NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety Flammable

Liquids with a flash point between 32oC and 55oC.

Learning Objectives: Highly flammable
6.1 Describe the principles of fire initiation, Liquids with a flash point below 32oC.
classification and spread
6.2 Outline the principles of fire risk assessment Principle spread of fire
6.3 Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and Conduction
the prevention of fire spread in buildings Movement of heat through materials
6.4 Outline the appropriate fire alarm system and fire- Convection
fighting arrangements for a simple workplace Movement of hotter gases up through the air
6.5Outline the factors which should be considered Radiation
when implementing a successful evacuation of a Transfer of heat through the air
workplace in the event of a fire. Direct Burning
Combustible materials in contact with naked flame
Definition of fire;
Fire as having three essential components of fuel,
oxygen and ignition (fire triangle). Causes of fire
THE FIRE TRIANGLE Extinguishing Fire ➢ Deliberate (Arson)
1) Cooling the fire by removing the heat ➢ Electrical faults
2) Starving the fire of fuel ➢ Misuse of electrical equipment
3) Smothering the fire by limiting the oxygen ➢ Smokers materials
supply ➢ Smoking in prohibited areas
➢ Loss of control burning rubbish
Classes of Fire ➢ Heating equipment
- CLASS A (paper, wood nad textiles) ➢ Unsafe storage of materials
- CLASS B (liquid – petrol and oil) ➢ Flammable liquids/gases
- CLASS C (gasses – butane and propane) ➢ Welding/hot work
- CLASS D (cooking oil and fat) ➢ Mechanical heat (Friction)
- CLASS F Electrical (fire involved electrical
equipment) Minimising risk of electrical fire
➢ Pre-inspection by users
Sources of ignition: ➢ Suitability of equipment
- Naked flames ➢ Inspection/maintenance by competent
- Electricity (Overheating/Arcing) ➢ Avoid misuse of equipment
- Smoking materials ➢ Prevent overloading of circuits
- Hot work (Welding, burning) ➢ Correct design and rating for task
- Chemical reactions (Giving off heat) ➢ Isolate if not in use
- Heating appliances (Hot surfaces) ➢ Improved means of protection e.g. RCD
- Friction (Inadequate lubrication) ➢ High standards of housekeeping
- Static electricity ➢ Staff awareness training, persons
- Lightning
- Improper storage of flammable materials Fire risk assessment
- Lack of inspection and supervision A fire risk assessment follows the 5 steps of a
standard risk assessment:
Harm to person from fire 1) Identify the Hazards: The hazards are the three
Main effects: elements of the fire triangle the fuel, ignition and
➢ Being burnt oxygen sources.
➢ Inhaling toxic fumes 2) Identify who could be harmed and how: Who are
➢ Effects of smoke inhalation the persons at risk and consider especially vulnerable
➢ Depletion of oxygen supply people such as the disabled.
Other effects 3) Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the
➢ Collapse of building control measures: This should consider the
➢ Crush or other injury sustained while escaping prevention, protection and precautions measures.
4) Record findings & actions and develop
Fire terminology 5) Review: If no longer valid
Flash-point
This is the lowest temperature at which the vapour Factor consider in fire risk assessment
given off by a substance will ignite when brought in ➢ Construction and use of building
contact with a source of ignition. ➢ Flammable materials
Fire-point ➢ Sources of ignition
When the fire point is reached sufficient gas or vapour ➢ Work activities generating heat
is being given off to sustain a flame when in contact ➢ Methods of control
with a source of ignition. ➢ Means of fire detection
Auto-Ignition Temperature ➢ Means of raising the alarm
This is the temperature at which gases or vapour will ➢ Means of fighting fire/maintenance of
ignite without any external source of ignition. equipment
 ➢ Evacuation routes/Protection of routes d) Means of fighting the fire
➢ Numbers of persons at risk e) Emergency evacuation procedures
➢ Fire prevention training/fire drills
Fire / smoke detection:
Preventing, protection, and precaution
- Smoke detection
1) Fire Prevention (starting)
- Heat/Flame detection
Control measures to reduce the risk of fire
Fire alarm;
2) Fire Protection (spreading)
Gongs, Bells etc, break glass points
Structural measures to reduce the risk of fire
Automatic systems: Continuous detection
3) Fire Precautions (event of fire)
Alarm sounding
Measures taken to reduce the risk in the event of fire
Call the Fire Brigade; indicate location of fire and
Fire prevention trigger extinguishers
Aim to keep the three sides of the fire triangle apart:
➢ Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable Means of escape definition;
materials A means of escape is a continuous path along which a
person can travel from wherever he/she may be in the
➢ Control of ignition sources
building and reach safety by his own unaided efforts
➢ Control smoking materials
➢ Good housekeeping
When considering the Suitability of a Means of
➢ Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction
➢ No overloading of electrical systems Escape we should consider:
➢ Regular inspections of electrical systems ➢ Number of employees to use it
➢ Any people with special needs
➢ Ventilation outlets not obstructed
➢ Fire resistance of structure
➢ Controlling hot work with permits etc.
➢ Position/Number of escape routes
➢ Proper storage of flammable materials
➢ Segregation of incompatible chemicals ➢ Contents which are readily ignitable
➢ Security to prevent arson ➢ Open wells, open staircases
➢ Use of building
Regular Inspection and supervision
Means Of Escape – Main Requirements
Storage highly flammable liquid and gasses - Multiple exits
➢ Minimum quantities - Fire resistance of structure
➢ Suitable fixed storage tanks - Adequate size for numbers
➢ Keep upright in well ventilated area - Travel distance
➢ Clear marking of containers - Clearly marked exits
➢ Clearly marked storage area - Emergency lighting
➢ Spillage controls - Exit free of obstructions
➢ Adequate ventilation - Final exit door
➢ Suitable firefighting equipment - Unlocked opening outwards
➢ Trained competent staff - Fire smoke doors self closing
➢ Adequate warning signs - Fixed stairs to upper floors
- Exit to safe place
Fire protection - Suitable assembly point
Compart mentation (Dividing the Building into separate
compartments). Splitting a building into separate
sealed areas made of fire-resisting materials. Restricts
the spread of fire and smoke within a building, Means of escape – main requirement;
depends; The following are recommended travel distances when
• the use of the building considering the means of escape.
• building height • The total travel distance between any point in
• floor area a building and the nearest final exit or
• compartment volume protected area should not exceed: 18m if there
Fire resistant materials: is only one exit 35m if more than one exit
• Primary construction: the main “fabric” of the • Two or more fire exits are necessary:
building • From a room in which more than 60 people
• Secondary construction: internal partitioning work
• Bricks • If any point in the room is more than 12m from
• Concrete the nearest exit
• Structural steel • The minimum width of a fire exit should be 750
mm (800mm for wheelchair users)
Fire Precaution: • Corridors and other escape routes should not
a) Fire/smoke detection be less than 1m wide and in the case of
b) Fire alarms
offices, where corridors are longer than 45m,
c) Means of escape
they should be subdivided by fire-resisting
 doors and be unobstructed and kept free of
combustible materials
• Corridors and stairways forming a means of
escape should have at least half-hour fire
resistance.
• Stairways should be at least 800 mm in width,
and be fire resistant, along with doors
connecting them.
• A single stairway is sufficient in a building of
up to four storey only.
- Sprinkler; A network of water pipes with spray
The following are not acceptable as means of heads normally at ceiling height is installed in
escape because they introduce further risk during vulnerable areas
the evacuation:
• Spiral staircases
• Escalators
• Lifts (except for specially protected lifts)
• Lowering lines
• Portable or throw-out ladders
Fire doors should open in the direction of travel
(outwards) and self-close.
Doors providing means of escape should never be
locked in such a way that they cannot be readily and - Total flooding system; A high concentration of
easily opened from the inside. If they have to be kept an extinguishing gas (usually carbon dioxide)
locked for security purposes, a panic bolt should be is automatically dumped in an enclosed area
fitted or keys maintained in designated

Mean of fighting fire:

- Remove oxygen
- Remove heat
- Remove fuel

Inspection & Maintenance of Fire Extinguishers;

Inspection
Routine (perhaps monthly) visual checks to ensure
extinguishers are in place, not been discharged or
damaged
Maintenance
Involves an annual examination by a competent
person with the removal and replacement of
equipment found faulty and the date of the inspection
recorded

Fire extinguisher maintenance

1. Daily checks (Fire Warden)
2. Weekly inspection (Fire Warden)
Fixed fire fighting equipment; 3. Annually serviced (competent person)
4. Five yearly extended service/discharge
- Hose reel; Permanently connected to the 5. Twenty yearly overhaul/replacement
mains water supply. Should be sited in a
location which covers the whole area.
Installation of fire extinguisher
➢ Accessibility
➢ Proximity to exits/Escape routes
➢ Visibility and signage
➢ Located off ground with adequate support
➢ Suitable type
➢ Protection against damage and weather

Emergency evacuation procedure

• Means of raising the alarm
• Contacting the emergency services
• Fire evacuation routes
 • Fire evacuation signs Fire triangle
• Who are and the role of fire marshals
• Assembly points/place of safety/role call
• When not to tackle a fire
• Types of extinguishers
• Prevention of spread of fire e.g. closing fire
doors
• Not to use lifts
• Evacuation in an orderly fashion
• Prevention of return
• Disabled evacuation procedure

Practice drills should be undertaken to:

➢ Checking alarm can be heard throughout the
premises
➢ Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation
procedure
NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 5 Electrical Safety
➢ Familiarising employees with the alarms etc.
➢ Giving fire wardens to practice their roles Learning Objectives:
➢ Satisfy a legal requirement e.g. fire certificate 5.1 Outline the principles, hazards, and risks
and to provide instruction to employees on associated with the use of electricity in the work place.
action to be taken 5.2 Outline the control measures that should be taken
when working with electrical systems or using
Other area of fire procedures electrical equipment in all workplace conditions.
• Fire Marshals/Wardens
• Fire instruction notices Introduction
• Assembly points Each year in the UK there are: 30 workplace deaths,
• Roll calls 30 domestic deaths cause of:
• Provision for disabled Electric shock
FIRE FIGHTING BY USE OF EXTINGUISHER Electric burns
• This must be carried out by trained competent Electrical arcing
persons. Fires
Explosions
• As most fires can be extinguished or kept under
control by use of fire extinguishers, due Electrical term:
consideration should be given to the selection Volt (pressure different): The unit of measurement of
and training as many staff as possible in electrical pressure.
firefighting techniques. Amphere (current); The unit of measurement of electric
current flow
Portable firefighting equipment; Ohm (resistance); The unit of measurement of
electrical resistance
Direct current (DC); The unit of measurement of
electrical resistance (one source to equipment in one
direction e.g battery)
Alternating current (AC): The electric current is
constantly reversing its direction of flow at a given
frequency (
Frequency; Measured in cycles per second is
expressed in Hertz in UK 50 cycles per second
Conductor; A material that allows electricity to flow
easily e.g. copper, steel, water
Insulator: Materials that have a high resistance to
electrical current: e.g. plastic, rubber, wood.

Nature of Electricity
OHMS LAW
The higher the electrical pressure (V) or the lower the
circuit resistance (R), the higher is the current that
flows in an electrical circuit : I = V/R
I is measured in amps (A), which is the electron
flow or current
V is measured in volts (V), potential difference
or pressure
R the resistance is measured in ohms (Ω),

OHM law example

If the applied voltage is in a circuit is 230V and circuit
resistance is 1,000 ohms then calculate the value of
Current flow from circuit.
I = V/R

The effect of electricity

The main effects on the body of electricity can be:
• Damage to the nervous system
Electrical Power • Fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
Another useful expression enables the electrical power • Tissue burns at entry and exit
(P), represented by the flow of electrical current in a • Damage to internal organs
circuit, to be determined. • Muscular contractions
Power(P) = Voltage (V) x Current (I) There may be secondary effects such as being
When: thrown backwards and possibly falling.
V is measured in volts (V) • Falls from height
I is measured in amperes (A) • Unintentional movement of machinery
W is given in watts (W) • Throw off (sudden movement of the body &
possibility of fire and explosion)

Factor affecting severity of electrical shock

- Current in amperes
Main danger of electricity - Length of contact time
- Path through the body
1) Electric Shock: Contact with live parts - Conductivity/resistance of the body
Direct Contact: Coming in to contact with a conductor - The voltage
that is supposed to be live - Conductivity of the environment
Indirect Contact: Coming into contact with a - Nature of the contact
conductor that is not live in normal conditions but has - Age and health status of victim
become live due to a fault
2) Arcing If a Person has received an Electric Shock
3) Fire & Explosion following precautions should be observed:
4) Burns a) Do not touch injured person until the current is
switched off.
Arcing: Electricity can jump an air gap causing shock b) If the current cannot be switched off, stand on
effects to persons not in contact with conductor some dry insulating material and use a
Fire & Explosion: Flow of electricity generates heat. If wooden or plastic implement to remove the
large flow passes through unsuitable conductor heat injured person from the electrical source.
can lead to fire c) Administer first aid if qualified
Burns: Heat of arcing or excessive flow through body d) Call professional help
causes tissue damage

Type effect electrical shock Main causes of electrical fire hazard

- Inadequate circuits for the current
- Overloaded circuits
- Incorrect fuses (e.g. nails)
- Damaged wiring and insulation
- Loose connections
- Overheating of cables
- Overheating due to thermal insulation
- Overheating due to lack of ventilation
- Flammable materials to close to electrical
equipment
Control Measures for working with Electrical
Systems
Electricity protection devices:
- Fuses
- Circuit breaker
- Earthing
- Isolation
- Reduced voltage
- Battery operated tools
- Residual Current Devices (RCD)
- Double insulation
Battery operated tools
Fuse; A specially designed weak link which is
designed to melt at a predetermined value of current

Residual current devices (RCD); Compares the

electricity flow to the equipment with the return flow
and if a difference is detected the equipment is
isolated.

