Set Theory Syllabus Basic Concepts of Set Theory : Definitions, Inclusion, Equality of Sets, Cartesian product, The Power Set, Some operations on Sets, Venn Diagrams, Some Basic Set Identities, Contents 1.1 Sets 1.2 Methods of Discribing Sets 1.3, Subsots 1.4 Equality of Sets 1.5 The Empty Set or Null Set or Vold Set 1.6 Universal Set 1.7 Ordered Pair 1.8 Class of Sets or Family of Sets 1.9. Power Set 4.10 Venn-Euler Diegrams or Venn Diagrams 1.11 Operations on Sets 1.12 Some Basic Set Identities 1.13 Partitions of a Set 1.14 Some Conclusions From Set Operations 1.1 Cardinallty of Finite Sot 1.16 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion for Two Sets ay Scanned by CamScanner4 Discrete Mathematics 1-2 Sets A well defined collection of objects is called a set. Remarks If objects are not well defined then the collection cannot be a set, eg. I-chair, 1-book, 1-table, 1-pen, 1-purse etc. This collection of objects camnot fom set. a But the collection of objects where objects are books, the collection will be known set. * Examples 1. Library is a set of books. 2. Classroom is a set of chairs, 5. Class is a set of students, 4. Family is a set of persons. 5. Set of all straight lines in a 2-D plane. 6. Set of all triangles in a 2-D plane, Some special sets. Nisa set of natural numbers, N = (L2.3—} Tor Z is a set of integers. T= (—,2,-1,0,1,2,3,—4 W or Z* orI* is a set of positive integers. W = (0,1,2,3,—} Q is set of rational numbers, P, q€ land q #0} & is a set of real numbers R = (yx=a+b,p, where a, be Q and peQ,} C is the set of complex numbers. C = {x; x= at ib; a, be R andi = y-1}, je i . We generally use capital Object belonging to a set is called an element of the set. letters A, B, C.... to denote sets and lower case letters a, b, c, ... to denote elements of a set. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” « An up thrust for nowedge a Scanned by CamScannerDiscrete Mathematics 1-3 Set Theory The symbol ‘e’ is used to indicate element is in the set and is known as ‘belongs to’ or ‘is an element of’. Hence x is an element of X is written as xeXx ‘The symbol '¢' is used to indicate element is not in the set and is known as ‘does not belong to! or ‘is not an element of. Hence y is not an element of X is written as yex EEA Methods of Discribing Sets The following are the most common methods of discribing sets. Roster Method A set may be discribed by listing all its elements. eg: N = (1,2,3—4} Set of natural numbers. This method is called roster method or listing method. Set Selector Method (or Set Bullder Form or Property Method) Sometimes a set is discribed by means of some property which characterizes all the elements of the set (that is, the property is shared by all the elements of the set and if a certain object has the property, then it belongs to the set). A set S characterized by a property p may be written as S = (x: pd} Example L A= {xj -4=0,xe 8} Ais set of those elements which satisfies