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Techniques of Knowledge Representation

There are four main methods of knowledge representation: logical representation uses formal logic with defined syntax and semantics; semantic network representation uses nodes and arcs to represent relationships between objects; frame representation organizes information about entities into slots and facets; and production rule representation uses condition-action pairs to model problem-solving steps.

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369 views

Techniques of Knowledge Representation

There are four main methods of knowledge representation: logical representation uses formal logic with defined syntax and semantics; semantic network representation uses nodes and arcs to represent relationships between objects; frame representation organizes information about entities into slots and facets; and production rule representation uses condition-action pairs to model problem-solving steps.

Uploaded by

anuja nandilathu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Explain various methods of knowledge representation techniques.

There are mainly four ways of knowledge representation which are given as follows:
1. Logical Representation
2. Semantic Network Representation
3. Frame Representation
4. Production Rules

1. Logical Representation
Logical representation is a language with some concrete rules which deals with propositions and has no
ambiguity in representation. Logical representation means drawing a conclusion based on various
conditions. This representation lays down some important communication rules. It consists of precisely
defined syntax and semantics which supports the sound inference. Each sentence can be translated into
logics using syntax and semantics.
Syntax:
o Syntaxes are the rules which decide how we can construct legal sentences in the logic.
o It determines which symbol we can use in knowledge representation.
o How to write those symbols.
Semantics:
o Semantics are the rules by which we can interpret the sentence in the logic.
o Semantic also involves assigning a meaning to each sentence.
Logical representation can be categorised into mainly two logics:
a. Propositional Logics
b. Predicate logics
Note: Do not be confused with logical representation and logical reasoning as logical representation is
a representation language and reasoning is a process of thinking logically.

2. Semantic Network Representation


Semantic networks are alternative of predicate logic for knowledge representation. In Semantic
networks, we can represent our knowledge in the form of graphical networks. This network consists of
nodes representing objects and arcs which describe the relationship between those objects. Semantic
networks can categorize the object in different forms and can also link those objects. Semantic networks
are easy to understand and can be easily extended.
This representation consist of mainly two types of relations:
a. IS-A relation (Inheritance)
b. Kind-of-relation
Example: Following are some statements which we need to represent in the form of nodes and arcs.
Statements:
a. Jerry is a cat.
b. Jerry is a mammal
c. Jerry is owned by Priya.
d. Jerry is brown colored.
e. All Mammals are animal.

In the above diagram, we have represented the different type of knowledge in the form of nodes and
arcs. Each object is connected with another object by some relation.

3. Frame Representation
A frame is a record like structure which consists of a collection of attributes and its values to describe
an entity in the world. Frames are the AI data structure which divides knowledge into substructures by
representing stereotypes situations. It consists of a collection of slots and slot values. These slots may
be of any type and sizes. Slots have names and values which are called facets.
Facets: The various aspects of a slot is known as Facets. Facets are features of frames which enable us
to put constraints on the frames. Example: IF-NEEDED facts are called when data of any particular slot
is needed. A frame may consist of any number of slots, and a slot may include any number of facets
and facets may have any number of values. A frame is also known as slot-filter knowledge
representation in artificial intelligence.
Frames are derived from semantic networks and later evolved into our modern-day classes and objects.
A single frame is not much useful. Frames system consist of a collection of frames which are connected.
In the frame, knowledge about an object or event can be stored together in the knowledge base. The
frame is a type of technology which is widely used in various applications including Natural language
processing and machine visions.
Example:
Let's take an example of a frame for a book

Slots Filters

Title Artificial Intelligence

Genre Computer Science

Author Peter Norvig

Edition Third Edition

Year 1996

Page 1152
4. Production Rules
Production rules system consist of (condition, action) pairs which mean, "If condition then action". It
has mainly three parts:
o The set of production rules
o Working Memory
o The recognize-act-cycle
In production rules agent checks for the condition and if the condition exists then production rule fires
and corresponding action is carried out. The condition part of the rule determines which rule may be
applied to a problem. And the action part carries out the associated problem-solving steps. This
complete process is called a recognize-act cycle.
The working memory contains the description of the current state of problems-solving and rule can
write knowledge to the working memory. This knowledge match and may fire other rules.
If there is a new situation (state) generates, then multiple production rules will be fired together, this is
called conflict set. In this situation, the agent needs to select a rule from these sets, and it is called a
conflict resolution.
Example:
o IF (at bus stop AND bus arrives) THEN action (get into the bus)
o IF (on the bus AND paid AND empty seat) THEN action (sit down).
o IF (on bus AND unpaid) THEN action (pay charges).
o IF (bus arrives at destination) THEN action (get down from the bus).

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