Circuit Breaker: Electromagnetic devices which

perform the same function as fuses but operate faster

Double insulation: Two separate layers of insulation

are provided which allows for fault detection where one
Earthing: Electricity will always try to reach earth and layer has failed the other still provides protection
earthing is a means of providing a low resistance path
to earth

Portable Electrical Equipment; Accidents caused by:

Isolation; Shutting off the electricity supply to an item
- Using unsuitable apparatus
of equipment and preventing the system from being - Inadequate maintenance or misuse
mistakenly reconnected - Using defective apparatus
- Modifications by unauthorised personnel
- Modifications whilst the appliance is live
- Using equipment in unsuitable environments
- No system of inspection or removal of
damaged equipment

Reduced voltage system: Reducing the mains voltage

by means of a transformer to a lower safer voltage e.g.
110volts or 55 volts
Hazard of portable electrical equipment: 5) Correct fuses
6) Plugs correctly wired
7) No overloading of sockets
8) Appliances switched off when not in use
9) PAT testing in date
10) Cables correctly routed
11) RCDs used
12) System for reporting of defects

Working on live equipment:

Work should not be done on live equipment unless:
1) It is unreasonable in all circumstances for the
conductor to be dead, e.g. fault finding
2) It cannot be carried out remotely or with
barriers
3) Suitable precautions are taken to prevent
Precaution required to prevent accidents using injury
Portable Equipment are:
▪ Reduced voltage operation Precaution on work on live equipment
▪ Use of residual current circuit breakers ➢ Trained and Competent Staff
▪ Protected against overload ➢ Accompanied by another person
▪ Cables insulated ➢ Adequate Information about the risks
▪ Correct sheathing ➢ Suitable insulated tools
▪ Sufficient socket outlets ➢ Insulated barriers or screens
▪ Use of cable drums ➢ Suitable instruments and test probes
▪ Correct maintenance and repair ➢ Personal protective equipment/rubber mats
▪ Reduced voltage operation ➢ Permit to work
▪ Regular inspections and checks ➢ Restricted access
▪ Properly trained staff
Competent electrical personnel
Individuals working with electricity need have a
combination of technical knowledge and experience to
prevent danger. If they do not possess this, e.g. an
apprentice, they should be adequately supervised
Adequate technical knowledge includes:
Types of inspection ➢ Knowledge of electricity
- User checks ➢ Experience of electrical work
- Formal visual inspection ➢ Understanding of the system and practical
- Combined inspection and test (PAT testing experience of that system
➢ Understanding the hazards and their
precautions and the ability to recognize at all
Factor affecting frequency of inspection and test: times whether it is
- Manufacturer’s recommendations ➢ safe to continue work
- Age of equipment
- Robustness of equipment Electrical equipment
- Double insulated or earthed Electrical equipment used on construction sites, such
- Type of cable (e.g. armoured) as portable drills sanders etc., may be exposed to
- Extent of use severe weather conditions as well as being dragged
- Users of equipment over rough ground conditions. This can lead to
- Environment equipment becoming dangerous.
- Abuse or misuse
- History of equipment
Suitable Precautions can include following:
Reason to keep records of inspection and testing
of electrical equipment - Ensuring suitable equipment
- Using reduced voltage 110V supply.
- For Inspection by authorised person - Extra low voltage for wet locations
- In case test label removed - Use of RCDs
- To ensure Test frequencies maintained - Double insulated tools
- Record actions if faults rectified - Battery operated tools
- Suitable connections
Precaution of electrical safety in office
- Pre-use inspections
environment could include:
- Regular maintenance and frequent testing
1) Equipment of approved standard
- Avoid working in wet
2) Maintenance of fixed electrical installations
3) There is a means of isolation
4) Connections, wiring free from defects
Underground services:
Underground services could include:
• Electricity cables NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 3 Musculoskeletal
• Water pipes hazard and risk control
• Sewer pipes
• Gas pipes Learning Objectives:
• Telecommunications
• Flammable gases or liquids 3.1 Explain work processes and practices that may
give rise to work-related upper limb disorders and
Precaution for underground services appropriate control measures
The precautions for dealing with underground services
3.2 Explain the hazards and control measures which
can be grouped under the three headings of:
Planning: By undertaking a site specific risk should be considered when assessing risks from
assessment and using permit-to-work systems manual handling activities
Locating and Identifying the services: The utilities
3.3 Explain the hazards and controls to reduce the risk
companies can provide plans showing the location of
services, but the services may not have been laid in in the use of lifting and moving equipment with specific
the same position, or later modifications may have reference to manually-operated load moving
taken place which have not been recorded. equipment
Cable Avoidance Tools: Known as CAT Scanners
3.4 Explain the hazards and the precautions and
should be used to detect live electrical cables.
procedures to reduce the risk in the use of lifting and
Underground services control moving equipment with specific reference to powered
load handling equipment
- Planning the work
- Locating the services Definition of WRULD
- Identifying the services
- Safe Digging practices Work related upper limb disorder (WRULD) is a
- PLID generic term for that group of disorders that affect the
neck or any part of the arm from the fingers to the
shoulders. Recognised WRULD condition include
Safe digging practices
carpal tunnel syndrome and tenosynovitis.
➢ Trial holes using suitable hand tools
➢ Special care when digging above or close to The European Agency for Safety and Health in the
the line of a service Workplace recognises musculoskeletal disorders as a
➢ No hand-held power tools or mechanical
significant problem.
excavators close to underground services
➢ Excavations alongside the service rather than Caused of WRULD, are caused by:
directly above it
➢ Final exposure by horizontal digging using ▪ Repetitive finger, hand, or arm movements, e.g.
hand tools assembly line work, key board operators
➢ Spades and shovels with curved edges /
gentle foot pressure ▪ Twisting movements, e.g. meat and poultry
➢ Proprietary air digging tools preparation

▪ Squeezing, e.g. using pliers, scissors

▪ Pushing, pulling, lifting or reaching movements,

e.g. assembling packing boxes.

▪ Work on a production line.

▪ Bricklaying

Medical Conditions caused by WRULDs

- Tendonitis
- Osteoarthritis
- Epicondylitis
- Trigger finger
- Writer cramp
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Tenosynovitis
Medical condition
 • Provide gloves in a wide range of sizes to fit
workers’ hands.
• Provide gloves made from flexible materials.
7. Vibration
• Use vibration dampened equipment.
• Ensure tools are regularly maintained.
• Limit exposure to agreed safe limits.
8. Use of Muscular Force
• Reduce the weight of items.
• Use jigs or counterbalances to hold items.
The symptoms of WRULD s are: • Use stronger muscle groups to perform the
1) Numbness or tingling in fingers, etc. task.
2) Pain • Use foot pedals as opposed to hand controls.
3) Restriction of joint movement • Use more effective tools that need less
4) Soft tissue swelling muscular power for example, tools with
5) If the worker rests, then the condition will engines or other mechanical advantage.
improve. However, if work is resumed too 9. Mechanical Pressure
soon then the condition will worsen, so that in • Provide suitable hand tools as effective
addition to the symptoms there maybe substitutes for the use of inappropriate parts of
the body.
redness, swelling and limitation of movement.
• Ensure that edges on work pieces and
If not treated in time the condition can become
equipment items are rounded to distribute
extremely disabling. pressure during contact with parts of the body.
Precautions to avoid WRULDs 10. Organization of Work
There are a number of steps that the employer can • Improve work flow to avoid production peaks
take to prevent the condition: and troughs through better planning and
1. Workstation scheduling.
• Ensure that working heights are appropriate • Encourage better communication and
for the full range of workers. teamwork.
• Relocate equipment to provide more space. • Provide appropriate training
• Reposition items that workers have to see
clearly within their comfortable range of vision. Display Screen Equipment (DSE)
• Provide adjustable workstations that allow The term Display Screen Equipment, DSE (also called
postures to be varied between standing and visual display units, VDU s) covers a range of electrical
sitting. display equipment that is most often part of a computer
2. Temperature system and includes laptops.
• Avoid handling or consider insulating cold HEALTH EFFECTS
items or equipment. There are considered to be three main health effects in
• Wear insulated gloves when handling cold the use of DSE:
items. 1. Musculoskeletal disorders
• Direct warm/cool air flow (as appropriate) to 2. Mental stress
the worker to increase thermal comfort. 3. Visual Fatigue
3. Hand Tools
• Provide tools with ergonomically designed DSE users, who are they
handles. ➢ Uses DSE for continuous or near continuous
• Use lighter tools, or provide supports, jigs or spells of an hour or more at a time
counterbalances. ➢ Uses DSE more or less daily
• Ensure tools are regularly maintained. ➢ Has to transfer information quickly to or from
4. Repetitive Movements DSE
• Mechanise or automate repetitive processes. ➢ Needs high levels of attention and
• Rotate workers between tasks with high and concentration
low exposures. ➢ Highly dependent on DSE
• Allow adequate rest breaks. ➢ No choice in the use or non-use of DSE
5. Posture ➢ Requires special training or skills
• Relocate equipment or items that must be held
to within easy reach. Factors to be consider for DSE risk assessment.
• Ensure working heights are at or around waist Organisation: Job rotation, Breaks
level. Individual: Physical Characteristics, Training
• Ensure workplaces and equipment are Environmental: Noise, Lighting, Glare, Temperature,
suitable for the range of workers’ sizes and Space etc.
strengths. Equipment: Height/position of keyboard and screen,
• Provide jigs for repositioning work pieces. seating posture, design of chair, screen definition and
• Ensure that items that must be viewed clearly colour, adjustability of equipment
are within the normal visual range.
6. Gloves D.S.E. Workstation Requirements
- Good lighting
 - No glare, distracting reflection • Does the chair have a stable 5-star base with
- Noise to a minimum suitable castors?
- Ample legroom to allow postural movement • Is the chair upholstered with suitable materials
- Suitable software for the environment?
- Screen suitable position
- Ample work surfaces Working Posture
- Suitable chair/adjustable • Is the user comfortable in their chair and is the
- Footrest if necessary chair in a supportive, upright position with
- Suitable environment good lumbar support?
• Can the user sit at a safe working height and
distance relative to the desk with the feet fully
Display Screen
supported?
• Is the monitor in good working condition including
• Is a footrest necessary?
swivel and tilt functions and screen quality?
• Is the DSE set-up appropriately for the user to
• Is the monitor at the correct height? Can the height
adopt safe working postures?
be adjusted?
• Can all other items such as the telephone be
• Is the screen size suitable for all tasks and are
used and accessed safely, including a headset
characters easy to read from the working
if required?
distance?
Laptop
• Is the screen free from distracting reflections or
• If a laptop is in regular, prolonged use at work
glare?
does the user have a safe set-up?
• Does the user know how to adjust brightness and
• Docking station required?
contrast?
• If a laptop is in regular use at home does the
• If there is a multi-screen set-up is it well configured
user have a safe set-up?
for efficiency and safe working postures?
• If a laptop must be regularly carried does the
user have a suitable carrying case?
Keyboard
• Is the keyboard separate from the screen?
Environment
• Is the type of keyboard appropriate for the user?
• Is the lighting suitable and sufficient, without
• Is the keyboard in good working condition,
visual concerns, including adjustable window
including tilt and the keys being easy to read?
coverings where necessary?
• Is the keyboard comfortable to use?
• Has local lighting been provided where
• Is a wrist rest needed?
necessary?
• Confirm the user is not affected by cold
Mouse
draughts and that air temperature is mostly
• Is the mouse in good working condition?
acceptable?
• Is the mouse comfortable to use, including pointer
• Confirm there is no distracting noise caused
speed?
by equipment?
• Is the type of mouse provided, appropriate to
• Can the user safely enter and exit the
user?
workstation?
Sofware
Individual
• Does the software work reliably?
• Does the user know about any free eye test
• Is the software suitable for the tasks?
policy?
• Has the user received sufficient training to use the
software?