equation x? - 4 = 0 and x is a real number. x= 2andx=-2 A={-2,2) 2 B = {x;4Sxs11,xeN} ie. B is a set of natural numbers such that x lies between natural numbers 4 and 11. B = (4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 11} C ={x;x? + 1= 0,xeR} ‘TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? - An up thrust for knowtedge Scanned by CamScannerDiscrete Mathematics 1-4 ty ie. C is a set of real numbers x such that x satisfies equation O+1eg x =~1 real number satisfies the equation x? + 1= 0. C=) Subsets Let A and B be two sets. If each element of set A is an element of set B tan 4. called subset of B' and is denoted by, , ‘AcB Sometime it is said to be 'A is contained in B’. We also say that 'B contains A’, or 'B is superset of A’, and is expressed as 'B> 4: Hence 'A c B' or 'B > A' are the same facts in two different expressions, If'A is a subset of B' ie. ‘Ac B' then 'B is a superset of A', ie. BOA. If 'A is not subset of B', we write AGB EXD Proper Subset If 'A is a subset of B' and number of elements in A and B are not same ie. A #3 then A is known as proper subset of B. Examples 1. A= lab,¢d} B= (x,y,z) C= abod,x,y, 2 D = [a,b, 1,2} a Acc Bcc Dec Dg Aetc. 2 NcW wel IcQ ack Scanned by CamScannerDiscrete Mathematics 1-5 Reo =sNcWclIcQcRc€ Equality of Sets Two sets A and B are equal sets if ‘A c B' and 'B Cc A’ ie. 'A is a subset of B' and also 'B is a subset of A’. Hence A = B>AcBandBcA or A = B=SA2>B and BDA The Empty Set or Null Set or Vold Set The set having no element is called empty set or null set or void set. Empty set is denoted by © or { }. Examples 1 A = {x;x? + 4= Oandxe® } A=m as no real number satisfies equation x + 4 = 0. 2 B= {y;y<0 and yeN) B = @asno natural number is less than zero. Results 1. The empty set is subset of every set ie. Bc A. 2. Every set is subset of itself ie. AC A. EEG Universal Set In any application of set theory, all the sets under consideration will likely be subsets of a fixed set. We call this set the universal set and denote it by capital letter X. Thus a non-empty set of which all the sets under consideration are subsets is called universal set. Ordered Pair Let A and B be two sets. Let ae A and b € B. Then (a, b) denotes ordered pair and a is known as first co-ordinate of the ordered pair (a, b) and b as second co-ordinate of the ordered pair (a, b). TEGHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS” An up thrist for knowledge Scanned by CamScannerSe i ant onan te at tay — | (AKD)AC » [lasted sa,b)@A x1,e@C) Ua Aan Beebe ey AB el ap oA a {oe eeees Axbb ate at di ih Ceti of lag MA tine hnBAS S46 Aix dt bem ol wonders ana f roo AnD fab ined mie | te AS Laat thee AM lath: Aman C)= (A HBA xo) A ant be } ixC=(Ax0) 8x0) 2) eax (AUD XCH AO UIAS nee | reel 1) ax a Tat yearn | se Aad secon 6 Ant ! eer se ee se A and eB a = umean } © eAandbe Bind a6 Amd beO) SUR etteree hor ba Bort 9 fb) (Art) anda b}e(A x0) | bie ermntexe mutate A od Bae non py and diteent || ARNO = (AKDT AKO Sey NOX WA fA te le pe | Statens re adele prove he other the re a xe AxDC © labo ade} Raat: — {LUFC he to al amram we pret by 2 and SLB By AUALA SWIG lbsastgeotgl aie A page i ‘tof eer ntl Methane eAiicn end 2 WA ce te Baca plane Reman: HE cass of Sots or Family of Sots ‘MEA ie 3 ag sono Suan acne Bette denen eA contin We cement fa tae 0 fen rch called ca of dene fan eo tf ot fg = avn [El rome on % ag 1. Si any at thant flo Si ld ponerse 8 and denoted by AMBKE » lahdiae Abe tandceg) 18 Axx RG emerisereoeascy a! rere reel Scanned by CamScannerSenay 7S) © LO LL 3 0.34 G9, (623) 5 Seta 9 hme power st of, Le. PS) il etn 2 Le, 8 elements, Rena 1S les en Sl ve 2 pubes and set thes 2 sues wt bg inerneepere oe Toren a Go set as nek thn power set § ht 2 semen Prot cre tl mbt ot § 0 se of every st Ting element at «tne cies cn fame to Say "Cy ta wl es ne som of Sa ating. Thi way ft mumbe of aes elt hr Ve ML oC: ba ete, « SPEue G4 UT wag binomial ieare. etal nanter sacs whe 2% sample Sena te Polis power set of § EXT rower set of Power Sat of 5 AMS) = ©. LUMA. MN, 2.1.20, akin 201.20. i, (Ln... 0,24, Pme.a.ay Scot 2 deren 9) cthn 24a ne ‘Then PPS) wl contin 24 Le. 16 lets. So RIES) wil contan 24 elements te eampen s= na 76) = lth 2H 2.1C5is fale. As 1s anche of Sota ube of. A. B)eSis me. Asli} sau ofS 4 Ite Ste fahe. Av a not ameter of 5: (eS) iste 6 er i me 7.06PS) ste 4 Stanenent 6 and 7 bob are cored 19 © isan elt of PE) sso Dis subnet ery mt 8 Me RS isime 9.) €P) fae 10.) € PS) ste 1. BSF) ble ama ene ered by 46S When A ast of ars he ites bo omen Wore ees einn e e eons bore to ae © apa cam Tr hac te lg en rn noce Thon 9 Wm ot ey boce fabe Ae hot eet © Fr © at of enh ata 2) «sel coming @ emer re Scanned by CamScanneryr e612) Tre Roun ae ws tie 10) “Th Eve et bet ofl Omuctdetanar Tra Lata b= be bbe Ohm dc dal ‘ae As ib] na ane of bab Dirdewbhe adel Tr As ob an denet 486 fb, SW bdekhei be Tre Mt Ae hg Be kbelbay ThaYs €A axe Bien Ac, D Wel wer Tun ADD Verse Diagrams ot Von Dagme espa ents mene ie ari ERAT SP mig mr 7 at hey have no craton are, TERE A and B are EERE Union of Two Sets Let Aand 3 be two se Thn the union of A and B is st ofall thse eles whch an ether nt A orn et Borin Boh st 4 ) K Union of et A nd 8 dena by ALB ‘Wich aA ue Symbol AUB = puxenorsed) enaek In muhemalc, when ve us ‘of; Le xe Aor xe B, we do not excade te post hat «ia lemon of bot A ad B Exmplet 1 ARMS B= beyeal AUBe 23x72 2 Anish ed, B=t.b 12) AuD= Whedta, RAPOZA B= 2468) AUB = G123468) t Renark A ARTS 4), BHI BEA . BCA tm AUB=A Aum W23u=A TeomCL RD senate Scanned by CamScannerstreet ee 19 $e Set ai ns BIE ersction of two set a Lean Be econ of A nd fl es ein And alo in be mt of commen eeoents ofA and B i intrsecon of ‘nd We dena the ineston a Asad By ASB a AOB = ferns Aand re) examples A235 abe Ky2) BAR 23,49,501,2571 TAs (357,32 R458) ABs 012) Yea a1 ¢ Aand 16 Baho2@A and2@ BR | akenana RAwkyBeabd Anb=2 U3, BoA BN ANB f,3)=B RIES