to qn
 40  r1n Derive an electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line or plane of
From equation (1) becomes, electric dipole.
E2
Consider an electric dipole placed in a air or vacuum as shown
 1   q1q 2 q1q3 q1q n 
F1     2 rˆ12  2 rˆ13  ....  2 rˆ1n  in the figure. Let ‘P’ be a point on the equatorial line at
E1cosθ
θ
 40   r12 r13 r1n  a distance ‘r’ from the centre of the dipole ‘O’. P E θ
n Let 2a  electric dipole length, q pole strength E2cosθ
q1 qi
F1 
40
r rˆ
2 1i
i  2 1i
of charge. p=q2a  electric dipole moment,
W.K.T 1 q E1
Derive an electric field intensity at a point on the axis of dipole or on the axial E
4 o r 2 r
line of dipole.
-q q The electric field intensity ‘E1’ at ‘P’ due
+ E
A O B to the charge q is q+ θ θ q
a a P
2a -
r  1  q  1  q
- E1      2 B a O a A
 
-
 40  PA  40  r  a
2 2
Consider an electric dipole placed in a air or vacuum as shown in the figure. 2a
Let ‘P’ be a point on the axial line at a distance ‘r’ from the centre of the dipole ‘O’. along PA
Let 2a  electric dipole length, q pole strength of charge. p=q2a  electric The electric field intensify at ‘P’ due to charge +q at is

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 1  q  1  q along BP =qE2asin==>=PEsin this is equation for torque on dipole.
E2      2 Note; torque acting on a dipole is maximum (θ=900) when the axis of dipole is
 40  BP
2
 40  r  a 
2
 perpendicular to electric field and zero (minimum) (θ=00) when the axis of dipole
The net electric field intensity ‘E’ at point P due is parallel to electric field
to E1 & E2 is E= E1cosθ + E2cosθ Note;
1. If q1,q2> 0 then the nature of electrostatic force is repulsive.
2. If q1,q2 < 0 then the nature of electrostatic force is attractive.
Gauss’s Law or Gauss’s Theorem in electrostatic: It states that
“The total electric flux over a closed surface in vacuum is equal to 1 times the
0
total charge enclosed by the surface. i,e,.   1 q
From the figure, 0
Expression for electric field intensity due to infinitely long straight uniformly
2q a ===> 2qa charged wire:
E  E

40 r  a
2 2
 
a  r2
2

1/ 2

40 r 2  a 2 
3/ 2
q
Consider an infinitely long thin wire. Let   linear charge density, Let ‘P’
l
 E P
be a point at a distance ‘r’ from the wire as shown figure
 
3/ 2
40 r  a 2
2
Let E1and E2 are the electric field due to two elements A and B at ‘P’.
If r>>a, then (r +a)=r The electric field along the wire is zero (from fig (a))
P This is the expression for electric field at a point on the
E

E2sinθ
40 r 3
equatorial line of dipole. The direction of ‘E’ is opposite to dipole moment ‘P A
E2
In vector form P
E P
40 r 3 E2cosθ
r θ l r
Torque on electric - Dipole in a uniform electric field: P E P E
θ E1cosθ
Consider electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field(E), The electric dipole
experience torque as shown in the figure. F=+qE E1
Let 2a  electric dipole length, E B
+q

E1sinθ
p=q2a  electric dipole moment,
C (a) (b)
q pole strength of charge. B
θ rotating torque angle, θ
F= qE  two equal and opposite force The electric flux through the Gaussian surface is    E  S
constitute a couple. O    E Scos  nˆ
Torque = force x perpendicular distance -q θ    E S (from figure =00 and n̂  1 )
= FBC ……….. (1)
A   E S
From triangle ACB,
BC ====>BC= 2asin But S=2rl is area of the curved surface of the cylinder.   E  2rl
sin   F=-qE q
AB According to Gauss theorem, 
From equation (1) becomes, 0

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 This is the expression for electric field intensity at a point From (1), becomes,
E
2o r due to infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire 1 q
E This is the expression for electric field intensity
 Where l  length of the wire, 4o r 2
In vector form E  nˆ
20 r q  Charge on the conductor
In vector form E   1  q rˆ
ε0  Permittivity of free space
 40  r
2

Expression for electric filed due toa uniformly charged infinite plane sheet of Case (ii): Electric field lie on the shell;
charge: ie When rR
Consider a thin infinite plane sheet of charge ‘q’ placed in a vacuum as
shown in the figure. Let ‘P’ be a point at a distance ‘r’ from the sheet.  1  q
E    2
The total electric flux through a Gaussian surface is, =1+2+3 ………. (1)  4 0  R
Here, 3=0 ( =900)
 1  q
and 1=2=E.Acos Thin sheet In vector form E    2R
= E.A ( =00) Gaussian surface  40  R
From (1),   2  E.A 2 3 1
Case (iii); Electric field inside the shell;
When r<R. The point P lies inside the conductor the
From Gauss theorem,   q charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is zero.
0
P E = 0
E
q ==>  E   CHAPTER-2: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITOR 09 hours;
2A0 2 o 2r Electrostatic potential (V): The amount of work done by a charge (UPC) which is
This is the expression for electric bring from infinity to that point against to electric field (without any acceleration
field due to infinite plane sheet. work done
q Electric potential =
Where,   , be the surface charge density. ch arg e
A  ie V  W S.I unit is J/C or volt potential is a scalar quantity.
In vector form E  nˆ q
2 0
Derive an expression for electric field at a point due to a uniformly charged Define volt (V): electric potential is said to be one volt, if l joule of work done by l
thin spherical shell: coulomb of charge is bring from infinity to that point.
Consider a thin spherical shell of charge q and radius R from centre ‘O’. Derive an expression for electric potential at a point charge.
Let ‘P’ be a any point on the Gaussian surface at distance ’r’ from ‘O’.
Let S be a small area of Gaussian surface q E
dw
W.K.T =E.S cosθ dx A
+Q P B ( )
=E.S ( θ=00)
The electric flux over the Gaussian O r x
surface is   E   S =E.S
R S E Consider a point charge ‘Q’ placed in a free space at ‘O’.
q O Let P be point in electric field ‘E’ at distance r from ‘O’.
From Gauss theorem   P
0 r Let UPC (q=1C) placed at a point A at a distance ‘x’ from O. Work done by a
q ===> q …(1) charge which bring from A to B through distance dx is, dw = F. dx
E.S  E q dw=  F. dx
0  0S
Case (i);Electric field outside the shell: (-ve sign indicate that, work done against to the electric field)
Let S= 4r2 area of Gaussian surface, at ‘P’ outside the charged spherical shell.

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From coulomb’s law Q  1 (since q=1C for test charge) The earth is considered as to be spherical body, the potential difference between
F
4o x 2 any two points is zero. Hence, the work done by the moving charge on the earth
Q surface is zero.
 dw = dx Deduce the relation between electric potential and electric field intensity:
4o x 2 Consider a two equipotential surface A&B having potential VA and VB δV
Total work done by a UPC which is bring from ‘  ’ to at a point P at a distance r Let E electric field
B δL A
from ‘O’. δL  perpendicular distance E
δV Electric potential difference +Q VB δV VA
r r
1 Q
W   dw     2 dx
4 o x W.K.T Work done, W= δVxq..(1)
 
r
And work done, W=F δL
Q 1 But F=qE,  W=qE δL ………………….. (2)
W
4 o x

2
dx
From equation (1) and (2) we get, E δL =  δV
r V this is the relation between E and pd.
Q  1 Q 1 1  E  
W      L
4 o  x   4 o  r  
 The –ve sign indicate that electric field and work done are opposite direction.
1 Q ====> Q Deduce on equation for potential energy of system of two point charge in
W x W absence of external electric field:
4 o r 4 o r
Consider two point charge q1 & q2 are separated by a distance ‘r12’ in free space as
But V=W/q or  V  W ( q  1C i,e UPC)
shown in figure.
1 Q This is an expression for electric potential at a point. The Work done by a q1 bring from infinity to at a
V q2
4 o r point A is zero i,e,.W1=0
Mention an equation for electric potential due to short dipole; V  P cos  Work done by a q2 bring from infinity to q1 r12
B
2
4 o r at a point B is W2=V1 q2 , A
Equipotential surface: any surface, which has electric potential is same at all the 1 q1q 2
W2 
point is called equipotential surface. Eg., The surface of a charged spherical 4o r12
conductor. Properties of equipotential surface; Total work done by a two charge in a system W=W1+W2
1. No two equipotential surface never intersect to each other.  1 q1q 2 
But W=U, U (since U =potential energy)
2. Direction of Electric field (E) is always perpendicular to equipotential surface.  
E  4 o r12 
3. Potential difference at any two point on the surface is zero.
Deduce equation for potential energy of system of three point charge in absence
4. No work done in moving a test over an equipotential surface.
of external electric field: Consider three point charge q 1, q2 and q 3 are separated
If δV = 0, We have, W= (V1– V2 ) q ===>W= δV q
by a distance r12, r13 and r23 respectively in free space.
W=0 x q  W=0 The work done by q 1 bring from  to the point ‘A’ is zero. i.e., W 1 = 0
5. The electric potential at any
The work done by q 2 bring from  to the point ‘B’ is against to the electric
point inside the charged C
spherical conductor is same as B due to q 1 is W   1  q1q 2
2  
that on the surface of a charged  40  r12
conductor, The work done by q 3 bring from  to the point ‘C’ is against to the electric
6. The electric potential of earth is A field due to q 1 and q2 is
zero. This is because earth is a W 3 = V 1q 3+V 2 q 3
huge body and hence small amount of charge added or removed from the 1  q1q3 q 2 q3 
earth does not changes its potential. And it has equipotential surface. W3    
40  r13 r23 

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The total work done by three charge system, W= (b) It is used to design TV cables, sensitive component of electronic
W 1+ W 2 + W 3 device…etc.
W
1  q1q 2

qq q q 
 1 3  2 3 7. Electric field at a surface of charged conductor E   nˆ
4 0  r12 r13 r23  0
Mention an equation for potential energy of the system of two charges in Dielectric; Dielectric are insulator which are made up of polar & Non-polar
presence of an external electric field: U  V1q1  V2q 2  1 q1q 2 molecules.
4o r12 Polar molecules: The molecules which have permanent dipole moment are called
Potential energy of the dipole in an external electric field: polar molecules. Here centre of +ve charge does not coincide with the centre of
Consider an electric dipole moment ‘P’ placed in a uniform electric field E with negative charge. The net dipole is zero in absence of electric field due to random
resultant torque is τ=PE Sinθ. direction of dipole. Ex: H2O,HCL, NH3 etc.
Work done by a rotating the dipole against to torque through a small angle dθ Non-polar molecules: The molecules which do not have permanent dipole
is dw=τdθ. moment are called non polar molecules. Here the centres of positive charges
Total work done by external torque in rotating the dipole from angle θ0 to θ1 is coincides with the centres of the negative charges. Ex: H2, O2, N2 etc.
1 Dielectric Strength: The maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can
W  PE  Sin d ==> W  PE   cos 0
1
withstand without breakdown of its insulating property. ie E=V/d. SI unit of
0 dielectric strength is volt/meter (V/m).
W=PE[– cos θ1 –(– cos θ0)] =PE(– cos θ1 + cos Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without
O θ
θ0) dielectric; Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor as shown in the figure
P
But torque is maximum at θ0 =90 , θ1=θ
0 2a A area of the each plate, Q charge on the plates, V potential d
W=PE (– cos θ+0) -q
difference between the plats, d distance between plates with air
W=– PEcosθ. or vacuum of permittivity  0
Q
U= – PE the dipole parallel to an external Q
electric field. In vector form U  P E    Surface charge density. E    Q  Electric field -Q
A 0 A0
Electrostatic of conductor: Conductor is a substance which carries the electron
from one point another point. It contain a large number of free electron. (it is only inner region of the conductors. Outer region is zero due
Electrostatic situation of conductor found the some of the result to they are equal and opposite direction)
E
1. The conductor electric field is zero because no excess charges in it Q
W.K.T capacitance of capacitor is, C  ……....... (1)
2. When conductor is charged, the net charge at any point inside the conductor is V
zero and any excess charge resides at its surface. But V=E x d Qd
V 
3. At the surface of charged conductor electric field is normal to the surface. A0
4. Electric potential is constant through the volume of the conductor and it has 0 A
same value as that of its surface. From equation (1) becomes, C 
d
5. Electric field inside the cavity of the charged conductor is zero. (When This is expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric.
conductor is charged with a have cavity, the charges is always resides only on Factor on which capacitance of parallel capacitor depends on:
the outer surface. the net charge and Electric field inside the cavity is zero.) 1. Nature of materials, 3. Area of capacitor plates,
6. Electrostatic shielding; the certain region of space (cavity) of the conductor 2. Distance between the plates 4, Permittivity of free space
which protecting from the external electric field. Mention expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric;
(a) it can used to protect sensitive components of electronic device from the AK
external disturbance of charge. ANS; C  Where Kdielectric constant, ε, A & d. are sea the above
Ex; the persons safer to sit in a car or in a bus rather than under a tree or on d
open ground during lighting through thunderstorm. So, the metallic body car Derive an equation for Energy stored in a capacitor: When a capacitor is
and bus provides electrostatic shielding from the lighting. connected across the battery. Capacitor get charged from 0 to Q due to work down

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by battery (Ba). This work is stored as potential energy in the capacitor. electric field is applied, the electrons starts to drift in a particular direction and
i,e,. Work (w) =Energy (U) +Q -Q constitutes a current. Hence free electrons are current carries in solid conductor.
Q In conducting liquid (electrolyte) there are large number of positive and
W.K.T capacitance of capacitor C  ……. (1)
V negative ions, if electric field is applied to electrolyte, then both kind of ions are
V potential difference between the plats move in opposite direction to constitute a electric current. Hence in electrolyte ions
Let δW be the work done in charging the capacitor by δQ. are the current carrier.
δW = V δQ In ionisation of gas molecules, there are large number of electrons and
Ba positive ions. if electric field is applied they are move in random and opposite
from equation (1) becomes, w   Q  Q direction to constitute a electric current. Hence free electrons and positive ions are
C
current carrier in gas.
The total work done by charging the capacitor from 0 to Q is State and explain Ohm’s law; It is state that “The current flowing through a
Q Q
Q 1 conductor is directly proportional to potential difference across the ends of the
 w  0  C  Q =====>  w  C 0 Q Q conductor provided physical conditions (temperature, strain) are kept constant”
Q2
Let V potential difference across the conductor,
W I  is the current flowing through conductor.
2C
2 According to Ohm’s law, V  I.  V = IR.
But U=W U  Q This is the expression for energy stored in a capacitor. Where R proportionality constant called resistance of the conductor.
2C
2
The S.I. unit of resistance is (V/A) or ohm ().
Note; in general U  Q  1 CV 2  1 QV Factor on which resistance of conductor depends on:
2C 2 2 1) Nature of the material of the conductor, 2) Temperature of the conductor.
Uses of capacitors: 2) Dimension of the conductor,(Length and area of conductor)
1. It is used to store electrical energy. Limitations of Ohm’s law;
2. They are used as filters in rectifier. 1. It is not applicable to semiconductors, vacuum tubes, discharge tube and
3. They are used to block DC & allow the AC. electrolytes.
4. They are used to produce & detect radio waves. 2. It cannot be applied if the physical conditions are not constant.
5. They are used to produce very high DC voltage. 3. It is not applicable the relation between Vand I is non linear and non unique.
Chapter 03 Current electricity 4. It is not applicable the relation between Vand I depends on the sign of V.
Electric current (I): The rate of flow of electric charges through any cross- 5. It is not applicable even to metallic conductors at very high and low
sectional of the conductor is called electric current. temperature.
Let q be the charges flows through the conductor in a time t, then electric current, Ohmic devices: The devices which obey Ohm’s law are
q ne called ohmic devices.
I or I  Where nnumber of charges, e magnitude of the charges I
t t Eg: The electrical devices made up of conductors,
S.I unit of the electric current is C/S or ampere (A). It is a scalar quantity. [Voltmeter, Ammeter, Galvanometer, Incandescent bulb etc.].
For ohmic devices, V/I = Constant. V
q
Define ampere: W.K.T. I Non Ohmic Devices:
t
If q=1C & t = 1s  I =l ampere (A) The devices which do not obey ohm’s law are called non-ohmic
The current is said to be one ampere, if one coulomb of charge flows through any devices. Eg: semiconductor and ionic conductor such as
cross section of the conductor in one second. electrolytes and plasma. I
Electric current in a conductors: The substance which allows the current carriers For non Ohmic devices, V/I  constant.
through them are called conductor. Resistivity or specific Resistance (); The amount of resistance V
In solid conductor there are large number of free electrons move with randomly, if offered by the conductor having unit length and unit cross-sectional area of given

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material at given temperature. But it is not depends on in its dimensions (Length proportional to temperature for good conductor but resistivity is inversely
l l proportional to temperature.
and area). We have R or R  
A A 3. For an ideal conductor, the resistivity is zero. and For perfect insulator, the
 Proportionality constant for given conductor called resistivity. S.I. unit is -m. resistivity is infinity.
m Resistor; the component which provide a specified value of resistance.
  R
ne 2  The symbol of resistor is
Factor on which Resistivity of conductor depends on: Colour code for carbon resistors: It is method to find value of resistance of
1. Resistivity is depends on nature of the conductor 2). Temperature. resistor using colour band marked over on it. The first two rings from the end give
Current density (j): It is defined as the amount of current flowing per unit area. the first two significant figures of resistance in ohm. The third ring indicates the
I multiplication factor (10C). the last ring indicates the tolerance in percent about the
S.I. unit of current density is A/m2. It is a vector quantity. i,e,. j 
A indicated value. The value of resistance = AB x 10C ±D %ohm.
In vector form I  j.A
Define Mobility electron (  e ): It is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity
per unit electric field for electron.
drift velocity vd S.I unit of mobility is m2/Vs
e  
electric field E
vd eE / m e
e   
E E m
Relaxation time (τ): the average time interval between any two successive
collisions is called relaxation time (). it is order of 10-14s.
Conductivity (σ ); It is defined as the ratio of current density to electric field. Or Electric power (P); the rate of doing electric work is called electric power.
E
reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity. i,e,   j  1    ne 
2
(Energy dissipated per unit time). The SI unit is JS-1 or Watt. i,e,. P 
E  m t
-1
S.I unit of its mho m or Siemen m . -1 VIt
But E=VIt, P   VI
Temperature dependence of resistivity; The resistivity of a conductor increases t
Note; 1). if V=IR, then P=I2R and 2). if I=V/R, then P= V2/R
with increasing in temperature. i,e,. T  o 1  (T  To ) .
Internal Resistance of a cell (r): The opposition offered by the electrolyte of the cell
Where T  resistivity at T kelvin and, o  Resistivity at 0 kelvin. to the flow of electric current through it, is called the internal resistance of the cell.
Derive an expression for current drawn by an external resistance circuit;
  Temperature co-efficient of resistivity. And its SI unit is K 1 current in the circuit as shown figure.
1 ε V1 r
W.K.T. m , For given conductor, m & e are constant, and T Let V & V1Potential difference across R and r
 I
ne 2  n Icurrent through each resistor.
Note; By the definition, =V+V1 or = IR + Ir V
1. The resistivity is more for nichrome, manganin and constantain. Hence, these 
material are used for making the resistance coils, meter bridge wire,  I This is relation for current in circuit. R
Rr
potentiometer wire, etc. Because, these are negligible change in the resistance effective emf of cell
with the change of temperature. i, e,. current in the circuit 
Total resis tance in the circuit
2. The resistivity of the material is inversely proportional to (a) number of free
electron per unit volume of the conductor and (b) relaxation time (τ) and directly From Ohm’s law, V=IR and I =  / (R + r).

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And =V+V1 or V=  V1 ===> V=  Ir From equation (2) becomes, R2 I1= R4I2....(4)
This is relation between potential difference (terminal Pd) and emf in the circuit. Equation (3) & (4) we get
   This is the relation between the emf ( ) and potential  R1 R 3 
V R
Rr    This is condition for balance of whetstones network.
 R2 R4 
Node or junction; the point in electrical network at which more than two
To find unknown resistance using meter bridge;
conductors to meet is called node or junction.
The electrical connection are made as R
Loop or mesh: A closed path for current in an electrical network.
shown in the circuit diagram the
Kirchhoff’s first law or current law or Junction Rule: It state that “The algebraic B
unknown resistance R is
sum of electric currents at a junction in any electrical network is always zero”.
contacted in the left
This law is based on principal of law of conservation of I1 I5 gap. A known resistance S is G
charge. i,e,  I= 0 connected in Right gap. The l
A C
I2 position of sliding contact is D
(1 l)
from the figure, I3 + I5 = I1 + I2 +I4 I3 I4 adjusted such that the
Ba Key
Thus, the total current entering The total current leaving galvanometer shows no deflection.
In to the junction = from the junction R l
Kirchhoff’s second law or Kirchhoff voltage law or Loop rule; Applying condition for balance. 
If state that “The algebraic sum of the product of current and resistance (IR) in a S 100  l
loop is equal to the algebraic sum of the emf in that loop. This law is based on the R Resis tan ce of the wire of length AD

principle of law of conservation of energy. i,e,  IR =E S Resis tan ce of wire of length DC
Explanation: Consider the network and direction of current ‘I’ as shown in the R l
Where l is balancing length in cm
E r

figure, S 100  l
I
Let E emf of battery, r internal resistance, A B Sl
R1 R Where l is balancing length in meter
R1 & R2  external resistance. 1 l
Consider a Loop ABCA and Apply KVL R2 I Potentiometer; it is a device used to measure the emf of cell without drawing any
-E+Ir+IR1+IR2=0 D C
current from the source. Its work on the principal that the potential difference
Deduce the condition for balance of Wheatstone network using Kirchhoff’s laws across any part of wire is directly proportional to the length of potentiometer wire,
The various branch of current and their direction of Wheatstone network as shown when a constant current through the wire.
in figure. B Application of potentiometer;
Let R1, R2, R3 & R4 are resistance resistor. 1. It can used to measure the emfs of the cell,
G the resistance of galvanometer. 2. It can used to determine the internal resistance a cell,
AC and BD are opposite vertices quadrilateral Ig
I1 3. It can used to calibrate the ammeter and voltmeter.
ABCDA, ε emf of cell. A C
G 4. It can used to measure the potential difference between the two points.
Apply Kirchhoff’s first rule to junction B and D I2 Difference between potentiometer and voltmeter:
is I3= (I1-Ig) and I4= (I2+Ig) respectively. Potentiometer Voltmeter
Apply Kirchhoff’s second rule to loop ABDA 1 Its resistance is infinite Its resistance is high but finite.
I1R1 +IgG – I2R3 =0 ……..……..…… (1)
I
I D 2 It is based on null deflection method. It is based on deflection method.
Applying Kirchhoff’s II rule to loop BCDB 3 Potential difference measured by it = Potential difference measured by it
(I1 – Ig)R3 – (I2+Ig) R4 – IgG = 0 .….. (2) ε Key actual potential difference. < the actual potential difference
For balance condition, Ig=0, i,e,.the current 4 It does not draw any current from the It drawn some current from source
through galvanometer is zero, then source of known emf of emf.
From equation (1) becomes, R1 I1=R3I2… (3) 5 Its sensitivity is high. Its sensitivity is low.

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Chapter 04: Moving charges and magnetism; 12hours Where,  angle between of magnetic field B and direction of motion the charge.
State Oersted experiment; He state that A moving charge or current in a n̂  unit vector which gives the direction of force.
conductor are produce a magnetic field in surrounding. It can be observed by Nature of trajectory of charged particle in an magnetic field;
compass needle. He was experimentally proved that electricity and magnetism are 1. When a charged particle enters parallel (i,e,.θ=00) to magnetic field, then
inter related to each other. charged particle describe a circular path.
Principle Oersted experiment: A magnetic compass needle is deflected when it 2. When a charged particle enters perpendicular (i,e,.θ=900)to magnetic field, then
kept near a wire carrying an electric current. charged particle describe a circular path.
Consider a magnetic needle SN pivoted over a stand 3. When charged particle enters certain angle [Except =00, =1800, =900] with
and conducting wire AB is held over parallel to magnetic field, then the charged particle describes helical motion.
magnetic needle as shown above the figure. If the Derive an expression for radius and frequency of charged particle in an
current flows from A to B, then the N- pole of external magnetic field:
magnetic needle gets deflected towards O
When a charged particle enters perpendicular to magnetic field, then charged
particle describe a circular path.
Centripetal force = magnetic force
mv 2 ( θ=900)
 qvB
r
mv or P
r r
qB qB
Where, r  radius of the circular path,
q  charge on a particle
m  mass of a charged particle,
west. If the current flows B to A then the N-pole of magnetic needle gets deflected B magnetic field, vvelocity of a charged particle
towards east. The deflection increases as increasing the current in the wire. The P momentum of charged particle.
deflection of magnetic needle is zero due to no current flows through the wire. Period and frequency of charged particle in circular path
Similar effect is observer when conducting wire kept below the compass needle We have the relation between linear and angular velocity is v=r
but in opposite deflection. Where vvelocity charged particle q v v
  
The Orested concluded that, theangular velocity
moving charge or current carrying r mv
r radius charged particle
conductor to produce both electric field and magnetic field q it which are
around qB
B magnetic field
effected by both electric field and magnetic field. But stationary charge effected by qB
only electric field because it has produce
T only electric
period, field.
ffrequency 
1. Moving charge is source of magnetic field. m
2. An electric current through a conductor produces a magnetic field in the but 2  T  2m and f  qB

region surrounding the conductor. this effect is known as magnetic effect of T qB 2m
electric current. Thus, frequency and period does not depends on velocity or kinetic
Magnetic force on moving charge: the force experienced by a charged particle energy of charged particle.
moving through a uniform magnetic field is called magnetic force on moving charge Lorentz force: the total force experienced by a moving charge in a both electric
or magnetic Lorentz force. Consider a charge q moves with velocity v in magnetic field and magnetic field is called Lorentz force. Consider a point charge ‘q’ moving
field B, the magnetic force acts on the charge is given by, F  q  v  B with velocity ‘v’ in the presence of electric field E and magnetic field B .
 
