CON 424

WOOD DESIGN
INTRODUCTION AND FLEXURE
 Schedule the Rest of the Way…
Wednesday 4/13 Wood Design Introduction and Flexural

Monday 4/18 Wood Flexure/Columns + Quiz (after class)

Wednesday 4/20 Wood Columns + HW #9 (due Wed 4/20)

Monday 4/25 Review + Quiz (after class) + HW#10 (due 4/25)

Wednesday 4/27 Exam #3 (Comprehensive – during class)
 Types of Wood Products
• Solid Sawn Lumber
• Boards, Planks, Timbers

• Glue Laminated Products

• Plywood. Glue laminated beams

• Re-Constituted Fiber Based Products

• Particle Board, Medium Density Fiberboard
• Oriented Strand Board (OSB & MDF)

• Built up/Fabricated Products

• Prefabricated Trusses, TJI Joists
 Material Classification
• Steel comes in different strengths:
• Structural shapes come in 36 ksi, 46 ksi, 50 ksi, 65 ksi and up
• Rebar comes in 40 ksi, 60 ksi, 80 ksi etc
• Concrete comes in any number of strength levels
depending upon the mixture proportions used:
3 ksi to 6 ksi routinely and up to 12 ksi and higher
• So how do we classify Wood?
So how do we classify Wood?
Structural Lumber Characteristics
• Species
• Douglas Fir, Southern Yellow Pine
• Grade
• Select, No.1, No. 2, No. 3 etc…
• Based upon integrity & material density
• Size
• Specified by width (d) and thickness (b)
• Uses full inch increments
• Nominal Size vs. Finished Size
• Moisture Condition
 Wood Moisture
• Wood is an open cellular material that holds
water within and in-between its fibers
• Moisture Content (MC) = Wt(water)/ Wt(wood)
• Living Tree MC = 35 - 50%
• Once cut, moisture causes rot or decay
• After cutting wood is dried to MC = 19%
• Below 19% no decay occurs
• Kiln Dried (KD) lumber reduces MC =15%
• As MC goes down – strength goes up
How does the engineer design with wood?
• Engineers can use either Allowable Stress Design or
Ultimate Strength Design with wood
• Your author uses Allowable Stress Design for wood (that
means safety factors are built into tables – no factoring)
• Table 16.1 (p 155) Gives allowable stresses for solid sawn lumber:
• Bending (Fb)
• Tension Parallel to the Grain (Ft)
• Horizontal Shear (Fv)
• Compression Perpendicular to Grain (Fc )
⊥
• Compression Parallel to the Grain (Fcll)
• Modulus of Elasticity (E)
• Values vary depending upon member size!
How to Use Table 16.1
Example 1
Given a 2” by 4” No 1 ‘single’ wood beam
What is the allowable design value for:
Bending Shear Axial Tension
1750 psi 95 psi 1050 psi
Example 2
Given a 2”x10” #2 floor joist (repetitive)
What is the allowable design value for:
Bending Comp.⊥ to Grain E Modulus
1250 psi 625 psi 1700 ksi
 Using Table 16.1
Example 3
Given a 8” by 8” Dense #1 column section
What is the allowable design value for:
Shear Comp. ∥ to Grain E Modulus
85 psi 1200 psi 1700 ksi
Example 4
Given a 6”x10” #1 floor beam section
What is the allowable design value for:
Bending Shear E Modulus
1300 psi 85 psi 1600 ksi
Table 16.1 Considerations by the Engineer
• Table values based upon a set Moisture Content
• Less than 19% - can increase stress limit
• Over 19% - must reduce the stress limit
• To use the “Repetitive Use” category
• Must have 3 members together within 24” of each other
• Other Factors
• Preservatives
• Size Effect in Beams
• Slenderness in Columns
• Duration of the Load
 Axial Tensile Strength
• Governed by the “First Commandment”
FAxial = P/A
Where:
F = Axial Stress caused in the material by the force
acting on it
P = Axial force determined from loads
A = Area of the cross section subjected to the force
 Axial Tensile Strength Example
• How much load can a 6” x 8” carry if designed as a
bottom chord tension member in a truss? (#1 Grade)
• If Ft = P/A, then P = Ft x A
• Allowable Stress (from p. 155) = 675 lb/in2
• Area of a 6”x 8” from Table A2 (p. 624) = 41.25 in2
• Pallowable = 675 lb/in2 x 41.25 in2
• Pallowable = 27,843 lb = 27.8 kips
 Flexural (Bending) Strength
• Governed by “Second Commandment”
F Bending = fBending = Mc/I = M/S
Where:
M = moment determined from loads
c = distance from the neutral surface to the outermost
fiber of member
I = Moment of Inertia
S = Section Modulus (= I/c)
• Remember! Must Ensure Fb > fb
(Allowable Bending Stress > Actual Bending Stress caused by loads)
 Flexural Strength Example
• How much moment can a 2” x 12” carry if designed as a
floor joist? (Assume #2 grade and used as repetitive member)
• If FBending = M/S then M = FBending x S
• Allowable Stress from Table 16.1 (p.155) = 1450 lb/in2
• Section Modulus from Table A2 (p.624) = 31.6 in3
• Mallowable = 1450 lb/in2 x 31.6 in3
• Mallowable = 45,820 in-lb = 45.82 in-kip
• Mallowable = 3.82 ft-kips
 Flexure Design Procedure
(if you don’t know the member)
• Calculate maximum moment M (from loads)
• Choose a grade of lumber (from available stock)
• Establish Allowable Bending Stress (Fb) (from Table 16.1)
• Calculate the value of Section Modulus (S) that is needed
from the flexure equation
Sreq = Mmax/Fb
• Choose a section with a larger S value from Table A-2
 Shear Design Procedure
• Find maximum shear force Vmax (from loads)
• Calculate maximum shear stress fv on the member from:
fv = (3/2) ( Vmax/A) (page 158)
• Compare to Allowable Shear Stress value Fv from Table 16.1
• REMEMBER! Fv must be greater than fv
(Shear Stress capacity ≥ actual shear stress caused by loads)
 Shear Design Example
(if you know the member)
• How much Load can that 2” x 12” #2 joist carry in shear?
• Maximum Shear Stress from Table 16.1 (p.155) = 95 lb/in2
• Area of a 2” x 12” from Table A2 (p.624) = 16.88 in2
• If fv = (3/2)(V/A), then Vmax = 2/3 (Fallowable x A)
• Vallowable = 2/3 (95 lb/in2 x 16.88 in2)
• Vallowable = 1069 lbs
• Vallowable = 1.07 kips
 Deflection Design Procedure
• Must analyze structure for behavior (simply supported or
continuous beam)
• Utilize appropriate diagrams/equations (p.638)
• Remember: Section Modulus resists Moment, but the
Moment of Inertia resists Deflection
• Select Modulus of Elasticity (Table 16.1)
• Often deflections will be limited to L/360 or L/480
(L = span in inches)
• Compare actual deflection to allowable limit
(the “actual” deflection must be smaller than the allowable deflection!)
 Structural Systems Design
• Most structures are beam-joist-deck systems
(wall systems are similar)
• The decking or wall board size typically drives
the spacing of support members
• Since decking and wall board comes in sizes of
48” x 96” or 48” x 120”
• So spacing are often multiples of:
8”-12”-16”-24” etc…
Class Problem
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load =70 lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft
long and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam.
Use #2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360