birorence of two Sate . et Aan B be twos The dfrnce of A and Bis denoted by “A ~ Bor 'A— B sselet ll oe sent of which are rot in 8 : | cn wy dene cm Sd | siualy RIED cisjoet ses B-A = (ryeBadyeal SAA nt ane cael igen #0 I laze! comin ty A and Be A and be doin sts en ANB 8, SE ewe aay 1 Te baci Cy cin | | oR AOD. ae Scanned by CamScannerEeampia 294, 23) Bon AUB = 1234567, PACB.B~ Asad Ar Bare pairwise dinates and AUB ADVAN LBA) Wa67 ETE oymmevic oierence ot Two set Let A and B be two wis then aymmetr dierence oft at A and dented by ASB oe AB [rad as A rg vm B) AGB» A-HUB-A) ‘ee nacido | | sneer Tee ifxeA8B | Srtan stent ely oof Aan Bors ese A eke ter Norte Bt de eng oth Fe kod AUD-od EEE compement of «tet et A be any set thn he compan oat Ae ded by At of Ko AS. CCnplenent A st hae semena wich arin river at X but ae nt exe Xandae al 1a vos tat te een tle 6 unnenasetHa e mcgh ay at AY = been = RIED tt 8 et ch tat (AI Bad 82 A.D he coreprding Yom dpam fetta © ROR agama EE Scanned by CamScannerte AEB eceey satel tl her AUB B ao, BB bon ee rh tat AR ASC ONOGA ant ASING. Dem errno Ven dagen. a ant ZA. ane anc MI seansncee (CEEEIEET 90 pos yw one Pod Qa) PRQ=P? PUGH PP Soldion: 2) POQ= From Ver dgramit is dea that mosP = Pc@ ec nat me Scanned by CamScannerwre-P PuQersacr (DEIR et 4 Uc. termite ang ts DA-te) WA-8 J A-lae) Soteon 4) Ak: Ble 2) WA sla bela) A= tnd: Bila ch.O} a fe fa et containing to eeneis a and. oS (EEA ing Vown gram sow at: AUG = (AvB)n(AUO) Saaton boned) Eat rere) Gane Onl O wiinne-ZA Fon and @, AUGA0 = AUTO, (CRIED es Ven age pre ripe. DAeBec-aomec iano} = (Wun (An) a. leant wh rt Ao notin both A a BL eA RAL ga me Scanned by CamScannerA8Hoc~ Avweg, WAMBNE «A= KA~ BULA oy e ear) @ "ONC RARE eras magy remee @ eer) @ 00, peeeren ® pon a 9 3 AnBnc = A= tA~ BU A~ Ch ng Yn ln sh hat pnd (AAO sation: . é tee ene © @ wa mee nino ED Wome Raa. oe Scanned by CamScannerSee tenets 8 La Cherie Maemo 1 saTheory Fon ml, { Au@ag + (Ave _ (ERR oc doe ais ets ara BA =RUA-O*A 1A -BUA-9+0 Eston: (A= BUTA- Oe A s UBcAmiCeA then A-B)UIA-O eA S or] wearer 0 ® From @ and An @OQ = (ANBE (AMO), ° @ OFA. Care dnt se leAninc «0 ThenlA~BUA-O) = A DA-BVA-O-obme Uasepy tie ace KEE some Basic Sot idention REED re fing wing Vor Theorem ANB 6OsunReURQ Ter ARC anyhoo Sete (A idempotent Lavy : DAVA SA ia = | wanke a A-8 2 Commutative Laws WAvB «BUA wanes ona ce ‘3. Assodative Laws coc Anec)- DAUD « AUILC ° = o WAniwag «ARMac OHA Ra a pattomangg aetna ora — Scanned by CamScannerFos abate te 1 abuts over Vom anda fom hei FANBUG = AnBuANG taunnc= AndUB40 Dates oe fa th lt anda fom gh DAVEND = AURAL nmuc + AvonBUo 5 Debra Line DAUR = Aro wane = wun 6 Aserpton Lane DAvAn =A DANAE =A 2. Dae ompnent wrea Poot D DAUAA WEAUA xehened xen AAA Nov yea me yeaa yen yeaa wm ACAUA rom) and 2, [Avaea Anan Letxe AMA = xeA and xed = Anka SS eS ——_—_ "4 "nod ESR Now kt yeA= yeAand yea syeana = AcAnA From 1) and @), Ja DavB- DUA Lae AUB = xeAorseB sxeBorxed sxeBUA