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Instructor: Yehualawork D. (MSc.)
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
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Definition:
Motor Vehicle Engineering – Is a branch of
engineering which deals with everything about
automobile and practices to propel them.
Motor Vehicle – Is a self propelled road vehicle that
is used for transportation of goods or passengers.
Motor vehicles are supported by the ground, as
contrasted with aircraft and marine craft that in
operation are supported by air or water.
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Classification of MVs
Vehicles can be classified on different bases.
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Guided Motor vehicles
are constrained to move along a fixed path (guide
way), such as railway vehicles.
Non-guided motor vehicles
Can move, by choice, in various directions on the
ground.
The non-guided motor vehicles are the subject of
this course. 5
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Single-Track Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles with 2 wheels.
Multi-Track Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles with three or more wheels.
Motor vehicle with Caterpillar
Tractor fitted with the endless belt passing round the
wheels enabling it to travel over rough ground.
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……Cont’d..
Single-Track motor vehicles
Examples
Motorcycle - Any two-wheeled vehicle, equipped with a
propelling engine.
Moped Motorcycles - Motor cycle with pedals
and a petrol engine of low power (VE < 50 cm3 ).
Scooter - Light motor cycle, usually with small wheels, low
seat and a step through frame and platform for the drivers feet.
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……Cont’d..
Single-Track motor vehicles
motorcycle
Moped
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Scooter
……Cont’d..
Multi-Track motor vehicles
Saloon-car (sedan) - where the area for the driver and passengers is closed
off from the luggage and engine areas without
any partition between the driver and rear-passenger seats.
Hatchback - car with a large sloping back,
hinged at the top, that opens like a door.
Pick – up: (also Pick-up truck) - small van or truck,
open and with low sides, used by builders, farmers, etc.
Van - Vans are light goods vehicles used for long
distances or door-to-door delivery. They have seats
in the front for the driver and for only one or two passengers.
Lorry (US Truck) - large strong motor vehicle
for transporting goods, soldiers, etc.
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……Cont’d..
Multi-Track motor vehicles
Saloon-car (sedan) Hatchback
3 wheels Motorcycle
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Pick - up (Pick-up truck) Van Lorry (US Truck)
……Cont’d..
3. Motor vehicles with a Caterpillar :(off road vehicles)
Tractor fitted with the endless belt passing round the wheels
of a tractor enabling it to travel over rough ground.
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1. Passenger vehicles
Passenger car
Motor vehicle intended for carrying max 9
passengers with luggage.
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BUSES
Are used to transport people.
The capacity of buses is more than 9 passengers and luggage.
Buses fall into one of the following categories, depending upon
the intended use.
Microbus
The capacity of microbuses is approx. 25 passengers.
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City buses ( Urban buses ) :
Are designed and equipped for driving regularly scheduled in-
city and suburban routes.
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Tour buses ( Long-distance coach ) :
Are designed to provide a comfortable ride over long distances.
Tour buses have large luggage compartments from front to rear
below the floor.
Overland buses ( Urban coach ) :
The design of overland buses represents a compromise between
the city bus and the tour bus. Standing room is available in the
passageway for short trips, and the vehicle is equipped with small
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compartments for luggage.
BUSES
5) Buses
Microbus Articulated bus
Double-decker public bus
Tour bus
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2. Goods Vehicles: Trucks are further classified as:
According to the load capacity :
Extra-light duty trucks : up to 0.75 t , built on the
chassis of passenger cars and used for deliveries of
light loads in the communication and communal
services and in trade.
Light-duty trucks : from 0.75 to 2.5 t , that work in
trade, at industrial enterprises and in agriculture,
hauling light loads. They also serve as cargo taxis.
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……Cont’d..
Medium-duty trucks : from 2.5 to 5.0 t , mostly
carrying loads for organizations and enterprises with
a moderate cargo traffic.
Heavy-duty trucks : from 5.0 t to 10.0 t , used on
hard surface roads for carrying building materials,
fuel, and products manufactured by large industrial
enterprises.
Extra-heavy-duty vehicles : above 10.0 t , for work in ore
and coal mines and at big construction projects with a large
amount of steady cargo traffic. As a rule, these vehicles are
diverted from public highways. 18
Goods Vehicles (Trucks)
Flat bed Truck
Off-road deep Truck
Tractor-trailer rigid
Dump Truck 19
3. Special purpose vehicles:
e.g: Forklift, ambulance, milk vans, military vehicles, etc.
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On the basis of propulsion system(fuel) used:
Petrol vehicle
Diesel vehicle
Electric vehicle
Hybrid vehicles
Steam vehicle: E.g., An engine w/c uses steam
Gas vehicle: E.g., LPG vehicles, CNG vehicles
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ISO Classification
ISO3833 classifies ground vehicles in 7 groups:
Motorcycles
Passenger cars
Busses
Trucks
Agricultural tractors
Passenger cars with trailer
Truck with trailer/semi trailer.
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FHWA Classification
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) classifies road
vehicles based on size and application in to 13 classes.