10 feet

Wood Columns
34
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load=70lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft long
and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam. Use
#2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360
Lets start with some Load Analysis

Floor Joist

What is the total load on the entire floor?

Should be (70+5) lb/sf x (10 ft x 12 ft) = 9000 lbs
But each joist is not carrying all 9000 lbs!
Since the joist are spaced at 16 inches or 1.33 ft
Each joist is carrying 75lb/sf x 10ft x 1.33ft = 1000 lb
Wood Columns
35
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load=70lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft long
and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam. Use
#2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360

Floor Joist

Continue by assuming that one half of the

floor load (red box=5’x12’) will be carried by
the internal wall of the house on the right
and the other half (dashed box=5’x12’) will
Wood Columns
be carried by the end
36 beam on the patio.
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load=70lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft long
and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam. Use
#2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360

Wood Columns
37
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load=70lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft long
and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam. Use
#2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360

Floor Joist

If one half of the floor load (red box=5’x12’) will

be carried by the internal wall of the house and
the other half (dashed box=5’x12’) will be carried
by the end beam on the patio, then the end
beam
Wood is carrying 75lb/sf x 5ft x 12ft = 4500lbs = W
Columns
38
Lets design the joists and beam on this patio. Assume it is 10’x12’ and supports
a second floor live load=70lbs/sf. Assume DL=5 lbs/sf. Floor joists are 10 ft long
and spaced at 16” where they drop their load onto a 12 ft long wood beam. Use
#2 wood for the joists and #1 for the beam. Assume max deflection = L/360