F  qvB sin  nˆ The force acting on ‘q’ due to E is Felectric  qE

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The force acting on ‘q’ due to B is Fmagnetic  q  v  B frequency oscillator connected to Dees. The whole apparatus is kept in perpendicular
to strong magnetic field. Therefore electric field inside the Dees is zero or electric
 Total force acting on ‘q’ is F  Felectric  Fmagnetic potential inside the Dees is constant.
Working of cyclotron: Imagining D1 is positive and D2 is negative, the positively
F  qE  q  v  B charged particle get accelerated towards D2 and describes semi-circular path due to

F  q  E  v  B   perpendicular magnetic field with constant speed  E  0 . When it is about to
This is equation for Lorentz force on moving charge. leave D2, D2 becomes positive and D1 becomes negative. Therefore the particle is
Derive an condition for velocity selector of charged particle in crossed fields; again accelerated into D1 and describes semi-circular path. The process continues
Consider a positive charged particle ‘+q’moving with a velocity ‘v’ enter in to till ion acquires sufficient high energy with increasing radius. Finally it comes out
perpendicular direction of both electric field ‘E’ and magnetic field ‘B’. the force through the window by deflecting plate with very high speed.

act on the charge is F  q  E  v  B 
   The frequency of cyclotron is  c  1 , c 
qB
T 2m
 Electric force on charge q is, FE=qE Maximum Kinetic Energy of the charged particle is Ek =½ m v2
In vectoricaly FE  qEjˆ along +ve y-
q From equation (1), q 2 B2 R 2
axis Ek 
2m
Magnetic force on charge q is FB  qvB Derive an expression for magnetic force on a current carrying conductor in a
In vectoricaly, magnetic field:
v along +ve x-axis and B along +ve z-axis Consider a straight rod of length l carrying current I is kept in an external magnetic
FB  q  viˆ  Bkˆ

field strength B.
F
let A Cross sectional area of rod,
 
But ˆi  kˆ  ˆj , FB  qvBjˆ this is resultant magnetic force along –ve y-direction. lA volume of the rod,
nnumber of free electrons per unit volume.
Using Lorentz force F=Felectric  Fmagnetic
If FB=FE Then F=0.  nlA total number of free electrons in the rod,
AND, velocity of charged particle in a combined field is, vddrift velocity of free electrons in the rod,
Consider FB=FE ===> qvB=qE echarge on each free electron B
 q= neAl total charge in the rod +q θ
 v  E this is an equation for velocity selector in crossed fields of both W.K. T magnetic force on a moving charge in
B l
external magnetic field is I vd
electric field and magnetic field.
Explain Construction and Working of cyclotron; 
F  q vd  B  
F  q v B 
Cyclotron principle; it is uses the fact that the
frequency of revolution of charged particle in  
F  neAl vd  B ===> F  neAvd l  B  
combined electric field and magnetic field is

F  I l B  ( I  neAvd )
independent of its velocity.
Construction; The schematic diagram of F=BIl sin
cyclotron is as shown in figure, It consists of two This is equation for magnetic force acting on current carrying conductor.
hollow D- shaped metallic chamber of Dees ‘D1’ In vector form F=BIl sin n̂ where n̂ is unit vector.
and ‘D2’. They are State and explain the Biot-Savart law (Magnetic field due to a current law):
separated by a small gap containing sources of Its state that “the strength of magnetic field (dB) at a point produced by current
positive ions. The Dees are insulated from each element is
other and kept in evacuated chamber. The high 1. Directly proportional to current (i.e. dBI).
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2. Directly proportional to length of element (dBdl) Y According in to Biot-Savart law dB  0  Idl sin  (only magnitude)
3. Directly proportional to sin (dBsin). I 4 r2
4. Inversely proportional to square of the distance dB
 Idl
 1 .  dB  0  2 ……. (1) ( θ=900)
dB 
  4 r
 r2  The direction of dB resolving into two components of dBx & dBy.
Consider a finite conductor ‘XY’ carrying a current I. and θ dBy=0, and the Resultant magnetic field along only x-axis is
dl
its small length dl. dBx = dB cosα …….…. (2)
Let, Ppoint at a distance r  r  rrˆ  (r  From figure cosα= sinβ= R/r
I And r2= x 2 +R2 or r=( x 2 +R2)1/2
displacement vector) X
From equation (2) becomes,  Idl R
angle between dl and r . dBmagnetic field at a dBx  0  2
4 r r
point ‘P’ 0 IdlR
According to Biot-Savart law, dBx  
4
3

Idl sin  x2  R2 2  
The magnetic field produced by a current element is dB
r2 The total magnetic field (B) at ‘P’ is

dB 
0 Idl sin 
 Where, 0 permeability of free space (vacuum)  dl over a loop=2R (since 2R=circumference of loop)
4 r2 all
0
  
I dl  r sin   Bx 
4

IR
3
2 R
In vector form dB  0 
4 r3 x 2
R 2
 2

Right hand thumb rule: 0 IR 2

acting along x-axis. This is an expression for the magnetic
Bx  
(a) For current loop; It states that “curl the palm of right hand around the circular 2
3

wire with the fingers pointing in the direction of the current. Then thumb gives the
x 2
 R2  2

direction of magnetic field. field strength at a point on the axis of circular loop.
(b) For straight conductor; It states that “Grasp the wire in right hand such that thumb In vector form 0 IR 2 ˆ Where, î = unit vector acting along x-axis.
B 3
i
in the direction of the current, then the fingers curl around the wire gives the 2  x2  R2  2
direction of magnetic field.
Derive an expression for the magnetic field due to circular current loop on its State and explain Amperes’s circuital law: it state that “the line integral of
axial line; magnetic field around any closed path or circuit is equal to ‘0’ times the total current
Y passing through that surface”. i.e.  B  dl  0 I
Consider a circular loop carrying steady current I dl dBy
placed in a free space of y-z plane is shown in the
r dB Where, 0permeability of free space, I total current through the surface.
figure. Let P be a point on the axis of loop at a
I R dl  length of line element of boundary, B  magnetic field due to line element.
distance ‘x’ from the center of the loop ‘O’ α
O β dBx Mention the equation of magnetic field at the solenoid and explain the terms;
Let dl and dl  diametrically opposite side of two
1
X P
B=μ0nI where n number of turns per unit length of loop.
current element.rperpendicular distance between
I current in solenoid, 0 permeability of free space (vacuum)
P and dl, 0permeability of free space (vacuum)
Uses of solenoid: It is used in TV and synchrotron.
R radius of loop,
1
Z dl Mention the equation of magnetic field at the toroid and explain the terms;
B  Total magnetic field at a point ‘P’ due to  NI
entire a current loop. B 0 Where N total number of turns. r radius
2 r
dB magnetic field at a point ‘P’ due to current element.
I current in solenoid, 0 permeability of free space (vacuum)

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Derive magnetic field due to straight infinite length of current carrying wire  Fab  Fba  F
using Ampere’s circuital law:
consider a straight conductor of infinite length carrying a current I.  0 Ia I b L
F This is expression for force between two parallel straight conductors.
Let P be a point an amperian loop at a perpendicular distance r from strait wire. 2d
 0 a b This is the expression for force per unit length between two parallel
B magnetic field at P due to the current along the tangent of circle. F  I I
f 
Apply Amperian circuital law to circular loop of radius r. L 2d
current carrying conductors.
 Bdl cos  0 I ………. (1) Define one ampere; if Ia=Ib= 1A and d= 1m,
7
 B.dl   I
0 ( B is parallel to line element dl) then F  0 Ia Ib  410 11  2 107 N / m
L 2d 2
.Thus, the current through
For entire magnetic loop  Bdl = B  dl =B2r each
Form equation (1) becomes, B2r=μ0I two straight parallel conductor is said to be one ampere, if their exert the force per
0 I unit length is 2 107 N / m , when they are separated by a distance 1m in air.
B Note:
2r
This is an expression for magnetic field due to straight wire 1. Parallel currents carrying conductors are attract to each other and anti-parallel
Obtain the expression for force between two parallel current carrying currents carrying conductors are repel to each other.
conductors using Ampere’s circuital law: and hence define one ampere. 2. Net force on a current loop due to uniform magnetic field is zero but the torque
Consider two long parallel conductors ‘a’ and ‘b’ separated by a distance ‘d’ which on current loop in a uniform magnetic field may or may not be zero.
are placed horizontally. Magnetic dipole moment (m);
Bb It is defined as the product of current ‘I’ and the area ‘A’.
a Ia m=NIA. Where N is of turns,
SI unit is ampere –meter square (A-m2) and its dimension formula
Fab [m]=[A1 L2]. And it is vector quantity.
d 1. Mention the magnetic dipole moment of a Torque on the current carrying
Fba
rectangular loop is, τ= mB
L
b Ib In vectoricaly,   m  BSin
Where θ is angle between plane of the loop and magnetic field.
Ba Let Ia & Ib  current carrying conductor a & b.
2. Mention the magnetic dipole moment of a circular current loop of conductor is
L small length of each conductor,
Ba & Bb magnetic field produced by conductor, 0 m
B B  magnetic field along the axis,
From Amperes’s circuital law, 2 x3
I I  2m
Ba  0 a and Bb  0 b I carrying circular loop, In vector form B  0 3
2d 2d 4 x
According to right hand rule, the direction of Ba at all points 3. Derive an expression for magnetic dipole moment revolving in an hydrogen
along conductor ‘b’ is down word. atom;
W.K.T. The force on the conductor carrying current is F=BILSinθ consider a hydrogen atom, an electron circulating in an orbit around the nucleus is
 the force on conductor b due to magnetic field Ba is Fba= BaIbL ( Sinθ=1) act as magnetic moment. The direction of the magnetic
0 Ia I b L dipole movement is into the plane of the paper. v
Fba  The current due to the motion of the electron is
2d Ze r
e e
I IL I where T = period of revolution.
Similarly, the force on the conductor a due to magnetic field Bb is Fab  0 b a T
2d

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2 r ev Ammeter Voltmeter
But T  I 
v 2 r 1 It is always connected in series in the It is always connected parallel
The magnetic dipole moment associated with the electron circulating round the circuit across the component
2 The resistance of an ideal ammeter is The resistance of an ideal voltmeter
 e v  2 e vr zero is infinity
nucleus is l  I A  I   r 2    r 
 2 r  2 3 Galvanometer can beconverted in to Galvanometer can be converted in
evr me e el ammeter when very small resistance to voltmeter when very high
l    (mev r )  ..............(1) (called shunt) is connected parallel to resistance is connected series to
2 me 2 me 2 me Galvanometer. Galvanometer.
Where l = mevr is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the electron. 4
 e  Ig
 l  l.
2me G R
 
The – ve sign shows that direction of l is opposite to that of l . V
nh
According to Bohr’s second postulates, l  5 The parallel low resistance is, The series high resistance is,
2
Ig G V
Where n = integer h = Planck’s constant S R G
I  Ig Ig
el nh  e
l    6 Since G and S are constsnt for a Since G and Ig are constsnt for a
2 me  2   2 me given ammeter, we have Ig α I given voltmeter, we have Vα R
 ne h    NAB  I   NAB  1
l    i,e,      
 4 me  V  k V V  k R
The magnetic dipole moment of an electron due to orbital motion. Chapter 05: Magnetism and matter
it can usually expressed in turns of Bohr magneton. Magnetic field lines (force); these are the
 ne h  imaginary path along with an isolated north B
The value of Bohr magneton is l    pole which tends to move in an magnetic N
 4 me  field is called magnetic field lines.
 1  1.6  1019  6.625  1034  2
     0.923 1023 A-m

Properties of magnetic field lines;
4  3.14  9.1  1031
l
  1. The magnetic field lines of a magnet
Bohr magneton is defined as the magnetic moment of orbital electron which (fig (a)) forms continuous closed loops S
revolve in first orbit of an atom similarly to solenoid (fig (b))
Distinguish between Ammeter and Voltmeter; 2. No two lines never intersect each
Mention of expression of moving coil galvanometer and explain term; other.
 NAB  3. Outside the magnet,
Wherethe
N magnetic
numberfields
of turns in the Fig(a)
coil, I current in the Fig(b)
 I are originating from North Pole
coil,Bmagnetic fieldand
applied. AArea of coil Where
 k  terminated to South Pole while,
krestoring inside
torque the magnet
per unit they are south to north. Hence,
twist, deflection.
magnetic lines are closed loop but not in case of electric field.
Current sensitivity of galvanometer; it is defined as deflection per unit current. 4. The tangent drawn to a magnetic line gives the direction of a magnetic field.
i,e,    NAB  5. In stronger magnetic field, larger number of field lines crosses per unit area.
I  k  Derive an expression for a magnetic field on axis of bar magnet as an equivalent
Voltage sensitivity of galvanometer; it is defined as deflection per unit voltage. solenoid by assuming the magnetic field due to circular current loop.

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Consider a solenoid carrying current I as shown in the figure, o m
From (1) becomes B
2 r 3
This is an expression for magnetic field at the point on the axial line of the
solenoid. This similar to the magnetic field on the axial line of a bar magnet.
Mention an equation of torque on the magnetic dipole in a uniform
magnetic field;
τ =m Bsinθ where θ restoring torque acting on needles,
B uniform magnetic field, m  magnetic moment.
let P be point on the axis of solenoid at a distance r from center of the solenoid. in vector form   m  B
Let n number of turns per unit length, 2l length of solenoid Mention an equation of period of magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field;
O center of solenoid, N=n2l total number of turns, a radius of solenoid I Where I moment of inertia of magnet, B uniform
B total magnetic field at point P on the axis of the solenoid. T  2
dx small length of circular element at a distance ‘ x ’from the center of solenoid mB magnetic field, m  magnetic moment.
ndx  the total number of turns in small length of circular element. Mention equation of potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field;
U m  mB cos 

o IR 2 State and explanation of Gauss law in magnetism; it state that “the net
W.K.T the magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop is, B 
Here B=dB, R=a, x =(r  x ) 2  x2  R2 
3/2 magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero. i,e, B   B S  0
Therefore, the magnetic field due to small circular element of solenoid, Where S  small vector area of element. B  Magnetic field at S
o Ia 2 For one turn Examination; Consider a small vector element S in a closed surface S. the
dB 
2  r  x   a 2 
2 3/ 2
magnetic flux through the S is defined as B  B  S
 
The number of magnetic field lines leaving any closed surface is equal to the
o ndxIa 2 number of magnetic field lines entering it. herefore the net magnetic flux through
dB  3/2
For ‘ndx’ turns
2  r  x   a 2 
2 any closed surface is zero. Hence, this implies that the magnet is exist in isolated
  magnetic poles or monopole do not exist.
If r>>l then ‘ x ’ and ‘a’ can be neglected, dB  o ndxIa
2
1. Declination (D): The angle between the magnetic meridian and the
3
2r geographic meridian at a place is Declination at that place. It varies from
The total magnetic field due to entire solenoid varies from  l to +l is place to place.
l l
o ndxIa 2 2. Horizontal component of earth magnetic field (HE); It is the component
 dB   2r 3 of earth’s total magnetic field along the horizontal direction at a place.
l l 3. Dip or Inclination (I): The angle made by earth’s magnetic field with
o nIa 2 l
o nIa 2 horizontal on the surface of earth. It varies from place to place.
 x l
l
B
2r 3  dx  B  2r 3 Note; Dip is varies from place to place. Thus, the dip increases from the
l
magnetic equator to the magnetic poles. it follows the equation are,
o nIa 2 o nIa 2 2l o 2lnIa 2  BE The total magnetic field at point on earth surface.
B l  (l )  2r 3  2r 3  HE  horizontal component and ZE a vertical component.
2r 3
in magnetic meridian, HE=BE cos I and ZE=BEsinI
o 2lnIa 2 ……………. (1)
B  tan I  ZE and B2E  H2E  Z2E
2 r 3 HE
But, magnetic dipole moment of solenoid is = current x area of cross- sections. a) The Dip is 450(i,e,I=450) then ZE=HE, and tan I= 1/2 the magnetic needle is
m=N I A= 2lnIa2
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lice between horizontal and vertical. Diamagnetic Para magnetic Ferro magnetic
b) The Dip is 00(i,e,I=00) then ZE=0, and tan I= 0 the magnetic needle is substance substance substance
horizontal. Thus, Dip is minimum at equator. The substance which are The substance which The substance which are
c) The Dip is 900(i,e,I=900) then HE=0, and tan I=  the magnetic needle is freely repelled by a are freely attracted by strongly attracted by a
vertical. Thus, Dip is maximum at pole. magnet is called a magnet is called para magnet is called
1
d) The instrument which measure the dip called Dip circle. Diamagnetic substance. magnetic substance. ferromagnetic substance.
Magnetic Permeability (µ): it is defined as ratio as magnetic induction to Eg; Bismuth, Gold, Eg; platinum Eg; Iron, Cobalt,
magnetic intensity. i,e,. µ = B /H. SI unit is H m-1(or T m A-1 or wb A-1 m-1) Silver, etc oxygen, etc. nickel, etc.
µ r = µ / µ 0 it is unit less and dimensional less quantity. It moves from It slowly moves It quickly moves from
Magnetisation (M): It can defined as the magnetic dipole moment (m) acquired stronger to weaker in from weaker to weaker to stronger in
2
per unit volume of the substance (V). uniform magnetic stronger in uniform uniform magnetic field.
net magnetic moment m field. magnetic field.
 magnetisation  i,e, M 
Volume V it aligns itself it aligns itself it aligns itself in a
SI unit of Magnetisation is A m-1. perpendicular to the parallel to the field direction parallel to the
3
Magnetic Intensity (H): Magnetic Intensity at a point is the force experienced by a field uniform uniform magnetic field uniform magnetic
north pole of unit pole strength placed at that point due to pole strength of the given magnetic field field slowly. field very quickly.
magnet. i,e, BH , B= µH  H = B / µ Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic Magnetic susceptibility χ
Where µ is the permeability of the medium, B is magnetic pole strength. 4 χ has a small – ve value. susceptibility χ has a large + ve value.
In air or vacuum H = B0 /µ 0 has a small + ve value.
SI unit of Magnetisation is A m-1. Dimensional formula of M is [IL-1] Induced Dipole Moment Induced Dipole Induced Dipole Moment
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): 5 (m) is a small – ve moment (m) is a small (m) is a large + ve value.
It can defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation (M) in a substance to the value. + ve value.
magnetic intensity (H) applied to the substance. Intensity of Intensity of Intensity of Magnetisation
,i,e, χ = M/ H Susceptibility has no unit. 6 Magnetisation (M) has a Magnetisation (M) has (M) has a large + ve
The large value of χ implies that the material can be easily magnetised. small – ve value. a small + ve value. value.
Curie’s Law: Magnetic susceptibility (χ)of a material varies inversely with the Magnetic permeability µ Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability µ
7
absolute temperature (T). i,e,. χ α 1 / T is always less than unity. µ is more than unity. is much more than unity.
 Explain Magnetic hysteresis; When a Ferro Magnetic material (Fe, Co, Ni) is
C 0 (Where C is proportional constant called Curie constant) placed in magnetic field or in a current solenoid carrying, as increases field then
T
Curie temperature; the temperature above which the ferromagnetic material get materials get magnetised. The graph of magnetic field ‘B’ in a material verses
converted in to paramagnetic material. Eg; Curie temperature for iron is 1043K, magnetic intensity ‘H’ is as shown in figure.
for cobalt 1394 K, for nickel 631 K and for Fe2O3 893K H is increasers, B is also increases and reaches saturation point through curve Oa.
Relation between Magnetic Permeability (µ r) & Susceptibility (χ): When H is decreased, B is also decreases but it
does not come to zero at H = 0. Because the B
  
1   r and   0r  0 1     sin ce  r  residual magnetism set up in the material a

 0  represented by Ob is called Retentivity. b
Superconductor; the conductor which have zero resistance at lowest temperature. To bring the B to zero (to demagnetise
The superconductor is repel by the magnet. Hence this principle used for running completely) by applied opposite (negative)
magnetically levitated super-fast trains. magnetic field. This applied magnetic field (H) f
Meissner effet: the phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductor. represented by Oc is called coercivity.
After reaching the saturation level d, when the e
Explain the properties of Dia, Para and Ferro magnetic substance magnetic field (H) is reversed, the d
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curve closes to the point ‘a’ and completing a cycle. galvanometer. The magnitude of induced emf depends on the rate of change of
The loop abcdefa is called Hysteresis Loop. The area of the loop gives the loss of magnetic flux linked with the coil.
energy due to the cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation and is dissipated in Experiment 02; current (& emf) induced by relative motion between the coil and
the form of heat. the coil method.
The material (like iron) having thin loop is used for making temporary magnets Schematic arrangement of apparatus to induced
and that with thick loop (like steel) is used for permanent magnets. emf as shown above the figure. The bar magnet
From the figure, the retentivity point on b & e on the curve, H=0 but B  0 . is replaced by a second coil C2 connected to
the coercivity point on c & f on the curve, B=0 but H  0 battery & to producer the steady magnetic field.
Retentivity (remanance); it is property of Ferro magnetic material which retains When the relative motion between the C1 and
the magnetism after the magnetizing field is made zero. C2coils there is responsible for generation
Coercivity; It is the negative magnetic intensity (H) required to remove the (induction) of electric current in the coil C1.it
residual magnetism in the specimen. has followed by same procedure for relative
Permanent Magnet; The substance which retain their ferromagnetic property for motion between the magnet and the coil method.
long time at room temperature is called permanent magnet. Material for making Experiment 03; current (& emf) induced by current when coils are kept at rest;
permanent magnet should have High permeability, High coercivity and High Consider two coils C1& C2 kept side by side
retentivity. Ex. Cobalt Steel, Alnico, Ticonal, etc as shown in figure. If key is pressed, a
Electromagnet; Core of the electromagnet are made of ferromagnetic materials galvanometer shows deflection and return to
having following characteristic. (1) High permeability; magnetisation is large zero immediately. Similar deflection are
magnetising field. (2) Low retentivity; the magnetisation is lost as magnetising observed when key is released, but opposite
current is switched off. Electromagnet are used in loud speaker, Telephone direction. The magnitude of momentary
diaphragm, core of generator and Transformer. deflection is increases when iron is inserted
Chapter; 06 Electromagnetic Induction; 07hers; in to coils along their axis.
Experiment 01; current (& emf) induced by relative motion between the magnet Induced emf (); the emf developed in a coil due to change in magnetic flux linked
and the coil method. with the coil (in volt).
Schematic arrangement apparatus as Induced current (I); the current flow in a coil due to induced emf. (in current).
shown in figure Consider a conducting State and explain the Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction:
coil connected to a galvanometer G. It states that “the induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of
When North Pole of the magnet is magnetic flux linked with coil”.
moved towards the coil, then magnetic If d is change in magnetic flux in a time dt second and emf induced in coil,
flux linked with the coil increases. As a d
From Faraday’s law, 
result the G shows momentary dt
deflection. When North Pole of the d -ve sign indicate that change magnetic flux (d )and direction
magnet is taken away from the coil, then   of induced emf (ε) are in opposite direction.
dt
magnet flux linked with the coil decreases. As a result the G shows momentary State and explain Lenz’s law for induced e.m.f; or
deflection in opposite direction. Similar observations are made with South Pole. Explain Lenz law in accordance to principle of conservation of energy:
Similar observations are made keeping the magnet constant and coil is moved. it state that “The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current
This experiment shows that an emf is induced in a coil due to change in magnetic which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it”.
flux linked with the coil. Therefore current flows through the coil. This law gives the direction of induced current. This law is a consequence of law of
However there is no deflection when coil and magnet are at rest (or) they are moves conservation of energy.
with the same speed in the same direction. Thus, whenever there is a relative motion Consider a coil AB connected to galvanometer (G). When N-Pole of the magnet is
between coil and magnet, then deflection is observed in the galvanometer.
When the magnet (or) coil moved faster, the larger deflection is observed in the

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move towards the B-end of the coil the emf is induced. Induced emf sends current What is Eddy current: The current loops developed in a metal due to change in
in antilock wise directions through coil. and develop in N-Pole at B end of the coil. magnetic flux linked with the metal is called Eddy current. or Foucault current.
So coil which oppose the motion of magnet. as shown in the figure (a) Explain the Advantage (ueses) of eddy current:
i) It is used in magnetic brake in train.
ii) It is used as electromagnetic damping in a galvanometers as a dead beat.
A B
iii) It is used in induction furnace for melting of iron ore etc…
a iv) It is used in energy meters (watt-meter) to measure the consumption of electric
energy.
Inductance; The phenomenon in which production of emf in coil due to change in
magnetic flux hence induce the current through a coil.
b  the changing magnetic flux directly proportional to induced current
Similarly when N-Pole of magnet is move away from the coil the induced current i,e,  I The proportional constant is called inductance.
in clock wise direction and its makes B end of coil behave like a South Pole which SI unit is henry (H). It is scalar quantity.
attract the N-Pole of the magnet as shown in the figure (b). Dimensional formula [H]=[M1L2T-2 A-2] (i,e, /A)
Therefore electric energy is produce at expanses of mechanical energy, this is Factor on which dependence on inductance,
according to law of conservation of energy. 1. Shape of coil, and 2. Intrinsic properties of materials.
Suppose Lenz law is not true instead of N-Pole, the S-Pole develop at B-end of the They are two type inductance; 1) Mutual inductance, & 2) self-inductance
coil when N-Pole of magnet move towards coil. The coil and magnet are What is self inductance and Mention expression for induced emf in the self
automatically attract each other so it gains continuously increase velocity & kinetic inductance;
energy without expense any energy. This violates the law of conservation of Phenomenon of production of emf in coil due to change magnetic flux in the same
energy. Therefore it cannot happen. Hence Lenz’s is consequence of law of coil (current varying in the same coil). The phenomenon in which an emf is induced
conservation of energy. in a coil when current through it changes is called self-inductance.
What is motional emf and derive an expression for it dI Where ε emf in self inductance
  L
When conductor moves right angle to magnetic field lines consequently emf is dt Lco-efficient of self inductance, dIvarieng current with time dt
induced between ends of the conductor called motional emf. Back emf; it is induced emf in the coil during growth of applied current to it.
Consider a straight rod of conductor of PQ of length L which are moving in Right Forward emf; it is induced emf in the coil during decay of applied current to it.
angle to magnetic field strength B with constant velocity v. Let dx be the distance Mention the equation for co- efficient selef inductance of long solenoid and
moved by the rod in a time dt and d be the change in flux in a same time dt. explain the ternus;
W.K.T  = B x Area The Self-inductance of solenoid in air is L=0n2lA
S
 = B  L  dx The Self-inductance relative permeability r is present in the solenoid, L=r 0n2lA
P Note: Forward emf is many times greater than back emf. Example; The induced
Differentiate w.r.t time ‘t’
d dx emf during break of the circuit is more thus a flash of light observed when a tube
 BL L v
light, TV is switched off.
dt dt
d dI dI
 BLv.........(1) Define one Henry: W.K.T   L When  1A / s and  = 1 volt
dt R Q dt dt
dx But, =L (magnitude only) 1=Lx1 L=1H
d
From Faraday’s law,    , Thus, self-inductance of the coil is said to be 1H if 1volt emf is induced in the coil,
dt
when current through it changes at the rate of 1A/s
d
or   ........(2) What is mutual inductance and Mention expression for induced emf in the
dt
mutual inductance;
From (1) & (2) we get = BLv This is equation for motional emf.
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The phenomenon of production of emf in one coil due to change of magnetic flux Derive an expression for sinusoidal AC or theory of AC Generator:
in neighbouring coil (current varying in the neighbouring coil). Consider a rectangular coil having a N turns placed in uniform magnetic field
dI Where ε emf in mutual inductance strength B. Let coil be rotated with constant angular velocity ‘’ and  be angle
  M
dt Mco-efficient of mutual inductance, dIvarieng current with between the normal drawn to the plane (A) of coil and B
time dt for co- efficient mutual inductance of two long co-axial
Mention the equation W.K.T  = B  Area A
solenoid and explain the ternus;  = BA cos
The mutual inductance of solenoid in air is M=0n1n2Lr12 At any instant of time,  = t
The mutual inductance relative permeability r is present in the side solenoid,  = BA cost for one turns 
B
M=r0n1n2Lr1 2  = NBA cost for N- turns
Energy stored in the self-inductance; Self – induced emf always oppose any Differential w.r.t time ‘t’
change in current in the circuit. The work needs to be done against this back emf in d
  NBA  sint
established current. This work is stored as a potential energy. dt
dI d
W.K.T   L From Faradays II law,      = NBA sint
dt dt
The work done by external voltage to drive the charge through the conductor is,  = 0 sin t
w  q This an expression for induced emf produced in the coil at any instant of time 't’
dw dq dw dI Where 0 = NBA is constant for given coil and it is maximum value of emf
 L I
dt dt dt dt Chapter; 07 Alternating current;
dw  LIdI Alternating Current; The current which change the magnitude with time and
I direction revers periodically is called alternating current.
1 2
w   LIdI  w LI Peak value: The maximum value of ac (im) or av (vm) in either half the cycle of ac.
o
2 1. Equation for instantaneous ac voltage is v=vmsint.
1 2 2. Sum of the all instantaneous value of alternating current over complete cycle is
U LI Since U=w
2 zero.
What is A.C. generator? Draw the label 3. Average value of alternating current over complete cycle is zero.
diagram of AC Generator; 2i
4. Relation between average value and peak value of ac is i  m
A.C. Generator or A.C. Dynamo is a device 
which converts mechanical energy into Root mean square value current (irms) (rms value of current. it means measured
alternating current (electrical energy). value or true value): It is defined as square root of mean of square of all
Principle: A.C. Generator is based on the im
principle of Electromagnetic Induction. instantaneous value of ac taken over a complete one cycle. i rms  S.T. Voltage
i) N&S poles of Field Magnets. 2
ii) Armature (Coil PQRS); and current are in phase when ac circuit containing in a pure resistance (R):
Consider pure resistor of resistance R is connected series with ac source as shown
iii) Slip Rings (R1 and R2); in the figure.
iv) Brushes (B1 and B2);
Working: as the coil (called armature) be Alternating emf
rotated about an axis in magnetic field, an
induced emf and hence current is set up in the coil due to change in magnetic flux Circuit diagram
linked with coil. This generated alternating current can flow in external circuit Phasor diagram
through slip ring and brushes. AC &AV graph
v=vmsinωt …….(1)