CLASS 1: Motorcycles-:All two or three-wheeled motorized
vehicles. Typical vehicles in this category have saddle type seats and
are steered by handlebars rather than steering wheels. This category
includes motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, motor-powered
bicycles, and three-wheel motorcycles.
CLASS 2: Passenger Cars - All sedans, coupes, and station
wagons manufactured primarily for the purpose of carrying
passengers including those passenger cars pulling recreational or
other light trailers
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……FHWA ….
CLASS 3: Other Two-Axle, Four-Tire Single Unit Vehicles --
All two-axle, four-tire vehicles, other than passenger cars.
Included in this classification are pickups, panels, vans, and other
vehicles such as campers, motor homes, ambulances,
hearses(funeral vehicle), carryalls, and minibuses.
Other two-axle, four-tire single-unit vehicles pulling recreational
or other light trailers are included in this classification.
CLASS 4: Buses -- All vehicles manufactured as traditional
passenger-carrying buses with two axles and six tires or three or
more axles. This category includes only traditional buses
(including school buses) functioning as passenger-carrying
vehicles. Modified buses should be considered to be a truck and
should be appropriately classified.
CLASS 5: Two-Axle, Six-Tire, Single-Unit Trucks –
All vehicles on a single frame including trucks, camping and
recreational vehicles, motor homes, etc., with two axles and dual
rear wheels.
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……FHWA ….
CLASS 6: Three-Axle Single-Unit Trucks –
All vehicles on a single frame including trucks, camping and
recreational vehicles, motor homes, etc., with three axles.
CLASS 7: Four or More Axle Single-Unit Trucks –
All trucks on a single frame with four or more axles.
CLASS 8: Four or Fewer Axle Single-Trailer Trucks –
All vehicles with four or fewer axles consisting of two units, one of
which is a tractor or straight truck power unit.
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……FHWA ….
CLASS 9: Five-Axle Single-Trailer Trucks –
All five-axle vehicles consisting of two units, one of which is a
tractor or straight truck power unit.
CLASS 10: Six or More Axle Single-Trailer Trucks –
All vehicles with six or more axles consisting of two units, one of
which is a tractor or straight truck power unit.
CLASS 11: Five or fewer Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks –
All vehicles with five or fewer axles consisting of three or more
units, one of which is a tractor or straight truck power unit.
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……FHWA ….
CLASS 12: Six-Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks –
All six-axle vehicles consisting of three or more units, one of
which is a tractor or straight truck power unit.
CLASS 13: Seven or More Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks --
All vehicles with seven or more axles consisting of three or more
units, one of which is a tractor or straight truck power unit
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Main Automobiles Systems/components
The basic systems/ Parts of automobiles
Power plant
Engine
Drive train
Clutch, gear Box, Shaft Differential and Axle
Electrical System
Ignition, Starting, Lighting and battery
Wheels and tires
Suspension System
Steering System
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Braking System
Power Transmission
Any Automobile consists of Power-train and Non
power-train components.
Power-Train components
Parts involved in the process of generating power
and converting it to Motion
Non Power-Train components
Parts like Body, Frame and Steering
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Power Train
Indicates the power flow of motor vehicle from engine
to driving wheels
The main components of power train:
Engine-Clutch-Transmission-Driveshaft-Differential-
Wheels.
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Depending on the drive Train Configuration
Two wheels Drive (2WD)
Front engine rear wheel drive
Front engine front wheel drive
Engine & transmission cross mounted
Engine behind transmission
Engine in front of transmission
Rear engine rear wheel drive
Four wheel drive (4WD)
Six wheel Drive (6WD) 31
Drive Train Configurations
Front engine rear wheel drive
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Drive Train Configuration
Front engine front wheel drive
Engine & transmission cross mounted
Engine behind transmission
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Drive Train Configuration
Front engine front wheel drive
Engine in front of transmission
Rear engine rear wheel drive
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Drive Train Configuration
Four wheel drive Six wheel Drive
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Characteristics of Ground Vehicle
• The main objective of studying mechanics (Dynamics) of
Ground vehicle is to establish guiding principles for
– Rational Development
– Design
– Selection of vehicles
• In general, the characteristics of a ground vehicle may be
described in terms of its
– Performance
– Handling
– Ride
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Characteristics of Ground Vehicle
– Performance Characteristics
• Refers to the ability of the vehicle to accelerate, to drawbar pull,
to overcome obstacles and to decelerate
– Handling Qualities
• Are concerned with response of the vehicle to the driver’s
commands and its ability to stabilize its motion against external
disturbances
– Ride Characteristics
• Are related to the vibration of the vehicle excited by surface
irregularities and its effects on passengers and goods
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Driver, Vehicle and Environment
Ground
Visual and Other
Conditions
Inputs
Accelerator
PERFORMANCE
Brakes
Driver
Steering system HANDLING
VEHICLE
Surface
RIDE
irregularities
Aerodynamic inputs 38
The end!!
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