Floor Joist

The end beam will then split that 4500 lb load

between the wall at the far end of the patio
and the corner column at the near end. So the
corner column will carry 4500 lb/2 = 2250 lb
Wood Columns
39
 Design the Floor Joist for Moment
• What size joist do I need if the member is 10 feet long and
the total Load W = 1000lb? (#2, repetitive member)
• Assume you will use a 2 by 6 or larger
• M = WL/8 = (1000lb x 10ft)/8 = 1250 ft-lbs = 15,000 in-lbs
• If FBending = M/S then Srequired = M/FBending
• Allowable Bending Stress from Table 16.1 (p.155) = 1450 lb/in2
• Solve for Section Modulus required to carry M=15,000 in-lbs
• Srequired = 15,000 in-lb/1450 lb/in2 = 10.34 in3
• Go to Table A2 on page 634
• Select a 2 x 8, S = 13.14 in3
 Check the Floor Joist for Shear
• Can a 2” x 8” joist carry the shear force at 10 ft and a total
Load W = 1000 lb? (#2, repetitive member)
• If W = 1000 lb then Vmax = W/2 = 500 lb
• From Table 16.1 (p. 155) the Fv = 95 lb/in2
• From Table A2 (p. 624) the Area of a 2” x 8” = 10.875 in2
• Actual Shear Stress = 3/2 (Vmax/A)
• Actual Shear Stress = 3/2 (500 lb/10.875 in2) = 69 lb/in2
• Actual Stress (69 lb/in2) ≤ Allowable Stress (95 lb/in2)
• Good to go for Shear Stress
 Check the Floor Joist for Deflection
• Can a 2” x 8” joist maintain the needed deflection at 10 ft long
(120 in.) and the total Load W = 1000 lb? (#2, repetitive member)
• From Table 16.1 (p. 155) the Mod. of Elasticity = 1,700,000 lb/in2
• From Table A2 (p. 624) the Moment of Inertia MOI = 47.6 in4
• Max Allowable Deflection = L/360 = (10ft x 12in/ft)/360 = .33 in
• Actual Deflection = (5WL3/384EI)
• Deflection = 5(1000 lb)(120 in)3/384(1,700,000 lb/in2)(47.6 in4)
• Actual Deflection = 0.27 inches
• Actual Deflection (0.27 in) ≤ Allowable Deflection (0.33 in)
• Select a 2 x 8 since it meets both moment and deflection
 Design the End Beam for Moment
• What size End Beam do I need if the member is 12 feet long and
the total Load W = 4500lb? (#1 Grade, single member)
• You will use the “Beams and Stringers” section of Table 16.1
• M = WL/8 = (4,500lb x 12ft)/8 = 6750 ft-lbs = 81,000 in-lbs
• If FBending = M/S then Srequired = M/FBending
• Allowable stress from Table 16.1 (p.155 #1 Grade) = 1300 lb/in2
• Solving for Section Modulus required to carry M=81,000 in-lbs
• Srequired = 81,000 in-lb/1300 lb/in2 = 62.31 in3
• Go to Table A2 on page 634
• Select a 6 x 10, S = 82.7 in3
 Check the End Beam for Shear
• Can a 6” x 10” end beam carry the shear force at 12 ft
and a total Load W = 4500 lb? (#1 Grade, single member)
• If W = 4500 lb then max shear, Vmax = W/2 = 2250 lb
• From Table 16.1 (p. 155) the allowable stress Fv = 95 lb/in2
• From Table A2 (p. 624) the Area of a 6”x 10” = 52.25 in2
• Actual Shear Stress = 3/2 (Vmax/A)
• Actual Shear Stress = 3/2 (2250 lb/52.25 in2) = 65 lb/in2
• Actual Stress (65 lb/in2) ≤ Allowable Stress (95 lb/in2)
• Good to go for Shear Stress
 Check the End Beam for Deflection
• Can a 6” x 10” joist maintain the needed deflection at 12 ft long
(144 in.) and the total Load W = 4500 lb? (#1, single member)
• From Table 16.1 (p. 155) the Mod. of Elasticity = 1,600,000 lb/in2
• From Table A2 (p. 624) the Moment of Inertia MOI = 393 in4
• Max Allowable Deflection = L/360 = (12ft x 12in/ft)/360 = 0.4 in
• Actual Deflection = (5WL3/384EI)
• Deflection = 5(4500 lb)(144 in)3/384(1,600,000 lb/in2)(393 in4)
• Actual Deflection = 0.28 inches
• Actual Deflection (0.28 in) ≤ Allowable Deflection (0.4 in)
• Select a 6 x 10 since it meets both moment and deflection
Questions?