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Where v is the instantaneous voltage, vm is the peak value voltage, S.T. Voltage lags (behind) current by /2 when ac circuit containing in a pure
ω is the angular velocity at any instant of time ‘t’ capacitance. Consider pure capacitance of capacitor C is connected series with ac
The current through circuit, i  v (from Ohm’s law) source as shown in the figure.
R
v v
i  m sin t  i  i m sin t ….. (2) Where i m  m  peak value of current
R R Circuit diagram
This equation is current through resistor in an ac circuit at any instant.
From equations (1) and (2) is clear that voltage across the resistor and current are in
AC & AV graph Phasor diagram
phase and. Thus current reach its maximum value same time in the voltage. v=vmsinωt…..(1)
Show that voltage lead the current by /2 when ac circuit containing in a pure
Where v is the instantaneous voltage, vm is the peak value voltage,
inductance (L);
ω is the angular velocity at any instant of time ‘t’
Consider pure inductor of a inductance L is connected series with ac source as shown
Let ‘q” be the charge on the capacitor at any time‘t’.
in the figure.
From Kirchhoff’s loop rule, the voltage across the source and the capacitor are equal.
 vm sin wt =q/c (since q=Cv)
The current in the circuit at any instant of time t is,
Circuit diagram
dq d d
i  (v m Csin wt) ===> i  C  v m sin t 
Phasor diagram
dt dt dt
v=vmsinωt ………….(1) AC &AV graph i  Cvm cos t or 
vm 
i sin  t  
Where v is the instantaneous voltage, vm is the peak value voltage, 1  2
ω is the angular velocity at any instant of time ‘t’ C
1
The induced emf in the coil is   L dI i
vm  
sin  t   Where X C  capacitive reactance
dt XC  2 C
From Kirchhoff law of electrical network is   (t )  0   v
i  i m sin  t   ………… (2) Where i m  m  peak value of current
 2 XC
v+ε=0 or  ε =V
dI The equation (2) is current through capacitor in a ac circuit at any instant.
L  v m sin t or LdI  vm sin t dt From equation (1) and (2) shows that ‘i’ leads v by /2 and as shown above graph.
dt
Current reach its maximum value earlier than voltage by one –fourth of a period.
 L dI   vm sin t dt ===>   cos t 
LI  v m  C Derive an expression for current in a series LCR a.c. circuit Consider a pure
   inductance (L), Capacitance (C) and resistance (R) are connecting in series with ac
vm source as shown.in the figure.
i   cos t   C
L B VL
C=0, thus, the average value of cosωt over a complete cycle is zero.
D
i  m sin  t   ===> i  m sin  t   Where XL =  L inductive reactance
v   v  ~ E

(VL-VC)
Circuit diagram
L  2 XL  2 V
  V
i  i m sin  t   …………….(2) Where i  v m  peak value of current O A
2 m
XL VR 

Circuit diagram
The equation (2) is current through inductor in a ac circuit at any instant. Phasor diagram Impendence diagram
From (1) and (2) clearly shows that v leads i by /2 and as shown above graph. V=Vm sinωt……(1) C VC
Thus current reach its maximum value later than voltage by one –fourth of a period. Where v is the instantaneous voltage,

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vm is the peak value voltage, ω is the angular velocity at any instant of time ‘t’  Z  R 2   X C  X L 2 S.I. Unit of Z is ohm
Let VL= iXL, VC=iXC and VR=iR be the voltage across the L, C and R respectively
and  be the phase difference between resultant voltage and current in the circuit as Difference between inductive reactance and capacitive reactance
shown above the phasor diagram. In inductance VL leads i by /2, Inductive reactance (XL) capacitive reactance (XC)
It is defined as ratio of the rms It is defined as ratio of the rms value of
 values of the voltage across the the voltage across the capacitor to the
In capacitor VC legs i by , and in resistor VR and i are in phase.
2 coil to the rms values of the current rms values of the current through the
From the Phasor diagram 1 through the coil. ie, v v
X L  rms capacitor. i,e, X C  rms
i
V  VR2   VL  VC  this is an equation for resultant voltage in LCR Circuit
2
rms
i rms
SI unit of XL is ohm
V SI unit of XC is ohm
 iR    iXC  iX L  ===>  R 2   XC  X L 
2 2 2
V
i XL  2fL Where L = self- 1 Where C = capacitance
Xc 
2 inductance of the coil, 2fC
R   XC  X L 
2
Z 2 This expression for impendence in the LCR circuit.
f = frequency of ac. of capacitor, f = frequency of ac.
V V It increases with increasing of It is decreases with increasing of
but i  , this is equation for current in the LCR Circuit.
Z i 3 frequency. i,e, X L  f
R   XC  XL  frequency i.e. . X c  1
2 2

f
From the Phasor diagram, 1).  tan 1  X C  X L  4 For steady DC, f=0 and XL=0
  For steady DC, f=0 and XC=
 R 
5 Inductance allows the DC Capacitance store the D.C
 R  
2).  cos 1   and 3).  Sin 1 
X XL 

C
 Band width:The difference between the frequencies of ac at which the power is
Z  Z  half of the maximum power at resonance. OR Difference in frequencies of ac at
This is an equation for phase angles between R,Z and (XL- XC)
Where, XL is inductive reactance, XC is capacitive reactance. which current is 1/ 2 times maximum current at resonance is called band width.
Obtain the expression for resonant frequency; The state of LCR circuit at which i.e Band width = ω1  ω2
current is maximum, impendence is minimum when inductive reactance (X L) is Sharpness of the resonance curve: The resonance is said to be sharp if the current
equal to capacitive reactance (XC). At resonance  between I and V is zero. falls rapidly with frequency. It is defined as ratio of the resonant frequency to band
W.K.T Current in LCR circuit, i= V ,  i  V width. i.e. sharpness of the resonance= Re sonancefrequency = 0
Z R 2   XL  XC 
2
Band width 1  2
i, is maximum, Z is minimum when X L  XC This is called condition for It is measured by quality factor of the circuit.
Mention of equation for Q-factor of resonant circuit; the measure of the
resonance 1
L  sharpness of the resonance is called quality factor (Q-factor). It is defined as ratio
C
1
1 This is expression for resonant frequency in the LCR circuit of resonant frequency to the band width for which the current is times the
0 
LC 2
f0 
1 This is expression for resonant frequency in the LCR circuit. 0  L 1 L 1
peak value current. Q  0  0  
2 LC 1  2 2 R R C 0CR
Uses of resonance; It is used in receiving radio & TV signal.
Power factor;
Impedance (Z); It is opposition offered by LCR circuit to flow of ac through it.
It is defined as cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current.
It is defined as the ratio of rms value of voltage across the LCR circuit to rms value
Pave =IV cos The quantity “cos” is called power factor.
of current through the circuit. i.e. Z  Vrms 1. Power factor in resistance (R) is one. i,e,. cos=1 phase difference, =00
i rms
2. Power factor in inductor (L) is zero. i,e,. cos=0

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phase difference, =900 in terms current Vs  NS  IP  T .
3. Power factor in capacitor (C) is zero i,e,. cos=0 VP NP Is
phase difference, =900 Where T  N s turn ratio of NS & Np is are current through S-coil and P-coil.
Wattles current; The current for which power consumption in ac circuit is zero. Np
It is defined as the current which lead or lags the voltage by /2 is called wattles Different source of energy losses in the transformer.
current. Ex: The power in inductor (L) and power in ac circuit (C) is zero. 1) Loss due to heating. 2) Loss due to magnetic flux leakage.
i,e,. Pave =IV cos Pave=0 (since =/2) 3) Loss due to eddy current. 4) Loss due to hysteresis.
Explain the LC Oscillation; when a charged capacitor is allowed to discharge Chapter; 08 Electromagnetic waves; Duration; 03 hours
through an inductor it will produce the electric oscillation between Land C is called Displacement current (iD); current which appears in the region due to change in
LC oscillation. Consider fully charged (q) capacitor of capacitance C connected d
parallel with inductor of inductance L. the charged capacitor is stat to discharge the i D  0 E
electric field (hence, electric flux) with time. i,e,. dt
charge as a current through an inductor and an induced emf develops in the inductor.
The total energy in circuit is E  UE  UB d E
1 Where dt = Electric flux. ε0=permittivity of free space
Electric energy in the capacitor is U E  Cv 2 State and mention the Ampere’s -Maxwell law equations; it state that “ The
2
total current passing through any surface of which the closed loop is the perimeter
1 2
And magnetic energy in the inductor is, U E  Li and equal to sum of the conduction current and the displacement current”
2 d
1 1   B dl  0i 00 E This is expression for Ampere’s Maxwell law.
 Total electromagnetic energy in the LC circuit is E  CV 2  LI 2 dt
2 2 Where μ0 and ε0= Absolute permeability and Absolute permittivity of Free space
The frequency of LC oscillation is f  1 Needs of displacement current;
2 LC 1. It needs to determine magnetic field produced by the time varying electric field.
Transformers; It is device used to increase or decrease ac voltage. It works on 2. It needs to maintain the current between capacitor plates.
principle of mutual induction. The phase difference between input to output is 1800. 3. It need to set the Maxwell’s equations and to predict the electromagnetic
The transformer increase the ac Voltage waves.
by decreasing of current and vice versa. Properties of displacement current;

Secondary
Construction; transformer consist of two 1. It is exist whenever there is a change in electric field with time.
coils, primary coil (P-coil) and secondary 2. It is zero for constant electric field and also zero for fully charged capacitor
Primary

coil (S-coil) wounded on some soft iron even also AC circuit.

core as shown in the figure.ac voltage 3. It is source of magnetic field as same as time varying electric field is source
beings to applied across the primary. An of magnetic field.
alternating current flows through the 4. The symmetry of electricity and magnetism is explain existence of the
through primary coil. These varied electromagnetic waves
current changes the magnetic flux linked with secondary coil. As a result, an Electromagnetic waves; time varying electric field and magnetic field are
alternating voltage of same frequency is induced across the secondary coil. The mutually perpendicular to regenerate each other as wave propagate through the
magnitude of this output voltage Vs across secondary coil depends upon the input space is called EM waves.
voltage Vp across the primary and also on the turn ratio (T) of the transformer. Characteristics of E.M. wave:
Vs  VpT 1. Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Example; Light
2. Oscillating charge is source of E.M. wave
Vs NS Where, T  N s 3. The frequency of electromagnetic waves is equal to frequency of oscillating
 T
VP N P Np charge

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4. They do not require material medium for propagation. 3) used for taking the photography during conditions of fog and smoke
5. E.M. wave is not deflected in electric field and magnetic field. 4) used in solar water heaters and cookers, used for dehydrated fruits
1 5) used in remote switches and remote control key such as TV sets, video
6. Speed of Electromagnetic wave for air or vacuum is C  recorders,
0 0 4. Visible-rays; Used to view the world around us. Different animals are
7. Speed of Electromagnetic wave for given media is v  1 sensitive to different range of wavelengths.
 5. UV-rays;
C 1) Uses to preserve food stuffs as the rays kill germs.
8. Refractive index of the optical medium is n   r r 2) Used to sterilize milk and drinking water.
v
3) Used to cause photoelectric current in burglar alarm.
9. Amplitude of electric field and magnetic field are related as C  E 0 4) Used in the detection of fingerprints.
B0
5) Used to detect forgery documents, currency.
10. Energy of EM wave is equally divided between electric field and magnetic field. 6) Used to distinguish between real gem and artificial gem.
1 6. X-Rays:
Average energy density of electric field is U E  0 E 2
2 1) Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, to detect fracture of bones, foreign bodies
Average energy density of magnetic field is, UB  1 B2 like bullets and stones in the human body.
2 0 2) Used For detecting faults, cracks and flaws in metal castings
11. Range of wave length of electromagnetic spectrum is from 10-12m to 105m 3) Used in the investigation of structure of crystals
EM- Wave length () Production (sources) 7. -rays (Gamma);
Waves 1) Used in the treatment of cancer. 2) Used to study the structure of nucleus.
Radio > 0.1m Rapid acceleration and decelerations of electron 2) Used to preserve foodstuff. 4) Used to sterilize surgical equipment’s.
waves in aerials Chapter 09; Ray Optics and Optical instruments. 10 hours
Micro 0.1m to 1mm Klystron valve or magnetron valve ex; Gun II-Law of reflection: The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r).
waves diodes Mention the Sign-conventions for spherical mirror (Cartesian sign
IR-rays 1mm to 700nm Vibration of atoms and molecules. ex hotter convention);
bodies, Nernst lamp 1) All distance are measured from the pole.
Visible- 700nm to Excitation of valence electron in atoms. 2) Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are taken as positive.
rays 400 nm 3) Distances measured in opposite the direction of incident rays are taken as
UV-rays 400nm to 1nm Excitation of Inner shell electrons in atoms. negative.
X-rays 1nm to 10-3 nm X-ray tubes or Inner shell electrons 4) Distances measured above the principal axis are taken as positive.
5) Distances measured below the principal axis are taken as negative.
-rays < 10-3nm Radioactive decay of the nucleus
6) Real object and real image distances are taken as positive while virtual object
Uses of electromagnetic waves;
and virtual image distances are taken as negative.
1. Radio waves;
Show that f=R/2 OR Derive the relation between focal length & radius of
They are in used for wireless communication, like radio, TV, Cellar phones
curvature of concave spherical mirror.
2. Micro waves; Consider a concave mirror placed in air.
1) Used in RADAR system for aircraft navigation
When paraxial light ray under goes reflection
2) Used in microwave oven for heating.
as shown in ray diagram.
3) Used to measure speed of tennis ball, cricket ball, automobiles, etc.
f  focal length, R  radius of curvature
3. IR-rays;
1) Used in muscular therapy, to treat muscular strain, C  center of curvature F principal focus
2) Used in green houses to keep the plants warm. M  point of incident, P pole,

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i angle of incidence r angle of reflection, F principal focus sin 0 0
n21 = = it is indeterminate form.
PF=  f & PC=  R sin 0 0
Apply II- law of reflection at M, ie i=r Snell’s law does not hold good for normal incidence or for 00 angle of incidence.
from the figure i=β  i =r = β   and α=2θ Critical Angle: The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction becomes
right angle triangles MDF, tan2θ=MD/FD 900when light ray travel from denser to rarer medium is called critical angle.
MDC, tanθ = MD/CD i.e. if i= C, then r = 900.
For paraxial ray θ is very-very small, then tanθ ~θ, and At critical angle the refracted ray grazes the interface.
M is very close to P. so D P Conditions for Critical Angle;
2θ=PM/PF …… (1) 1. The light ray should travel from denser to rarer medium.
θ = PM/PC …… (2) 2. Angle of refraction becomes 900 or refracted ray just grazes refracted surface.
PM PM Derive the relation between refractive index and critical angle:
From equation (1) &(2) we get, 2 
PC PF Consider a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium, refracted ray grazes
PC R refracting surface, the incident angle is critical angle C & its object O.
PF   f  n2  R.I. of denser medium
2 2
n1=1  R.I. of air medium
R
A/c sign convention,  f  (According to sign convention) Applying Snell’s law, n2sini=n1sinr
air(n1) r=900
2
R if i = C, then r=900
f This is equation for relation between f & R
2 n2sinC=n1sin900
Refraction of light; n2sinC=n1 Denser(n2)
Refraction of light: The bending (or Change of velocity) of light when it travels n2 1
from one optical medium to another optical medium of different optical density (at   n 21 O
n1 sin c
non zero incident angle).
1 1
Examples (consequences)for Refraction of light: 1. Twinkling of stars. For air na=1 &n2=n n  or sin C 
2. A straight stick appears bent when it is partially immersed in water. sin C n
3. A coin kept at the bottom of water appears to be raised. Total Internal Reflection (TIR):
Note: When the light travels from one medium to another medium, its velocity will Define TIR: When a ray of light travels
change. Therefore refraction takes place. from denser to rarer medium is incident
1st law of refraction: the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal drawn to the with an angle greater than critical
refracting at the point of incidence all are lie in the same plane. angle, then the ray is totally reflected
2nd law of refraction OR Snell’s Law: It states that, “The ratio of sine of angle of back into denser medium. This
incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for a pair of media for given phenomenon is called TIR.
sin i Consider a ray of light travels from
wave length of light”. i.e. = Constant denser to rarer medium is as shown in
sin r the ray diagram.
Where, i  Angle of incidence, r  Angle of refraction O  object, XY  interface, OA&OB incident ray,
1. Normal incident; When a ray of light incident along the normal, then it is called
AB  refracted ray, BD  reflected ray, i  angle of incidence,
normal incidence. In the normal incidence, the light enters the second medium
C  critical angle. A&Bpoint of incident
without bending for normal incidence. ie i=00 and r=00.
Conditions for TIR
sin i
2. Limitation of snell’s law; From Snell’s law n21 = 1. The light ray should travel from denser to rarer medium.
sin r 2. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle.
For normal incidence, i = 0 and r = 0 Mention the uses of TIR:

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1. Optical fibers works on the principle of TIR. M
2. Total reflecting prism, works on the principle of TIR. n1
3. Sparkling of diamond is due to series of TIR. (Brillince of diamond) i n2
4. The shining of air bubble inside the glass paper weight is due to TIR. r
Mentions the uses of Phenomenon of TIR are observing naturally.
  
1. Mirage: it is an optical illusion due to TIR.
O P D C I
2. Rainbow is due to dispersion and TIR. R
Optical Fibers; Explain construction and working of optical fiber; u v
It is a device used to transmit light from one place to another place through the pipe
without loss of energy. It works on the principle of TIR. Let O  real object at a distance u, I  Real image at a distance v,
Optical fiber is consists of a thin, flexible glass or plastic fiber of high refractive R  radius of curved surface, C  center of curvature, P  pole,
index. The outer surface of the fiber is coated with a material of low refractive index. i  angle of incidence & r  angle of refraction.
When a ray of light enters the optical Cladding Applying Snell’s law at M, n1 sini=n2 sinr
fiber, then it undergoes a series of If the rays are very close to principal axis then i and r are very small.
TIR. Finally it emerges out from Core  sini i and sinr r.
other end of the fiber. n1i=n2r …………………….. (1)
Mention the uses of Optical fibers: From Triangle MCO & MCI
1. It is used in telecommunication to send messages in the form of light. i=+ and r=   
2. It is used to transmit digital signals and 3D pictures.
3. It is used in computers and TV pictures & stellar spectroscopy. from equation (1), n1(+)=n2(    ) …………..(2)
4. It is used in decorative table lamp. From right angled triangle MDO, MDC & MDI
5. To scan the interiors of jet engines. MD MD MD
tan   , tan   & tan  
Mention the uses of Optical fibers in medical field: DO DC DI
1. It is used to study inner parts of the human body (Gastroscope-to study stomach If the rays are very close to principal axis then , and  are very small.
or intestine, Bronchoscope-to study lungs). and M is very close to P. so D  P
2. It is used to measure the rate of blood flow in heart. tan  , tan  & tan  
Total reflecting prism;
1) Incident light turn to 900 (porro-prism) as shown in the figure (1) PM PM PM
 ,  & 
2) Incident light beam turn to 1800 inverting image as shown in the figure (2) PO PC PI
3) Incident light beam to produce the inverting image without deviation as shown Substitute the value of , and  in equation (2),
in the figure (3)  PM PM   PM PM 
n1     n2   
A  PO PC   PC PI 
45 A B n1 n n n
B  1  2  2 …………… (3)
B A PO PC PC PI
B
From the figure PC= R, PO= u & PI= v
0
45 A n n n n
90 Figure (2) From equation (3) becomes, 1  1  2  2
Figure (1) Figure (3)
PO PC PC PI
Derive spherical refraction formula for convex surface OR Derive the relation n1 n 2 n 2  n1
between n, u, v and R for the refraction at single spherical surface;   This is an equation for spherical surface.
u v R
Consider a convex spherical surface of RI n2 placed in air of RI n1. According in to sign convention, u=  ve , v=+ve &R=+ve
the light ray undergoes refraction as shown above the ray diagram.

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n 2 n1 n 2  n1 1 1  1 1 
  This is an equation for convex surface. n1      n 2  n1    
v u R u v R
 1 R 2 

Mention of equation for thin lens formula;  1 1   n2  1 1 

    1   
1 1 1 where, f  focal length of thin lens,  u v   n1 R
 1 R 2 
  u  object distance, v  image distance 1 1  n2  1 1  ------------------------- (2)
f v u  
v u  n1
 1 
R

R

Derive Lens Maker’s Formula OR assuming the formula for the refraction at  1 2 

1 1 1 ------------------------- (4)
the spherical surface. Deduce lens makers formula for a thin convex lens. Fromlens formula  
Consider a thin convex lens of focal length f having. RI n2 placed in air medium n1. f v u
Let, R1 and R2 be the radii of two spherical surfaces ABC and ADC.
From equation (4) & (5)
We know that spherical formula
1  n2  1 1  This is the expression for lens maker’s
n1 n 2 n 2  n1   1   
  ----------------- (1) f  n1  1R R 2 
u v R
formula.
Where n1R.I. of object medium, What is Equivalent of lens, derive an expression for it or Derive an expression
n2  R.I. of image medium for equivalent focal length of two lenses kept in contact:
u  object distance A single lens which produces the same effect as that of set of lenses is called
v  image distance equivalent lens and its focal length is equivalent focal length.
R  Radius of curvature
The light ray undergoes two
refractions as shown above the diagram.
Case 1. Refraction at ABC surface:
O  real object at a distance= u=  u
I1  real image at a distance =v1
Radius of curvature = R1
Equation (1) becomes, Consider two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 having focal lengths f1&f2 respectively
n1 n2 n  n1 --------- ( 2)
  2 which are kept in contact co-axially.
u v1 R1 1 1 1
Case 2. Refraction at ADC surface: W.K.T   ------------------------------------------------- (1)
f u v
I1  virtual object at a distance=  v1 A Let, ‘O’ be the real object. f=focal length,
I  real image at a distance =v i2 r2 n1 u=object distance, v=image distance
Radius of curvature = R2=  R2 The light ray undergoes two refraction as shown above the ray diagram.
Equation (1) becomes, Case 1: Refraction at L1.
n 2 n1 n 2  n1 O  real object at a distance=u and I1  real image at a distance =v1
  ------ (3) R2 D
v1
I I1
 v1 v R 2 n2 Focal length = f1
Adding equation (2) and (3)
v1 1 1 1
C Equation (1) becomes,   --------------------- (2)
(since According in to sign f1 u v1
convention R1=+ve & R2=  ve , u=  ve) Case 2: Refraction at L2.
n1 n1 n 2  n1 n 2  n1
   I1  virtual object at a distance=  v1 & I  real image at a distance =v
u v R1 R 2 Focal length = f2

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1 1 1 i2→angle of emergence
Equation (1) becomes,   -------------------- (3) d2→angle of deviation.  d2=i2-r2
f 2 v v1 Total deviation produced by a prism is d=d1+d2=(i1-r1)+(i2-r2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 d = (i1+i2 ) –(r1+r2) ---------- (1)
Adding (2) and (3)      From quadrilateral AQNR A  N  180 0 ………….... (2)
f1 f 2 u v1 v v1
From triangle QNR r1+r2+ N =1800 …………...... (3)
1 1 1 1 From (2) and (3)
   …………… (4)
f1 f 2 u v A  N  r1+r2+ N
Apply the sign convention to equation (1) & (4) ie u=  ve & v=+ve A =r1+r2-------------------------------------------------------- (4)
1 1 1 Substituting (4) in (1) we get, d=i1+i2-A --------------------------------- (5)
And we get,   this is the expression for equivalent focal length. As angle of incidence increases, angle of deviation varies,
f1 f 2 f At minimum deviation position of prism i1=i2=i
Power of the lens (P); It is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it r1=r2=r and d=Dm =angle of minimum deviation.
converges or diverges a beam of light falling at unit distance from the optical Equation (5) becomes
center. It is measured as the reciprocal of focal length of a lens. A  Dm
Dm=2i-A  i 
i.e. Power  1 1 Where, f is in metre 2
P d
focallength f A
Equation (4) becomes A=2r  r
SI unit of power of a lens is diopter (D) 2
Define dioptre: The power of a lens is one dioptre, if its focal length is one metre. D
From Snell’s law n
1 n 21  2

