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# BFS Algorithm in Python: Import

The document discusses and provides code examples for 4 graph search algorithms: 1) Breadth-first search (BFS) traverses nodes level-by-level starting from a root node. 2) Depth-first search (DFS) explores nodes as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. 3) Best-first search uses a priority queue and finds the lowest cost path. 4) A* search combines best-first search with heuristics to estimate distance to the goal.

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353 views

# BFS Algorithm in Python: Import

The document discusses and provides code examples for 4 graph search algorithms: 1) Breadth-first search (BFS) traverses nodes level-by-level starting from a root node. 2) Depth-first search (DFS) explores nodes as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. 3) Best-first search uses a priority queue and finds the lowest cost path. 4) A* search combines best-first search with heuristics to estimate distance to the goal.

Uploaded by

M annonymous
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BFS

# BFS algorithm in Python

import collections

# BFS algorithm
def bfs(graph, root):

    visited, queue = set(), collections.deque([root])
    visited.add(root)

    while queue:

        # Dequeue a vertex from queue
        vertex = queue.popleft()
        print(str(vertex) + " ", end="")

        # If not visited, mark it as visited, and
        # enqueue it
        for neighbour in graph[vertex]:
            if neighbour not in visited:
                visited.add(neighbour)
                queue.append(neighbour)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    graph = {0: [1, 2], 1: [2], 2: [3], 3: [1, 2]}
    print("Following is Breadth First Traversal: ")
    bfs(graph, 0)
DFS

# DFS algorithm in Python

# DFS algorithm
def dfs(graph, start, visited=None):
    if visited is None:
        visited = set()
    visited.add(start)

    print(start)

    for next in graph[start] - visited:
        dfs(graph, next, visited)
    return visited

graph = {'0': set(['1', '2']),
         '1': set(['0', '3', '4']),
         '2': set(['0']),
         '3': set(['1']),
         '4': set(['2', '3'])}

dfs(graph, '0')
Greedy

from queue import PriorityQueue

# Filling adjacency matrix with empty arrays
vertices = 14
graph = [[] for i in range(vertices)]

# Function for adding edges to graph
def add_edge(x, y, cost):
    graph[x].append((y, cost))
    graph[y].append((x, cost))

# Function For Implementing Best First Search
# Gives output path having the lowest cost
def best_first_search(source, target, vertices):
    visited = [0] * vertices
    pq = PriorityQueue()
    pq.put((0, source))
    print("Path: ")
    while not pq.empty():
        u = pq.get()[1]
        # Displaying the path having the lowest cost
        print(u, end=" ")
        if u == target:
            break

        for v, c in graph[u]:
            if not visited[v]:
                visited[v] = True
                pq.put((c, v))
    print()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # The nodes shown in above example(by alphabets) are
    # implemented using integers add_edge(x,y,cost);
    add_edge(0, 1, 1)
    add_edge(0, 2, 8)
    add_edge(1, 2, 12)
    add_edge(1, 4, 13)
    add_edge(2, 3, 6)
    add_edge(4, 3, 3)

    source = 0
    target = 2
    best_first_search(source, target, vertices)
A*

def aStarAlgo(start_node, stop_node):


         
        open_set = set(start_node)
        closed_set = set()
        g = {} #store distance from starting node
        parents = {}# parents contains an adjacency map of all nodes
 
        #ditance of starting node from itself is zero
        g[start_node] = 0
        #start_node is root node i.e it has no parent nodes
        #so start_node is set to its own parent node
        parents[start_node] = start_node
         
         
        while len(open_set) > 0:
            n = None
 
            #node with lowest f() is found
            for v in open_set:
                if n == None or g[v] + heuristic(v) < g[n] + heuristic(n):
                    n = v
             
                     
            if n == stop_node or Graph_nodes[n] == None:
                pass
            else:
                for (m, weight) in get_neighbors(n):
                    #nodes 'm' not in first and last set are added to first
                    #n is set its parent
                    if m not in open_set and m not in closed_set:
                        open_set.add(m)
                        parents[m] = n
                        g[m] = g[n] + weight
                         
     
                    #for each node m,compare its distance from start i.e
g(m) to the
                    #from start through n node
                    else:
                        if g[m] > g[n] + weight:
                            #update g(m)
                            g[m] = g[n] + weight
                            #change parent of m to n
                            parents[m] = n
                             
                            #if m in closed set,remove and add to open
                            if m in closed_set:
                                closed_set.remove(m)
                                open_set.add(m)
 
            if n == None:
                print('Path does not exist!')
                return None
 
            # if the current node is the stop_node
            # then we begin reconstructin the path from it to the
start_node
            if n == stop_node:
                path = []
 
                while parents[n] != n:
                    path.append(n)
                    n = parents[n]
 
                path.append(start_node)
 
                path.reverse()
 
                print('Path found: {}'.format(path))
                return path
 
 
            # remove n from the open_list, and add it to closed_list
            # because all of his neighbors were inspected
            open_set.remove(n)
            closed_set.add(n)
 
        print('Path does not exist!')
        return None
         
#define fuction to return neighbor and its distance
#from the passed node
def get_neighbors(v):
    if v in Graph_nodes:
        return Graph_nodes[v]
    else:
        return None
#for simplicity we ll consider heuristic distances given
#and this function returns heuristic distance for all nodes
def heuristic(n):
        H_dist = {
            'A': 11,
            'B': 6,
            'C': 99,
            'D': 1,
            'E': 7,
            'G': 0,
             
        }
 
        return H_dist[n]
 
#Describe your graph here 
Graph_nodes = {
    'A': [('B', 2), ('E', 3)],
    'B': [('C', 1),('G', 9)],
    'C': None,
    'E': [('D', 6)],
    'D': [('G', 1)],
     
}
aStarAlgo('A', 'G')

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