Desk
Manual Handling
• Is the surface free from clutter and well organised?
Moving or supporting a load by hand or bodily force
• Is the work surface large enough for all items to be
Activities: Pushing, Pulling, Lifting, Lowering, carrying
correctly positioned?
while walking
• Is there sufficient off-desk storage for files and
folders?
The Spine (cervical, thoracic, lumber).
• Is the area under the desk free from obstructions?
Protection of the spinal column.
• Is the desk height adjustable?
Provide point of attachment for ligaments, Tendons,
Muscles
Supports the skeletal framework
Chair
• Does the chair have a working seat height
Injuries caused by manual handling
adjustment?
Manual handling injuries arise from hazardous
• Does the chair have a working backrest height
events such as stooping while lifting, holding the load
adjustment?
away from the body and undertaking twisting
• Does the chair have a working backrest tilt
movements of the trunk of the body or frequent or
adjustment?
prolonged effort.
• Does the chair have a working swivel
mechanism?
Injuries can also arise form manually handling ➢ Repetitive handling
heavy/bulky/unwieldy/unstable loads or loads which ➢ Unpredictable movement of load
have sharp/hot/slippery surfaces. ➢ Frequent or prolonged physical effort
Other injuries can be caused by workplace space ➢ Insufficient rest or recovery period
constraints and the lack of capability of the individual. ➢ A work rate imposed by the process
Manual handling can cause many types of injury.
Around 25% of all injuries reported to the competent The Environment
authority in the UK, the Health and Safety Executive ➢ Lighting
have been attributed to manual handling. ➢ Ventilation/air quality
➢ Obstacles
Common injuries of manual handling ➢ Height of work surfaces
• Prolapsed (herniated) spinal disc. ➢ Temperature (Hot/Cold)
• Muscle strain (damage to the muscle) and ➢ Floor conditions
sprain (damaged to ligament). ➢ Space available
• Torn or overstretched tendons and ligaments. ➢ Weather conditions (external)
• Rupture of a section of the abdominal wall, ➢ Humidity
could cause a hernia.
• Loads with sharp edges causing cuts and Manual handling risk assessment - Guideline Filter
lacerations. There is no such thing as a completely ‘safe’ manual
• Dropped loads can result in bruising, fractures handling operation. But working within the following
and other crush injuries. guidelines will cut the risk and reduce the need for a
more detailed assessment.
Manual Handling Risk Assessment (factors to be
considered --- LITE
Load
Individual
Task Filters Pushing and Pulling
Environment

Assessment of manual handling, Employers

should:
• Avoid the need for hazardous manual
handling, so far as is reasonably practicable.
• Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous
manual handling that cannot be avoided.
• Reduce the risk of injury from hazardous
manual handling, so far as is reasonably
practicable. Filters Twisting

The Load
➢ Physical weight (Heavy)
➢ Size (Bulky)
➢ Shape (Difficult to grasp)
➢ Rigidity (Contents liable to shift)
➢ Outside surfaces (Sharp)
➢ Stability of contents (Unstable) Means of Reducing risks and Avoiding Injury
➢ Other hazards - hot/cold/sharp etc. • Avoid
• Design
The Individual • Automation
1) Gender • Mechanisation
2) Physical strength • Ergonomic principles
3) Stature (Physique; Height, etc.) • Workforce involvement
4) State of health • Training
5) Pre-existing conditions
6) Level of training Duties of employees, The employees must:
7) Hazards to pregnant women • At all times wear correct and appropriate Personal
8) Age Protective Equipment, ensuring that clothing does not
9) Person’s perception of their ability hinder or inhibit movement
10) Clothing and footwear. • Adhere to company safe systems of work
• At all times adhere to correct use of mechanical aids
The Task as directed
➢ Holding loads away from trunk • Follow company procedures on lifting or manual
➢ Twisting/stooping/reaching handling techniques
➢ Large vertical movements
➢ Distances involved Kinetic Handling Technique-
➢ Strenuous pulling and pushing of load (Good handling technique checklist)
 1) Appropriate clothing
2) Assess Load Employee safety during lifting
3) Position of feet ➢ Not exceeding safe working load
4) Grip the load ➢ Trained Personnel (crane operators etc.)
5) Lift load ➢ Good communication
6) Able to see where, load is to be, moved to ➢ Properly maintained equipment
➢ Equipment has undergone statutory inspection
7) Avoid twisting body ➢ Correct and free from defects lifting
8) Set down load accessories
➢ Ensuring load is secure
(Good Handling Technique Checklist) ➢ Warning of lift taking place
1. Check Suitable Clothing and Assess Load. Heaviest ➢ Path free from obstacles
side should be at body Side. ➢ Avoid overhead power lines
2. Place feet apart – Bend Knees ➢ All personnel clear of load
3. Firm Grip – Close to body slight bending of back, ➢ Lift load vertically
hips and knees at start. ➢ Lift load to correct height
4.Lift Smoothly to knee level and then waist level. No ➢ Move at appropriate speed
further bending of back. ➢ Put down in safe position and release tension
5. With clear visibility move forward without twisting. ➢ Safety Helmets
Keep Load close to the waist. Turn by moving feet. ➢ Adequate supervision
Keep head up. Do not Look at the load.
6. Set Load down at waist level or to knee level and Lifting accessories (lifting tackle)
then on the floor. - Beams (spreader bars)
- Pulley blocks
Lifting Equipment/Accessories (Tackle) - Chain slings
Lifting Equipment – (e.g. Cranes, winches, pulley block - Rope slings
, etc.) - Textile slings
Lifting Accessories -(previously called tackle , e.g. - Hooks
Chaing and rope slings, shackles, eye bolts etc.) - Rings
- Shackles
Mobile Crane - Eyebolts
➢ Crane Suitability
➢ Ground Conditions Precautions using accessories
➢ Outriggers a) All accessories properly certificated/tested
➢ Obstructions b) Properly inspected by a competent person
➢ Overhead Power Lines c) Safe working load clearly marked
➢ Protected Area d) Inspection prior to use
➢ Suitable lifting tackle e) No repair to accessories on site
➢ Correct Slinging f) Not to be used for unintended purpose
➢ Competence of personnel g) Packing between accessory and load
➢ Load near ground if travelling h) Properly stored after use
➢ Good Visibility and Communications i) Training for staff in safe use
➢ Monitoring wind speed
Lifting accessories (tackle) hazard
Crane main hazard Overloading
➢ Overturning ❑ Using makeshift attachments
➢ Overloading ❑ Incorrect slinging arrangements
➢ Collision ❑ Damaged attachments:
➢ Failure of Support • Textile slings – damaged, cut,
➢ Loss of Load abraded or stretched
➢ Failure of load bearing part • Chains – deformed, cracked or
➢ High winds stretched links
• Broken wires or kinks
Safety Measures using cranes • No examination or pre-use inspection
Pre-use check ❑ Damage to accessories during use
Adequate strength ❑ Lack of training
Safe working load
Load indicators Safety in lifting operation
▪ Rated capacity indicator Lifting Equipment
▪ Rated capacity limiter Sufficient strength, tested
▪ Load lifting device Thorough examination
▪ Controls Inspected at regular intervals
▪ Over travel switches Suitably marked
▪ Safe Access Lifting Operations
▪ Operating position Planned and supervised
▪ No passengers Correctly positioned
▪ Lifting attachments tested/examined
 Loads not carried over persons NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 4 Work Equipment
Good visibility and communication Hazards & Risk Control

Control Measures on Use of Hoist Work equipment hazard and risk control
➢ Regular maintenance
➢ Training and refresher training for all operators Learning Objectives:
➢ Carry out hoist operation from one position 4.1 Outline general requirements for work equipment
➢ Driver must have good visibility of landings 4.2 Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held
➢ Clear signals/audible warning be given prior to tools
lifting operation 4.3 Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical
➢ Goods properly secured, no loose items of hazards of machinery
material in goods lift 4.4 Explain the main control measures for reducing
➢ Gates correctly and properly secured before risk from machinery hazards
lifting
Definition work equipment
Precaution when using hoist Any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or
a) Controls only operated from one position installation for use at work (whether exclusively or not).
b) Clear visibility of landings
c) Clear signals Suitability of Work Equipment
d) Secure objects being carried on goods hoists Properly designed
e) Items not overfilled Fit for purpose for which it is being used
f) Do not carry loose items Meets safety requirements - has CE mark if necessary
g) No passengers on goods lifts Used for purpose manufacturer intended
h) Safe working loads clearly marked
i) Hoist properly examined and tested Factor to be consider when installing new machine
j) Suitable fencing and gates at all levels ➢ What are the hazards i.e.
k) Training staff in use of hoists a) Heat or cold problems
b) Chemicals
Hazards of Conveyors c) Biological
➢ Suitably guarded
➢ The location
➢ Capable of being isolated/lock off
➢ Safe access and egress
➢ Personnel trained and competent
➢ Any other specified risks

Safe operation of work equipment

➢ Appropriate Protection
➢ People not to come into contact
➢ Clear layout of controls
➢ Means of isolation
➢ Stable
➢ Adequate lighting
➢ Maintenance
➢ Appropriate markings
➢ Warning devices

Information and Instructions

Those who use work equipment should have available
to them adequate health and safety information and
where appropriate, written instructions relevant to the
Hazard control measures for conveyor: work equipment. This may
➢ Fixed/interlocked guards include:
➢ Side guards • The conditions in which and the methods by which
➢ Trip wires the work equipment may be used
➢ emergency stop buttons ▪ Any foreseeable abnormal situations and actions
➢ Safe access to be taken
➢ Avoiding loose clothing, etc. ▪ Any conclusions to be drawn from experience in
➢ Restricted access using the equipment
➢ Head protection ▪ It is essential that this information is made
➢ Regular maintenance available to those who supervise or manage the
use of work equipment
▪ so that they fully understand the risks and
procedures to prevent them.
Training
Training needs are likely to be greatest on recruitment, Hierarchy control of machine guarding
but training may be required if: Measures ranked in order are:
➢ Fixed enclosing guards
1. The risks to which people are exposed change
➢ Other Guards or protection devices
due to a
➢ Protective appliances such as Jigs, Holders,
2. change in their working tasks
Push sticks
3. New technology or equipment is introduced
➢ Provision of information, Instruction, Training
4. The system of work changes
and supervision
Responsibility of Users
➢ Not put themselves or others at risk because Mechanical Hazard (ENTICE)
of their actions or omissions EN tanglement
➢ Making use of any safe system of work and T raps (Shearing, drawing in, crushing)
precautions provided for them, e.g. machine I mpact
guards, eye protection, etc C ontact,
➢ Reporting any problems with the work E jection
equipment to their employer
Selection of guards ENtanglement:
➢ Suitable for purpose which they are provided Clothing, Hair, Jewellery getting wrapped around
➢ Good construction, material and adequate machinery
strength Traps
➢ Maintained in an efficient state, working order Involved; in running nips, drawing in, shearing,
➢ Not give rise to increased risks crushing
➢ Not be easily bypassed or disabled Impact
➢ Sufficient distance from danger zone Hit by robotic machines, swing equipment, etc.
➢ Not restrict operators view Contact
➢ Eliminate the need for the worker to place any e.g. friction, abrasion, cutting and stabbing, puncture –
part of their body into dangerous parts in whilst hazard effect burns, laceration, abrasion, punctured
in motion wound and cut.
➢ Compatible with process / resistant to dust, Ejection
chemical Flying debris (grinding spark, chipping work, etc)
➢ Allow maintenance without guard removal
Non mechanical hazard
MACHINERY DESIGN
If the machine can be designed in a way to remove all - Electricity
causes of danger it should be. Where this is not - Hot/cold surfaces
practicable, dangerous parts should be made - Dust and fumes
inaccessible. All moving parts of the machine should - Fire/explosion
be enclosed where - Noise and vibration
possible. To reduce manual handling the use of - Biological
automatic feeds and ejection systems should be - Hazardous Chemicals
considered. - Radiation
- Access and egress
CONTROLS - Obstructions
Thought should be given to control layout for ease of - Manual handling
operation, positioning correctly, type of switch or - Splinters
button used, shrouded or unshrouded. There should
be a direct link between controls and machinery Preferred Order of Guarding (FIAT)
operation (left button to move machine left). Switches BS EN ISO 12100-2:2003
should be easily distinguishable by the size, feel or
colour. - Fixed
- Interlock
FAILURE TO SAFETY - Automatic
If failure occurs care should be taken to ensure the - Trip (Safety device)
machine comes to a rest in a safe condition. Such
devices should include arrester devices to halt Fixed
movement after failure, latches, failsafe limit switches, ➢ Physical barrier with no moving parts
etc. ➢ Not connected to machine controls/motion
➢ Requires tool for removal
MAINTEN ANCE
Isolation, cleaning, adjustment and lubrication should Advantages
be addressed at the design stages. Maintenance of ➢ Creates a physical barrier
machinery after breakdown, which is a major cause of ➢ Requires a tool to remove it
accidents, needs to be considered. ➢ No moving parts
➢ Little maintenance
➢ Easy to inspect
Disadvantages Manufacture/ maintenance machinery, common
➢ No protection if removed Hazards
➢ Requires a tool to remove • Electricity
➢ If solid hampers visual inspection • Ergonomics
➢ If solid may cause heat problems • Dust
• Stability of machine
Interlock guard • Manual handling
- Connected to machine controls,
- Will not operate until guard is closed
- Guard cannot be opened or opening causes
machine to stop
Advantages
▪ Convenient for access
▪ Give flexibility of design
▪ A time delay can be built in
Disadvantages
▪ More complex
Agricultural/ horticultural machinery, Common
▪ Difficult to inspect
Hazards:
▪ Difficult to maintain 1) Biological - animal droppings
▪ Subject to wear 2) Chemical - herbicides
▪ Subject to operator abuse
3) Electricity
▪ If a Gate operator can step inside
4) Fire/explosion – if petrol
5) Ergonomics
Automatic/Push away Guard
6) Manual Handling
Removes person from hazard 7) Noise and Vibration
8) Ejection of materials
Trips Guard (safety devices)
Trip device for drilling machine
- Adjustable Guards
- Self-Adjusting Guards
- Two Hand Control Device
- Photo-Electric Guards
- Pressure Sensitive Pads Hazards when used on roadside verges:
- Other Protection Appliances (e.g. joy stick, jig ➢ Struck by vehicles
holder, push full stick, etc). ➢ Vehicle fumes

Retail machinery (conveyor, waste compactor),

Other Machinery common hazards:
- Office Machinery: Photocopiers/Shredders • Electricity
- Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery • Ergonomics
• Manual Handling
Grinders/Pedestal drills
- Agricultural/Horticultural Strimmer’s/Mowers
- Retail Machinery; compactors/Checkout
conveyors
- Construction Machinery; bench top circular
saws Cement mixers