But P  if f=1m, then P=1D. n1

f,  A  Dm 
sin  
Linear Magnification (m): Linear magnification of spherical mirror or lens is the  2  i
 n 21 
hI A
sin  
ratio of height of the image to the height of the object. i.e. m   2
h0 This is the expression for the refractive index of the prism.
Where, h1=height of image, h0=height of object. It is also defined as the ratio of Rayleigh’s scattering law: it state that intensity of the scattered light is inversely
image distance to the object distance. proportional to fourth power of the wavelength of the incident light.
Derive an expression for refractive index of a prism in terms of ‘A’ and ‘D’  1 
Consider a principal section of prism ABC of RI n2 placed in air of RI n1 and A be i e..  I 4  Where Iintensity of scattered radiation
   and  wavelength of incident light
the angle of prism. The light ray undergoes the two refraction through a prism as Hence, Rayleigh’s scatter law explained the shorter wave length of light is more
shown above the ray diagram. PQT is incident direction.
scattered then longer wave length of light and with more intensity then the longer
For AB surface ; wave length.
Let PQ→incident ray,
Why sky appears blue of explain: According to Rayleigh’s law violet & blue
QR→ Refracted ray colour are strongly scattered then other colour. But our eye are more sensitive to
i1→ angle of incidence, blue light then violet. Therefore the sky appears blue during the day. The absence
r1→ angle of refraction
of atmosphere sky will appear perfectly dark.
d1→angle of deviation  d1=i1-r1 Reddish colour at sun set and sunrise; According to Rayleigh’s law violet & blue
For AC surface colour are strongly scattered then other colour but they are not travel longer distance
Let QR→incident ray during sunrise and sunset. Therefore sun looks reddish colour during at sun set and
RS→emergent ray
r2→angle of incidence

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sunrise due to least scattered of longer wave length of light &they can reach to Derive the Snell’s law of Refraction of light at a denser medium by Huygens’s
observer. Hence. This explain the reddish appearance of full moon near the horizon. plane wave front; Consider a refracting surface XY which are separated by two
1) Draw the ray diagram of simple 2) Draw the ray diagram of Microscope medium having a RI n1 & n2 (ie n2 > n1). The incident plane wave front under goes
microscope when the image is astronomical refracting telescope. refracted to denser medium as in figure.
formed At near point. Let v1  Velocity of first (rarer) medium. v1
v2  Velocity of second(denser) medium B
AB  incident plane wave front, i n1
CD  refracted plane wave front. i C
X Y
i  angle of incident, A r
r  angle of refraction. r n2
let  be the time taken by light to travel a
D v2
distance from B to C is equal to A to D.
BC AD ===> BC v
   1
Draw the ray diagram of a compound microscope. v1 v2 AD v2
from right angle triangle ABC & ADC,
BC
sin i  and sin r 
AD
AC AC
sin i BC v1
 
sin r AD v 2
n v sin i n 2
But 1  2  
n 2 v1 sin r n1
n1 sin i  n 2 sin r This is Snell’s law of refraction.
Derive the law of Reflection of light by Huygens’s plane wave front;
Consider a reflecting surface XY, The incident plane wave front under goes
reflection as in figure.
Let AB  incident plane wave front CD  reflected plane wave front.
Chapter; 10 Wave optics 10 hrs
State the Huygens principle; It state that “Each point on the primary wave front
act as a source of secondary disturbance (and to produce the secondary wave lets) i  angle of incident.
and they travels in same direction of primary wave front with velocity of light”. r  angle of reflection.
Wave front: let  be the time taken by light to travel a distance from B to C is equal to A to D.
It is the line passing through the points which are vibrating at the same instant and BC AD
ie   
same phase. Shape of wave front depends on shapes of the source of disturbance. v v D B
a) The plane wave front: it is due to parallel beam of light or by point of the from right angle triangle ABC & ADC, r
source which is kept at infinite distance. BC v i r
b) The spherical wave front: it is due to point source which is kept at finite sin i   ……………. (1) r
AC AC X i Y
distance. A C
AD v
c) The cylindrical wave front: it is due to linear source which is kept at finite and sin r  
distance. AC AC
…………… (2)
From equation (1) & (2), we get,

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sin i=sin r
 i=r This is law of reflection.
Derive an equation for resultant displacement, amplitude & Intensity of two β
wave in super imposing. (Theory of Interference or analytical treatment of 1st Bright
st
interference): Consider two S.H.M waves travelling along same media with same 1 dark
Central Bright
direction (ie +ve x- direction). fringe
The displacement of first wave is, y1 = a cos t β
The displacement of second wave is, y2= a cos (t + )
Where, a= amplitude of each wave, = angular frequency
 is phase difference between two waves
According in to superposition principle, y= y1 + y2.
Where y= resultant displacement. Mention the conditions for sustained interference
1. The source of light should be coherent.
y= a cos t+ a cos (t + )= a [cos t+ cos (t + )]
2. The distance between the two coherent sources should be small compare the
y= 2a cos(/2) cos (t + /2) …………….. (1)
distance between the two coherent sources and screen.
By comparing equation (1) with individual wave equations,
3. Width of slits should be very narrow.
We get A=2a cosϕ/2 This is equation of resultant amplitude of two waves.
4. The incident light should be monochromatic.
From equation (1) becomes,
Obtain an expression for fringe width of two interfering waves:
y=A cos (t + /2) This is an equation of resultant displacement of two Consider double slit experiment of coherent sources S1 and S2 separated by a
waves. And also obeys SHM wave. distance ‘d’. Let P be a any point on the screen at a distance ‘x’ from ‘O’. Two light
But, Intensity  (amplitude)2 i.e. I  A2 waves coming from S1 and S2 are superposing to produce interference pattern. The
I=4Iocos2(/2) This is an equation of resultant Intensity of two waves. central bright fringe is formed at ‘O’.
Write condition for constructive interference and destructive interference: Ddistance between double slits and
Phase difference= 2n. Where n=0, 1, 2,3….. is integers screen, S  midpoint between S1 and S2..
Path difference = n. where =wavelength of light From figure,
Write condition for constructive interference and destructive interference: S2P  S1 P = path difference …….. (1)
Phase difference= (2n+1). Where n=0, 1, 2,3….. is integers From right angle triangle S1AP and S2BP
 S1P2=S1A2+AP2 and S2P2=S2B2+BP2
Path difference= (2n+1) . where =wavelength of light
2 S2P2  S1P2= S2B2+BP2  S1A2  AP2
What is Coherent sources: Two sources are said to be coherent sources if they emit from figure S2B= S1A,
light waves of same wavelength, and constant phase difference. S2P2  S1P2= BP2  AP2
Ex: double slit experiment. 2 2
 d  d
Young’s double slit experiment: The monochromatic light of spherical wave S2 P  S1P   x     x  
2 2

coming from the source is made to fall on a narrow rectangular slit ‘S’. The spherical  2  2
wave coming from ‘S’ is made to fall on two narrow closely spaced parallel slits S1 (S2P+S1P)(S2P-S1P)=2xd
and S2. S1 and S2 acts as coherent sources. The light waves (wave front) coming 2xd
S 2 P  S1 P 
from S1 and S2 are superposed each other and produce interference pattern on the S 2 P  S1 P
screen. The pattern consists of alternate bright and dark fringes. The bright fringe is From (1) 2xd
Path difference 
due to constructive interference and dark fringe is due to destructive interference. S 2 P  S1 P
The central fringe is always bright. If white light is used instead of monochromatic
If d is very small & P is close to O then S1PS2PD
light, then central fringe will be perfectly white on either side of colour fringes are
obtained. Because phase difference between two wave at center of screen is zero.

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2xd 2xd 1. Intensity of secondary maxima decreases with order maximum. Due to this the
 Path difference  
D  D 2D width of both dark and bright bands decreases as the distance from central
xd bright band.
 Path difference  …………. (2) 2. A central bright band [principal maxima] is maximum intensity and maximum
D
width then the other maxima.
This is expression for path difference between two interfering wave.
For bright fringe (constructive interference), Path difference= n …… (3)
Where, n=0,1,2,3,……...(Fringe number)
xd nD
From equation (2) and (3).  n ==> x
D d
nD
Distance of n bright fringe from ‘O’, x n 
th
d
th (n  1)D
Similarly for (n  1) bright fringe x ( n 1) 
d
But fringe width, β= xn  xn-1
nD (n  1)D D Figure (a) graph (b)
  ==>   (n  n  1)
d d d
D This is the expression for fringe width. 
 Mention the condition for diffraction minima;   n
d a
Diffraction of light; The bending of light waves around the edges of the obstacle
or aperture is called diffraction of light. Mention the condition for diffraction maxima;    n  1  
2 a 
Due to diffraction, light encroaches in to geometrical shadow of an obstacle
resultant to give the edges of shadow or illuminated region do not remain well Difference between interference and Diffraction pattern;
defined and sharp but become blurred and fringed. Interference pattern Diffraction pattern
Condition for diffraction pattern; 1 Super position between two Super position between secondary
1. The diffraction is takes place when the wave length of incident wave is waves originate from wave lets originates from Different
comparable to the size of obstacle. independent (coherent) source. point of same wave front.
2. The diffraction band is due to the (interaction between secondary wave fronts) 2 Fringes are equally spaced & Less number of fringes with
superposition of two secondary wavelets which are originating from the large number. unequally spaced.
different point of the same wave front. 3 Fringes may equally width Fringes never be equal width
Explain the diffraction at a single slit and characteristic of diffraction pattern; 4 Intensity graph Intensity graph
The parallel beam of light coming from monochromatic source of wave length  is I I
made to incident on a narrow slit. ‘LN’ of width ‘a’. The diffracted waves produce
the alternate minima and secondary maxima symmetrically on either side of the
principal maxima. Let ‘θ’ be the angle of diffraction for waves reaching at point  path difference  path difference
‘P’ on a screen. The effect of all coherent waves at ‘P’ due to sum up their Define Resolving power of a Telescope: It is defined as the reciprocal of
contribution each with different phase as shown in the figure (a) minimum angular separation between two closely spaced point objects at which
Characteristic of diffraction pattern; they can be just seen as distinct and separate.
The intensity distribution of single slit diffraction pattern consists of alternate R-P of Telescope= 1  a
minima and secondary maxima are present on either side of the principal maxima  0.61
as shown in the graph (b). Where  = limit of resolution telescope, a = radius of objective of telescope.

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 = wavelength of light. When unpolarised light is incident at polarizing angle iB on reflecting surface of RI
How Resolving power of a Telescope can be increased n. the incident ray get reflected & refracted. The reflected ray is completely polarized
i. by increasing radius of objective of telescope (a) & angle between the reflected and refracted light is 900.
ii. by decreasing wavelength of light () sin i B iB
Define Resolving power of a microscope: It is defined as the reciprocal of From Snell’s law n --------- (1) iB
minimum linear separation between two closely spaced point objects at which,
sin r
they can be just seen as separate and distinct. From figure 1800= r+90+iB or r=90  iB
1 2nsin  From equation (1) becomes, n  sin i B ,
R-P of microscope   sin  90  i B  r
dx 1.22 n
Where dx= limit of resolution of microscope, n= R.I of medium between object sin i B
n
and objective, θ= semi vertical angle,  wavelength of light used cos i B
How Resolving power of a microscope can be increased n = tan iB. This Brewster’s law.
i. by increasing refractive index of medium (n) Chapter-11 Dual nature of radiation and matter; 06 hours
ii. by increasing semi vertical angle () Define 1eV (one-Electron Volt): The kinetic energy gained by an accelerated
iii. by decreasing wavelength of light () electron, when subjected to a potential difference of 1 volt is called 1-electron-volt
POLARISATION: (1eV). ie 1eV=1.602x10-19 J.
Polaroid: It is a device used to produce the polarised light. Mention the types of Electron Emission:
pass – axis; the axis of polaroid which restrict to 1) Thermionic. 2) Field emission. 3) Photoelectric emission:
allows only plane polarised light and possess through it. Photoelectric effect; Photoelectric effect is phenomenon in which the electrons are
Polariser: It is Polaroid which produce the plane polarised light liberated from the metal surface, when light of suitable frequency incident on it.
Analyser: It is Polaroid which analyse the plane polarised light Hertz’s observation: Hertz conduct an experiment to produce electro-magnetic
Uses of Polaroid; waves by means of electric discharge. Hertz found that, the high voltage sparks
1. The polaroid can used to control the intensity of light. across the detector loop were enhanced (increases), when the emitter plate was
2. They are used to see welding’s. illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp. This shows that liberation of
3. They are used in windows of aero plane electrons from a metal surface.
4. They are used in liquid crystal display (LCD) in computers, calculators, Hallwach’s and Lenard’s observation: Lenard observed that, when uv radiation is
Watches. made to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing two electrodes,
State and explain the Malus law: It state that intensity of polarised light from the current flows in the circuit. As soon as the uv rays were stopped, the current flows
analyser varies directly proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle stopped. This shows that when uv radiation fall on emitter plate, negatively charged
between analyser and polariser. particles are ejected from it and which are attracted to towards the collator plate kept
ie, I  cos2 .  I = I0 cos2  at positive potential. The electrons flow through the glass tube, results in the current
Where I0 & I is intensity of the polarised light transmitted from polariser and in the circuit.
analyser respectivilly. Hallwach’s connected a negatively charged zinc plate to an electroscope. The zinc
Polarisation: The phenomenon in which the vibrations are restricted to a single plate lose its charge when it was illuminated by uv radiations and the uncharged zinc
plane, when a beam of unpolarised light is passed through a Polaroid is called plate became positively charged when it was irradiated by uv light. Also the
polarization. positively charge on a positively charged zinc plate further increases. When uv rays
Polarizing (Brewster’s) angle (iB): The angle of incidence at which the reflected falls on it. From these observations, Hallwachs concluded that negatively charged
light is completely polarized is called polarizing angle or Brewster’s angle. particles were emitted from the zinc plate under the action of ultra violet light.
State and explain Brewster’s Law: It states that “the refractive index of Threshold frequency (0): The minimum frequency of the incident radiation is
reflecting surface is equal to tangent of polarizing angle”. ie. n=taniB required for photo electric emission is called “Threshold frequency”.
Where, n=Refractive Index of reflecting surface. iB=Polarising angle. Photoelectric work function (0): Minimum energy of incident radiation required
to just to emit an electron from metal surface. It is expressed in electron volt (eV).
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It is given by W = h0 = hc equal to stopping potential.
0 From the law of conservation of energy,
Stopping potential or retarding potential: The minimum negative potential of Energy of Photon (E) = Work function(0) + maximum Kinetic energy of
collector required to stop the photoelectrons completely to reaching the collector. photoelectrons (Kmax).
Experimental set up to study photoelectric effect: E  0  K max
The experimental set up to study Kmax = h – h0
photoelectric effect is as shown 1
in the figure. When light of mv 2max  h (– 0) This is Einstein’s photoelectric equations.
2
suitable frequency falls on the Where vmax  Maximum velocity of photoelectron. h  Planks constant.
emitter, the photoelectrons are m  mass of electron. 0  Threshold frequency.   Incident frequency.
liberated. These electrons move Einstein’s explanation of experimental result of photoelectric effect;
towards the collector and Einstein explained photoelectric is effect using the quantum theory of radiation.
constitute photoelectric current. V According to quantum theory, light is emitted OR absorbed in terms of discrete
It is indicated to measure by the tiny packets of energy called Photons.
μA
micro ammeter.
The energy of a Photon is E = h. Where  = frequency of radiation.
Experimental observation of
1
photoelectric effect (OR Law of photoelectric effect): W.K.T mv 2max  h (– 0)
1. The photo electric emission is instantaneous. 2
2. The photo electric emission does not takes place below the threshold frequency 1. The photoelectric effect is due to collision between incident photon and an
for given metal. electron inside the metal. During collision, the energy of photon is absorbed by
3. Above threshold frequency, the photoelectric current increases with increase the electron without any time lag. Therefore the
linearly with increase intensity of incident light, as shown graph (a). photoelectron emission is an instantaneous.
4. Above threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons 2. Collisions between photons and electrons are more, liberated photoelectrons
increases linearly with increase in frequency of incident light, as shown graph (b). are also more. Thus the photoelectric current increases with increase in
intensity of light.
>0 Graph (b) 3. If  < 0, then 1 mv 2m ax = –Ve The photoemission is not possible.
PEC 1/2mv2Max 2
Graph (a) Thus photoemission doesn’t takes place below threshold frequency.
4. If  = 0, then 1 mv 2m ax = 0.
Intensity 0  2
This is the minimum energy required to liberate photoelectrons.
5. When collector is made slightly negative with respect to emitter the
photoelectric current doesn’t become zero. This shows that the photoelectrons Thus, it is equal to work function  0 = h0
are liberated with certain initial kinetic energy. When the collector is made more 1
5. If  > 0 , then mv 2max = +Ve. The photoemission takes place above
negative, the photoelectric current decreases and suddenly becomes zero. 2
Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric effect: threshold frequency. This shows that the emitted photoelectrons having initial
According to Einstein the light is consist of photon, when suitable frequency of light kinetic energy. Therefore the kinetic energy1/2 mv2 max increases with increase
falls on metal surface, collision is exist between photons and electrons. During in frequency. Thus stopping potential is required.
collision the photon can transfers all energy to the electron. Energy gained by the Particle nature of light: According to Einstein, light was made up of tiny packet of
electron is used in two ways. energy called quanta. The energy of each quanta is h and momentum of quanta
1.A part of energy is used to the work function (0), equal to h . Therefore the particle associated with a light energy called “photon”.
2.The reaming part of energy is used to provide K.E of the liberated electrons. It is C

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Mention the properties of photon; 214
The beam -particle (He) emitted from the radioactive source of B83 and it
1) During interaction of radiation with matter, radiation as if it is made up of
particle called photons. collimated by lead bricks. The collimated narrow beam is made to falls on these gold
2) Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic foil (thickness 2.1 x 10-7m). The angular distribution of scatter -particle from gold
field. foil are measured with help of detector. The detector consist of zinc sulphide screen
3) All photons emitted from a source travel with same velocity through space. and microscope. When scattering of -particle striking on the line zinc sulphide
4) The rest mass of photon is zero. screen to produce a flash of light which was view through the microscope.
de Broglie’s hypothesis: It states that “matter in motion also exhibit dual nature Experimental obviation of -particle scattering experiment;
similar to light because nature loves symmetry”. The distribution of scattered -particle is function of scattering angle () as shown
Matter OR de Broglie’s waves: The waves associated with moving material in the graph. The graph of number of scattered -particle verses its scattering angle.
particle are called as de Broglie waves or matter waves. The wavelength of matter 1) Many of incident -particle pass through the gold foil without any deflection. It
waves called de Broglie wavelength. means they do not suffer any collision in gold foil.
Mention of Expression for de Broglie wavelength in terms kinetic energy: 2) Only about 0.14% of incident -particle scatter by more than 10 angle.
h Where, h=Planck’s constant, = de Broglie wavelength. 3) Only about 1 in 8000 incident -particle deflected by more than 900.

2mE k m= mass of the particle. Ek= kinetic energy 4) Some of them incident -particle to deflect backward through an angle 1800. It
is large of scattering angle.
Write the Expression for de Broglie wavelength of particle;

Number of scattered particles detected

h
 Where m and v are the mass and velocity of the particle.
mv
Mention of Expression for de Broglie wavelength in terms accelerated
12.27
potential:  A 0 Where V is the accelerated potential.
V
Davisson and Germer experimentally confirmed the wave nature of electrons.
Chapter-12; Atom 05hours;
Alpha-particle (-particle) scattering experiment or Ruther ford and Geiger-
Marsden experiment;
The schematic arrangement of experiments set up to study the scattering of -
particle as shown in the figure

0 Scattering angle θ
Explain the discovery of Nucleus by Ruder ford experimental result -
scattering
1) The atom has most of empty space with electrons, therefore most of -particle
pass through the gold foil without any deflection.
2) Revolving electrons are very light particles in the part of empty space,
therefore, they do not affect the -particle.
3) The atom has contain the positive charge (nucleus) therefore, some of incident
-particle scatter through more than 10 when they are incident near to the
positive charge due to less columbic repulsive force.
4) When -particle incident very close to positive charge (nucleus) of gold atom

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therefore, -particle to deflect backward through an large angle due to strong nh
From Bohr’s II postulate, mvr=
repulsive force. 2
Impact parameter (b): It is perpendicular distance of initial velocity vector of the 2 2

-particle from the centre of nucleus. the smaller value of impact parameter larger Squaring on both sides, m2v2r2= n h2 ------> (2)
4
the value of scattering angle 2 2
Distance of closest approach; the minimum distance up to which -particle move (2) m 2 v 2 r 2 n h2
towards the nucleus with any deflection.
 = 4
(1) mv2 r Ze 2
Ruther ford atomic model; According to this model,
1) An atom consist of central positively charged massive hard core particle called 4 0
nucleus and its size is about 10-15m to 10-14m 0 n h
2 2
Where n=1,2,3,4,…………
mr 
2) The negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus of orbits just Ze 2
as the planets moving around the sun rn=  0 n h
2 2
This is equation for radius of nth Bohr’s orbit
3) The size of the nucleus is negligible small. it is order of 10000 to 100000 times  Zme 2

lesser size than the atom. For H- atom, Z=1,

Bohr’s First postulate: An revolving electron in an atom did not radiate energy as
rn=  0 n h This is equation for radius of nth Bohr’s first orbit for
2 2

long as electron in the same orbit. Hence this revolving electron orbit is called non-
 me2
radiating orbits
Bohr’s Second postulate: The electron can revolve in certain permitted orbits for Hydrogen atom. For first orbit, n=1, r1=  0h2
which the angular momentum is an integral multiple of  h  .  me 2
 2  This is equation for radius o 1 Bohr’s orbit for H-atom
st

nh Obtain an expression for the energy in the nth Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom by
ie Angular momentum (mvrn)= assuming the expression for radius.
2 Consider an atom, Let m &e be the mass and charge of the electron, which are
Bohr’s third postulate: The revolving electron emits the energy in the form of revolving round a nucleus of charge ‘Ze’. Let ‘r’ be the radius of the nth stationary
electromagnetic waves only when it is forms form high energy orbit to low energy orbit and ‘v’ be velocity of the electron in that orbit. Z is proton numbers.
orbit. E=Eni – Enf Total energy of electron in any orbit is equal to the sum of
Ei  E f the kinetic energy ‘K’ (due to orbital motion) and potential energy ‘U’
  This is called Bohr frequency condition
h (Due to electrostatic force of attraction between the
Where γ is frequency of radiation emitted, nucleus and electron). v
Eni & Enf are energies of electron in initial and final states. And Enf> Eni i.e. E=K + U----------------- (1)
Orbit expression for the radius of nth Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom using Bohr’s Ze r
For stable orbit,
e
postulates. centripetal force = electrostatic force of attraction
Consider an atom, Let m &e be the mass and charge of the electron, which are mv 2 1 Ze 2
revolving round a nucleus of charge ‘Ze’. Let ‘r’ be the radius of the nth stationary 
r 4 0 r 2
orbit and ‘v’ be velocity of the electron in that orbit. Z is proton numbers.
Ze 2 ………………….…. (2)
For stable orbit, Centripetal force = electrostatic force. mv 2 
4 0 r
mv 2 1 Ze.e v
 1
W.K.T K  m v 2
r 4 0 r 2 Ze r 2
e 2
2
Ze 2 Using equation (2), K  Ze ……….….. (3)
mv r= -------> (1) 8 o r
4 0

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And U=Potential difference x Charge  mZ 2 e 4   mZ 2 e 4 
h   
Z(e)  e
1 8 02 h 2 n22  8 02 n12 h 2 
2
Ze 
U         (4)
4 o r 4 0 r  1
Z 2 me4 1 
v  2  2
n n1  This is the expression for frequency of spectral line.
2 2
Equation (3) &(4)in (1), Ze Ze
8h 3 o
2
E   2
8 0 r 4 0 r
Ze 2  1  c
E  1 But c=  

4 0 r  2  
Ze 2 Where, c=velocity of light in vacuum =wavelength of radiation
For nth orbit En  
8 o rn Substituting the above equation,
c mZ 2 e 4   1 1 
But rn   0 n h 2
2 2
 2 3 
 2  2
n1 
Ze 2
Z me En    8 o h  n2
 0n 2h 2
8 0   1
Z me 2 1 1 
 RZ 2  2  2 
mZ e 2 4
Where n=1,2,3,4,…….   1
n n 2 
E
8 2 0 n 2 h 2 me 4
4  R This is equation of Rydberg’s constant
For H- atom, Z=1  E  me . 8 02 h 3C
8 0 n 2 h 2
n 2

1  1 1 
This is equation of energy of nth orbit of electron for Hydrogen atom. But    RZ 2   2
 , 2
 n1 n2 
me4
For first orbit, n=1, En   This is equation of energy of 1st orbit of This gives an expression for wave number.
8 0 h 2
2
For hydrogen atoms Z=1.    R  1  1 
electron for H-atom –ve sign indicates that the electrons in an atom are in  2
 n1

n22 
bound state. To remove electrons from atom work is done or energy is required.
Derive Rydberg’s formula (To derive an expression for frequency of spectral Note: The S.I. unit of wave number ( ) is m-1
line) OR Derive an expression for the wave number of spectral line. De -Broglie explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation.
Energy of an electron in the nth orbit is given by n2 E2 According to Bohr’s postulate, The electron can revolve in certain permitted orbits
mZ2 e 4
En   for which the angular momentum is an integral multiple of  h  .
80 2 n 2 h 2 h  2 
Where m = Mass of the electron. nh
n1 E1 ie Angular momentum (mvnrn)=
Z = Atomic number 2
E = Charge on electron. 0 = Permittivity of free space. According to De-Broglie, The orbiting electrons produces
n = 1,2,3………= Principle quantum number, h = Plank’s constant. h
Let E1 and E2 be the energies of the electron in the orbits n1 (lower energy level) the waves of wavelength ‘’ is given by,  
and n2 (higher energy level), then mv
De-Broglie explanation is analogues to the standing waves
mZ2 e4 mZ2 e4
E1  & E2   forms on a vibrating string of certain length.
80 n12 h 2 80 2 n 2 2 h 2
Proof; De-Broglie assumed that the circumference of the orbit of an electron is
When the electron jumps from n2 to n1, the energy of emitted photon is given equivalent to the length of the string. Thus, the circumference of the orbit an
(From Bohr frequency condition) electron must be equal to be the integral multiple of electron wavelength.
E2  E1 ie, circumference of the circle=n
v OR hv  E2  E1
h 2rn=n where n=1,2,3,…

