Participle (Verbal Adjective)
Verb: a word that shows some action
Ali plays cricket.
Kamran sings a song.
I write a letter.
Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
New Boy=
There is a good boy in the class.
There is a bad boy in the class.
He is good.
relationship of an Action with Noun…
wash…. Perform… receive…
I wash the floor.
Ali pressed the clothes.
Participle (Verbal Adjective)
Participles are basically Verbs but they function
as adjective.
Present Participle+ Noun= 1st Verb+ing=
when noun performs the action
Past Participle+ Noun= 3rd verb
when noun receives the action
دالھوہارفشWASHED+FLOOR
یھکلیئگدروخاتسWRITTEN+APPLICATION
ارتسیےیکےئگڑپکےPRESSED+CLOTHES
وبےنلواالرپدنہTAKLING+ BIRD
ےنھکلوایلنیشمWRITEING+MACHNE
رشارںیترکےنواےلےچبNAUGHTY +children…. CHILDREN MAKING/DOING
MISCHIEFS
Sentence
What Is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence must contain
a subject and a verb (although one may be implied).
GROUP OF WORDS
COMPLETE MEANINGS
ARRANGED.. GRAMMAR: arrangement of words in the sentence.
GET THE UP I IN MORNING EARLY.
I GET UP EARLY IN THE MORNING.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Message sender
Message receiver
Topic: SENTENCE IS OUR TOPIC TODAY. Allama Iqbal was born in Sialkot.
Subject: the topic on which the discussion is based… can be called a subject
Verb: a kind of information about the subject… action… state…
There are three parties in the process of communication….
1. I … a message sender
2. Ali… a message receiver…
3. Kamran…. Topic… subject….
Sentence is today’s topic.
Chapter 2 is our topic.
Kamran plays… laughs… weeps. (Action)
Kamran is a doctor… (state)
In the corner of the room
My new friend from America
Subject+ Verb
The Four Types of Sentence: we can use a sentence for 4 purposes…
A sentence can convey a statement, a question, an exclamation, or a command. There are four
types of sentence:
A Declarative Sentence/ Negative: (informative)
A declarative sentence states a fact and ends with a period (full stop). For example:
He has every attribute of a dog except loyalty.
They are friends.
He did not go to school.
An Imperative Sentence. Verb
An imperative sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an exclamation
mark or a period (full stop). (Shouting, crying, helplessness, joy… we use !) For
example:
(YOU/someone)… is an implied subject…
Ali, go out.
Go out.
September 8, 2021.
1st Verb+ object
Bring me a glass of water!
Help the poor man.
An Interrogative Sentence.
An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. For example:
(WH)+ HV+S+MV+O+?
Where do you live?
Do you like Pakistan?
Why is the child weeping?
An Exclamatory Sentence:
An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an exclamation
mark. For example:
Oh! That was a bad shot!
It hurts!
The Subject Could Be Implied.
In an imperative sentence (an order) or an interrogative sentence (a question), the subject or verb
is often implied.
Subject+ Verb
(You) + Run!
Go.
I want to go to Lahore.
Why do you want?
(This is the shortest sentence in English.)
Why?
The shortest sentence without an implied subject or verb is "I am" or "I go."
VISION GRAMMAR
Types of Sentence according to Structure.
Simple Sentence: one Subject and one Verb…
There are five ways to produce a simple sentence:
1. S+ V He weeps.
2. S+V+O He watches TV.
3. S+V+Adv (where, when, how) He sleeps in the room.
4. S+V+N (State) Ali is a doctor.
5. S+V+Adj (State) Ali is honest.
S+ V and S+V+O.
He weeps, and he watches TV. (Compound sentence)
He weeps; he watches TV.
Conjunction which joins two clauses decides the type of sentence.
Coordinate conjunctions (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. We use a
comma before coordinate conjunction. These conjunctions produce compound
sentences. In these sentences both clauses are called independent clauses.
Subordinate conjunctions: Where, when, why, who, whose, whom, what, How, if,
whether, because… these conjunctions change any clause into a SUBORDINATE
Clause or a clause that cannot convey its meanings itself, it needs another clause to
complete its meanings. These sentences are called COMPLEX Sentences.
There are two ways to write a complex sentence:
Sub.Clause+Comma+Main Clause
Main Clause+ Sub.Clause
When he watches TV, he weeps.
He weeps when he watches TV.
Sub Ord+ S.V= dependent clause, subordinate clause.
The Four Sentence Structures
A sentence can consist of a single clause or several clauses. When a sentence is a single clause, it
is called a simple sentence (and the clause is called an independent clause). A sentence must
contain at least one independent clause. Below are the four types of sentence structure (with their
independent clauses shaded):
A Complex Sentence.
A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. For
example:
This is the ground where we play cricket.
Where we play cricket, this is the ground.
A Compound Sentence.
A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. For example:
Ali is a singer, and Kamran is a doctor.
A Simple Sentence.
A simple sentence has just one independent clause. For example:
.
A Compound-Complex Sentence.
A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause. For example:
.