Office machinery common hazard

▪ Electrical
▪ Ergonomic Hand-held tools.
▪ Noise It is important that the employer has a system for the
▪ Stability inspection of hand-held tools for defects which can
include:
• Chisels which have become blunt
• Handles on hammers which have not been properly
fitted which allows the head to be loose
• Spanners which have become rounded
• Hammer heads which have become worn

Hand-held tools, misuse:

▪ Using flat screwdriver to remove Phillips screw
▪ Using screw driver as chisel
▪ Using chisel or claw hammer to lever
something off a wall
 ➢ Heat or cold
Portable power tools ➢ Biological hazards
Mechanical Hazards: ➢ Confined spaces
➢ Working at heights
- Entanglement
- Cutting
- Abrasions
Factor to consider prior to maintenace
- Ejected materials
➢ Location of equipment
Non-mechanical Hazards: ➢ Capable of being isolated?
➢ Can stored energy be dissipated?
- Dust
➢ Can we segregate?
- Electricity
➢ Is there safe access and egress?
- Ergonomics
➢ Is PPE required?
- Manual Handling
➢ Are personnel trained?
- Noise ➢ Are there heat or cold problems?
- Vibration ➢ Are there chemical residues?
➢ Are there biological hazards?
Portable Power Tools, precautions:
➢ Use RCDs on electrical tools Precautions when undertaking machinery
➢ Ensure lead is protected maintenance
➢ Do not carry tool by cord ➢ Isolate electrical power
➢ Disconnect from power when not in use ➢ Permit to work
➢ Ensure compressed air tools are properly ➢ Isolate pipelines
connected ➢ Release loads
➢ Never pull the cord to disconnect ➢ Allow hot machinery to cool
➢ Have procedures to avoid accidental starting ➢ Provide adequate lighting
➢ Secure work pieces with clamps to prevent ➢ means of access
movement ➢ Provide suitable PPE
➢ Wear appropriate PPE ➢ Provide barriers
➢ Inspect and maintain tools ➢ Ventilate work area
➢ Remove faulty tools ➢ Adequate supervision
➢ Procedures for reporting and replacing
damaged tools

Safety in maintenance operation;

1) Safe working procedures should be planned
2) Personnel should receive training
3) Suitable safety equipment to be provided
4) Management organisation
5) Adequate resources

2 area of maintenance
1) Planned, scheduled, maintenance
2) Breakdown, emergency maintenance

Maintenance hazards
➢ Entry into vessels, confined spaces/machines
➢ Hot work which may cause fire or explosion
➢ Construction work such as work on roofs or in
excavations
➢ Cutting into pipework carrying hazardous
substances
➢ Mechanical or electrical work requiring
isolation of power or fuel supplies
➢ Work on plant, boilers etc. which must be
effectively cut off from possible entry of fumes,
gas, liquids or steam

Machinery hazards
➢ Unintentional starting of machinery
➢ Release of stored energy
➢ Movement due to gravity
➢ Residual high or low pressure
➢ Restricted access/egress
➢ Residues e.g. Toxic, Flammables, Corrosives
➢ Mechanical hazards
NEBOSH IGC2 element 8 Physical and Noise control technique
Psychological (Hazards & Control) Source: Design, maintenance/lubrication, reduce
speed/energy
Path: location, enclosure, silencers, absorption,
damping, isolation, lagging, screens
Receiver: ear protection, job rotation

Sources reduction plant

▪ Tighten loose equipment
▪ Regular lubrication
▪ Eliminate unnecessary leaks
▪ Properly adjust machinery
▪ Padded containers for catching components
▪ Switch equipment off especially fans
▪ Use rubber or plastic bushes
▪ Specify noise emissions levels in orders
Noise ▪ Check condition and performance of installed
noise control equipment
What is noise
• Sound is propagated by compressions and Path of Noise prevention Techniques
rarefactions in the air Location
• Pressure changes are detected by the human ear Move source away from noise sensitive area
• Speed of sound is around 330 m/s in air Enclosure
Surrounding the noise source with sound insulating
Unwanted sound-Sound travels as a pressure wave, material (care to be taken not to overheat machine)
which has two characteristics: Silencers
Intensity – How hard the wave front hits the eardrum Reducing noise from exhaust pipes etc. using
(A measure of the sound pressure level) and is absorbent materials or baffles
measured in decibels (dB) Absorption
Frequency – the number of waves passing a given Surrounding/obstructing noise source with absorbent
point per second, and is measured in hertz (Hz) materials (e.g. foam)
dB(A) Path of noise control techniques
dB(Decibel) = Unit of measure of loudness (on Damping
logarithmic scale) Reduction in structure borne noise by the use of
A= A weighted-frequency most closely resembling rubber/cork, springs etc.
human hearing (filter) Isolation
Protection of persons from sound source by distance
Daily Personal Noise Exposure (Lepd) or sound proofed rooms
Total noise exposure individual is subjected to during a Lagging
working day averaged over 8 hour period Insulation of pipes to reduce sound transmission
Screens
Health Effect of Noise Acoustic screens placed on the path
Chronic:
a) Tinnitus (ringing in the ear, over-stimulation of Practical measures to reduce exposure to
the hair cells) excessive noise
b) Permanent threshold shift (permanent damage)
c) Loss of frequency (damage to hair cells) - Lubrication and maintenance
Acute: - Change the process/design
a) Trauma from loud noise (explosion, Burst - Reduce energy
eardrum) - Isolation
b) Temporary threshold shift (hearing affected at - Silencing
specific frequency) - Enclosure
c) Short term tinnitus (over-stimulation of the - Insulation
auditory nerves) - Absorption
Secondary effects (stress, loss of concentration) - Damping
- Reduce time of exposure
Noise transmitted path - PPE
There are three main ways noise can be transmitted:
Direct Types of hearing protection
Through the air from noise source to receiver Ear Plugs; Comfort and Hygiene
Reflected Ear Defenders: Comfort and Reusable
Via walls, ceilings, and other structures
Ground and structure
Structure borne through wall or floor
Reasons for lack of wearing of hearing protection ➢ Give an opportunity to take some actions to
prevent the damage getting worse
- Poor fit
➢ Monitor control measures effectiveness
- Resistance to use
- Uncomfortable
VIBRATION
- Incompatibility
Vibration is the term given to movement of the body
- Interference
back and forth around a fixed point. This may be
- Hygiene
associated with the arm or the whole body.
- Supervision
- Deterioration
Health effect of vibration tools
- Abuse
Acute:
Noise monitoring Tingling or pins and needles in the hands and
extremities
- Integrated sound level meter ; use to record the
Chronic:
noise . its should be calibrated. Numbness and blanching of the fingers
- Noise dosimeter; is a measuring device, which is Swollen painful joints
attached to the individual and logs their noise
Reduction in manual dexterity
exposure as they are move around at workplaces.
Reduction in the sensation of touch

Risk factor of vibrating tools

2 methods of noise measurement ▪ Frequency of the equipment
- Integrated sound level metre ▪ Magnitude of the energy
An integrated sound level metre is to use to ▪ Strength of the grip and other forces
record the noise. Can be use for noise ▪ Time of exposure
mapping. ▪ Frequency of exposure
- Dosimetre ▪ Low temperature
Measuring devices, which is attached to the ▪ Individual factors
individual and logs their noise exposure as
they move around the workplaces. Control measures for vibrating tools
▪ Eliminate the use of vibrating tools
▪ Select low vibration equipment
▪ Maintenance of equipment and tools
▪ Reducing grip force required
▪ Reducing exposure time
▪ Introducing health surveillance
▪ Provision of gloves and heated pads
▪ Information and training on risks and indication
of injury

Type of ionising radiation

- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- X-Ray
- Neutron
- Argon

The Penetrating Power of Different Types of

Radiation
- Skin or paper stops Alpha
- Thin aluminium stops Beta
- Thick Lead stops Gamma

Why Is Radioactivity So Useful

Easy to detect
Easy to locate radiating radioisotopes
Radiation can be very penetrating
Can be used to look inside solid objects
Non-Destructive testing
Radiation can destroy living cells
Useful for sterilizing – Kills micro-organisms
Role of health surveillance of noise; Destroying cancer cells
The purpose of health surveillance is to:
➢ Keep employers vigilant when employees might
be suffering from early signs of hearing damage
 Other types of protection against ionising radiation
Radon (radioactive gas) ▪ Personal Protective Equipment
Radon-222 ▪ Environmental and personal monitoring
Most radon gas breathed in is immediately exhaled ▪ Training and supervision
and presents little radiological hazard. ▪ Good hygiene practices
the second largest cause of lung cancer in the UK after ▪ Correct disposal of radiation materials
smoking.
Employer may have to appoint
Radiation Protection Advisor:
To advise provide expert advice on the protection of
persons from radiation (often consultants)
Radiation Protection Supervisor:
To ensure that work with radiation is carried out
properly

Non ionising radiation:

• Ultra-violet
• Infra-red
• Lasers
• Microwave

Ultra-Violet
Welding, sun rays
Two main hazards effects on skin and eyes

Infra-red
Hot metal e.g. foundries
Heat and for eyes risk of cataracts

Laser in use
Cutting and surgery
Eyes are more vulnerable to damage from mild retina
burns to permanent blindness

Microwave
Risk of burns to skin and eyes

Protection against non-Ionising radiation

▪ Shielding
▪ Distance between source and person
▪ Reducing duration of exposure
▪ Personal protective equipment
▪ Protective creams

The role of monitoring and health surveillance

Radiation health surveillance is a system of ongoing
health checks. These health checks may be required
by law for employees who are exposed to ionizing
radiation. Radiation health surveillance is important for:
➢ Identifying ill-health effects at an early stage
➢ Providing data to help employers evaluate health
risks
➢ Helping employees to raise awareness about how
work affects their health
➢ Recognizing gaps in workplace control measures
➢ Providing an opportunity to reinforce training and
education

External hazard Protection Against Ionisi

Time Dose rate is directly proportional to exposure
time
Distance All points equidistant from the source have
same effect
Shielding placing a physical barrier between the
source and the individual
STRESS
The reaction people have to excessive pressures Possible causes that increase of stress level
▪ Culture of the organisation
Is defined as the reaction people have to excessive ▪ Shift work, Unsociable hours, Excessive
pressures or other types of demands placed upon Overtime
them ▪ Job insecurity, fear of redundancy
▪ Repetitive/Monotonous work
▪ Lack of breaks and control over job
Home ▪ Work rate too high or too low
▪ The working environment
- Sickness
▪ Relationships (supervisors & peers)
- Children
▪ Harassment and bullying
- Marital
▪ Fear of violence
- Financial
▪ Lack of communication
- Travel
▪ Personal & social factors
- Bereavement
Management action to prevent stress
- Clear company objectives
- Selection of employees, training, clear defined
roles, clear work objectives
- Good communication
- Realistic work schedules
- Close employee involvement
- Training and development of staff
- Impartial investigation of stress
- Policies to recognise and deal with stress
- Good management support
- Consistency of treatment

Work Stress control measures

- Kind of work
- Physical conditions
- Uncertainty
- Conflict
- Kind of jobs
Health Effects of Stress

NEBOSH IGC 2 element 1 Workplace Hazard &

Risk Control
Work problem of stress
Results Learning outcome;
▪ Lack of motivation ➢ Outline common health, welfare and work
▪ Lack of commitment environment requirements in the workplace
▪ Poor timekeeping ➢ Explain the risk factors and appropriate
▪ Increases in mistakes controls for violence at work
▪ Increases in absence ➢ Explain the effects of substance misuse on
▪ Poor decision making health and safety at work and control
▪ Poor planning measures to reduce such risks
This reflects in relationships at work as ➢ Explain the hazards and control measures for
▪ Tension between colleagues and supervisor the safe movement of people in the workplace
▪ Poor service to clients ➢ Explain the hazards and control measures for
▪ Industrial Relationship Problems safe working at height
▪ Increase in discipline Problems ➢ Outline the hazards and control measures
associated with works of a temporary nature.
 • Suitability for environment
Welfare & Work Environment Requirements • Flicker (stroboscopic effect)
ILO’s R120 Hygiene (Commerce & Offices)
Recommendation sets minimum standards of health Exposure to Extremes of Temperature
and welfare provision, covering the need for The main effects of working at low temperatures are
employers to provide: outlined below:
• Loss of concentration
- a supply of drinking water;
• Reduced manipulative powers
- washing and sanitary facilities;
• Discomfort caused by shivering
- accommodation for clothing;
• Frost burns, caused by contact with very cold
- facilities for changing clothing
surfaces
- rest and eating facilities;
• Problems with equipment, e.g. the brittle
- seating;
failure of racking.
- ventilation;
- heating and lighting;
Exposure to Extremes of Temperature
- cleanliness
The main effects of working at high temperature are
outlined below:
Health, welfare and work environment • Loss of concentration
requirements • Reduced activity rate
In addition, there are separate requirements for work • Discomfort caused by sweating
areas or activities where there may be extremes of • Muscle cramping
temperature which logically fall into two categories: • Heat exhaustion, just prior to heat stroke
• extreme heat, working in areas like foundries,
kilns and kitchens; and Exposure to Extremes of Temperature
• extreme cold, working in walk-in freezers and Heat stress can lead to the following symptoms:
cold stores. • Heat rash (prickly heat)
• Heat exhaustion
Working Environment & Welfare Requirements • Anhidrotic heat exhaustion
• Heat cramps
• Heat stroke
• Fainting
• Skin disorders
• Fatigue, nausea, headache, giddiness
• Insufficient moisture to sweat
• Muscle spasms (insufficient salt)
• Breakdown of body control mechanisms.