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h R  A1/3 Where, R0= Nuclear constant
But, De- Broglie wave length is   R=R0A1/3 R0= 1.2 Fermi = 1.210-15m.
mv n Nuclear density: The ratio of nuclear mass to nuclear volume is called nuclear
 h  nh 3mA
 2 rn  n   ====> mv n rn  This is the quantum condition proposed density. = mA = = 2.31  1017kgm-3
 mv n  2  
4 3 4 R A1 3 3
R 0 
by Bohr for the angular momentum of electron. 3
Merits of Bohr’s theory: Define one amu (u): One atomic mass unit (U) is defined as the (1/12)th of the
1. This theory explains the stability of an atom. mass of 1 atom of C -12 isotope.
2. This theory explains origin of spectral lines (For H- atom). i,e,1 atomic mass unit (U) = 1.66  10-27 Kg
3. The value of Rydberg constant calculated using this theory is in excellent Energy equivalent of mass l amu = 931.5 MeV.
agreement with the experimental value. Mass defect: It is the difference between the masses of the nucleons forming the
Limitations of Bohr’s theory (Drawbacks) nucleus and the rest mass of the nucleus.
1. This theory is applicable only to hydrogen like atoms. Mass defect = (mass of protons + mass of neutrons) – Mass of the nucleus
2. This theory does not explain fine structure of spectral lines. m = Zmp + (A-Z) mn – M
3. This theory does not explain wave nature of electrons. Where Z = Number of protons each of mass mp
Chapter-13 Nuclei (A-Z) = Number of neutrons each of mass mn & M = mass of the nucleus.
Isotopes: These are the nuclides of same atomic number and different mass Binding energy: It is the minimum energy required to hold the nucleons inside the
number. same energy state. nucleus. since E = mC2 ===> E = mc2 Where Cis the velocity of light.
Ex: 1)1H1,1H2,1H3 , 2)6C11,6C12,6C13,6C14 ,3)14Si27,14Si28,14Si30 Binding energy per nucleon or Specific binding energy or Average binding energy;
,4)92U235,92U236,92U238…etc The ratio of binding energy of a nucleus to its mass number. [It is the binding
Isobars: The nuclei having same mass number but different atomic number are Binding energy
called isobars. energy per nucleon] Specific binding energy =
Ex: 1) 3Li7, 4Be7, 2)6C14, 7N14, 3)1H3, 2He3, 4) 7N15, 8O15,….etc Mass number
Note: Both isotopes and Isobars are mainly due to different neutron number. Binding energy per nucleon is measure of the stability of the nucleus. Larger binding
Isotones: The nuclei having same number of neutrons are called Isotones. energy indicates the larger stability of the nucleus.
Ex: 1) 1H3 , 2He4 , 2) 6C14, 7N15, 8O16,…..etc Binding Energy Curve:The graph obtained by plotting Binding energy per
Nuclear Charge: It is the total charge of the protons present in the nucleus. nucleons verses the mass number (A) is called binding energy curve. It is shown in
Nuclear Charge = +Ze Where Z = Number of Protons figure.
e = Charge of proton = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Nuclear Mass:
Nuclear mass = Masses of all protons + Masses of all neutrons
Mn = Zmp + (A-Z) mn
Where, Z = Number of protons
mp= Rest Mass of proton, A = Mass number
(A-Z)= Number of neutrons (N) mn = Rest mass of neutron.
The nuclear size, nuclear volume and nuclear radius: The shape of the nucleus
is spherical.
The nuclear volume is directly proportional to mass number.
VA ie V= 4/3 R3
4/3R3  A R= Radius of nucleus
R3  A

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The BE curve rises sharply in the beginning reaches a maximum, and then
decreases gradually RADIOACTIVITY; Radioactivity is a spontaneous nuclear disintegration of
Significance: certain elements with the certain radiation.
1. The binding energy per nucleon (or specific binding energy) is low for lighter State and explain the law of radioactive decay:
as well as heavy nuclei and hence theses nuclei are relatively less stable. It states that “Rate of disintegration of a radioactive substance is directly
2. The binding energy per nucleon is practically constant (that is independent of proportional to the number of atoms present in it at a given instant ”.
atomic number ) for nuclei of middle mass number (30<A<170). Explanation:
Conclusion from these two observations: let N is the number of atoms present in a radioactive substance at a given instant
a) The force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce a binding energy of few ‘t’ and
MeV per nucleon. dN is the number of atoms disintegrated in the time interval dt.
b) The intermediate nuclei have large values of binding energy/nucleon so they Then dN/dt is the rate of radioactive disintegration.
are more stable dN
c) When a heavy nucleus splits up into two lighter nuclei as in nuclear fission the   N
dt
end products formed have higher binding energy per nucleon (this implies The –ve sign indicates that N decreases with time
energy would be released in the process).  dN
d) When two very light nuclei (A<10) combine to relatively heavy nucleus then  N , Where =decay constant or disintegration constant.
dt
B.E/Nucleon of fused heavier nuclei is more than binding energy / nucleon of
lighter nuclei so energy released the process is called nuclear fusion. To show that N=N0e-t: Show that radioactive decay is exponential :
Nuclear Force: the force which bind the nucleons within the nucleus are called Consider a radioactive sample. Let N0 be the number of atoms present in the sample
nuclear force. Nuclear force should be attractive force. In order to overcome at time t=0. Let N be the number of atoms present in the sample at given time ‘t’.
repulsive force among like particle proton - proton. Three type nuclear forces, Let dN be the number of atoms disintegrate in dt seconds.
1. Force due to interaction of proton – proton, Rate of disintegration= dN/dt.
2. Force due to interaction of neutron-neutron, From decay law: Rate of decay  number of atoms present at that time.
3. Force due to interaction of proton-neutron. dN
  N The –ve sign indicates that N decreases with time
The magnitudes of these forces are same. dt
Properties of nuclear forces and explain:  dN
 N , Where =decay constant or disintegration constant.
1. They are strongly attractive force;Nuclear forces are both attractive and dt
repulsive. It is attractive for a range greater than 0.8 Fermi and repulsive for a dN
range less than 0.8 Fermi. This repulsive nuclear force prevents the nucleus from  dt
N
collapsing. Integrate on both sides,
2. They are strongest forces in nature.; The nuclear force between the two N t N t
dN dN
nucleons inside the nucleus is 100times stronger than the electrostatic force and
1038 times stronger than the gravitational forces.
 N t
N0
   dt   N
N
   dt
t
0 0 0

3. They are extremely short-range forces. ; The forces come into play only
loge N    t t
N t

within in a distance of 10-15m and become zero beyond this. 0 0

4. They are charge independent;The force between the nucleons, that is, between loge N  loge N0    t  t 0 
proton-proton, neutron-neutron and proton-neutron is found to be same. Hence,
When t0 = 0 second, loge N  loge N0  t
nuclear forces do not depend on the charge on the nucleons.
5. They are non-central;They do not act along the line joining the centers of LogeN-logeN0= -t
nucleons. ie the distribution of nucleon is not symmetric.  N 
Loge   = -t
6. They are saturated; This means, each nucleon interacts only on its nearest
e
N 0 
neighbors having limited range.

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t t
by definition of log, N
 e  t From (1) and (2) R  N0e =====> R  R 0e
N0
Unit of radioactivity
N=N0e-t This is an expression for the number of atoms present in the sample 1. becquerel is the SI unit of activity.
at any given time ‘t’. 2. curie (Ci) is most commonly used unit of activity.
Define half lifeT1/2and Obtain an expression for it:It is the time during which 3. rutherford= 106 disintegration per second.
half of the initial number of atoms undergoes disintegration. OR It is the time Alpha decay ( α - decay):
during which 50 % of the initial number of atoms disintegrates in a radioactive The process in which a helium nucleus (α – particle) is emitted from a
substance. We know that, N = N0 e- t radioactive nucleus is called α – decay.
When t=T1/2 , N= 0
N In α – decay, the atomic number of daughter nucleus decreases by 2 and
2 mass number decreases by 4 than that of parent. The α – decay can be written as
 T 1
N0  T 1
 N 0 e 2 ===> e
2
= 1 e
T
1
2 Z XA Z1 XA 2 He4  Q1
2 2 The example of alpha decay is the decay of Uranium ( 92 U 238) to thorium (
Taking log on both sides, T1/2 loge e= loge2 234 4
90Th ) with the emission of a helium nucleus (2He )
T1/2 x 1= 2.303log10 2 U238 90 Th 234 2 He4  Q
92
2.303x0.3010
T1/2=
 Also, 94 Pu 92 U  2 He  Q
242 238 4

0.693 It can be observed that the total mass of 90Th242 and 2He4 is less than that of 92U238.
T1/2= This is the equation for half-life.
 This difference in mass appears as kinetic energy of the products.
Mean life of a radioactive substance Tmean:It is the ratio of total lives of all the The Q – value for α – decay is
atoms present in a radioactive substance to the total number of atoms present in it. Q   m x  m y  m  C2
OR It is the reciprocal of decay constant.
1 In case of α – decay Q>0 and therefore it is a exothermic process.
Tmean  Where  is the radioactive decay constant. Spontaneous decay is possible only when Q>0 (i.e. Q is positive).
 Beta decay (β – decay):
0.693 The process in which a radioactive nucleus emits an electron or positron is
Relation between half life and mean life: Half-life T1/2=
 called β – decay.
1 In β – decay, the mass number of the product (daughter) nucleus remains the same
and Mean life Tmean 
 but its atomic number changes by one than that of parent nucleus.
T1/2 = 0.693 Tmean The β – decay can be written as
 Mean life of a radioactive substance is always greater than its half-life.
Z XA Z1 XA  e1or e1
Activity of a radioactive substance (R);
1. Beta – minus (β– ) decay :In this type of decay, an electron and an antineutrino
The number of nuclei disintegrate per unit time is called decay rate or activity.
The decay rate is given by ( ) are emitted. In β– decay, the mass number (A) unchanged and the atomic
dN number (Z) increases by one. During β– decay the neutron is converted into
R …………. (1)
dt proton inside the nucleus. It is shown in reaction
We know, N(t) =N0e-t
Z XA Z1 XA  e1  
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’, we get,
N  p  e  
dN dN
 N 0 et    ===>   N 0 et ………..(2)
dt dt Ex; 15 P32 16 S32  e  

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2. Beta – plus (β+ ) decay: In this type of decay a positron and a neutrino are allowed to multiply the more number with releasing enormous amount of energy
emitted. In β+ decay the mass number (A) unchanged and the atomic number (Z) in a short interval of time. This principle is used in atomic bombs.
decreases by one. During β+ decay the proton is converted into neutron inside Fissile Materials: These are the materials which can easily undergo fission.
the nucleus. It is shown in reaction Chain reaction is not possible in natural uranium. Explain: Natural uranium
XA Z1 XA  e   contains about 99.3% U238. This is non-fissionable for slow neutrons. Natural
Z
uranium contains only 0.7% of U235. This is fissionable for both slow and fast
P  n  e   neutrons. The neutrons produced in the fission of U235 are absorbed by U238. Thus
Ex; 11 Na 22 10 Ne22  e   further fission of U235 is not possible due to unavailability of neutron. Therefore
chain reaction is not possible in natural uranium. For chain reaction U235 should be
Note: separated from U238.
1. A free neutron decays to proton with a half life of 13 minutes.
Nuclear reactor: The device in which to produce the constant rate energy. Its works
2. A free proton cannot decays but a proton inside the nucleus decays into a
on principal of controlled chain reaction.
neutron, since the mass of proton is less than that of neutron ( Q is – ve).
User of nuclear reactors
Neutrinos: Neutrinos are elementary particles having very small mass compared to
1. They are used to generate electric power.
electrons. It is very difficult to detect them, because they interact weakly with other
2. They are used to run nuclear submarines and nuclear ships.
particles and they can penetrate large quantity of matter (even earth) without any
3. They are used to prepare isotopes which are used in many fields.
interaction.
4. They are used to produce neutrons of high intensity.
Gamma decay ( γ – decay): During -decay A and Z remain the same, the excited Nuclear power reactor: It is a device which converts nuclear energy into electrical
nuclei come to ground state. energy. The first atomic reactor was first discovered by Enrico-Fermi.
Nuclear fission: It is the process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two light Nuclear Reactor: Nuclear reactor is a device in which a self sustained and
nuclei of comparable masses with release two or three neutron. During this controlled chain reaction takes place (Self propagating or steady).
process, enormous amount of energy is released.
Explanation: When U235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, first it absorbs neutron
and becomes compound nucleus of U236. In a short interval (10-8 sec) its splits up
into fragments Ba141 and Kr92 and releasing 3 neutrons with 200MeV of energy.
The reaction is as follows.
92U
235
+ 0n1 92U235  56Ba141+36Kr92 +3 0n1 + 200 Me V
In this reaction mass defect is about 0.216 amu and is equivalent to energy 200
MeV
Write a note on nuclear chain reaction: During each fission reaction, 2 or 3
neutrons are released on an average. Under suitable conditions, these released
neutrons can cause further fission and more number of neutrons is released. Thus,
neutron population goes on multiplying causing more & more fission. This process The figure shows the schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor.
The main parts and working principle is as follows.
continues till all the fissile material undergoes fission. This process is called as
nuclear chain reaction. 1. Nuclear fuel: The fissionable material used in the reactor is called reactor fuel.
There are two types of chain reaction: 1) Controlled chain reaction 2) The common fuels used are U- 235, PU – 239 etc.
The fuel in suitably fabricated form is placed in the reactor.
Uncontrolled chain reaction
1. Controlled chain reaction: It is the chain reactions in which neutrons are built up 2. Moderator:The core contains the material which is used to slow down the
to a certain level and it maintained constant rate. Resultant producing constant neutrons is called moderator. The material used as moderator must have low
energy. This principle is used in nuclear reactor. atomic weight and should not absorb neutrons. The commonly used moderators
The graphite and heavy water are used as moderators. are water (H2O), heavy water (D2O) and graphite.
3. Control rods:The material which absorbs the neutrons to control the chain
2. Uncontrolled Chain reaction: It is the chain reaction in which neutrons are
reaction is called controlled rods. The cadmium, boron etc are used as control

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rods. The fission rate can be controlled or reactor can be set down by moving Chapter-14; Semiconductor electronic: Duration;10 hours
the cadmium rods in or out of the core of the reactor. Explain the classification of solid on the basis of resistivity and conductivity;
4. Reflector: The core is surrounded by reflector to reduce the leakage of neutrons. 1. Metal; the solid which have low resistivity or high conductivity.
5. Coolant:It is used to remove the heat produced due to fission. The coolant Resistivity (  ); 10-2 to 10-8 m
absorbs the heat from the core and transfers it to working fluid in the heat Conductivity (  );102 to 108 -1 m-1 (or Sm-1). Example;aluminium, copper,
exchanger, which in turn may produce steam. The steam drives turbines and silver, gold, etc.
generates electricity. The water, heavy water and some organic liquids are used 2. Insulator; the solid which have very high resistivity or very low conductivity.
as coolants.
Resistivity (  ); 1011 to 1019 m
6. Reactor shield: During fission process many harmful radiations and neutrons
are produced. To prevent these radiations, the core is surrounded by thick Conductivity (  ); 10-11 to 10-19 -1 m-1 (or Sm-1). Example; rubber, plastic,
concrete wall of about 6 to 8 ft glass, putty, etc.
Nuclear fusion – Energy generation in stars: 3. Semiconductor; the solid which have resistivity or conductivity in between
Nuclear fusion is the process in which two lighter nuclei are combined to form metal conductor and insulator.
a single larger nucleus, releasing large amount of energy. In fusion reaction, a single Resistivity (  ); 105 to 106 m
helium nucleus is formed by the fusion of two deuterium nuclei. Conductivity (  );10-5 to 10-6 -1 m-1 (or Sm-1). Example; silicon (Si),
1 H2  1H2 
 2 He3  0 n1  3.27MeV germanium (Ge), CdS, CdSe, CdSe, GaAS, InP,Anthracene, polyyrrole,...etc
Some other fusion reactions are Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. Or On the basis of energy
bands distinguish between a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator.
1 H2  1H2 
 1 H3  1H1  4.03MeV An isolated atom consists of energy level, When two atoms are brought closed to
In case of fusion, the mass of the single nucleus formed is less than the each other, the energy levels are slightly disturbed and each of them splited in to two
masses of the two nuclei. This difference in mass (mass defect) is converted into energy level due to interaction of them. In
energy. Thus nuclear fusion is exothermic nuclear reaction. solid large number of atoms are closely Conduction band.
Differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion: packed, charge of each of atom interact with
Fission Fusion the electron of the neighbouring atoms.
Energy gap (Eg) or
1 It is the process of splitting of a It is the process of combining the two Hence, each energy level splited into number
Forbidden gap.
heavy nucleus into two light nuclei light nuclei into single nucleus. of closely spaced energy level are
of comparable masses. calledenergy band.
Depending upon width of energy gap. The Valence band.
2 Energy released per fission is more Energy released per fusion is less.
solid are classified as,
3 Energy released per nucleon is less Energy released per nucleon is more. 1) Conductor,(2) Insulator &,(3) Semi-conductor.
4 It can be controlled It cannot be controlled 1).Conductor: The material for which conduction band and valence band
5 It takes place at low temperature It takes place at high temperature overlaps called conductor. ie, Energy gap is zero. Large number of free electrons
is available in conduction band with conduct the electric current even at very low
6 Products are harmful Products are harmless temperature. The conductivity decreases with increases temperature. Hence, the
7 Neutrons are link particles Protons are the link particles resistivity increases with increasing temperature. Ex: Metals. like Au, Ag, etc.,
8 It forms the principle of atom It forms the principle of hydrogen 2). Insulator: The material for which conduction band and valence band are
bomb bomb separated by a large energy gap is greater than 3eV at absolute temperature (0K).
9 Dangerous radiations are emitted Dangerous radiations are not emitted Its resistivity is constant. No electron will jumps from valence band to conduction
during fission reaction during fusion reaction band. Therefore conduction does not takes place. Ex:; rubber, plastic, glass
3). Semiconductor: The material for which valence band and conduction band are
separated by a small energy gap is lesser than 3eV at absolute temperature (0K) and
no one electrons jump from valence bands to conduction band. Hence conduction

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does not take place. But above the 0K (at room temperature) valence electron gains Antimony Indium, are added to pure
the sufficient energy and jumps to conduction band with creation of hole in valance semiconductor.
band. Therefore conduction takes place. The resistivity is decreasing with increasing The conduction takes place due to The conduction takes place due to
temperature. Temperature coefficient of semiconductor is 2
electrons and holes. majority charge carrier.
negative. Ex: Silicon (Si), Conduction band. Conductivity is low. It due to both Conductivity is high. It is due to
3
Energy gap (Eg) Conduction band. electrons and holes. majority charge carriers.
(Eg>3eV) Conductivity depends on Conductivity depends on
Conduction band. 4
Energy gap (Eg) temperature. temperature & doping
(Eg<3eV) It behaves as an insulator at absolute It behaves as a conductor at
5
Valence band. Valence band. Valence band. zero. absolute zero.
The electron and hole concentration The electron and hole concentration
6
Conductor Insulator Semi-conductor in thermal equilibrium is ne+nh=2n in thermal equilibrium is ne  nh=n2
Distinguish between n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor;
Germanium (Ge), Gallium (Ga), Arsenimu carbon, Selenium, etc. n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
It is obtained by doping of It is obtained by doping of trivalent
pentavalent impurities atom to pure impurities atom to pure
1) Valence band (VB): The energy band which contains a valence electron. 1
semiconductor. semiconductor.
It is below the conduction band. Ex; Ge doped with phosphorus. Ex: Ge, doped with Born.
2) Conduction band (CB): The energy band which contains free electrons or Majority charge carrier are electron Majority charge carrier are holes and
conduction electrons. It is above the valence band. 2 and minority charge carrier are minority charge carrier are electron.
3) Energy band gap (Eg): The gap between the top of the valence band and bottom holes.ie, ne>>nh ie, nh>>ne
of the conduction band is called energy band gap or forbidden gap. It is constant At 0K only free electrons are At 0K only holes are available for
for solid. 3
available for conduction. conduction.
Write a note on concept of Holes: The vacancy with the effective positive
Donor energy level is slightly below Acceptor energy level is slightly
electronic charge 4
the bottom of the conduction band. below the top of the valance band.
When electrons jumps from valence band to conduction band is called Holes. It is
Donor impurity atoms gives the acceptor impurity atoms are holes in
a positive charge carrier material of the particle. 5
electrons in their crystal their crystal
At absolute temperature all valence electrons are forms covalent bond in silicon
This type semiconductor is donor This type semiconductor is acceptor
and Germanium. Each of them to form four covalent band with their neighbouring 6
semiconductor. semiconductor.
atom. The conduction band is completely empty. Thus semiconductor behaves as an
insulator at absolute temperature.(Because of no electron jump from Valence band What is p-n Junction and discuss the formation of it:
conduction band). At above absolute temperature electrons jump from Valence band The contact region between p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor is
to conduction band with creating a gap in valence band is called holes. This gap can known as p-n junction. Consider a single piece of pure semiconductor with half it’s
be filled by the free electrons. The creation of this gap is called hole having a positive Electric field
charge. Thus electron and holes are created. If temperature increases more number V0
Electron drift Hole drift
of electron and holes pairs are created. Electron in conduction band, holes in valence
band. The electrons and holes are move in opposite to each other.
Distinguish between semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor; p-type n-type
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
It is a pure semiconductor with equal It is a impure semiconductor, due to
1 number electrons and holes. doping process with unequal number Hole Electron
Ex: Silicon, Germanium crystal, of electrons and holes. Ex: Arsnic, diffusion diffusion Barrier potential under equilibrium

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doped with trivalent element and other half doped with pentavalent element to The diode is connected to the forward bias battery of voltage (V). So that the applied
obtained p-n Junction as shown in the figure. voltage can be varied for different values of voltages. The value of current first
In the p-n junction holes are majority charge carrier in p-region and electron are increases slowly till the applied voltage crosses a certain value. After the
majority charge carrier in n-region. As p-n junction form, electrons are diffused from characteristic voltage, the diode current increases exponentially (mA).
n-region to p-region and holes are diffused from p-region to n-region. This motion This voltage is called the threshold voltage or cut in voltage. The ratio of small
of the majority charges give rise to diffusion current. Due to this diffusion layer of change in voltage (∆V) to the small change in current (∆I) is called dynamic
immobile charges of positive ions created on n-side of the junction and layer of resistance (rd).
negative ions created on p-side of the junction. These layer of ions across the
junction is called depletion region. These immobile charges to develop potential
differences across junction is called junction potential or barrier potential (V0)
The electric field in junction due to depletion region to move electron on p-side
of junction to n-side. Similarly hole on n-side of junction to p-side. The motion of
the charge carrier are drift due to electric field. The direction of electric field from
n-side to p-side. Thus drift current is opposite direction of diffusion current. As
diffusion process is continues due to increasing electric field, drift current is
increases and equal to diffusion current. Hence, p-n unction is under equilibrium and
there is no net current due to barrier potential (V0) is oppose the further diffusion of Circuit diagram Graph
charge carriers. Explain the p – n junction diode under reverse bias and its characteristics:
If increasing concentration of impurity, the barrier potential (V 0) increases, but The p-n Junction is said to be reverse bias if p-type is connected to negative terminal
depletion region is decreases. of the battery and n-type connected to positive terminal of battery, as shown in the
Explain p – n Junction diode under forward bias and its characteristics: diagram. V
p-n junction is said to be forward bias, p-type semiconductor is connected to V2 0
positive terminal of the battery and n-type semiconductor is connected negative V1 0
terminal of the battery as shown figure.
V V1 0 V0
V2 0
V3 0 Barrier potential under reverse bias
V0 During reverse bias the applied voltage (V) add to the junction voltage. As a result
applied voltage increases the potential barrier i,e (V0  V). Then thickness of
depletion layer and the junction resistance increases. The majority charge carries
Barrier potential under forward bias
holes and free electrons cannot cross the junction. However a small current flows
During forward Bias the applied (V) voltage opposes the junction voltage (V0). As
through the junction due to minority charge carriers. This current is called reverse
a result applied voltage cancels the potential barrier i,e (V0  V). Then thickness of current or leakage current. This reverse current usually measured in the order of ‘μA’
depletion layer and the junction resistance decreases. The majority charge carries The graph of reverse current verses reverse voltage is called Reverse bias
holes and free electrons can cross the junction easily. The current flows through characteristic as shown in the graph.
the junction. This current is called forward current. The forward current increases The diode is connected to the reverse bias battery of voltage (V). So that the applied
with increases in applied voltage. This forward current usually measured in the voltage can be varied for different values of voltages. The value of current is very
order of milli ammeter (mA). small and almost remains constant with the change in bias voltage. It is called
The graph of forward current verses forward voltage is called forward bias reverse saturation current (μA). But at very high reverse bias voltage or break down
characteristics as shown in the graph. voltage the current increases suddenly.

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The ratio of small change in voltage (∆V) to the small change in current (ΔI) is The diode D is connected in series with load resistance RL and connected to the
V ends of secondary of the transformer. The alternating signal is applied to ends of
called dynamic resistance (rd). i,e, rd 
I primary transformer as shown in the AC wave form.
During +ve half cycle of AC, the diode is forward bias. Hence currents flow
In put AC
Vin time
D

Vout time
Graphical representation of
Circuit diagram Graph Circuit diagram input AC And output DC
through RL. and During –ve half cycle of AC, the diode is reversed bias.
Cut in voltage or threshold voltage; the applied forward voltage at which the  no current flow through RL
current starts to increase rapidly. (Due to depletion region reduce to zero). The diode conduct only +ve half cycle of AC. Hence diode acts as a half wave
Reverse saturation current: The reverse current which remains constant with rectifier and corresponding output as shown DC wave form.
increase in reverse bias voltage. Explain the working of the semiconductor diode as a full wave rectifier:
Break down voltage; the applied reverse bias voltage at which break down the The device which converts both half cycle of AC into DC is full wave rectifier.
junction and reverse current raise sharply to large value. It is also called critical The circuit of a full wave rectifier is as shown in the figure. p- Side of the two
voltage. diodes D1 and D2 are connected to the two ends of the secondary of the transformer
Distinguish between forward bias and Reverse Bias: and two n-sides are joined to is connected to load resistance RL and other end RL is
connected to center tap of the transformer. The alternating signal is applied to end
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
of primary transformer as shown in the AC wave form.
The p-type semiconductor is The p-type semiconductor is
connected to positive terminal of connected to negative terminal of the
1 the battery and n-type semiconductor battery and n-type semiconductor is
is connected to negative terminal of connected to positive terminal of the In put AC
the battery is called forward bias battery is called Reverse bias.
In this bias depletion region is less In this bias depletion region is more
2 and resistance is minimum (zero for and resistance is maximum (Infinity
ideal diode). for ideal diode). out put DC
Majority charge carrier holes and Majority charge carrier holes and
3 free electrons cross the junction. free electrons cannot cross the Graphical representation of
Circuit diagram input AC And output DC
junction.
A large current flow through a A small current flow through a During +ve half cycle of AC, i,e, when A is positive and B is negative then diode
4 D1 is forward bias and D2 is reverse bias and Thus D1 conduct current I1 flow
junction. junction.
It conducts the current and behaves It does not conduct the current and through the load resistance RL [D2 doesn’t conduct the current].
5 During –ve half cycle of AC, i,e, when A is negative and B is positive then diode
like a closed switch. behaves like a open switch.
Rectification: The process of conversion of AC into DC. D2 is forward bias and D1 is reverse bias.
Rectifier: The device which converts AC into DC. Thus D2 conduct current I2 flow the load resistance RL [D1doesn’t conduct current].
Explain the working of the semiconductor diode as a half wave rectifier: D1 allows the +ve half cycle and D2 allows the –ve half cycle in the same direction.
The device which converts only half cycle of AC into DC is called half wave Hence diode act as a full-wave rectifier and corresponding output as shown DC
rectifier. The circuit for half wave rectifier is as shown in the figure. wave form.
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Zener voltage (Zener Break down voltage) (Vz); at particular revers bias voltage at What is Solar cell or photovoltaic cell and principle of working?
which the reverse current increase suddenly and so that the voltage across diode It is a p-n junction diode which generate emf when solar radiation falls on p-n
remains constant. It’s depending on doping and depletion layer. junction. It works on the principle of photovoltaic effect as in the photodiode
Principle of Zener diode; Zener diode is operated in the reverse breakdown region, except that no external bias is applied.
the voltage across it remains constant equal to the breakdown voltage for large Uses of solar cells;
change in reverse current. 1) Street light, 2) Satellites, 3) Space vehicle,
Explain the working of Zener diode as a voltage regulator: 4) Charging solar batteries, 4) Solar cells used in calculators.
The circuit connection of zener diode act as voltage regulator shown in the figure. Logic Gates:
Any increase or decrease in input voltage (Vin) results in increase or decrease NOT gate: The NOT gate is a logic gate having only one input and one output. It
of voltage drop across Rs without any change in voltage across the Zener diode. performs logical inversion. The output of NOT gate is ‘1’, when the in put is ‘0’
Thus Zener diode act as voltage regulator. and vice versa. Hence it is also called inverter.

