Digital Logic Design Lab

LAB PROJECT : 4-BIT MULTIPLIER

Project Submitted to:
Engr.Sumair Aziz

Submitted By:

Waqas Ahmad (20-ENC-10)

Hafiz Hamza (20-ENC-38)
Faraz Kashif (20-ENC-04)
Muhammad Usman Akram (20-ENC-28)

Department of Electronics Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology
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Abstract

4-bit multiplier is a binary multiplier. The multiplier should accept two 4-bit inputs and produce

and an 8-bit result output. It accepts binary inputs and produce binary outputs. The maximum

number it can calculate us 15 x 15 = 225. The input limit is 15 i.e.1111. In our project IC 7408

and IC 7483 is used which acts an AND gate and full adder respectively. 16 AND gates are made

by using 4 ICs 7408. A 4-bit serial adder is also used in this project. This 4-bit serial adder is

made by three full adder ICs 7483 i.e., 12 full adders.

Introduction

A binary multiplier is a combinational logic circuit or digital device used for multiplying two

binary numbers. The two numbers are more specifically known

as multiplicand and multiplier and the result is known as a product.

The multiplicand & multiplier can be of various bit size. The product’s bit size depends on the

bit size of the multiplicand & multiplier. The bit size of the product is equal to the sum of the bit

size of multiplier & multiplicand.

Binary multiplication method is same as decimal multiplication. Binary multiplication of more

than 1-bit numbers contains 2 steps. The 1st step is single bit-wise multiplication known as partial

product and the 2nd step is adding all partial products into a single product.

In our project we implemented a 4-bit multiplier by using 4-bit serial adder and AND gate.
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Apparatus

1. 2 breadboards

2. 4 ICs 7408(AND gates)

3. 3 ICs 7483(4 bit full adder)

4. 8 pin DIP switch

5. Connecting wires

6. 8 LEDs

7. 8 resistors(680 ohms)

And gate:
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction

from mathematical logic .AND gate behaves according to the truth table above. A

HIGH output results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH . If none or

not all inputs to the AND gate are HIGH, LOW output results. The function can be

extended to any number of inputs.

Full adder:

A full adder is a digital circuit that performs addition. Full adders are implemented

with logic gates in hardware. A full adder adds three one-bit binary numbers, two
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operands and a carry bit. The adder outputs two numbers, a sum and a carry bit.

The term is contrasted with a half adder, which adds two binary digits.

Dip Switch:

A DIP switch is a manual electric switch that is packaged with others in a group in

a standard dual in-line package (DIP). The term may refer to each individual

switch, or to the unit as a whole. This type of switch is designed to be used on a

printed circuit board along with other electronic components and is commonly

used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific situations.DIP

switches are an alternative to jumper blocks. Their main advantages are that they

are quicker to change and there are no parts to lose.

LEDs:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when

current flows through it. LEDs and lamps are often used for indicator lights in

electrical equipment. As LEDs use a much smaller current than other types of

lighting, their use is increasing.

Breadboard:
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A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These

holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build

and test an early version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery,

switch, resistor, and an LED (light-emitting diode). To learn more about individual

electronic components, see our Electronics Primer.An LED, battery pack and

resistor are connected to a breadboard.The connections are not permanent, so it is

easy to remove a component if you make a mistake, or just start over and do a new

project. This makes breadboards great for beginners who are new to electronics.

You can use breadboards to make all sorts of fun electronics

Explanation:

4-bit multiplier is a type of a combinational multiplier. Combinational Multipliers

do multiplication of two unsigned binary numbers. Each bit of the

multiplier is multiplied against the multiplicand, the product is aligned according

to the position of the bit within the multiplier, and the resulting products are then

summed to form the final result. Main advantage of binary multiplication is that

the generation of intermediate products are simple: if the multiplier bit is a 1, the

product is an appropriately shifted copy of the multiplicand; if the multiplier bit is

a 0, the product is simply 0.

Procedure:
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A 4-bit multiplier produces an 8-bit result. It accepts two 4-bit operands. The

operands and results are all unsigned integers. IC 7408 are used which acts an AND

gate. 16 AND gates are made by using 4 ICs of the same number. A 4-bit serial adder

is also used in this project. This 4-bit serial adder is made by three full adder ICs

7483 i.e., 12 full adders. Suppose multiplicand A3 A2 A1 A0 &

multiplier B3 B2 B1 B0 & product as P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 P0 for 4×4 multiplier.

In 4×4 multiplier, there are 4 partial products and we need to add these partial

products to get the product of multiplier.

They can be added using 4-bit full adders or single bit adders (half-adder & full-

adder). The design using Single bit adders is very complicated compared to using 4-

bit full adders.

Working:

We designed a four-bit combinational multiplier. Identify the inputs and outputs

from the truth table and completed the system analysis. Complete the theoretical

truth table for the 4-bit multiplier.

Simulate the entire circuit showing the pin configurations and values properly.

Implement the circuit on the bread board.

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Connect four inputs of the Multiplier A1, A2, A3, A4. Connect for inputs of the

multiplicand B1, B2, B3, B4. Connect the Total 8 Sums Output from the 3 Adders

and Connect them to the LED and Observe Outputs.

Let us consider two unsigned 4 bit numbers multiplication in which the

multiplicand, A is equal to A3A2 A1A0 and the multiplier B is equal to

B3B2B1B0. The partial products are produced depending on each multiplier bit

multiplied by the multiplicand.Each partial product consists of four product terms

and these are shifted to the left relative to the previous partial product as shown in

figure. All these partial products are added to produce the 8 bit product.

The logic circuit for the 4× 4 binary multiplication can be implemented by using

three binary full adders along with AND gates.In the above operation the first

partial product is obtained by multiplying B0 with A3A2 A1A0, the second partial

product is formed by multiplying B1 with A3A2 A1A0, likewise for 3rd and 4th
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partial products. So these partial products can be implemented with AND gates as

shown in figure.

These partial products are then added by using 4 bit parallel adder. The three most

significant bits of first partial product with carry (considered as zero) are added

with second partial term in the first full adder.Then the result is added to the next

partial product with carry out and it goes on till the final partial product, finally it

produces 8 bit sum which indicates the multiplication value of the two binary

numbers.4 bit binary multiplier

The equation of addition is

P ( m + n ) = A( m ) . B ( n ) = i=0 m-1∑ j=0n-1∑ ai bj 2i+j …….

And we use resistors of 680 ohms know as pull down resistors The pull-down

resistor holds the logic signal near to zero volts (0V) when no other active device is
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connected. It pulls the input voltage down to the ground to prevent an undefined

state at the input. It should have a larger resistance than the impedance of the logic

circuit.
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Logic circuit diagrams:

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Circuit follwed on proteus

4Bit multiplier using full adders

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Pin configuration of the ICs:

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Limitations:

A 4x4 multiplier always produces an 8-bit result because bit size of the product is equal to the

sum of bit size of multiplier and multiplicand. There are other multipliers of higher bits but in

our case we used a 4-bit multiplier. It can only multiply positive binary numbers. It always

produces binary output as a result of binary inputs. Both inputs and outputs are binary.

Summary:

4-bit multiplier is a type of a binary multiplier. This multiplier accepts two 4-bit inputs and

produce and an 8-bit result. The output limit is 0 to 225 in decimal and input limit is 0 to 15 in

decimal.The output limit in decimal is 00000000 to 11111111 and input limit is 0000 to 1111

Conclusion:

In conclusion, a simple binary multiplier is a digital device used for multiplying two binary

numbers. We used a 4x4 multiplier which produces an eight-bit result from two 4-bit operands.