Exposure to Extremes of Temperature

Exposure to extreme cold temperatures can lead to the
following symptoms:
• Hypothermia
• Frost nip/bite
• Trench foot
• Violent shivering
• Chilblains

Exposure to Extremes of Temperature

Preventative measures should include:
1. Increased distance form temperature source
2. Insulation of heat sources
3. Shielding of heat sources
4. Shielding and lagging of could sources
5. Screening of work area
6. Acclimatisation of workers
7. Regular breaks, fluid intake, isotonic drinks
8. Hot food and hot drinks
9. Good ventilation and humidity control
Adequate Lighting, Factors to be Considered 10. Suitable clothing
• The task being undertaken 11. Screening of workers for individual
• Colour rendition susceptibility
• Type of equipment being used 12. Control of work, organisational factors.
• Size of workplace
• Areas in shadow
• Availability of natural light
• Location of equipment being used
• Levels of contrast between workplaces
• Emergency lighting
 Stacking
• Free-standing or racking system
• Firm, level base
• Even spread of load
• Pallet or cage can be used.
• Straps and Shrink/Stretch wrap
• Stack different types of container separately
• Height of stack
• Environmental effects
• Rack should match load

STORAGE FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

On construction sites a lot of flammable liquids and
gases may be found such as oxygen, acetylene,
Propane, Butane etc.
To ensure safe storage the following should be
followed:

VIOLENCE

Falling materials through safe stacking and

storage
There is a large amount of materials that may be found
on construction sites and these may include such
materials as:
· Piles of sand and aggregate
· Bricks, blocks and roof tiles
· Roof trusses
· Various types of pipes
The main hazards involved with storage of materials Control measures to reduce risks from violence at
include: work
· Falling off vehicles during delivery The following are examples of various measures that
· Tripping hazards are used:
· Obstructing traffic routes and walking routes ➢ Queue management and information
· Materials falling from stockpiles ➢ Change the job to give less face to face contact
· Materials causing dust hazards ➢ Use cheques, credit cards, tokens instead of
cash
Prevention of Falling materials through safe ➢ Check credentials of “clients” and meeting
stacking and storage locations
The main precautions include: ➢ Avoid lone working in high risk areas
· Minimum quantities ordered ➢ Call-in system for lone workers
· Effective storing ➢ Arrangements to get staff home if working late
· Piles of material kept to as low a height as possible ➢ Training employees to deal with aggression
· Clearly marked storage areas ➢ Changing public waiting areas
· Checking storage areas to ensure good ➢ Provide staff at risk with escape routes
housekeeping ➢ Video cameras, alarm buttons, visible security
staff
➢ Protective screens and coded security locks • Communication of policy and procedures
➢ Wider counters and higher floor on staff side • Management to support policy and procedures
• Provide information, education and training on
Dealing with incident risks, symptoms & expectations
If there is a violent incident in the workplace it will be • Pre-employment and periodic testing for
necessary to consider the following: selective groups
• Debriefing • Pre-employment and periodic testing for all
• Providing time off work • Counselling
• Support e.g. counselling • Organisational arrangements
• Legal help • Increased supervision
• Other workers • Appropriate disciplinary procedures.

Risks to H&S from Substance Abuse SOLVENT effect

There are a number of substances that may affect a Short-term effects
worker’s ability to work safely. They would include
- Different solvents can affect the health in different
alcohol, legal & illegal drugs and solvents. Effects on
ways. Some of the short-term effects are:
H&S include:
- Irritation of eyes
• Poor coordination and balance
- Irritation of lungs
• Perception ability reduced
- Irritation of skin (dermatitis)
• Overall state of poor health
- Headache
• Poor attitude, lack of adherence to rules
- Nausea
• Increased risk of violence
- Dizziness
• Increased likelihood of transport incidents
- Light-headedness
• Reduction in work rate. Risk taking when
- Unconsciousness and even death can result from
trying to catch up
exposure to high concentrations of solvent vapours.
As an example, the effects of cannabis use include: Long-term effects
• Euphoria
- Repeated exposure to solvents can have long-term
• Slow reactions
effects on your health. These may include
• Poor coordination
dermatitis.
• Short term memory affected
• Distortion in perception of space and time - Other possible effects on health vary according to
• Drowsiness which solvent you are exposed to.
• Inability to think clearly
• Anxiety and depression Solvent precaution
➢ Take the precautions and procedure when use
Consider of risk factor a particular solvent
• Availability of substances ➢ Be familiar with and follow emergency
• Workplace culture response plan
• Use of substances in relevant social groups ➢ Follow the supplier’s safety data sheets and
• Patterns of substance consumption container labels’ instructions
• Inadequate job design and stress ➢ Use solvent-free materials, safer solvents or
• Excessive working hours or poor shift patterns materials with a reduced solvent content
• Poor working conditions ➢ Make full use of any local exhaust ventilation
• Interpersonal factors (LEV)
• Isolation from family and friends ➢ Report to your employer any damaged or
• Inadequate supervision defective ventilation plant or personal
protective equipment (PPE).
Indication of problem ➢ Wear any respiratory protective equipment
• Absence rates (RPE) which is recomended
• Disciplinary records ➢ Keep all protective equipment in a safe
• Incident & accident rates condition
Observations of the workforce can also provide ➢ Prevent unnecessary evaporation of solvents
indicators: by keeping lids on containers
• Sudden mood changes ➢ Minimize usage of solvents
• Unusual irritability or aggression ➢ Dispose solvents containers in closed
• Confusion containers
• Fluctuations in concentration and energy ➢ Avoid skin contact
• Impaired job performance
• Increased sickness
• Deterioration in relationships SOLVENT
• Dishonesty and theft. People are most likely to be exposed to solvents if they
work in industries such as:
Control measures ➢ Engineering
• Substance misuse policy & supportive ➢ Construction
procedures. ➢ Chemicals
 ➢ Printing Action to prevent slips etc. on stairs:
➢ Rubber ▪ Adequate width of walkway/stairs & handrails
➢ Plastics fitted
Solvents also found in many Products, including: ▪ Remove obstructions/trailing cables
➢ Cleaning and degreasing materials. ▪ Improve lighting levels and install emergency
➢ Paint removers. lighting
➢ Paints, lacquers and varnishes. ▪ Non slip surfaces/spillage procedures/covered
➢ Adhesives. stairs
▪ Maintenance /repair and report defects
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE ▪ Use lifts for loads/site rules
Falls on the level
Falls on the level: HSE 2013/2014 Collision with moving equipment
Fatalities 3 Common hazards include:
Major injuries 7979 • Restricted space for manoeuvring and passing
Over 7 days 14028 • Undefined routes and lack of segregation
• Vehicles reversing with no assistance
Factors contributing to slips, trips and falls • Disregard for rules
• Poorly maintained surfaces. • Insufficient pedestrian warning devices fitted to
• Highly polished surfaces vehicles and lack of maintenance to vehicles
• Rugs & mats on damaged or highly polished • Lack of recognised pedestrian crossings
floors • Lack of lighting
• Changes in level not highlighted • Exits that open on to traffic routes
• Spills
• Rules not followed Struck by moving, flying or falling Object
• Unsuitable footwear Examples include:
• Rubbish left on walkways • Object falling from structure
• Poor lighting • Object falling from lifting machinery, vehicle or
• No handrail on stairways other equipment
• General obstructions • Object ejected from machinery in use, or by
• Environmental, e.g. snow, ice, wet, humid tools
• Collapse of unstable structure
Slips and Trips Precautions • Object deliberately thrown
▪ Designated walkways where possible • Toppling of unstable object
▪ Ensure walkways are level
▪ Ensure walkways are non-slip Situations that increase the likelihood of being
▪ Well-lit and clearly marked walkways struck by moving objects
▪ Procedures to identify problems quickly • Stacking that is too high
▪ Eliminate need to carry loads • Use of damaged or unstable pallets
▪ Make employees aware of the hazards • Overloading of materials on racking
▪ Highlight changes of level • Loose materials stacked at too steep an angle
▪ Correct footwear • Faulty or inappropriate means of lifting or
▪ Remove obstructions lowering items
▪ Organisational factors • Unstable loads on vehicles
• Insecure components in moving machinery
Employee Precautions to Avoid Slips • Products of a machining process not
▪ Follow designated walking routes contained
▪ Wear appropriate footwear • Dust from processes or outside blown into the
▪ Avoid walking on uneven surfaces eyes of workers
▪ Avoid areas where spillages have occurred
▪ Avoid poorly lit areas Falls from height
▪ Report any problems immediately HSE: 2013/2014
39 Fatalities
Causes of Slips etc. on Stairs 3317 Major injuries
▪ Inadequate design: (dimensions, treads, no 3165 Over 3 day injuries
handrails)
▪ Poor housekeeping (Obstructions, trailing Increase likelihood of fall from height
cables Situation that increase the likelihood of falls from
▪ Poor lighting height include:
▪ Slippery surfaces (Oil, Water, Ice) or • Inadequate access to and from the workplace
unsuitable footwear • Fragile roofs
▪ Damaged flooring or coverings • Inadequate barriers
▪ Manual handling/rushing • Unprotected trenches
▪ No contrast • Working next to unprotected edges
• Using access equipment
• Standing on objects to reach higher levels.
Work activities related to WaH • Condition of surfaces
• Steel erecting • Stability of supporting structures
• Fixing of cladding & roof work • Loading of platforms
• Painting and decorating • Stability of working platforms
• Demolition and dismantling • Regular inspection by competent person
• Brick laying • Wide enough – minimum 600mm
• Scaffold erection • Free of openings and traps
• Electrical installation and maintenance • Constructed to prevent the fall of materials,
• Building maintenance e.g. toe boards, sound with no holes or
openings. Close or double boarded, polythene
sheet. On MEWPs platform mesh should be
fine enough to prevent items falling through.
Basic hazard of WaH • Free of slip & trip hazards.
• Vertical distance – above 2 metres significant
risk of major injury or death. ILO Safety and Main hazard of roof work
Health Construction Convention C167 refers.
- Fragile roof materials
• Fragile roofs
- Roof edges
• Sloping roofs
- Slippery sloping roof surfaces
• Deterioration of materials
- Materials falling from roof
• Unprotected edges
- Contact with overhead electricity cables
• Unstable and poorly maintained access
- Hot Bitumen
equipment
- Liquified Petroleum Gases
• Weather
- Manual handling
• Falling materials
Roof Types
Method to avoid WAH
• Conduct work at ground level, automate - pitched roofs
systems of delivery to height. - extensive works
• Prefabrication.
• Undertake maintenance work at ground level. - short duration work
• Pre-treatment of parts, e.g. decorative panels,
- flat roofs
at ground level
• Use of long handling devices, e.g. window - fragile roofs
cleaning.
Roof work
Proper planning and supervision Falling off
No edge protection, Slippery surfaces, Handling
• Selection of suitable equipment.
• Competent people materials
• Correct levels of supervision Falling through
• Take into account environmental conditions Fragile materials Skylights covered over
• Emergency planning No crawling boards

Fall of people and materials Bitumen Flat Roof Precautions

• WAH only when not reasonably practicable to ▪ Safe use of Bitumen boilers
work at ground level. ▪ Safe use of burning gases
• Measures to minimise distance and ▪ Training in manual handling
consequence.
WAH regulation 2005
• Prevention of materials falling.
• Take measures to prevent any person being Hierarchy of working at height Reg 6:
struck • Avoid work at height if possible
• No throwing or tipping where it can cause • Use work equipment or other measures to
injury. prevent falls when they cannot avoid working
• Prevention of unauthorised persons entering at height
any area of danger • Where they cannot eliminate the risk of falls
• Not working in adverse weather conditions use work equipment or other measures to
• Access boards minimise the distance and consequences of a
• Ladder Hoops fall should one occur
• Risks from fragile surfaces are properly
Guardrails, fencing and toeboard controlled
• Be of sufficient dimensions
• Be of sufficient strength Fragile roof protection
• Be secure and stable
• Crawl boards; 430mm wide spanning purlins
• Prevent, in so far as is practicable the fall of
• Boarded valleys
any person or material
• Running line and safety harness
Working platform • Barriers or covers to roof lights
 ▪ Provide holsters to carry tools
Fall arrest equipment ▪ Only one person at a time on a ladder
Harness and running line ▪ Rungs should be clear of grease, oil or other
Netting slippery substance. Soles of footwear should
be clean
Fall arrest system ▪ Ensure ladder is not overloaded
- Lowest level of the hierarchy ▪ Used for short duration only and not in
- Aim to minimize the risk of injury if there is a fall inclement weather
▪ Barrier off base and display warning signs
Personal fall protection system ▪ Use of ladder by only trained users
• Work can be preformed while using the ▪ Assistance when moving/erecting ladder
system ▪ Inspection and maintenance of ladders
• Use of other safer work equipment is not ▪ Ladder register
reasonably practicable.
• System should be suitable and of sufficient Step ladders precautions
strength
• Fit the user • Inspected for defects before use
• Be correctly fitted and worn • Correctly positioned on even ground
• Be designed to prevent injury to the user and • Suitable for task
to prevent slipping from it should a fall occur. • Footed if necessary
• Be designed and installed to prevent • Avoid over-reaching
unplanned or uncontrolled movement of the • Not overloaded
user. • Positioned on even ground
• No work carried off top step
Fall arresting system • Worker maintains three point contact
• Use of other safer work equipment is not • Properly erected and legs fully extended
reasonably practicable. • Must be locked out
• A sufficient number of available persons have
received adequate training specific to the
safeguard, including rescue procedures Scaffolding
• Securely attached to all anchoring points - Independent Tied Scaffold
where required. - Through Tied Scaffold
• Means of attachment should be of sufficient - Through Tie
strength to support the foreseeable load during - Reveal Tie
any fall and rescue - Box and Eyebolt Tie
• Airbag – landing mat or similar should be -
stable
• Safeguard that distorts in arresting fall,
sufficient clearence Scaffold Types and Spacings