RS RS series resistance,

IL RLload resistance,
Vin
Vinunregulated voltage,
DZener diode,
ILload current OR gate:
D RL Vz=Vout  The OR gate has two or more inputs and only one output. It performs logical
addition. The output OR gate is ‘1’, if any of the inputs or both the inputs are ‘1’.

What is Photo diode and principle of working; Photo diode is reverse biased p-n
junction diode which convert light energy in to electric energy.
Uses of Photodiodes;
1. It can be used as photo detector to detect optical signals.
2. It is used in Lightmeters and Camera and It is used in switching circuits.
3. It is used in accurate measurement of light intensity.
4. It is used in optical communication. 5. It is used in solar cars, solar panels. AND gate:
5. It is in remote control of TV and DVD player to receive the signal. The AND gate has two or more inputs and only one output. It performs logical
What is Light emitting diode (LED) and principle of working: Light emitting multiplication. The output AND gate is ‘1’, if and only if all the inputs are ‘1’.
diode is a heavily doped forward biased p –n junction diode which converts electrical
energy into light. The colour of emitted light depends on type of semiconductor used.
Ex: a) Gallium, Arsenide emits the red colour light.
b) Aluminum, gallium, arsenite emits the IR radiation and also red light.
c). Gallium, Phosphide LED emits the green light.
Uses of LED:
1) It is used in indicator lamp. 2) It is used in remote control for T.V. NAND gate:NAND gate is a combination of AND gate and NOT gate. It is NOT –
3) It is used in traffic signals. 4) It is used in calculators, watches. AND gate. The output of NAND gate is ‘1’ When any one of the inputs or all the
4) It is used in optical fibre communication devices. inputs are ‘0’. The output is ‘0’, when both the inputs are ‘1’.
7) White LED can be used for lighting purpose.

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EC  9 104 N / c along CD B C
4 nC
4 nC
4 109
E B  9 109 
2 
2
2 102

EB  4.5 104 N / c along BD

NOR gate: The angle between Ex and Ey is 900
NOR gate is a combination of OR gate and NOT gate. It is NOT – OR The angle between EA and E AND EB EA
D
gate. The output of NOR gate is ‘1’ When all the inputs are ‘0’. It inverts the and E are 450 A Ex
4 nC 2 cm
output of OR gate. Electric field along x- component is EC
EX=EA+EBcos 45=(9x104)+(4.5
Ey E
x104x0.707)=12.18 x104 N/C
Electric field along y- component is
Ey=EC+EBcos 45=(9x104)+(4.5 x104x0.707)=12.18 x104 N/C
Net electric field due to Ex and Ey is
Chapter;01; Electric charge and Field; E  E x  E y  E x E y cos 90 =17.22 x104 N/C along BD
1. Two point charges qA = 3 μC and qB = –3 μC are located 20 cm apart in vacuum. Chapter 02 Electric potential and capacitor;
(a) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two 1. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area
charges? (b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10 –9 C is placed at of 6x10-3 m2 and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the
this point, what is the force experienced by the test charge? [March 2017] capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply.
Given; qA=+3C, qB= - 3C, 2a=20x10-2m What is the charge on each plate of the capacitor h [Absolute permittivity of
W.K.T 1 q free space =8.85 x 1012Fm-1]u (March 2014)
E B
40 r 2 A O Given A =6x10-3m2, d=3x10-3m, V=100volt, C=? and q=?
W.K.T C  0 ==> C  
9x109 x3x106 A 8.85 1012  6 103 
E  2.7x106 N / C
2a
1x102 d 3 103
EA=EB=2.7x106 N/C along AB C=1.77x10-11F
Resultant electric field, E=EA+ EB= 5.4x106 N/C along AB And charge on each plate of capacitor, q=CV ===> q= 1.77 1011 x100
If test charge q0=  1.5x10-9 C placed at center, q=1.77x10-9 C
The force experienced by test charge is F=qE 2. Two charges 3x10 C and  2x10-8C are located 15cm. at what point on the line
-8

F=1.5x10-9 x5.4x106 =8.1x x10-3 N along BA joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at
2. Three charges each equal to +4nC are placed at the three corners of a square of infinity to be zero. [July 2014]
side 2cm. find the electric field at the fourth corner.[March 2018] Given; q1= +3x10-8C, q1 P q2
Q q2=  2x10-8C, V=?
W.K.T E  K 2 (15-x) x
r Ans; V  1 q
The electric field at D due to A, C and B are 40 r 15cm
4 10 9 (i) The resultant potential at point
E A  9 109  P between the charges is zero. i,e,.V1+V2=0
 2 10 
2
2
where V1 is potential due to q1 and V2 is potential due to q2.
EA  9 104 N / c along AD V1=  V2

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1 q1 1 q2 3x108 2x108 V 1=  V 2 q2
   q1 P
40 15  x  40 x 15  x  x 1 q1 1 q2
 1m x
3

2 40 x 40 1  x 
15  x  x (1+x)
30  2x=3x===> x=6cm The electric potential between the charges is zero 1nC 4nC 1 4
at a distance x=6cm from charge of  2x10-8C.   
x 1  x  x 1  x 
(ii) The resultant potential at point P beyond the charge is zero i,e,.V1+V2=0
where V1 is potential due to q1 and V2 is potential due to q2 4x=1+x==>x=0.333m.
The electric potential is zero at
infinity from distance q1 q2 P
x=0.333m from charge of 15cm x
 4nC.
(15+x)
4. ABCD is square of side 2m.
V 1=  V 2 Charge of 5nC, 10nC,  5nC
are placed at corner A,B and, C respectively. What is work done in
1 q1 1 q 2 3x108 transferring a charge 5μC from D to the point of intersection of the diagonals?
 2x108 3 2
40 15  x  40 x 15  x  
x
 
15  x  x (July 2015)
3x=30+x==>2x=30 cm. x=15cm The electric potential is zero at infinity Given; qA=5nC, qB=10nC, qA=  5nC, qD=5μC
A B
from distance x=0.333m from charge of  2x10-8C. Each side of square is 2m
3. Two point charge +1nC and  4nC are 1 m apart in air. Find the positions (i,e,AB=BC=CD=DA=2m)
along the line joining the two charges at which resultant potential is zero. W.K.T 1 q
V  
40  x 
(March 2015) q1 P q2
Given; q1= +1nC, q2= -4nC, V=? From figure, AC= 2 2 m=BD O
x (1-x)
Ans; V  1 q And OA=OB=OC=OD= 2m
40 r 1m
1  qA q q  D C
VD   B  C 
(i)The resultant potential at point P between the charges is zero. i,e,.V1+V2=0 40 
 AD DB DC 
where V1 is potential due to q1 and V2 is potential due to q2
 5x109 10x109 5x109  90 volts
V1=  V2 VD  9x109     ===> VD 
1 q1 1 q2 q q2  2 2 2 2  2 2
  1  
40 x 40 1  x  x 1  x  VO 
1  qA q q 
 B  C 
40 
 OA OB OC 
1nC 4nC 1 4
    5x109 10x109 5x109  =====> V  90 volts
x 1  x  x 1  x  VO  9x109     O
 2 2 2  2
4x=1  x==>x=0.2m.
The electric potential between the charges is zero at a distance x=0.2m from Pd=V0 – VD= 90  90 = 90  45  31.8246V
charge of+1nC 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii)The resultant potential at point P beyond the charge is zero i,e,.V1+V2=0 Work (W) =(Pd)x(5μC Charge transferred to D to O)==>w=Vq
where V1 is potential due to q1 and V2 is potential due to q2 W=31.8246x5x10-6=159.123x10-6 J
5. When two capacitors are connected in series and connected across 4 kV line,
the energy stored in the system is 8 J. The same capacitors, if connected in

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parallel across the same line, the energy stored is 36 J. Find the individual 1  qA q q q  (Since given VD=0)
 B  C  D 0
capacitances. [March 2016] 40  OA OB OC OD 
Given V=4Kvolt=4x103V, US=8J, US=36J, C1=? and C1=? 1 2
1   2C  4C  6C  q D   0
W.K.T. U  CV 2 40 x 2
2
1 12C  qD   0 ==>qD=  12μC
The energy of two capacitor in series is, US  CS V 2 7. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area
2
C C 8x10-3 m2 and distance between the plates is 2 mm. Calculate the capacitance
8  C 16  106  CS  10 
1 6 1 2

2
S
C1  C2
of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 50 V supply, what is the
charge of each plate of the capacitor? (Absolute permittivity of free
1 space=8.85 x 10-12 Fm-1) [July2017]
The energy of two capacitor in parallel is, U P  CP V 2
2 Given A =8x10-3m2, d=2x10-3m, V=50volt, C=? and q=?
==> C   8.85  10  8  10 
1 12 3
36  CP 16  106  CP  4.5  106  C1  C2 ……. (1) W.K.T  A
C 0
2 d
3
2  10
CC C=35.4x10-12F
CS  1 2  CP  CS  C1C2
CS And charge on each plate of capacitor, q=CV ===> q=35.4x10-12x50
C1C2=4.5x10-6x10-6=4.5x10-12………… (2) q=1.77x10-9 C
But we have (C1  C2)2 = (C1+C2)2  4 C1C2 8. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area 100cm2each and separated
From (1) & (2), (C1  C2)2 =(4.5x10-6)2  4x 4.5x10-12 by 3mm. the capacitor charged by connecting it to a 400V supply. a) Calculate
(C1  C2) =4.5x10 (4.5  4)
2 -12 electrostatic energy stored in capacitor.b) If dielectric constant 2.5 is introduced
(C1  C2)2 =4.5x10-12 (0.5)==> (C1  C2)2 =2.25x10-12 between the plates of the capacitor, then find the electrostatic energy stored and
C1  C2=1.5 μF ………………………. (3) also change in the energy stored.[July 2018]
Equation (1) + (3) we get, C1=3μF Given; A=10-2m2, d=3x10-2m, V=400V, U1=? K=2.5, U2=? And also U2~ U1=?
Using equation (1) or (3) we get C2=1.5 μF. 1 A K0 A
Using U  CV 2 , C  0 and C 
6. Charge 2 μC, 4 μC a and 6 μC are placed at the three corners A,B and C 2 d d
respectively of a square ABCD of side x meter. Find, what charge must be 1 0 A 2 8.875 1012 102
 400 
2
placed at the fourth corner so that the total potential at the centre of the square  U1  V  3
2 d 2  3 10
is zero. [July2016]
8.875  8 107
Given; qA=2μC, qB=4μC, qA= 6μC, qD=5μC U1   23.608 107 J
Each side of square is xm 3
A B
1 0 KA 2  59.02 107 J
(i,e,AB=BC=CD=DA=xm), VD=0 and U 2  V  23.608 107  2.5 U2
W.K.T 1 q 2 d
V   7 7 7
40  x  and also U2  U1  59.02 10  23.608 10  35.42 10 J
From figure, AC= x 2 m = BD O 9. In a circular parallel plate capacitor radius of each plate is 5 cm and they are
And OA=OB=OC=OD= x 2 m separated by a distance of 2 mm. Calculate the capacitance and the energy
2 stored, when it is charged by connecting the battery of 200V (given ε 0 =
Electric potential at O of the quare, D C 8.854x10-12 F/m) (March -2019)
1  qA q q q  Given; Radius r= 5cm, d=5x10-2m, V=200V, and A=r2=3.14x(5x10-
VO    B  C  D  2 2 2
40  OA OB OC OD  ) =0.007855m The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
0 A 8.854x1012 x0.007855
C   34.8x1012 F
d 2x103
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1 Terminal potential, V  
x34.8x1012 x  200   6.696x107 J
2
Energy stored in capacitor is C 
2 1 r
Rs
10. A B C D is a square of side 1m. Charges of +3nc, -5nc and + 3nc are placed at
the corners A, B and C respectively. Calculate the work done in transferring a 11.5 11.5
V
11.5   ==> V=10.849V
charge of 12μc from D to the point of intersection of the diagonals?(June 2019) 1 3 1  0.06 1.06
50
Each side of square is xm A B 2. A networks of resistors is connected to a 12V battery as shown in figure.
(i,e,AB=BC=CD=DA=xm=1m),
(a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network.
W.K.T V  1  q  (b) Obtain current in 12 and 6resistors. [July 2014]
40  x 
given; V=12V, R1= 12, R2= 12, RP=? , I1=?and I2=?
From figure, AC= x 2 m = 1 2 =1.414m=BD O W.K.T. R P  R1 R 2  12  6  4
R1  R 2 18
And OA=OB=OC=OD= x 2  2 m=707m
2 2 Current through 12, V 12
D C I1    1A
Electric potential at O of the quare, R1 12
1  qA q q  V 12
VO    B  C  Current through 6, I2    2A
40  OA OB OC  R2 6
 q q q  3. Two cells of emf 2 V and 4 V and internal resistance 1 and 2 respectively
VO  9x109  A  B  C 
 OA OB OC  are connected in parallel so as to send the current in the same direction
 3x109 5x109 3x109  through an external resistance of 10 . Find the potential difference across
VO  9x109     ==>VO=12.7298V 10 resistor. (March 2015)
 0.707 0.707 0.707 
given; ε1=2V, ε2=4V, r1=1 r2=2, R= 10, V=?
Electric potential at D of the quare,
1  qA q q  W.K.T eq  1r2   2 r1 and req  r2 r1
VD    B  C  r1  r2 r1  r2
40  OA OB OC 
2x2  4x1 8 1x2 2
 3x109 5x109 3x109  ==>VD=22.176V eq   and req  
VD  9x109     1 2 3 1 2 3
 1 1.414 1 
Work done to transfer 12μC charge, But we have V   eq  R   8 / 3 

Rr    10
 eq   10  2 / 3 
W=q(VD – VO) =12x10–6 (22.176 – 12.7298)=1.1335x10–4J
Chapter 03 Current electricity;  V=2,5V
1. A battery of internal resistance 3  is connected to 20  resistor and 4. Two identical cells either in series or in parallel combination, gives the same
potential difference across the resistor is 10 V. If another resistor of 30  is current of 0.5A through external resistance of 4. Find emf and internal
connected in series with the first resistor and battery is again connected to the resistance of each cell. (July 2015)
combination, calculate the e.m.f. and terminal, potential difference across the Given; R =4, I=0.5A, r1=r2= r=? and ε1= ε2= ε=?
combination. (March 2014) For series combination, εeq=2ε Volt and req =2r 
Given; R1=20, r=10, R2=30,  =?, V=? For parallel combination, εeq =ε Volt and req =r/2  ε1,r1

Before connection R2, I  V  10  0.5A W.K.T I
R1 20 Rr E2,r2

And   I  R  r  ==>   0.5  20  3 For parallel combination, 0.5  …..(1) I
Rr/2
  11.5V
After connection R2 , Rs= 10+30=50
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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
2 R1 R 2
For series combination, 0.5  ….. .(2) RP   R P  R S  R1 R 2
R  2r RS
ε1,r1 ε2,r2 R1R2=6 ……… (2)
2 
From equation (1) and (2),  But we have (R1  R2)2 = (R1+R2)2  4 R1R2
R  2r R  r / 2
2R+r=R+2r ====> R=r =4 From (1) & (2), (R1  R2)2 =25  24 =1……. (3)
And emf, ε=IR+Ir Equation (1) + (3) we get, R1=3
ε=(0.5x4)+ (0.5x4)  ε =4V Using equation (1) or (3) we get R2=2.
5. (a.) Three resistors of resistances 2 , 3  and 4  are combined in series. 8. a) Three resistors 4 , 6 and 8 are combined in parallel. What is the total
What is the total resistance of the combination. (b). If this combination is resistance of the combination? b) If the combination is connected to a battery
connected to a battery of emf 10 V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the of emf 25 V and negligible internal resistance. Determine the current through
potential drop across each resistor. [March 2016] each resistor and total current drawn from the battery. [July2017]
Given, R1= 2, R2= 3, R3= 4 Rs=? if V=10V then V1=?, V2=? & V3=? Given, R1= 4, R2= 6, R3= 8, r=0, Rs=? if ε=25V then I1=?, I2=? & I3=?
a). Rs= R1+R2+ R3=2+3+4=9 W.K.T. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     
RP R1 R2 R3 4 6 8
b). current in this combination is I  V  10  1.11A
RS 9  RP=1.85
potential drop across 2  is V1=IR1=1.11x2=2.22A 25
Current through 4 is I1   6.25A
potential drop across 3  is V2=IR1=1.11x3=3.33A 4
potential drop across 4  is V2=IR1=1.11x4=4.44A 25
Current through 6 is I 2   4.167A
6. A wire having length 2.0m, diameter 1.0mm and resistivity 1.963x10-6m is 6
connected in series with battery of emf 3V and internal resistance 1. 25
Current through 6 is I3   3.125A
Calculate the resistance of the wire and current in the circuit. [July2016] 8
Given; =1.963x10-6m,ε=3V,r=1. d=1.0mm,L=2m, R=? and I=?
Total current in this combination is I    25  13.5A
L 4L RP 1.85
W.K.T R  
A d 2 9. 100 mg mass of nichrome metal is drawn into a wire of area of cross-section
1.963x108 x4x2 0.05mm2. Calculate the resistance of the wire. given density of nichrome 8.4x103
R  4.998
3.14x106 kgm-3 and resistivity of material as 1.2x10-6m (March 2018)
 3 3 Given; m=10-4kg, Density (D) = 8.4x103 kgm-3 A=5x10-8m2,ρ=1.2x10-6m, R=?
And I  I   0.5A
Rr 4.998  1 5.4998 m m m
Density is D    L  ……… (1)
7. When two resistor are connected in series with a cell of emf 2V and V AL DxA
negligible resistance. A current of 2/5 A flows in the circuit. when the L
resistors are connected in parallel the main current 5/3A. calculate the And resistivity R   ………… (2)
A
resistances. [March 2017] 6 6
Given, ε=2V, r=0, IS=2/5A, IP=5/3A R1= ?, R2= ?, Rs=? From (1) and (2) we get, R    m  100 10 1.2 10
 
2 2
DA 8.4 102 5 108
 
W.K.T. I  
Rr R R  5.712
 2 10. In the given circuit diagram, calculate; (i) the main current through the circuit
RS    5  R1  R 2 .........(1)
IS 2/5 and (ii) also current through 9 resistor. (July2018)
 2 6 R1 R 2 From circuit
And R P     RS1=6, RS1=12 and RP=2.7692
IP 5/3 5 R1  R 2

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
Current the circuit is I   3 magnitude 5x10-2T. Calculate the emf induced
  1A
R p  r 2.769  0.24 in the coil. also find the current in the coil if the
3 resistance of the coil is 15(March 2018)
Current through 9 resistor is I   0.333A Given; r=0.1m, N=25, ω40 rad/s, B=5x10-2T,
9
ε0=? For θ=900 (since maximum emf)
11. Two resistors are connected in series with 5 volt battery of negligible internal
Using ε0=NBAωsin θ =25x5x10-
resistance. A current of 2A flows through each resistor. if they are connected 2
x3.14x(0.1)2x40=1.57V
in parallel with the same battery as current of 25 / 3 A flows through a
combination. Calculate the value of each resistance. (March -2019)  1.57
and I  0   0.1047A
Given; E=5V, I=E/Rs R 15
For series, I=2A, RS=R1+R2=E/I=5/2=2.5………….. (1) 2. A conductor of length 3m moving in
R1R 2 E 5x3 15 a uniform magnetic field of strength
And For parallel I=25/3 A, Rp      0.6
R1  R 2 I 25 25 100T. It covers a distance of 70 m in
0
R1R 2
5 second. Its motion makes an angle of 30 with the direction of magnetic field
Rp   R1R 2  R p  R s  1.5 calculate the emf induced in it. (March -2019)
Rs
Given; L= 3m, B=100T, =300, t=5s V=70/5=14m/s
 R1  R 2    R1  R 2   4R1R 2
2 2
W.K.T. E=BLv Sin=100x3x14x1/2=2100V
Chapter 07 Alternating current;
 R1  R 2    2.5  4x1.5  6.25  6  0.25
2 2
1. Calculate resonant frequency and -factor of a series L-C-R circuit containing
R1  R 2  0.5 ……………………… (2) a pure inductor of inductance 3H, capacitor of capacitance 27 μF and
resistor resistance 7.4.(March 2014)
From (1) And (2) Becomes R1  1.5 Alternate method
Given; L=3H, C=27x10-6F , R=7.4, f0=?, Q=? 1
R1  R 2  2.5 ====>R2=1 1 0 
Resonating frequency, f 0  LC
12. A network of Resistors is connected to a 16V battery with internal resistance 2 LC
1
1Ω as shown in figure below. (June 2019) 1 0 
f0  3  27 106
W.K.T R1R 2 2  314 3  27 10 6
Rp  ω0=0.1111 x103 rad/s
R1  R 2 1
4 ohm and 4 ohm parallel; f0  ω0=111.1 rad/s
6.28  9 103
4 4 f 0  17.67 Hz
Quality factor,
R p1  =2Ω L
44 Q 0
12 ohm and 6 ohm parallel; Quality factor, Q  1 L
R
R C
12  6 111.1  3
R p2  =4Ω
Q
1 3 Q  45.04
12  6 7.4 27 106 7.4
Rp1 , 1 ohm Rp2 in series: the equivalent resistance of network 1000
Req= Rp1 +1 +Rp2=7Ω 1 106 ======> Q   45.04
Q
 16 7.4 9 7.4  3
Total current in the circuit: I    2A
R eq  r 7 1 2. A pure inductor of 25mH is connected to a source of 220V and 50Hz. Find the
inductive reactance, rms value of current and peak current in circuit. [July
Chapter 06 Electromagnetic Induction;
2014]
1. A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 25 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter
Given; L=25mH, Vrms=220V, f=50Hz, XL=?, irms=? And im=?
with an angular speed of 40 rad /s, in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
XL=2fL=2x3.14x50x25x10-3=7.85

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 II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
V 220 220x100 220x4 Resonating frequency, f 0  1
i rms  rms     28.02A 2  LC
XL 2f L 314x25 314
1
i m  i rms 2  28.02Ax1.414  39.626A f0   5.31Hz
2  3.14 4  27 106
3. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a
series LCR circuit in which R=3, L=25.48 mH and C=786 μ F. Find, a) 1 L
Quality factor, Q 
Impedance of the circuit b) The phase difference between the voltage across R C
the source and the current. c) The power factor. (March 2015)
Given; V0=283 V, f=50 Hz, R=3, L=25.48 mH , C=786 μ F. 1 4 103 1
Q   45.8
Ans; XL=2fL= 2x3.14x50x25.48x10-3=8 8.4 27  106 4.2 27
1 1 6. An inductor and bulb are connected in series to an AC source of 220V, 50Hz.
Xc    4
2fc 2x3.14x50x786x106 A current of 11A flows in the circuit and phase angle between voltage and
a) Z  current is /4 radians. Calculate the impedance and inductance of circuit.
R 2  (X L  XC ) 2  5
[July2016]
b) Phase difference = tan-1  X L  X C  =53.1o Given; Vrms=220 V, f=50 Hz,im=11A,=/4=450
 R  Vrms 220
Since is negative the current in the circuit lags voltage across the source. W.K.T. impedance Z    20
c) Power factor =cos =cos 53.1o=0.6
i rms 11
4. A resistance 100, a pure inductance coil of L=0.5H and capacitor are in series XL  XC X
tan    L (Since tan 450=1)
in a circuit containing an a.c. source of 200 V, 50Hz. In the circuit, current is R R
ahead of the voltage by 300. Find the value of the capacitance. (July 2015) XL
1  X L  R
Given; R= 100, L=0.5H,current lead by 300, V=200 V, f=50Hz, C=? R
W.K.T. tan   XC  X L  And Z  R 2  X L2  Z  R 2
 R 
 
Z 20
 XC  2fL  ==>  X  2  3.14  50  0.5  R    10 2  14.14  X L
tan30    tan30   C  2 2
 R   100 
1  X  157  100
but we have XL=2fL
 C    X C  157 XL 14.14
3  100  3 L   0.045H
2f 2x3.14x50
XC  214.73 7. A source of alternating emf 220v-50Hz is connected in series with resistance
1 1 of 220 an inductance of 100mH a capacitance of 30μF. Does the current lead
And XC  or C 
2fC 2fX C or lag the voltage and by what angle? [March 2017]
1 1 1 Given; Vrms=220 V, f=50 Hz, R=220, =?, L=100mH=0.1H, C=30µF
C   W.K.T. XL=2fL=2x3.14x50x0.1=31.4
2  3.14  50  214.73 314  214.73 67425
C  0.1489x106 F
1 106
And X C    106
5. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor ( Quality factor) of a series L-C- 2f C 2x3.14x50x30
R circuit containing a pure inductor of inductance 4 H, capacitor of Here XL>XC , so current lead voltage
capacitance 27 μF and resistance 8.4 .[March 2016] X  XL 106.1  31.49 74.61
Given; L=4H, C=27x10-6F , R=8.4, f0=?, Q=? tan   c    0339
R 220 220

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
=20.50 or = 200301 Chapter 09 Ray Optics;
8. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 285 V is applied to a series LCR circuit in 1. Two lenses of focal lengths 0.25 m and 0.30 m are kept in contact. Find the
which resistor of resistance 5, pure inductor of inductance 28.5 mH and focal length of the combination. Calculate powers of two lenses and
capacitor of capacitance 800 μF are connected. (a). Find the resonant combination. (March 2014)
frequency. (b). Calculate the impedance, current and power dissipated at the Given; f1 =0.2m, f2=0.3m, f=?, P1=? P2=? and P=?
resonance. [July2017] 1 1 1
Given; Vm=285 V, R=5 , L=28.5mH=28.5x10-3H, C=80µF=8x10-4F, The effective focal length of combination  
f f1 f 2
f=? , Z=? and P=?
1 1 1
W.K.T. f 0  1