Main hazard when using ladders

▪ Equipment or materials are large or awkward.
▪ 2 hands required, or work area is large
▪ Excessive height
▪ Work of long duration
▪ Ladder cannot be secured or made stable
▪ Ladder cannot be protected from vehicles or
other impacts
▪ Adverse weather

Minimize hazard of ladders

▪ Pre-use selection and inspection
▪ Proper positioning, not on a fragile surface,
away from vehicles.
▪ Stood on a firm, level base at an angle of 75
degs. Scaffold inspection
▪ Tied toward the top and footed
▪ Should extend 1 metre above any landing - After Erection
▪ Both hands should be free to grip the ladder - Every 7 days
when ascending or descending. There should - Adverse weather
be 3 points of contact at all times. - After struck by vehicle
▪ Use wooden ladders near overhead - After modification
cables/erect ‘goal posts’ and signs
▪ Provide equipment to raise materials
Reason for scaffold collapse Hazards MEWP
➢ Incompatible components ➢ Equipment failure
➢ Uneven distribution of loads ➢ Unsuitable ground conditions
➢ Unstable foundations ➢ Defective or unused outriggers
➢ Improperly designed ➢ Overloaded carrier
➢ Improper erection ➢ Carrier struck by a slung load
➢ Overloading ➢ MEWP struck by another vehicle
➢ Unauthorised alteration ➢ Over-reaching
➢ Undermined by excavations
➢ Hit by machinery or vehicle MEWPs precaution
➢ Adverse weather
- Trained & Competent
➢ Interference with ties.
- Guardrails and toeboards
- Firm/level ground
Inspection of scaffold
- Not overloaded
▪ Base – Firm ground and sole plates
- Clear of overhead obstructions
▪ Line of standards and ledgers
- Area cordoned off, signage.
▪ Spacing of transoms to support boards
- Outriggers extended
▪ Boards good condition
- Procedures If machine fails
▪ Guardrails and toe boards
- Well lit
▪ Bracing
▪ Means of access
▪ Ties – number and position Self-propelled AWP (Aerial Work Platform),
▪ Correct couplers Do Not
▪ Joints staggered
- Work close to overhead cables
Scaffold tower, Main Hazards - Allow arm to protrude into traffic route
• Overturning - Move with platform raised
• Collapse - Check limitations
• Fall from height
• Falling objects Suspended Access Equipment
• Overhead obstructions Main precautions should be :
▪ Regular inspection
Scaffold tower stability ▪ Planned working
➢ sheeted in strong winds ▪ Safe working load
➢ overloaded with equipment or materials ▪ Competent staff
➢ used to hoist heavy materials or support ▪ Safety equipment working
rubbish chutes ▪ Platform edge protection
➢ used for operations such as grit blasting or ▪ Guard rails and toe boards fitted
water-jetting ▪ Adverse weather rules
➢ climbed from the outside ▪ Protected electricity supplies
➢ used to support ladders ▪ Communication
▪ Emergency procedures
Precautions using of scaffold Towers
▪ Mobile Towers only be used on firm &level Works of a temporary nature
ground Temporary Works is defined in BS5975:2008 as “parts
▪ Tower only be moved by pulling or pushing at of the works that allow or enable construction of,
base protect, support or provide access to the permanent
▪ Working platform be clear of people and works and which might or might not remain in place at
materials when scaffold is being moved the completion of the works”
▪ Wheels be turned outwards and locked when
tower being used Main Hazards of Construction Sites
▪ Correct height to width ratio ➢ FALLS FROM HEIGHT
▪ Diagonal bracing ➢ FRAGILE ROOF MATERIAL
▪ Platforms must be fully boarded with ➢ FALLING OBJECTS
guardrails and toe boards ➢ SLIPS, TRIPS, FALLS ON THE LEVEL
▪ Not overloaded (HOUSEKEEPING)
▪ Access be on the inside of the narrowest side ➢ STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
▪ Inspected every 7 days ➢ DEMOLITION AND DISMANTLING
➢ EXPLOSIVES
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms ➢ EXCAVATIONS
- Scissor Lift ➢ BIO-HAZARDS
- Articulated boom ➢ ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
➢ VEHICLE COLLISION, IMPACT WITH
PEDESTRIAN
➢ CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Precautions Methods of Demolition
➢ COFFERDAMS AND CAISSONS
- By Hand
➢ REPORTS OF INSPECTIONS
- By machine
➢ ENERGY DISTRIBUTION INSTALLATIONS
- Pusher arm
➢ MANAGED TRAFFIC ROUTES
- Wire rope pulling
➢ REGULAR VEHICLE CHECKS
- Demolition ball
➢ FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
- Impact hammer
➢ EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
- Power grabs
➢ EMERGENCY ROUTES AND EXITS
- By Chemical agent
➢ FIRE DETECTION AND FIREFIGHTING
- Demolition by explosives
➢ FRESH AIRTEMPERATURE AND WEATHER
- Gas expansion bursters
➢ ADEQUATE LIGHTING
- Hydraulic bursters
➢ GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
- Expanding demolition agents
➢ NON-ACCESS TO DANGEROUS AREAS
- Hot cutting
➢ ADEQUATE TRAINING & INSTRUCTION
- High pressure water jetting
➢ ADHERENCE TO MSDS
➢ INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECTED
CHEMICAL & BIO HAZARDS Main Hazards of Demolition
▪ Falling debris, masonry
Construction health hazards ▪ Premature collapse of building
➢ Noise ▪ Falls from height or on the same level
➢ Vibration ▪ Services (electricity, gas and water)
➢ Dust ▪ Explosion and fire
➢ Cement ▪ Adverse weather conditions
➢ Chemicals ▪ Chemical contamination - Lead dust, silica
➢ Bacteria dust, asbestos, gases vapours and fumes
➢ Mold ▪ Asbestos
➢ Excesses of temperature ▪ Biological - Weils disease, hepatitis
➢ Other environmental issues (syringes) sewage contamination
▪ Manual handling e.g. Strains, fractures
Excavation hazards ▪ The use of explosives
▪ Collapse Of The Sides ▪ Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over
▪ Over Running Of Vehicles ▪ Noise e.g. Heavy plant, pneumatic drills,
▪ Persons Falling Into The Excavation power tools
▪ Materials Falling Into Excavations
▪ Underground Services
▪ Access And Egress
▪ Hazardous Atmospheres Safety precautions of demolition
▪ Undermining Adjacent Structures ▪ Identification and isolation of services
▪ Flooding ▪ Barriers, Fences, Restricted access
▪ Buried Items ▪ Means of preventing falls
▪ Use of “Elephant Trunks” to remove debris
Excavation inspection ▪ Means of suppressing dust
➢ At the start of every shift before work starts ▪ Identification/Removal of hazardous
➢ After any event likely to affect the strength substances
➢ Any accidental fall of rock earth or other ▪ Competent Staff – Clear responsibilities
materials ▪ Preventing premature collapse
▪ Sequence of demolition followed
Exacacation assessment ▪ Properly maintained equipment
▪ Soil types and conditions
▪ Existing structures and roads Main control measure to work of temporary nature
▪ Underground services
▪ Flooding Main control measure relating to work of temporary
▪ Atmospheric testing nature including building maintenance, renovation,
▪ Protection of Public demolition and excavations are:
▪ Depth-support?
- Communication and co-operation
▪ Surcharge loads
- Risk assessment
▪ Access and egress
- Appointment of competent people
▪ Lighting
- Segregation of work areas
▪ Experienced Operatives
▪ PPE - Amendment of emergency procedures
- Welfare provision
 Person falling
NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 2 Transport hazard and • During loading/unload with person at height on
risk control the vehicle.
• Securing load or fitting sheet.
Workplaces transport accidents • Environmental conditions.
Majority involve: • Entry/exit to vehicle.
▪ People/Vehicle collision • Driving over rough terrain.
▪ Collisions with other vehicles or fixed objects • Driving at excessive speed.
▪ Falling from vehicles • Lack of passenger restraint, e.g. seat belt.
▪ Being struck by insecure loads Hit by load
▪ Vehicles overturning • Insecure load.
▪ Being struck by moving objects whilst in • Driving on an uneven surface.
vehicle • Load extends beyond the vehicle.
▪ Mechanical failure of vehicle Contact with vehicle while travelling in it
▪ Persons not secure inside the vehicle • Uneven travelling surface.
• No passenger restraint system in use.
Hazards and risks from workplaces transport • Excessive braking or sudden stop.
• Driving too fast. Person struck by fixed or moving object
• Reversing • Unenclosed structure for driver and
• Silent operation of machinery passengers.
• Poor visibility • Body parts outside of protected structure.

Factors affecting risk of collision Non-movement related hazard

• Inadequate lighting and directional signage. Loading and Unloading
• Inadequate signs, signals identifying vehicles • Falling objects.
present. • Stability of loads during unloading by hand.
• Drivers unfamiliar with the site. • Working at height.
• Need to reverse. • Environmental conditions.
• Poor visibility. (Ref: Part 6 ILO Code of Practice, Safety and Health in
• Poor identification of fixed objects. Construction).
• Lack of safe crossing points. Securing Loads
• Lack of separate entrance/exit for • Work at height.
pedestrians/vehicles. • Environmental conditions.
• Lack of segregation vehicles/pedestrians. • Manual handling.
• Lack of barriers. • Slip hazards due to the nature of previous
• Poor maintenance of vehicles. loads.
• Excessive speed of vehicles. Sheeting
• Lack of vehicle management. • Not all are load restraint systems.
• Pedestrians using entrances/exits for vehicles. • Working at height.
• Environmental conditions. • Manual handling.
• Slips.
Factor causing vehicles overturn: (Ref: European Commission Guidelines “European
• Overloading or uneven loading. Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road
• Insecure and unstable loads. Transport. Based on EN 12195-1:2010 standard).
• Driving with the load elevated. Coupling
• Driving at excessive speed. • Struck by moving vehicles.
• Sudden braking or acceleration. • Slips and falls (Especially in poor visibility).
• Hitting obstructions, other vehicles and fixed • Uneven surface.
objects. Vehicle Maintenance work
• Driving across slopes and cambers. • Open pits.
• Driving too close to slopes, embankments and • Interaction with oils, greases and other
excavations. chemicals.
• Driving over debris. • Manual Handling.
• Driving over soft ground, uneven ground, • Tilted cabs (LGVs), whilst gaining access to
holes or drains. certain parts. Crushing.
• Poorly maintained road surfaces. • Hydraulic ramps and hoists also crate crush
• Mechanical defects in the vehicle. hazards. (Tipping vehicles).
• Unequal tyre pressure. • Items falling from lifting systems.
• Failure of lift system.
Others risk from transport operations; • Electricity.
Failure of vehicle components • Noise.
• Failure of load bearing parts. • Vibration.
• Failure of hydraulic systems, e.g. hoist • Ejection of parts or flying particles.
mechanism. • Injection of air into body (where pneumatic
• Failure of chain mechanism used to lift a load. equipment is in use).
• Collapse due to overloading.
• Ejection of broken parts.
CONTROL MEASURES FOR SAFE Management of vehicles movement
WORKPLACE TRANSPORT OPERATIONS Sites require vehicle management to ensure the
safe access, movement and egress of vehicles.
Safe Site • Appoint someone to have overall control of
• Suitability of traffic routes, including access vehicle movements.
and egress. • Managers should have responsibility for
• Management of vehicle movements. vehicle movements in their area.
• Environmental considerations. • Co-ordination on vehicle movements where
• Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles and there is more than one occupant.
the measures to be taken when this is not • Site security to coordinate deliveries,
practicable. communicate site rules, check vehicles and
• Protective measures for people and structures. passengers.
• Site rules. • Ensure that visiting drivers are provided with
site information. Drivers should not have to
Safe site general principles enter dangerous areas if they leave their
• Sufficient traffic routes to prevent vehicle, e.g. to use welfare facilities.
overcrowding. • Clear responsibilities. Driver and site.
• Routes wide enough for the largest vehicle, • Manage vehicle movements to reduce
including visiting vehicles. interaction with pedestrians. E.g. not at the
• Routes should be of suitable material and start and end of the normal working day, or at
construction, especially across bridges and the start or end of shifts.
inside buildings. Consideration must be given • On smaller sites, pedestrians are given right of
to upper floors and underground surfaces. way at certain times.
• Vehicle weight and height restrictions or • Avoid reversing where possible. One-way
routes. systems, turning points, roundabouts,
• Signage and markings. Directional information signaler/banksman/reversing assistant.
and markings to ensure separation of vehicles • Enforcement of rules regarding vehicle
travelling in opposite directions and vehicles movements.
and pedestrians. Speed limits, one-way • Physical measures, e.g. gates, barriers, flow
systems, priorities and other factors found on plates, control spikes, speed bumps, traffic
public roads. lights.
• Adequate lighting, routes, loading/unloading • Safe parking areas.
bays and other operational areas. • Systems of inspection and maintenance of the
• Adequate drainage. roadways.
• Separate routes and designated crossing
places for pedestrians. Site vehicles
• Plan safe traffic routes. Avoid passing close to: ▪ Suitable for the task
1. Dangerous items. E.g. explosives, ▪ Suitable for the environment
chemicals and biological hazards. ▪ Provided with warning aids
2. Unprotected edges. ▪ Protection from falling materials
3. Unprotected or vulnerable features. E.g. ▪ Checked daily
anything that is likely to collapse or be left ▪ Properly maintained
in a dangerous condition if struck by a
vehicle. Precautions when organizing traffic routes
• Clear direction signage and marking of ▪ Segregation if practicable
buildings to avoid unnecessary movements, ▪ Separate routes
such as reversing. ▪ High visibility clothing
• Avoid sharp bends and overhead obstructions ▪ Clearly marked/signed routes
where possible. ▪ Gangways suitable width and clearance
• Entrances and gates should be wide enough ▪ Speed limits
for the expected traffic. Ideally, they should ▪ Adequate lighting
allow vehicles to easily pass each other. ▪ Clear direction signs and door marking
Adequate management systems should be n ▪ Sharp bends avoided
place if this is not practicable. Open gates ▪ Good floor conditions/gentle gradients
should be secured. There should be separate ▪ Sufficient parking
entrances and gates for vehicles and ▪ Avoid reversing
pedestrians. ▪ Alerting people to hazard
• Consider pedestrians’ work equipment. E.g.
pallet trucks. Precautions when Pedestrians working in areas
• Consider the type of vehicles using the site. where vehicles are moving
E.g. articulated vehicles may require a large ▪ Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians
turning circle to manoeuvre safely. ▪ Appropriate road markings
(Ref: Part 13 of ILO Code of Practice on “Safety ▪ Maintaining good visibility (Mirrors, lighting
and health in the iron and steel industry” deals with etc.)
the subject of internal transport). ▪ Audible warning on vehicles
▪ Drawing up and enforcement of site rules
 ▪ Provision of refuges ▪ Inspection for any visible issues. E.g. leaking
▪ Wearing of High visibility clothing oil, or overloading.
▪ Good standard of housekeeping Driving at work
▪ Training and supervision What is driving at work? It is the use of vehicles by
workers as part of their work and it applies to company
Reversing of vehicles vehicles or the worker’s own vehicle.
AVOID REVERSING What systems should be in place to control these
activities?
- One-way systems
• Policy
- Drive through systems
• Risk assessment
- Turning circles
• Distance control
IF MUST REVERSE • Time control
- Separation • Environmental considerations
- Suitable design • Maintenance and emergency issues
- Audible alarms • Driver fitness, licensing and competence
- Mirrors • Driver testing
- Adequate lighting
- Banksmen Worker using their own vehicles
- High visibility clothing There are particular issues to be considered when
- Site rules/training workers use their own vehicles.
• Maintained in a roadworthy condition
Driver selection • Age of vehicle. Required testing (e.g. MOT
▪ Reliable and Mature testing in the UK)
▪ Pre-employment medical • Licensing requirements of the driver
▪ Physically fit • Appropriate insurance cover
▪ Routine medicals • Are there any changes that affect the worker’s
▪ Licensed ability to drive their vehicle on work –related
▪ Trained and competent journeys.
▪ Supervised and monitored
▪ Given refresher training Driving risk assessment
The risk assessment should follow the same 5 steps
Vehicles fuel (petrol, diesel and LPG) hazards; as any other.
▪ Flammable/harmful liquid has to be properly 1. Identify the hazards:
stored • The driver – Competence, fitness and health,
▪ Flames or sparks from air inlet or exhaust alcohol and drug use, behavior, fatigue.
systems • The vehicle – Suitability, condition, safety
▪ Exhaust fumes including carbon monoxide equipment, ergonomic considerations, the
▪ Surface temperature of exhaust system/hot load, security, insurance and emergency
surfaces equipment.
▪ Noise • The journey – Route planning, scheduling,
▪ also, manual handling of LPG cylinders time, distance, driving hours, weather
conditions, stress, expected volume of traffic,
Battery charging passengers, day or night driving.
Hazards 2. Who might be harmed?
• Driver, passengers, other road users. Give
- Give off hydrogen gas
special consideration to young/newly qualified
- Electrical short circuits
drivers and those driving log distances.
- Corrosive effect of acids
3. Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions:
- Manual handling • Variations would include day or night driving,
Precautions type of vehicle and driving conditions.
• Risk factors would include the load, distance,
- Ensure good ventilation driving duration, schedule, traffic levels and
- No sources of ignition/smoking weather conditions.
- Suitable PPE 4. Record the findings and implement:
- Insulated tools • Assessments and significant findings should
- Lifting equipment be recorded and be made available to the
- Adequate signage driver.
- Restricted access to charging bay/area 5. Review assessment and update if necessary:
• Reactive indicators, i.e. the results of
Visiting vehicles monitoring should be in place and analyzed so
▪ Drivers aware of works rules that assessments can be reviewed as
▪ Safe systems of work required. This would include driver history,
▪ Good storage area design changes in route, new equipment, changes in
▪ Risk assessment of contractors vehicle specification and legal changes.
▪ Evidence of adequate maintenance of
vehicles.
Driving control measures Long Distance ( off-site)
Elimination of the risk (driving) would be the first Delivering Vehicles
consideration. For example, is the journey necessary
or is other transportation viable? E.g. rail or air travel.
1. The Driver:
• Ensure competence, fitness and health.
• Ensure current and correct legal requirements,
e.g. licensing.
• Regular assessment of competence and
health checks.
• Regular training.
2. The Vehicle:
• Good condition.
• Suitable for the task.
• Safety equipment fitted and maintained.
• Safety-critical information is available and
displayed. E.g. height and width of the vehicle.
• Ergonomic factors Rules for use by driver
• Whole body vibration factors should be - Current and valid driving licence
considered. - Comprehensive insurance for vehicles
2. The Vehicle (cont.), Examples of safety - Plan the journey in advanced
equipment would include: - Use headlight in poor weather condition
• Seat belts - Driver familiar with vehicle – check daily
• Air bags - Highway code was followed
• Appropriate PPE such as safety helmets and - Speed limit must be monitor
protective, high visibility clothing - Regular break for driver must be follow
• Speed limiters - Notify someone for departure and arrival time
• Trackers - Mobile phone not to be use while driving
• First aid equipment - No alcohol must be consuming while driving or
• Warning triangle prior to driving
• Warm clothing and blanket - No recreational drugs consume (prescribed)
• Portable lighting
• Shovel and other equipment to provide grip
under tyres when in snow, mud, sand or Forklift
another slippery surface. Fork Lift Truck Mounted Working Platform
• Welfare items. - Small as possible
- Not to carry more than 2 people
3. The Journey: - Edge protection
• Planning and scheduling - Locked gate
• Fatigue issues - Guard to protect against moving parts
• Overnight stops - Safety harness and fitting points
• Weather conditions
• Traffic conditions Reason why forklift truck overturn;
• Realistic targets - Travelling on gradients too steep
4. Incident Reporting: - Travelling forwards when descending slopes
• Minor or serious - Being overloaded, unevenly loaded or carrying
• Procedure in place for reporting, including unstable loads
near misses - Travelling on soft/uneven ground
• Analyze - Travelling over slippery surfaces
• Communication - Travelling too fast especially around corners
- Travelling over kerbs, steps etc.
- Poor maintenance of truck/roads
- Poor driving/driver training
- Not suitable for the task
- Carrying loads at dangerous heights

Hazards to forklift operator/ driver

1) Fumes (diesel/petrol)
2) Fire/explosion
3) Collisions with building
4) Manual handling
5) Falling objects
6) Noise
7) Vibration
8) Ergonomics
9) Electrical hazards
Pre-use check on forklift Classification of hazards
▪ Condition and pressure of tyres
▪ Functioning of lights, horns, brakes
▪ Warning devices working
▪ Suitable mirrors
▪ Engine for oil leaks
▪ Water leaks
▪ Seat securely fixed/suitable restraints
▪ Damage to bodywork/lifting mechanisms
▪ Security of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank

Parking of Fork Lift Trucks

▪ Designated parking area
▪ Applying brakes
▪ Controls in neutral position Biological hazards can be bacteria or viruses
▪ Switch off engine Diseases caused by biological agents include:
▪ Removing key & returning to responsible ➢ Legionnaires disease a type of pneumonia or
person lung infection
▪ Forks resting on floor ➢ Hepatitis blood borne viral infections
▪ Mast tilted slightly forward ➢ Weils disease fatal infection transmitted urine
▪ Not obstructing walkways from infected rats
▪ Not obstructing fire exits/fire points ➢ Anthrax disease caused by the bacteria found
in animal hides
Examination / inspection of forklift truck ➢ Rabies Rabies is a virus transmitted bite from
▪ Before its first use a wild infected animal
▪ Daily by the driver
▪ 12 monthly intervals (6 months if carrying Biological hazards control measures
persons) by a competent person 1) Cleaning / Disinfecting
▪ Complying with schedule 2) Water treatment programmes
▪ Circumstances that may compromise safety of 3) Vermin control A pest animal prohibited,
the truck: controlled
4) Procedures for handling, containment &
Forklift truck – summary hazards disposal
5) Personal hygiene
- Overturning 6) Immunisation to build resistance to specific
- Overloading infections
- Loss of load 7) Health surveillance strategies and methods to
- Collisions detect and assess systematically the adverse
- Machine failure effects of work on the health of workers.
- Falling from loading bays 8) Specific training
- Explosions and fire 9) PPE
- Exhaust fume emission
- Passengers Physical form of hazardous substances
- Inappropriate parking The form a hazardous substance takes determines
- Manual handling how easily the substance gains entry to the body and
- Vibration/noise its
- Silent running effects.
NEBOSH IGC 2 - ELEMENT 7 Chemical & Airborne hazardous substances take many forms,
Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control the most common being:
Gases: Formless fluids usually produced by chemical
Learning Objectives: processes involving combustion or by the interaction of
7.1 Outline the forms of, the classification of, and the chemical substances. A gas will normally seek to fill
health risks from exposure to, hazardous substances the space completely into which it is liberated, e.g.
7.2 Explain the factors to be considered when chlorine gas.
undertaking an assessment of the health risks from Vapour: This is the gaseous form of a material
substances commonly encountered in the workplace normally encountered in a liquid or solid state at
7.3 Explain the use and limitations of occupational normal room temperature and pressure. Typical
exposure limits including the purpose of long term and examples are solvents, e.g. trichloroethylene.
short-term exposure limits Mists and Aerosols: These are finely dispersed liquid
7.4 Outline control measures that should be used to droplets suspended in air. Mists are mainly created by
reduce the risk of ill-health from exposure to spraying, pickling and electro-plating.
hazardous substances
7.5 Outline the hazards, risks and controls associated
with specific agents Smoke: Particles which result in incomplete
7.6 Outline the basic requirements related to the safe combustion which can be either solid or liquid state.
handling and storage of waste
Fumes: These are solid particles formed by
condensation from the gaseous state e.g. lead fume.
Dusts: These are solid airborne particles often created
by operations such as grinding, crushing, milling,
sanding, etc.
Liquid: Substances which are liquid at normal
temperature and pressure.
Solids: Materials which are solid at normal
temperature and pressure.

TOXICOLOGY
Definition: The study of how different materials will
affect the human body
The factors to be considered are:
1) Route of Entry
2) Toxicity
3) Dose & Response
Route of entry
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Absorption
- Injection
Inhalation
• most important route of entry
• substances can directly attack lung
tissue
• responsible for 90% of all cases of
industrial poisoning
Ingestion
• via the mouth
• often accidental
• poor hygiene
Absorption
• through the skin
• solvents may penetrate unbroken skin
Injection
• when skin is damaged
• puncture of the skin
• contact with liquid or gas under
pressure