1
 33.33Hz   =8.333  f  0.12m
2 LC 3
2x3.14 28.5x10 x8x10 4 f 0.2 0.3
At resonance, impedance= resistance 1
The power the combination P  8.33D
Z=R=5 f
V 285 1 1
Maximum current i0= i0  m   57A The power of the first lens P1    5D
Z 5 f1 0.2
Power dissipated in the circuit P=imxVm=57x285=16245watt
9. A 20 resistor, 1.5H inductor and 35F capacitor are connected in series with 1 1
The power of the second lens P2    3.33D
a 220V, 50Hz ac supply. Calculate the impedance of the circuit and also find f 2 0.3
the current through the circuit. [July2018] 2. A Prism of angle 600 produces angle of minimum deviation of 400 What is its
Given R=20, L=1.5H, C=35F, V=220V, f=50Hz, Z=? I=? refractive index? Calculate the angle of incidence. [July 2014]
1 1 1 Given; A= 600, D=400 n=? and i=?
Xc     90.99
C 2fC 314  35 106  A D
sin 
 60  40 
W.K.T.  sin   sin 50 0.716
XL  2 f L  314 1.5  471 n  2   2    1.53
 A  30  sin 30 0.5
sin   sin  
So voltage leads current, 2  2 
the impedance is Z  202   471  90.99 2  380.53 A  D 60  40
And angle of incidence i    500
V 220 2 2
current through the circuit, I    0.578A 3. The radii of curvature of two surface of convex lens is 0.2m and 0.22m find
Z 380.53
the focal length of the lens if RI of the material of the lens is 1.5.also find the
10. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a
change in focal length. If it is immersed in water of RI 1.33. (July 2018)
series LCR circuit in which R=3Ω, L=25.48 mH and C=796μF. Find a)
Given; R1=0.2m, R1=0.22m, ng=1.5, nw=1.33,fair=? fw=? and fair~ fw=?
Impendence of the circuit. b) The phase difference between the Voltage across
the source and the current. (June 2019) Using 1   n 2  1  1  1 
  
f  n1   R1 R2 
3
XL  2fL  2  3.14  50  25.48 10  8
1  ng

 1
 1  
1   1.5

 1
 1  
1  ==> f air  0.209m
1 1 
XC    4 f air n
 air  1R R 2   1   0.2 0.22 
2fC 2  3.14  50  796 106
2 1  ng

 1
 1  
1   1.5

 1
 1  
1  ==> f w  0.819m
Z R   X L  XC   5
2
fw  n w  R 1 R 2   1.33   0.2 0.22


X L  XC 4 Change in focal length is, f w  fair  0.819  0.209  0.61m .
  1.33 ===>   53 8
0 1
phase angle tan  
R 3 4. An object of 3cm is placed 14cm in front of a concave lens of focal length
21cm. Find the Position, Nature and Size of the Image formed.(June2019)

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
h0=3cm, u= - 14cm, f= -21cm n1  2 5.6  107
uf 14  21  
thin lens formula: v    8.4cm n 2 1 4.2  107
uf 14  21
position of image: 8.4cm from lens on same side as object. n1 5.6 8 4
  
Nature of image is virtual and erect. n 2 4.2 6 3
v hi v 3  8.4  i,e,. n1=4 and n2=3
Size of image:  or h i  h 0    1.8cm
u h0 u 14 The least distance of the point from the central maximum at n=4 is
nD
Image is diminished. xn  1 1
Chapter 10 Wave Optics d
3. In a Young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 1 mm. The 4  4.2 107 1.4
x4   7.84 103 m  7.84mm
fringe width is found to be 0.6 mm. When the screen is moved through a 3 104
distance of 0.25 m away from the plane of the slit, the fringe width becomes 5. In young’s double slit experiment fringes of certain width are produced on the
0.75 mm. Find the wavelength of light used. (March 2015) screen kept at a certain distance from the slits. When the screen is moved away
given; β1=6x10-4m β2= 7.5x10-4m, D1=D, D2=D+0.25m, from the slits by 0.1 m, fringe width increases by 6 x 10-5 m. Separation
d=10-3m & =? Alternative method between the splits is 1 mm. Calculate the wavelength of the light used. [March
D ΔD=D2 – D1=D+0.25 – D =0.25 m
W.K.T. β= 2016]
d and Δβ=β 2 – β1= (7.5 – 6) x10 =1.5 x10 m
-4 -4
Given; β1=β, β2=β+6x10-5m Δβ=6x10-5m , D1=D, D2=D+0.1m, =?
D1 D D And ΔD=D2 – D1=D+0.1 – D =0.1 m
for β1, β 1=  W.K.T.  
d 1x103 d D
W.K.T.  
(D2 ) (D  0.25)   d 1.5  104  103 d
for β2 β 2=     6  107 m
d 1x10 3 D 0.25   d 6x105  1x103
   6  107 m
1 6x10 4
D D 0.1
 
2 7.5x10 4
(D  0.25) 6. In young’s double slit experiment while using the source of light of wavelength
6 D 4500 Å, the fringe width is 5 mm. If the distance between the screen and plane
 of the slits is reduced to half, what should be the wavelength of light to get
7.5 (D  0.25)
fringe width of 4 mm? [July 2016]
D=1m, Substitute D value in equations. (β1) or (β2)
Given; 1= 4.5x10-7m β1=5x10-3m, β2=4x10-3m, 2= ? D2=D/2m, 2=?
d1 103  6x104 D
  ====> =6x10-7 m W.K.T. 
D1 1 d
4. Abeam light consisting of two wave length 4200A0and 5600A0 is used to  2 2 D1 4x103 D 8
obtained interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment. The distance   3

between the slit is 0.3mm and the distance between the screen is 1.4m. 1 1D2 5x10 D / 2 5
Compute the least distance of the point from the central maximum, where the 4.5x107 x8
2   7.2x107 m
bright fringes due to both the wavelength coincide. (July 2015) 5
Given; 1=4.2x10-7m, 2=5.6x10-7m, D=1.4m, d=3x10-4m, x2= x1 7. Light of wavelength 6000 Å is used to obtain interference fringes width of 6
nD mm in a young’s double slit experiment. Calculate the wavelength of the light
W.K.T x n 
d required to obtain fringe width of 4 mm when the distance between the screen
nD n  D and slits is reduced to half of its initial value. [March 2017]
But given x2= x1===> 1 1  2 2 ====> n11  n 2  2 given; 1= 6 x10-7m β1=6x10-3m, β2=4x10-3m, 2= ? D2=D/2m, 2=?
d d

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D Distance of nth dark band,
W.K.T. 
d  2500x107
x n   2n  1  14  1 x  13x1250x107
 2 2 D1 4x103 D 4 2 2
  
3
1 1D2 6x10 D / 2 3 x 7d  1.625x103 m
4 Chapter 11 Dual nature of matter and Radiation;
 2  6x107 x  8x107 m 1. The work function of cesium is 2.14eV. When light of frequency 6x1014Hz is
3
8. In young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 0.5 mm. When incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. Find; (a)
Energy of incident photons (b) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
the screen is kept at a distance of 100 cm from the slits, of ninth bright fringe
from the centre of the fringe system is 8.835 mm. Find the wavelength of light Given planks constant h= 6.625x10-34J-s. 1eV= 1.6x10-19J. [July 2014]
used. [July 2017] Given; 0=2.14x1.602x10-19J= 3.424 x10-19J
Given; n=9, D=1m, d=0.5x10-3m, xn=8.835x10-3m, =? Energy of incident photon, E=h=6.625x10-34x6x1014=3.978 x10-19J
nD Kinetic energy EK=E  0=3.978 x10-19  3.424 x10-19=0.554 x10-19J
Distance of nth bright fringes is given by x n  Or EK= 0.346 ev.
d 2. Light of frequency 8.41xx1014Hz is incident on a metal surface. electrons with
x n d 8.83x103 x0.5x103 their maximum speed of 7.5x105m/s are ejected from the surface. calculate the
   4.908x107 m threshould frequency for photo emission of electron. Also find the work
nD 9x1
function of the metal in electron volt (eV). Given planck’s constant
9. In Young’s double slit experiment the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the
screen is placed at a distance of 1.4 m away from the slits. The distance between h=6.625x10-34Js and mass of the electron 9.1x10-31kg. [March 2018]
the centeral bright fringe and the fifth dark fringe is measured to be 1.35 cm. Given=  = 8.411014 Hz, vmax= 7.5 105 m/s, 0 =?, 0 =?
calculate the wavelength of the light used. Also find the fringe with if the serene 1
is moved 0.4 m towards the silts, for the same experimental set up. [March h  0  K max  h    0   mv max
2

2
2018]
 
2
Given; d=2.8x10-4m, D=1.4m xn=1.35x10-2m mv 2 9.11031 7.5 105
For nth dark fringe,    0   max   3.8632 1014
2h 2  6.625 1034
D  1.4
x n   2n  1  1.35 102   2n  5  1 0  8.411014    3.8632 1014   4.5468 1014 Hz
d 2  2.8 104
  6000 1010 m 0  h0  6.625 1034  4.5468 1014  3.01226 1019
And When screen is moved 0.4 m towards slits, β=?
D=1.4  0.4=1m 3.01226 1019
0   1.8826eV
10
Using   D  6000 104  2.143mm 1.602 1019
d 2.8 10 Chapter 12 Atom
10. In young's double slit experiment wavelength of the light is used 5000 A and 0 1. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelengths of Balmer series of hydrogen
distance between that slit is 2 mm distance of the screen from the slit is 1 m. atom. Given R=1.097x107m-1. [March 2016]
Find the also calculate the distance of 7th dark fringe from the central bright 1  1 1 
fringe. (March -2019) W.K.T.  R  2  2 
  n1 n 2 
Given;=5x10-7m, d=2x10-3m, D=1m, The shortest wave length of the Balmer series is n1=2 and n2=
7
7 1  1 1  1.097x10
Fringe width   D  5x10 x1  2.5x104 m S
 1.097x107    
d 3
2x10 4 0 4

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4 And Binding energy= Δm x 931.5 MeV
S  7
 3.6461x107 m Binding energy = 0.11243 x 931.5 MeV=104.72854 MeV.
1.097x10 Binding enrgy 104, 728542
Longest wavelengths of the Balmer series is n1=2 and n2=3 Binding energy per nucleon = 
A 14
1 1 1  5  Binding energy per nucleon = 7.4861Mev/nucleon
 1.097x107     1.097x107  
L 4 9  36  2. Determine the mass of Na22 which has an activity of 5 mCi. Half-life of Na22
4 is 2.6 years. Avagadro number=6.023 x1023 atoms. (March 2015)
S   3.6461x107 m
1.097x10 7
given; R=5x10-3x3.7x1010Bq=1.85x10+7Bq,
36x107 T1/2=2.6x3.15576x107=8.204 x107seconds, Mass number A=22, m=?
L   6.5633x107 m Half-life =0.693/8.204 x107=8.453x10-9 per second
5.485
But activity, N  R  1.85 10 9
7
2. The first member of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom has wavelength of
6563A0. Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the second member of the  8.453 10
series. Given: C=3x108ms-1 [March 2017] N=2.189x1016 atoms
Given 1 =6563A0 Mass of the 2.189x1016 atoms in Na22 is m 
AN
1 1 1 6.023x1023
W.K.T.  R 2  2  22  2.189 1016
 m  7.996 107 grams
 n1 n 2  6.023x1023
The first member of the Balmer series is n1=2 and n2=3 m=7.996x10-10 kg
1 1 1  5  …………….(1) 3. Calculate the half-life and mean life of Radium-226 of activity 1Ci;given the
 R    R 
1 4 9  36  mass of Radium 226 is 1 gram and 226gram of radium consists of
The second member of the Balmer series is n1=2 and n2=4 6.023x1023atoms. (July 2015)
1 1 1   3  …….(2) Given; R=1Ci=3.7x1010Bq. Mass number, A=226, m=1 gram
 R    R 
Number of atom in gram, N  m  6.023x10
23
2 4 16   16 
(1)/(2)  2  5  16 A
   0.74074
1  36  3 1  6.023x1023
N  0.02665  1023 atoms
2  6.563x107 x0.74074  4.8614x107 m 226
But activity, R=N and =0.693/T1/2
Chapter 13 Nuclei
N  0.693 0.02665  1023  0.693
1. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon (in MeV) of ‘ T1/ 2  
R 3.7  1010
 
nitrogen nucleus 7 N 14 from the following data:
0.018468  1023
T1/ 2   0.00499  1013  4.99  1010 Seconds
Mass of proton = 1.00783 u, Mass of neutron = 1.00867 u, 3.7  1010
Mass of nitrogen nucleus = 14.00307 u. (March 2014). But 1 year =3.15576x107seconds
Given; 7N14 nucleus contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons.  T1/2=1.5816 x103=1581.6 year
mp = 1.00783 u, mn = 1.00867 u, A=14 And mean life, Tmean=1.442T1/2
Mass of nitrogen nucleus (mN)= 14.00307 u Tmean=1.442 x1581.6 =2280.69 years
W.K.T Δm=[ZmP+(A  Z)mn]-mN 4. The activity of a radioactivity substance is 4700per minute. Five minute later
Δm= 7mp+(14  7)mn-mN the activity is 2700per minute. Find (a) decay constant and (b) half-life of the
 Mass defect (Δm)= 7mp+7mn  mN radioactive substance. [July2016]
Δm =7x 1.00783+7x1.00867  14.00307 Given; initial activity at t=0 minute R0=4700 per minute,
Δm =7.05096 +7.06069  14.00307=0.11243 u. Final activity at t=5minute is R= 2700 per minute. =? And T1/2=?
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W.K.T. Activity R=N 90
15 milligrams S38 contains,
Activity at t=0 second is, R0=N0 ……..(1) and Activity at t= 5secon is,
R=N ……….(2) 6.023 1023 15 103
N  1.004 1020 atoms
R 0 N0 90
From (1) and (2) becomes, 
R N Decay constant   0.693  0.693  7.85 1010 per second
R 0 4700 47 T1/ 2 8.83x108
   1.74074
R 2700 27 Rate of disintegration R=λN==>R= 7.85 1010  1.004 1020 = 7.88 1010 Bq
N0 R N 7. Half-life of U- 238 undergoing α - decay is 4.5 x109 years what is the activity
But we have  2n =====> 0  0  2n of 1 gram of U- 238 sample? (March -2019)
N R N Given; T1/2=4.5x109 years= 1.42 x107 second
2n  1.74074 Mass of sample, m=1g, A= 238
Taking log on both sides, n log2=log 1.74074, 23

0.2405 Number of nuclei, in 1 gram sample, N  6.023x10 x1  2.53x1021

n  0.799 238
0.3010 0.693 0.693
W.K.T. R  N   = 1.23x104 /s
t 5 T1/ 2 1.42x10 17
And t=nT1/2 T1/2    6.257 minut
n 0.799 8. Calculate the binding Energy of an alpha(a) particle in Mev from the following
0.693 data. Mass of Helium Nucleus=4.00260 u. Mass of neutron=1.008662 u
Half life    0.1107
6.257 Mass of proton=1.007825 u. (June 2019)
5. Calculate the Binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of an oxygen
Alpha partical: 2 He, Z  2 and A  4
4
nucleus 8O16using the following Data (MeV): Mass of proton = 1.007825u,
Mass of neutron = 1.008665u, Mass of oxygen nucleus = 15.995u. mass defect : m   ZmP   A  Z  mn   M
[July2017]
Given; 8O16 nucleus contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons. m  2 1.007825  2 1.008662  4.00260
mp = 1.007825 u, mn = 1.008665 u, A=16 m  2.01565  2.017324  4.00260
Mass of nitrogen nucleus (mN)= 15.995 u m  0.030374u
W.K.T Δm=[ZmP+(A  Z)mn]-mN Binding energy : Eb  m  931.5
Δm= 8mp+(16  8)mn-mN
 Mass defect (Δm)= 8mp+8mn-mN Eb  0.030374  931.5Mev  28.293381Mev
Δm =8x 1.007825+8x1.008665  15.995 March 2014
Δm =8.0626 +8.06932  15.995=0.13692 u. Time: 3 Hours 15 Min Subject: Physics Max.
And Binding energy= Δm x 931.5 MeV Marks: 70
Binding energy = 0.13692 x 931.5 MeV=127.54098 MeV.
Binding enrgy 127.54098 General instructions:
Binding energy per nucleon = 
A 16 a) All parts are compulsory.
Binding energy per nucleon = 7.9713115Mev/nucleon b) Answers without relevant diagram / figure / circuit wherever necessary will
6. The half-life of a radioactive sample 38Sr90 is 28 year. Calculate the rate of not carry any marks.
disintegration of 15mg of this isotope. Given Avogadro number=6.023x1023. c) Direct answers to the Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not
[July2018] carry any marks.
Given; m=15mg PART-A
T1/2=28 years =8.83x108 second, I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10
1. Write the SI unit of charge?

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2. Define mobility of electron. 29. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a
3. What is the nature of force between two parallel conductors carrying circular current loop.
currents in same direction? V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
4. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet. 30. Obtain the expression for fringe width in the case of interference of light
5. Give the expression for energy stored in an inductance coil carrying waves.
current. 31. Write three postulates of Bohr. Mention two limitations of Bohr model.
6. How is r.m.s. voltage of a.c. related to peak value of a.c. voltage? 32. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. On the basis of energy
7. What are wave front of light waves? bands distinguish between a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator.
8. Slate the radioactive decay law. VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
9. Write the truth table of logic OR gate. 33. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an
10. Give the bandwidth of TV signal for transmission. area of 6x10-3 m2 and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate
PRAT-B the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 supply. What is the charge on each plate of the capacitor ? [Absolute
11. State and explain Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. permittivity of free space =8.85 x 1012Fm-1]
12. Draw Wheatstone’s bridge circuit and write the condition for its balance. 34. A battery of internal resistance 3  is connected to 20  resistor and
13. What is magnetic susceptibility? For which material is it low and potential difference across the resistor is 10 V. If another resistor of 30 
positive? is connected in series with the first resistor and battery is again connected
14. Mention any two advantages of eddy currents in practical applications. to the combination, calculate the e.m.f. and terminal, potential difference
15. Who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves? Give the across the combination.
wavelength range of electromagnetic spectrum. 35. Calculate resonant frequency and Q -factor of a series L-C-R circuit
16. Explain ‘Malus law’ for polaroid’s. containing a pure inductor of inductance 3H, capacitor of capacitance 27
17. Write any two types of electron emission. μF and resistor resistance 7.4.
18. Why there is need for modulation? 36. Two lenses of focal lengths 0.25 m and 0.30 m are kept in contact. Find
PART-C the focal length of the combination. Calculate powers of two lenses and
III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15 combination.
19. Derive the expression for potential energy of a system of two point 37. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon (in MeV)
charges in the absence of the external electric field.
of nitrogen nucleus  14 N  from the following data:
20. Write three uses of cyclotron.
 7 
21. What are i) magnetic declination ii) magnetic dip
Mass of proton = 1.00783 u, Mass of neutron = 1.00867 u
iii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place ?
Mass of nitrogen nucleus = 14.00307 u.
22. State and explain Lenz’s law for induced e.m.f.
July- 2014
23. Explain the construction of transformer. Mention its principle.
PART-A
24. Mention three applications of total internal reflection of light.
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10
25. Give three characteristics of photon.
1. What is capacitor?
26. How is zener diode used as voltage regulator?
2. Define drift velocity of electrons.
PART-D
3. What is the nature of force between two parallel conductors carrying
IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 current in same direction?
27. State Gauss law in electrostatics. Using the law derive an expression for
4. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point
5. Which type of lens is used to correct myopia (Short sightedness’)?
outside the shell.
6. What are Isotopes?
28. With the help of a circuit diagram, obtain the expression for equivalent
7. Mention any one application of LED.
resistance of two resistors connected in parallel.
8. Write the circuit symbol of AND gate.
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9. Give an expression for range of an antenna in terms of its height from VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
ground. 33. Two charges 3x10-8C and 2x10-8C are located 15cm. at what point on the
10. What is Amplification? line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the
PART-B potential at infinity to be zero.
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 34. A networks of resistors is connected to a 12V battery as shown in figure.
11. Establish the relation between electric field and electric potential. (a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network.
12. Give any two limitation of Ohm’s law. (b) Obtain current in 12 and 6resistors.
13. Write any two uses of Cyclotron. 35. A pure inductor of 25mH is connected to a source of 220V and 50Hz. Find
14. State Ampere’s circuital law and represent it mathematically. the inductive reactance, rms value of current and peak current in circuit.
15. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines. 36. A prism of angle 600 produce angle of minimum deviation of 400 what is
16. What are eddy currents? Give one use of it. its refractive index? Calculate the angle of incidence.
17. Give any two uses of microwaves. 37. The work function of cesium is 2.14eV. When light of frequency 6x1014Hz
18. State laws of refraction. is incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. Find;
PART-C (a) Energy of incident photons (b) maximum kinetic energy of
III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15 photoelectrons. Given planks constant h= 6.625x10-34J-s. 1eV= 1.6x10-19J.
19. Mention any three properties of electric charges. March -2015
20. Give an expression for force acting on a charge moving in magnetic field PART-A
and explain the symbols. When the force does becomes maximum? I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10
21. Derive an expression for electromotive force (motional emf) induced in a 1. Define SI unit of charge.
rod moving perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field. 2. A resistor is marked with colours red, red, orange and gold. Write the value
22. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of series circuit containing of its resistance.
inductor, capacitor and resistor. 3. State the Ampere’s circuital law.
23. Write the expression for limit of resolution of (a) microscope and (b) 4. What is magnetic declination?
telescope, write one method of increasing the power of microscope. 5. Mention the signification of Lenz’s law.
24. State any three features of nuclear force. 6. How does the power of a lens varies with its focal length?
25. Define half-life period of a radioactive sample. Arrive at the relation 7. What is conclusion of Division and Germar experiment on the nature of
between half-life and decay constant. electron?
26. Give any three differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors. 8. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which lies in the ultraviolet region of
PART-D electromagnetic spectrum.
IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 9. Define specific binding energy.
27. Derive an expression for electric field at a point outside the uniformly 10. What is attenuation in communication system?
charged spherical shell placed in vacuum using Gauss law. PRAT-B
28. Derive the condition for balance of Wheatstone’s bridge using Kirchhoff’s II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10
laws. 11. Write Coulomb’s law in vector form. Explain the terms.
29. Write four properties of ferromagnetic materials and give an example for it. 12. Mention two limitations of Ohm’s law.
V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 13. Write two properties of magnetic lines of force.
30. Derive an expression for total energy of an electron in stationary state of 14. Current in a coil falls from 2.5 A to 0.0 A 0.1 second inducing an emf of
hydrogen atom. 200V.Calculate the value of self-inductance.
31. Derive an expression for fringe width in case of Young’s double slit 15. Mention two applications of infrared radiation.
experiment. 16. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case of compound
32. Explain the working of p-n junction diode as a full wave rectifier with microscope.
circuit diagram. Give input and output wave forms. 17. What is photo diode? Mention its one use.

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18. Draw the block diagram of generalised communication system. a) Impedance of the circuit b) The phase difference between the voltage
PART-C across the source and the current. c) The power factor.
III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15 36. In a Young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 1 mm.
19. Derive the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. The fringe width is found to be 0.6 mm. When the screen is moved through
20. Explain with circuit diagram how to convert galvanometer into an a distance of 0.25 m away from the plane of the slit, the fringe width
ammeter. becomes 0.75 mm. Find the wavelength of light used.
21. Write three difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances. 37. Determine the mass of Na22 which has an activity of 5 mCi. Half-life of
22. Derive the expression for motional EMF induced in a conductor moving in Na22 is 2.6 years. Avagadro number=6.023 x1023 atoms.
a uniform magnetic field. 2015-July
23. Show that voltage leads current by, when A.C. voltage applied to pure PART-A
inductance. I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10
24. What is interference? Write the condition for path difference in case of 1. State coulomb’s law
constructive and destructive interference. 2. What is the condition for the balanced state of Wheatstone’s network?
25. By assuming Bohr’s postulates derive an expression for radius of nth orbit 3. A charged particle enters an electric field in the direction of electric field.
of electron, revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen atom. What is the nature of the path traced by it?
26. Distinguish between conductor and semiconductor on the basis of band 4. State the Curie’s law.
theory of solids. 5. What is self-inductance?
PART-D 6. What is the nature of the lens rectify myopia?
IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 7. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in the visible region of
27. Derive an expression for electric field due electric dipole at a point on an electromagnetic spectrum.
equatorial line. 8. Write SI unit of radio activity.
28. What is equivalent resistance? Derive the expression for effective 9. Inputs of NAND gates are A=1, B=0. What is the output?
resistance of two resistors connected in parallel. 10. What is modulation?
29. Derive an expression for magnetic field strength at any point on the axis of PRAT-B
a circular current loop using Biot-Savart’s law. II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10
V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 11. Write two properties of electric field lines.
30. Derive the expression for refractive index of the material of the prism in 12. Mention two limitation of Ohm’s law.
terms of angle of the prism and angle of minimum deviation. 13. Distinguish between diamagnetism and ferromagnetism on the basis of
31. Write Einsten’equation of photoelectric effect. Give Einsteins explanation permittivity and susceptibility.
of photoelectric effect. 14. What is eddy currents? Give any use of eddy currents.
32. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of an npn transistor in CE 15. What is displacement current? Write expression for displacement current.
mode as an amplifier with input and out waveform. 16. Write the condition for total internal reflection to takes place.
VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15 17. What are intrinsic semiconductor? Name the element used as a dopant to
33. Two point charge +1nC and -4nC are 1 m apart in air. Find the positions obtain P-type semiconductor.
along the line joining the two charges at which resultant potential is zero. 18. Draw the block diagram of AM receiver.
34. Two cells of emf 2 V and 4 V and internal resistance 1 and 2 PART-C
respectively are connected in parallel so as to send the current in the same III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
direction through an external resistance of 10 . Find the potential 19. Derive the relation between electric field and electric potential due to a
difference across 10 resistor. point charge.
35. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied 20. State Ampere’s circuital law. Using it, derive the expression for magnetic
to a series LCR circuit in which R=3, L=25.48 mH and C=786 μ F. Find, field at appoint due to current carrying conductor.