Toxicity, dose and response

Toxicity: The potential of a substance to cause harm to
living things
Dose: How much of a substance you are exposed to
and how long the exposure lasts
Response: How the body reacts to the exposure
Factors Affecting Response • kidney (leptospirosis),
- age • skin (detergent, acids, alkalis, mineral oils,
- diet organic solvent),
- body weight • blood (carbon monoxide)
- skin type • nerves (organic solvent, lead).
- sex / gender Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
Ill health definition The maximum concentration of an airborne substance
Acute: averaged over a reference period to which an
Is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect, employee may be exposed by inhalation
following a single or short-term exposure to a
hazardous substance, usually with a rapid or • Threshold Limit Values (TLV) USA
immediate response which is normally reversible. • Indicative Limit Values (ILV) Europe
Chronic: • Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) UK
Adverse health effect resulting from prolonged, High risk substances
repeated exposure to a hazardous substance the Other hazardous substances
response being gradual (often unrecognised for a long
time) may get worse with no further exposure and is Exposure limits should not be considered a hard
often irreversible. and fast line between safe and unsafe.
The principles require that the degree to which
Toxic Effect exposure is reduced below the exposure limit is
Acute: proportional to
the health risks.
- Headaches Exposure limits refer to concentrations of hazardous
- Dizziness substances in the air that people breathe averaged
- Nausea over a specified period of time, referred to as a Time
- Inflammation Weighted Average (TWA). Two reference periods are
- Eye irritation used:
- Unconsciousness • LongTerm Exposure Limit (LTEL) over 8
- Death hours
• Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) over 15
Chronic: minutes.
• Cancers
• Death The long-term exposure limit (LTEL)
• Local It is intended to protect against chronic effects.
• Systemic Substances assigned STELs can cause acute effects
• Sensitisation and the purpose of the STEL is to protect against the
acute health effect occurring from brief exposure to the
Dermatitis substance.
Removal of natural oils from skin which causes The LTEL may be exceeded proportionately if
reddening, soreness, cracking and bleeding of exposure is less than 8 hours and provided that the
exposed skin. Usually occurs to arms and hands STEL is never exceeded.
Causative Agents:
Substances which have been assigned exposure
- Solvents, Detergents, limits fall into 2 broad groups:
- Mineral oils, Diesel fuel, High risk substances: which are carcinogenic, i.e.
- Cement, Dusts, etc. having risk phrases R45, R46, R49 and examples of
Measure to prevent dermatitis substances are arsenic, coal tar, hardwood dust. The
➢ Substitute/change process level of exposure to these substances should never be
➢ Clean working conditions & Properly planned exceeded and should be reduced as far as possible.
safe systems
➢ Careful attention to skin problems All other substances assigned exposure limits:
➢ Prompt attention to cuts etc. Exposure to these substances by inhalation should be
➢ Use of PPE controlled adequately to ensure the exposure limit is
➢ Barrier creams not exceeded.
➢ Pre-employment screening
➢ Information, instruction and training OEL s are measured in:
- Milligrams per metre cubed ( mg/m3 ) for
Targets organ is defined as: airborne particles, dusts, etc.
An organ within the human body on which a specific - Parts per million (ppm) for vapours and gases
toxic material exerts its effects. - Fibres per millilitre of air (fibres/ml) for airborne
fibres, e.g. mineral fibres
• Brain (lead),
• lung (asbestos, ammonia, silica, carbon
dioxide),
• liver (hepatitis),
• eyes (ammonia),
Limitation of OEL Carbon Monoxide: A colourless, odourless and
Occupational exposure limits are a useful guide but tasteless gas
there are a number of limitations such as: • Headaches, drowsiness, asphyxiation
• Toxicology is an imprecise science and the • Incomplete combustion in boiler, vehicle
data used could be incorrect exhaus
• Apart from breathing in the substance there Isocyanates: Volatile organic compounds
are other routes on entry for hazardous • Irritation of skin and mucous membrane,
substances which are not covered asthma
• The actual doses received by workers may • Spray painting vehicles, manufacture of
vary enormously footwear
• The measurement of the actual amounts in the Lead: A heavy, soft and easily worked metal
air could be inaccurate • Nausea, headaches, nervous system, death
• The limits are based on animal tests which • Batteries, Plumbing and roofing work
may cause a different response in humans Silica: Found in sand, sandstone, granite
• Silicosis
Action if OEL exceed • Building industry
1) Stop the process Organic solvents: Dissolve other substances
2) Remove employees from area • Irritant to the eyes, skin, throat and lungs,
3) Make area safe headaches, nausea, dizziness
4) Investigate cause • Used as a base in paint manufacturing, PVC,
5) Assess existing controls etc
6) Monitor procedures Leptospirosis or Weil’s: Caused by bacteria from
7) Check workers health rats’ urine
8) Record incident • Attacks kidneys and liver
• Found in rivers, sewers, ditches, canals
ASBESTOS Legionella: An airborne bacterium found in water
Types sources e.g. cooling towers, stagnant water
• Breathing difficulties, pneumonia
- White (Chrysotile)
Hepatitis: Hazardous substances, viruses
- Brown (Amosite)
• Diseases of the liver, high temperature, jaundice
- Blue (Crocidolite)
• Health workers and workers handling bodily
Blue and brown asbestos are more hazardous than fluids
white
Diseases AIRBORNE DUST
- Asbestosis Dusts are solid particles suspended in air which will
- Mesothelioma settle under gravity. They are generally created by
- Lung cancer mechanical handling processes including crushing and
grinding.
Asbestos users • Particle size is between 0.5 and 100 microns.
- Protective Clothing • (Note: a micron is a unit of length
- Insulation boards corresponding to one millionth of a metre).
- Pipework Lagging Respirable dust is defined as: Airborne dust of such
- Cement Boards a size that it is able to enter the lungs during normal
- Gaskets, Filters respiration, 0.5 to 7 microns.
- Brake Linings
- Plasterwork Respiratory diseases:
- Sprayed for Insulation • Asbestosis (chronic inflammatory medical
condition affecting the tissue of the lungs)
Workers at risk: Maintenance, & Demolition workers • Silicosis (occupational lung disease caused by
Other Agents; inhalation of crystalline silica dust)
Ammonia: A colourless gas with a pungent odour • Asthma chronic …the airways occasionally
• Irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract constrict
• Used in printing and fertilisers • Bronchitis (an acute inflammation of the air
Chlorine: A greenish gas with a pungent odour passages within the lungs)
• Irritant to respiratory tract, abdominal pain, nausea • Lung Cancer
(sensation of unease and discomfort in the • Farmer’s lung (a disease of dairy farmers who
stomach) handle contaminated hay)
• Used as a disinfectant in drinking water and
swimming pool water Body defences again dust
- The nasal hair
- Coughing and sneezing
Carbon Dioxide: A colourless, odourless gas - Eye watering
• Increases the rate of respiration, unconsciousness - The ciliary escalator
• Produced in fermentation, Fire protection
Indicator of dust problem A white blood cell called macrophages attacks
• Visible signs invading particles in order to destroy and remove them
• Complaints by employees the body. This is known as phagocytosis.
• Monitoring Secretion of defensive substances
• Health problems Some specialised cells release substances to combat
• Equipment problems harmful substance such as heparin which promotes
• Blocked filters the availability of blood sugar.
Prevention of excessive blood loss
Assessing level dust Preventing excessive blood loss is done by blood
• Visual examination clotting and coagulation which also slows or prevents
• Sampling for dust the entry of germs.
• Personal samplers Repair of damaged tissues
• Fixed samplers The body can repair damaged tissue which also
• Filters attached to pumps includes the removal of dead cells, increased
• Sample for a fixed time availability of defender cells and replacements of
• Dust lamps tissue strength e.g. scar tissue.
• Direct reading instruments
• Dust accumulation Other body defenses include such things the
Control measures to reduce exposure dust lymphatic system, which acts as a form of drainage
• Eliminate at source system throughout the body for the removal of foreign
• Substitute with pellets bodies by acting as selective filters preventing infection
• Change process from entering the blood system.
• Use liquid process Also such things as tears and blinking of the eye to
• Enclose the complete process protect against foreign bodies; pain and hormones
• Ventilation which release adrenalin are other defenses.
• Control by suppression
• Housekeeping Manufacturer safety data sheet (MSDS)
• Maintenance ➢ Identification of substance/preparation
➢ The manufacturer/supplier
➢ Composition/information on ingredients
1) Respiratory defences
➢ Hazard identification
NOSE: Wetness & nasal hair ➢ Health effects
RESPIRATORY TRACT: Natural reflexes activate ➢ First Aid measures
sneezing and coughing ➢ Fire fighting measures
CILIARY ESCALATOR – A barrier against infection. ➢ Accidental release measures
Pushes mucus and foreign bodies out through throat ➢ Handling and storage
Phagocytic action: white blood cells attack substances ➢ Exposure controls
that enter the alveoli (air sacs) ➢ Personal Protective Equipment
➢ Environmental/Disposal considerations
2) Gastrointestinal (Ingestion) Defences
➢ Physical and chemical properties;
- Taste and smell
➢ Stability and reactivity;
- Saliva
➢ Toxicological information;
- Acid, enzymes and bacteria ➢ Ecological information;
- Vomit and diarrhoea ➢ Disposal considerations;
➢ Transport information;
3) Skin defences includes:
➢ Regulatory information;
Sebum: Which is secreted by the sebaceous glands of ➢ Other relevant information.
the dermis will provide protection against water and
against weak acids and alkalis. It also prevents the Hazardous substances assessment
skin drying out when subject to heat and friction. The 1. IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS
protection can be broken down by high concentrations
of corrosive substances, burns or de-fatting. It can ➢ How much of the substance is in use or
also be removed by some solvents. produced by the process?
Melanin: This provides protection against ultra violet ➢ What is the activity at risk?
light and tans on exposure to sunlight. ➢ How long and how often is the exposure
Blisters, Rashes, Inflammation: These are indications ➢ Who can be exposed and how?
of the body’s defence systems reacting to damage. ➢ How can the substance enter the body?
Sensory Nerve Cells: These alert the brain to ➢ In what form is of the substance
temperature changes and prompt involuntarydefence ➢ What is the concentration of the substance?
action by the muscles (shivering). ➢ Is the substance assigning an exposure limit?
➢ Are there any ill-health reports?
➢ Look at the results of health surveillance
4) CELLUL AR MECHANISMS (INJE CTION )
Scavenging action
 2. Decide who might be harmed and how d) Fan Creates the power to draw the air through the
system
▪ Operators, Others, Pregnant and young
worker
LEV is used in woodworking, acid pickling, welding,
3. Evaluate the Health risk & existing precautions chemical handling, etc.
LEV efficiency is affected by draughts, hood design
▪ Likelihood and Severity
and dimensions and air velocity achieved and the
▪ Existing control measures
distance
▪ Judgement about need for further control of the capture point from the source
measures
4. Record the significant findings Types of Ventilation
▪ Number of affected people - Enclosed
▪ Adequacy of existing controls - Hood
▪ Further precautions, if necessary - Capture Hood
- Lip Extraction
5. Review the assessment - Ducted System
➢ New process or substance is introduced - Sawdust Extraction
➢ Exposure limit is changed - Machine Shop Extraction
➢ Someone contracts a disease
➢ Complaints of ill health from workforce Suggested inspection periods for LE V are every
➢ New guidance is published on control 12 months or more often in the following specified
measures processes
➢ Increase in use of hazardous substance
➢ Supervision reports improper use of Dilution ventilation
equipment is designed to induce a flow of air through a room so
➢ Enforcement actions that contaminated air is sufficiently diluted by the
➢ Compensation claims incoming air. This is achieved by the use of extractor
fans in walls, window or roofs, sometimes combined
Prevention and control the exposure with inlet fans to ensure a supply of clean air.
1) Eliminate the hazard Advantages: cheap – easy to maintain
2) Reduce the risk by substitution Disadvantages: only used with low toxicity
3) Isolate the people from the hazard, Total enclosure, Dilution Ventilation should only be used when:
Segregate the people • There is a very low toxicity substance
4) Control, Maintenance of controls, Change the work • There is a steady rate of release of the contaminant
pattern, Hygiene, Housekeeping • There is a small quantity of the contaminant
5) Personal protective equipment • It is not practicable to extract contaminant close to its
6) Discipline source
7) Also, information, Instruction, Training • The rate of evolution is known
Remember - ERIC PD • There is a non-specific point of release
• Type of contaminant is not dust
Emergency Procedures • Heat loss or gain is not likely to cause a problem.
First aid facilities
Relevant safety drills When dilution ventilation will be used?
Suitable warning devices • Very low toxicity substance
Suitable training of staff • Steady rate of release
PPE • Small quantity of contaminant
Emergency showers and eye-wash facilities • Not practicable to use LEV
Spillage and leakage procedures • Rate of evolution known
Evacuation procedures • Nonspecific point of release
Warnings to other people • Type of contaminant (not dust)
• Heat loss or gain not a problem
Local Exhaust Ventilation
This type of ventilation removes air-borne Measurement health hazard
contamination at the point of emission. It traps the 1) Initial Appraisal
contaminant at • What substances are being used
source and removes it directly away from the breathing • What are their hazards
zone of the operator. • Do they have Occupational Exposure Limits
• Where are they used
LEV systems have four major parts which must all be • Who could be affected by them
properly maintained. • How could they be released
a) Hood Collects the contaminant • If RPE or other forms of PPE is necessary
b) Ducting Connected to the hood and transports the
contaminant away
c) Air Purifying Device Filters to clean out the
impurities
Basic Survey
1) Smoke tube
2) Dust lamp
Lamp - either traversed by hand to illuminate
dust source or mounted on a stand
Observer, or camera, viewing towards lamp whilst
shielding eyes from glare

Pumps;
- Pumps and Stain Tubes
- Chemical Stain Detector Tube
(Grab Sampler)
- Stain Detector Tube: Advantages
- Full Survey

Stain detector tube advantage

• Cheap
• Simple to use
• Immediate result
• Useful during emergencies e.g. spillages
• Good for rough reading of hazard HED #1-13 April 2019
Stain detector tube disadvantage
BKI Academy
a) Contaminant must be known
b) Rough guide – within 20% accuracy band
c) Reading a specific moment
d) Results depending on positioning
e) May be affected by other substance

Full survey, two principal methods of longer term

sampling are :
a) Direct reading instruments
b) Indirect reading instruments

Sampler
- Passive
- Active

Waste hierarchy
- Prevent
- Reduce
- Reuse
- Recover
- Dispose
Two main method of disposal waste
- Incinerator
- Landfill
Storing Waste
- Storage area of suitable size
- Storage area suitable location
- Storage area clearly labelled
- Individual containers clearly labelled
- Different types of waste stored separately
- Incompatible wastes never stored together
- Storage kept to minimum
- Protect wastes from elements if necessary
- If necessary, protect storage area with bunds
- No hazardous waste in general waste skips
- Ensure storage area secure