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21. Define; a) magnetic declination, b) magnetic dip, mention the SI unit of 37. Calculate the half-life and mean life of Radium-226 of activity 1Ci;given
magnetisation. the mass of Radium 226 is 1 gram and 226gram of radium consists of
22. Derive the expression for energy stored in a current carrying coil. 6.023x1023atoms.
23. What is principal behind the working of a transformer? Mention any two March- 2016
sources of energy loss transformer. PART-A
24. Explain Young’s double slit-experiment. I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10
25. State Bohr’s postulates. 1. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
26. Define input resistance, out resistance and current amplification factor of 2. Write an expression for the displacement current.
a transistor. 3. What is an electric dipole?
PART-D 4. Draw the circuit symbol of p-n-p transistor.
IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 5. How can the resolving power of a telescope be increased?
27. State the Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Derive the expression for electric 
6. In the following nuclear reaction, identify the particle X n  p  e  x
field at a point due to infinitely long charged conductor using Gauss’s
law. 7. Define magnetisation of a sample.
28. Assuming expression for drift velocity, derive the expression for 8. How does the power of a lens vary with its focal length?
9. What is a cyclotron?
conductivity of a material   ne  where symbols have usual
2
10. Give the wavelength range of X-rays.
m
PART-B
meaning.
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10
29. Derive the expression for the force between two parallel conductor 11. The current a coil of self-inductance 5mH changes from 2.5A to 2A in
carrying current and hence define ‘Ampere’ 0.01 second. Calculate the value of self induced emf.
V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 12. What is a toroid? Mention an expression for magnetic field at a point
30. Derive the lens maker’s formula. inside a toroid.
31. Explain Hall wach’s and lenard’s 13. What are isotopes and isobars?
32. What is rectification? With relevant circuit diagram and wave forms, 14. Draw the variation of magnetic field (B) with magnetic intensity (H) when
explain the working of P-N junction diode as full wave rectifier. a ferromagnetic material is subjected to a cycle of magnetisation.
VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15 15. Mention two applications of polaroids
33. ABCD is square of side 2m. Charge of 5nC, 10nC, -5nC are placed at 16. Write the logic symbol and truth table of NAND gate.
corner A,B and, C respectively. What is work done in transferring a charge 17. Write two properties of electric field lines.
5μC from D to the point of intersection of the diagonals? 18. What is myopia? How to correct it?
34. Two identical cells either in series or in parallel combination, gives the
PART-C
same current of 0.5A through external resistance of 4. Find emf and III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
internal resistance of each cell. 19. What is transformer? Mention two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
35. A resistance 100, a pure inductance coil of L=0.5H and capacitor are in 20. Write three characteristics of nuclear forces.
series in a circuit containing an a.c. source of 200 V, 50Hz. In the circuit, 21. Derive the expression for energy stored in a charged capacitor.
current is ahead of the voltage by 300. Find the value of the capacitance. 22. What is an amplifier? Draw the simple circuit of transistor amplifier in CE
36. Abeam light consisting of two wave length 4200A0and 5600A0 is used to mode.
obtained interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment. The 23. Mention the types of transmission media.
distance between the slit is 0.3mm and the distance between the screen is 24. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor.
1.4m. Compute the least distance of the point from the central maximum, 25. Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to demonstrate
where the bright fringes due to both the wavelength coincide. electromagnetic induction.
26. Write three properties of ferromagnetic materials.

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PART-D 6. Write the formula for Malus law.
IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 7. What is the ratio of the densities of two nuclei having mass numbers in the
27. Deduce the condition for balance of a Wheatstone’s bridge using ratio 1:3?
Kirchhoff’s rules. 8. Define current amplification factor in a common-emitter mode of
28. Derive an expression for the force between two parallel conductors transistor.
carrying currents. Hence define ampere. 9. Write the truth table of NAND gate.
29. Derive an expression for Electric field due to an Electric dipole at a point 10. Why sky wave propagation is not possible for waves having frequency
on the axial line. more than 30Hz?
V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 PART-B
30. Write the experimental observations of photoelectric effect. II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10
31. What is rectification? With relevant circuit diagram and waveforms 11. Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point charge q.if (i) q<0 (ii) q >0
explain the working of P-N junction diode as a full-wave rectifier. 12. A Galvanometer having a coil of resistance 12 gives full scale deflection
32. Derive an expression for equivalent focal length of two thin lenses kept in for a current of 4mA. How can it be converted in to a voltmeter of range 0
contact. to 24V?
VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15 13. Distinguish between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.
33. In young’s double slit experiment, fringes of certain width are produced on 14. What meant by Self inductance and Mutual inductance?
the screen kept at a certain distance from the slits. When the screen is 15. What are electromagnetic waves? Write the expression for the velocity of
moved away from the slits by 0-1 m, fringe width increases by 6x10-5m. electromagnetic waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability
The separation between the slits is 1 mm. Calculate the wavelength of the of free space.
light used. 16. Write the relation between the path difference and wavelength of light
34. When two capacitors are connected in series and connected across 4 kV wave used constructive and destructive interference of light.
line, the energy stored in the system is 8 J. The same capacitors, if 17. Define; (i) photoelectric work function, (ii) electron volt (eV)
connected in parallel across the same line, the energy stored is 36 J. Find 18. Draw the black diagram of a AM receiver.
the individual capacitances. PART-C
35. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelengths of Balmer series of III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
hydrogen atom. Given R=1.097x107m-1. 19. Derive an expression for potential energy of a system of two charges in the
36. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor ( Quality factor) of a series absence of external electric field.
L-C-R circuit containing a pure inductor of inductance 4 H, capacitor of 20. Arrive at an expression for drift velocity.
capacitance 27 μF and resistance 8.4 . 21. State and explain Gauss law in magnetism.
37. a. Three resistors of resistances 2 , 3  and 4  are combined in series. 22. Derive the expression for motional emf induced in a conductor moving in
What is the total resistance of the combination. a uniform magnetic field.
b. If this combination is connected to a battery of emf 10 V and negligible 23. Write diagram, explain the working of transformer.
internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each each resistor. 24. What is total internal reflection? Mention two applications of optical
July- 2016 fibers.
PART-A 25. What are matter waves? Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 a particle and explain the terms.
1. Write the SI unit of electric field. 26. Write three differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors.
2. When will the magnetic force on a moving charge be maximum in a PART-D
magnetic field? IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
3. Where on earth’s surface is the magnetic dip zero? 27. Derive an expression for electric field at a point due to an infinitely long
4. State Curie’s law in magnetism. thin charged straight wire using Gauss law.
5. What is significance of Lenz’s law?

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28. Obtain the condition for balance of Wheatstone’s bridge using Kirchhoff’s 9. Write the SI unit of activity.
rules. 10. What is transducer in communication system?
29. Two straight parallel conductors are placed at certain distance in free PART-B
space. the direction of current in both the conductors is same. Find the II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10
magnitude and direction of the force between them. hence define ampere. 11. Write any two properties of electric field lines.
V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10 12. On what factor does the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitors depends.
30. Derive Lens Maker for a convex lens, 13. State and explain Ohm’s law.
31. Assuming the expression for radius of the orbit, drive an expression for 14. Define the terms; (i) Declination, (ii) inclination or Dip.
total energy of an electron in hydrogen atom 15. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
32. With the help of circuit diagram, explain the working of npn transistor as a 16. Name and type of lens which used to correct, (i) Myopia, (ii)
common emitter amplifier. Hypermetropia.
VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15 17. What is NAND gate? Give its logic symbol.
33. Charge 2 μC, 4 μC a and 6 μC are placed at the three corners A,B and C 18. Draw the block diagram of a AM receiver.
respectively of a square ABCD of side x meter. Find, what charge must be PART-C
placed at the fourth corner so that the total potential at the centre of the III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
square is zero. 19. Derive relation between electric field and electric potential due a point
34. A wire having length 2.0m, diameter 1.0mm and resistivity 1.963x10-8m charge.
is connected in series with battery of emf 3V and internal resistance 1. 20. Derive the expression for energy stored in a charged capacitor.
Calculate the resistance of the wire and current in the circuit. 21. Explain with circuit diagram how to convert galvanometer meter in to
35. An inductor and bulb are connected in series to an AC source of 220V, voltmeter.
50Hz. A current of 11A flows in the circuit and phase angle between 22. Derive expression for motional emf induced in a conductor moving in a
voltage and current is /4 radians. Calculate the impedance and inductance uniform magnetic field.
of circuit. 23. What is transformer? Mention two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
36. In Young’s double slit experiment while using a source of light of wave 24. Mention any three application of polaroids.
length 4500A0, the fringe width is 5mm. if the distance between the screen 25. Write any three experimental observations of photoelectric effect.
and the plane of slits is reduced to half, what should be the wavelength of 26. Give any three differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors.
light to get fringe width 4mm? PART-D
37. The activity of a radioactivity substance is 4700per minute. Five minute IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
later the activity is 2700per minute. Find (a) decay constant and (b) half- 27. Deduce the condition for balance of a Wheatstone’s bridge using
life of the radioactive substance. Kirchhoff’s rules.
March- 2017 28. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular
PART-A current loop.
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 29. Write any five properties of ferromagnetic materials.
1. State Coulomb’s law. V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
2. Define mobility of electrons. 30. Derive Lens Maker formula.
3. What is significance of Lenz’s law? 31. State radioactive decay law. Derive N=N0e-t for a radioactive element.
4. Define displacement current. 32. What is rectification? With relevant circuit diagram and wave forms
5. Write one application of microwave. explain the working of p-n junction diode as full wave rectifier.
6. How the power of a lens is related to its focal length? VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
7. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of a particle. 33. Two point charges qA = 3 μC and qB = –3 μC are located 20 cm apart in
8. What is the conclusion of Divisson-Germar experiment on the nature of vacuum.
electron?

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(a) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the PART-B
two charges? 16. Write Maxwell’s equation for the speed of electromagnetic waves and
(b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10–9 C is placed at this point, explain the terms.
what is the force experienced by the test charge? 17. What are De-Broglie Wave? How does the De-Broglie wavelength vary
34. When two resistor are connected I series with a cell of emf 2V and with momentum of moving particle?
negligible resistance. A current of 2/5 A flows in the circuit. when the 18. Draw a block diagram of generalised communication system.
resistors are connected in parallel the main current 5/3A. calculate the PART-C
resistances. III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
35. A source of alternating emf 220v-50Hz is connected in series with 19. Obtain the relation between electric field and electric potential due to a
resistance of 220 an inductance of 100mH a capacitance of 30μF. Does point charge.
the current lead or lag the voltage and by what angle? 20. Derive the relation j  E with terms have usual meaning.
36. Light of wave length 6000A0 is used to obtain interference fringes of with
6mm in a young’s double slit experiment. Calculate the wave length of 21. How can moving coil galvanometer be converted into voltmeter? Explain
light required to obtain fringe of 4mm when the distance between the with a diagram.
screen and slits is reduced to initial value. 22. Mention any three applications of eddy currents.
37. The first member of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom has wavelength of 23. Define critical angle. Write two conditions for total internal reflection.
6563A0. Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the second member of 24. Write any three differences between interference and diffraction.
the series. Given: C=3x108ms-1 25. Define the term: a). Threshold frequency b). Work function and c).
July- 2017 Stopping potential.
PART-A 26. Explain the use of Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 PART-D
1. How does the electrostatic force between two point charges charge, when a IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
dielectric medium is introduced between them? 27. Derive an expression for electric field at a point due to an electric dipole at
2. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule. a point on the axial line.
3. What is Lorentz force? 28. Obtain an expression for the force between two straight parallel conductors
4. Write the relation connecting rms value and Peak value of alternating carrying current. Hence define ampere.
current. 29. Show that a current carrying solenoid is equivalent to a bar magnet.
5. What is motional electromotive force? V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
6. Mention the value of power factor of a pure capacitor. 30. Derive the Lens Maker‘s formula.
7. Define half-life of a radioactive sample. 31. Derive an expression for the total energy of an electron in stationary state
8. Give the circuit symbol of AND- gate. of hydrogen atom. Assuming the expression for the radius.
9. Write any one advantage of light emitting diode. 32. What is amplification? With a circuit diagram, explain the working of npn
10. What is attenuation in communication system? transistor as an amplifier in CE configuration.
PART-B VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 33. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an
11. State and explain Gauss’s law in electrostatics. area 8x10-3 m2 and distance between the plates is 2 mm. Calculate the
12. Define mobility, Mention its S.I. Unit. capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 50 V
13. What is Ohmic device? Give one example. supply, what is the charge of each plate of the capacitor? (Absolute
14. Write any two differences between diamagnetic and paramagnetic permittivity of free space=8.85 x 10-12 Fm-1)
substances. 34. a) Three resistors 4 , 6 and 8 are combined in parallel. What is the
15. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies as =3t2 +4t+9. Find the total resistance of the combination?
magnitude of the emf induced at t=2S.

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b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 25 V and negligible 14. Write the expression for magnetic potential energy of a magnetic dipole
internal resistance. Determine the current through each resistor and total kept in a uniform magnetic field and explain the terms.
current drawn from the battery. 15. Give any two application of X-rays.
35. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 285 V is applied to a series LCR circuit 16. What is ‘myopia’? how to rectify it?
in which resistor of resistance 5, pure inductor of inductance 28.5 mH 17. Draw the diagram representing the schematic arrangement of Geiger-
and capacitor of capacitance 800 μF are connected. a. Find the resonant Marsden experimental set up for alpha particle scattering.
frequency. 18. Write any two characteristics of nuclear forces.
b. Calculate the impedance, current and power dissipated at the resonance. PART-C
36. In Young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 0.5 mm. III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
When the screen is kept at a distance of 100 cm from the slits, the distance 19. Give three properties of electric charge.
of ninth Bright fringe from the centre of the fringe system is 8.835 mm. 20. State Ampere’s circuital law and arrive at the expression for the magnetic
Find the wavelength of light used. field near a straight infinite carrying wire.
37. Calculate the Binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of an oxygen 21. What is hysteresis? Define the terms ‘coercivity’ and ‘retentivity’ of a
nucleus 16 
8 O using the following Data (MeV): Mass of proton =
ferromagnetic mataerial.
22. Arrive at Snell’s law of refraction, using Huygens’s principle for refraction
1.007825u, Mass of neutron = 1.008665u, Mass of oxygen nucleus = of a plane wave.
15.995u. 23. Write Bohr’s postulates for the hydrogen atom model.
March- 2018 24. Derive the expression for the half-life of a radioactive nuclide.
PART-A 25. Write any three distinctions between p-type and n-type semiconductor.
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 26. Draw the block diagram of generalised communication system.
1. What is an equipotential surface? PART-D
2. Define drift velocity of free electrons. IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
3. Give an application of cyclotron. 27. Define electric potential due to appoint charge and arrive at the expression
4. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. for the electric potential at a point due to a point charge.
5. If the peak value of a.c current is 4.24A, what is its root means square 28. Obtain the expression for the effective emf and the effective internal
value? resistance of two cells connected in parallel such that the currents are
6. Mention one power loss in transformer. flowing in the same direction.
7. Two lenses of power +1.5D and – 0.5D are kept in contact on their 29. Derive the expression for the magnetic field on axis of a circular current
principle axis. What is the effective power of the combination? loop, Using Biot-Savart’s law.
8. The decay of proton neutron is possible only inside the nucleus. Why? V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
9. What is depletion region in a semiconductor diode? 30. Arrive at the relation for impedance of a series LCR circuit using phasor
10. What is the output of this combination? diagram method and hence write the expression for the current through the
circuit.
31. Deduce the relation between n,u,v,R for refraction at a spherical surface,
where the symbols have their usual meaning.
PART-B 32. What is rectifier? With suitable circuit describe the action of a full wave
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 rectifier by drawing input and output waveforms
11. Mention any two factor on which the capacitance of a parallel plate VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
capacitor depends. 33. Three charges each equal to +4nC are placed at the three corners of a suare
12. State the Kirchhoffs laws of electrical network. of side 2cm. find the electric field at the fourth corner.
13. Define magnetic declination and dip at a place.

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34. 100 mg mass of nichrome metal is drawn into a wire of area of cross- 16. What is polarisation of light? Name any one method of producing plane
section 0.05mm2. calculate the resistance of the wire. given density of polarised light.
nichrome 8.4x103 kgm-3 and resistivity of material as 1.2x10-6m 17. Calculate de Broglie wave length associated with an moving with a speed of
35. A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 25 turns is rotated about its vertical 23x105 m/s. given h=6.625x10-34Js, me=9.1x10-31kg.
diameter with an angular speed of 40 rad /s, in a uniform horizontal 18. Write any two advantage of light emitting diode (LED) over conventional in
magnetic field of magnitude 5x10-2T. calculate the emf induced in the coil. candescent low power lamps.
also find the current in the coil if the resistance of the coil is 15 PART-C
36. In Young’s double slit experiment the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and IX. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
the screen is placed at a distance of 1.4 m away from the slits. The distance 19. Give any three properties of electric field lines.
between the centeral bright fringe and the fifth dark fringe is measured to 20. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of two capacitor connected in
be 1.35 cm. calculate the wavelength of the light used. Also find the fringe series.
with if the serene is moved 0.4 m towards the silts, for the same 21. Write any three difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials.
experimental set up. 22. Describe the coil and bar magnet experiment to demonstrate the phenomenon
37. Light of frequency 8.41xx1014Hz is incident on a metal surface. electrons of electromagnetic induction.
with their maximum speed of 7.5x105m/s are ejected from the surface. 23. Derive the expression for effective focal length of two thin lenses kept in
calculate the threshould frequency for photo emission of electron. Also contact.
find the work function of the metal in electron volt (eV). Given planck’s 24. Write any three experimental observation of photoelectric effect.
constant h=6.625x10-34Js and mass of the electron 9.1x10-31kg. 25. How Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator? Explain.
July- 2018 26. What is the function of ‘receiver’ in communication system? Draw the block
PART-A diagram of AM-receiver.
VII. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 PART-D
1. State Ohm’s law. X. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
2. Define Current sensitivity of a galvanometer. 27. Using Gauss’s law in electrostatics, obtain the expression for the electric
3. Write the expression for force experienced by a straight conductor of length l field due to a uniform charged thin spherical shell at a point.
28. Drive   ne  where symbols have their usual meaning.
2
carrying a steady current I, moving in a uniform external magnetic field B.
4. What is retentivity in magnetism? m
5. Where on the earth’s surface is the magnetic dip is zero? 29. Obtain expression for the force between two infinitely long straight parallel
6. State ‘Lenz’s law in electromagnetic induction. conductor carrying current. Hence define “ampere” the SI unit of electric
7. Write condition for resonance of series LCR circuit. current.
8. What is wattles current? XI. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
9. A blue ray of light enters an optically denser from air. What happens to its 30. Derive expression for the fringe width of interface pattern in the Young’s
frequency in denser medium? double slit experiment.
10. 92U238 undergoes -decay giving rise to thorium. What is the mass number of 31. Describe suitable block diagrams, action of pn-junction diode under forward
the daughter nuclide. and reverse bias condition. Also draw I-V characteristics.
PART-B 32. Assuming the expression for the radius of electron orbit, obtain expression
VIII. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 for the total energy of the electron in the stationary orbit of hydrogen atom.
11. Represent graphically the variation of resistivity with absolute temperature Answer any Three of the following questions; 3x5=15
for copper and nichrome metals. 33. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area 100cm2each and
12. Write the expression for cyclotron frequency and explain the terms. separated by 3mm. the capacitor charged by connecting it to a 400V supply.
13. State and explain ‘Curie’s law’ in magnetism. a) Calculate electrostatic energy stored in capacitor.
14. Mention any two factor on which the self-inductance of coil depends.
15. Give any two application of ultraviolet radiations.

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
b) If dielectric constant 2.5 is introduced between the plates of the 17. Write the expression for De Broglie wavelength of electrons in terms of
capacitor, then find the electrostatic energy stored and also change in electric potential and explain the term used
the energy stored. 18. Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors
34. In the given circuit diagram, calculate; (i) PART-C
the main current through the circuit and III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15
(ii) also current through 9 resistor. 19. Derive an expression for potential energy of electric dipole placed in an
35. A 20 resistor, 1.5H inductor and 35F uniform electric field
capacitor are connected in series with a 20. Write the expression for force per unit length between two straight parallel
220V, 50Hz ac supply. Calculate the impedance of the circuit and also find current carrying conductors of infinite length hence. define SI unit of
the current through the circuit. current ampere.
36. The radii of curvature of two surface of convex lens is 0.2m and 0.22m find 21. Distinguish between ‘Dia’ and ‘ferro’magnetic materials.
the focal length of the lens if RI of the material of the lens is 1.5.also find the 22. Mention the three type’s energy loss in a transformer.
change in focal length. If it is immersed in water of RI 1.33. 23. Write the three experimental observation of Photoelectric effect.
37. The half-life of a radioactive sample 38Sr90 is 28 year. Calculate the rate of 24. Write the three postulates of Bohr's atomic mode.
disintegration of 15mg of this isotope. Given Avogadro 25. Explain conduction band valence band and energy gap in semiconductors.
number=6.023x1023. 26. What is modulation write the block diagram of the receiver?
March- 2019 PART-D
PART-A IV. Answer any two of the following questions;
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 27. State Gauss law derive an expression for electric intensity at a point
1. State Coulomb's law outside the uniformly charged cell
2. Define electrical resistivity of material of a conductor 28. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected
3. Write the expression for force acting on a moving charge in a magnetic in parallel such that they send current in same direction. Derive an
field expression for equivalent resistance and equivalent emf of the
4. What is magnetic susceptibility? combination.
5. How the self-inductance of a coil depends on the number of the terms in 29. Derive expression for intensity of magnetic field at any point on the axis of
the coil circular loop.
6. For which position of object magnification of convex lens is -1 V. Answer any two of the following questions;
7. For which angle of incidence reflected ray is completely polarized 30. Derive an expression for the impedance of the series LCR circuit, when an
8. Mention any type of electron emission. AC voltage is applied to it.
9. Write the expression for energy of an electron in electron orbit of 31. Derive lens maker's formula.
hydrogen atom 32. Explain the working of a n-p-n transistor in CE mode as an amplifier.
10. write the relation between half -life and mean life of radioactive element VI. Answer any three of the following questions;
PART-B 33. In a circular parallel plate capacitor radius of each plate is 5 cm and they
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 are separated by a distance of 2 mm. Calculate the capacitance and the
11. Write any two basic properties of charge energy stored, when it is charged by connecting the battery of 200V (given
12. Write the expression for drift velocity in terms of current explain the term ε0 = 8.854x10-12 F/m).
used 34. Two resistors are connected in series with 5 volt battery of negligible
13. Define magnetic dip and declination at a place internal resistance. A current of 2A flows through each resistor. if they are
14. Write the expression for speed of light in terms of “μ0” and “ε0”, explain connected in parallel with the same battery as current of 25 / 3 A flows
the terms used through a combination. Calculate the value of each resistance.
15. Write the ray diagram for formation of image in the simple microscope
16. What is diffraction of light?

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
35. A conductor of length 3m moving in a uniform magnetic field of strength 21. Explain with a circuit diagram how a galvanometer can be converted into
100T. It covers a distance of 70 m in 5 second. Its motion makes an angle an ammeter.s
of 300 with the direction of magnetic field calculate the emf induced in it. 22. Write any three distinguishing properties between diamagnetic and
36. In young's double slit experiment wavelength of the light is used 5000 A0 ferromagnetic materials.
and distance between that slit is 2 mm distance of the screen from the slit 23. Derive the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a
is 1 m. Find the also calculate the distance of 7th dark fringe from the concave mirror.
central bright fringe. 24. Using Huygens principle, show that the angle of incidence is equal to
37. Half-life of U- 238 undergoing α - decay is 4.5 x109 years what is the angle of reflection during a plane wave front reflected by a plane surface.
activity of 1 gram of U- 238 sample? 25. Name the three types of electron Emission.
June- 2019 26. What is NAND gate. Write its logic symbol and Truth Table.
PART-A PART-D
I. Answer all the following questions; 10x1=10 IV. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
1. How does the Resistance of a Conductor Vary with its length? 27. Obtain an expression for the Electric Field on the equatorial line of an
2. State Ampere’s Circuital Law. Electric dipole.
3. When does the force acting on a charged particle moving in a uniform 28. Derive an Expression for the Balancing condition of wheat stone Bridge.
magnetic field is Maximum? 29. Derive an expression for instantaneous induced emf in an A.C generator.
4. Define declination? V. Answer any two of the following questions; 2x5=10
5. What is Retentivity? 30. Derive an Expression for the fringe width of interference fringes in a
6. Write any one advantage of Eddy Current. double slit experiment.
7. What is the rest mass of photon? 31. Derive an expression for the Energy of an electron in nth Stationary orbit of
8. Name the Spectral Series of Hydrogen atom which lies in the Visible hydrogen atom by assuming the expression for radius.
region of electron magnetic spectrum? 32. What is Rectification? Describe with a circuit diagram the working of a p
9. What are isotopes? –n junction diode as half wave rectifier with input and output waveforms.
10. Mention one need for modulation. VI. Answer any three of the following questions; 3x5=15
PART-B 33. A B C D is a square of side 1m. Charges of +3nc, -5nc and + 3nc are
II. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x2=10 placed at the corners A, B and C respectively. Calculate the work done in
11. Write any two Limitations ohm’s. transferring a charge of 12μc from D to the point of intersection of the
12. Draw a neat Labelled diagram of Cyclotron. diagonals?
13. Mention an expression for the magnetic field produced at the centre on the 34. A network of Resistors is Connected to a 16V battery with internal
axis of a current carrying Solenoid and Explain the terms. resistance 1Ω as shown in figure below.
14. State and Explain Gauss’s Law magnetism. 35. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to
15. What is a Transformer? Mention any one Sources of Energy loss. a series LCR circuit in which R=3Ω, L=25.48 mH and C=796μF. Find a)
16. Write any two uses of ultra violet rays. Impendence of the circuit. b) The phase difference between the Voltage
17. Give the two differences between collector region and Emitter region of a across the source and the current.
Transistor. 36. An object of 3cm is placed 14cm in front of a concave lens of focal length
18. Draw a Block diagram showing the important components in a 21cm. Find the Position, Nature and Size of the Image formed.
Generalized Communication system. 37. Calculate the binding Energy of an alpha(a) particle in Mev from the
PART-C following data. Mass of Helium Nucleus=4.00260 u. Mass of
III. Answer any five of the following questions; 5x3=15 neutron=1.008662 u Mass of proton=1.007825 u.
19. Mention any three properties of Electric Field Lines.
20. Obtain an expression for effective Capacitance of two Capacitors
Connected in series.

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II PUC PHYSICS EXAM BOOK , Previous solved Problems,& Previous Questions Papers. (H.M.Jayaramu.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil)
Some Fundamental Constants of Physics
Constant Symbol Computational value
Speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00108 m/s
Elementary charge e 1.601019C
Gravitational constant G 6.671011m3/s2. Kg
Universal gas constant R 8.31 J/mol.K
Avogadro constant NA 6.021023 mol1
Boltzmann constant k 1.381023 J/K
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  5.67108 W/m2.K4
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP Vm 2.27102 m3/mol
Permittivity constant 0 8.851012 F/m
Permeability constant 0 1.26106 H/m
Planck constant h 6.6251034 J.s
Electron mass me 9.111031 kg or 5.49104 u
Proton mass mp 1.671027 kg or 1.0073 u
Ratio of proton mass to electron
mp/me 1840
mass
Electron charge to mass ratio e/me 1.76 1011 C/kg
Neutron mass mn 1.681027 kg or 1.0087 u
Hydrogen atom mass m1H 1.0078 u
Deuterium atom mass m2H 2.0141 u
Helium atom mass m4He 4.0026 u
Muon mass m 1.881028 kg
Electron magnetic moment e 9.281024 J/T
Proton magnetic moment P 1.411026 J/T
Bohr magneton B 9.271024 J/T
Nuclear magneton N 5.051027 J/T
Bohr radius rB 5.291011 m
Rydberg constant R 1.097107 m1
Electron Compton wavelength C 2.431012 m

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