a AuRe RA =o Now tye BUA se yeBorye A myedoryes syeaun ANB = BOA Letke ANB xe Andes wexeBindxe A wxeIna ss AnBCBNA =o Now ety © BOA so ye Bandy A syeAundyes syeann = BACANB -@ Hone RAL. hat Scanned by CamScannerP sone cn Madara emt SaTreony [ao = ana] maavouo = wueve zeae BD axemnd seictinerg sass cients cepume sinceugenune eaten ar eye Toeawyemeyee syendgenees, Sens eed Breas SGuce ha rented Teinaime wangnc = Angag Lare UnBAC = xe(AnBjandxec = (ee Aandxe Band nec xe Aand (ce Bind x6) xe Aand xe 200) = re~ancency = AnBinceanBag, TOMCLASan? ein | row ityean eno wm yeAudye@oo | ye Aunt ye Band veo | tye Amndye Band yeC a yetanBjand yee we yerarsinc a An @nOICANDAC rom and tanbinc = AnBoO) | “| gyan@ud = AnBveAce | txeanpud we ne Ased xe (U0 we xe Awd eBorxe | sw Ge Amd xe) eeAanexe | we GeAnmerneAn xe (AaBUIANO, | B anauaciannutan® | nan yemnnuans, | a yeanayeiand ws ye Amd ye Dye yedantyed a yeAcryedmtyeo am yedmye@no we reav@oo, se AnBuANgEAUend rom ( 28 [arava = ANBUIARD | ot) eer rere Scanned by CamScannerDeer athenaee emacs: Simiry we can prove (AUBInE = Anquang YAV@RQ = AuBnAUD Lete@ AU@AC) 9 xeAcrReENg @XeAcrwebadeeg = WEA ore Band we AcrxeO = XE AUD ndxe aug = xeUnaaLE = AUEnOcAUB ALO, Now let ye (AUBIA(ALO) = yeAuBand ye AUC = VeAwyediendyerayes syekoryeBandyeq myeAoryenng yeaugno, = AuBnaLocau@mo From (1) and ‘Av@ad = avanava | Remark Simllaly we can prove tut (nwuc = ALanBLO 5) 9 WUBY «Arne xeau axe 0uD axe Amdxe xe a’ Sauneaon) ee — ow eye ard . a yentandye®! ay eAmeve® a yenum = yenus’ a a arnciAuey o maanprearur’ nove ye a'UB fm yearoryen” ay edorres syeand a yenom sauBnEAnD ‘em (an 2 =” erred Scanned by CamScannereen Mawes SM) SOAR. ~=~O*~*~*~*~*~S~S*S*S*SS a1 samen ODAUIAAB= A 1 Laneaviand) Now lt yA ws xeAoree(AnB) srenepenanien a Uraady cou bgciuigen Seenerem cage naitn reagace slacicaun een re Leeren maces SREKAAOM @ mwleyea ‘From (1) and (2), a a a peameyeus [ — shay nae | ae Mn ASR NALA A wine bd Ueda eAmdlyeroryen wy myeAcrreane = yeAuuing, = AcAUAnH . a) om (and 2, a saves avann = a) ieee emaik : AS AQB.C A then AU(AMS) © A as uon of ane end pe a rear rarer a Aca -® WAnaLH =A Ltxeanaum Fon nd. 9 xeAandxe Aum, rf 7 HeAand (We horxe 8) = [REET artitons ofa sot anual and A Ags Ap ae ais cA thn Ay Age Ay av al ted oseane et Abe et and AiAar Aw wae ation of At = Anaunea a AVA hy A te Dea "aR og a cere rela RAI rane Scanned by CamScannersg) mene i — LeAinay = 8 bey ML A-BUANBUG-A)=AUB and (A =, (A 8, = A) as pie ioe te A-BoAnD +2 W-Bn@-A +2 Aoping-a) +2 Hare (A=, 9 Band =A) ace pros of AUB BAUM =X ‘Union a Aan complement give ent tf inten cpm, aample 1 A-BBCA and ANB ae paritons of AUB.AS(A~B)U@~A)u 4, ‘AUBand (AB), (@~ A) and AMD ws am palevise digit. 78 EEE seme conclusions From Set Operations [Wt X be the aniveal at and A,B,C. D are abuso X. Then 1 Avo=a Hence 2 ie empty ss det sat for ‘lon operation’ 2 ANx=A X Le universal ets ently Setar secon operate’, * 3 AUK=x Ackand Aux=x SBC A thon aw 4 Anne 2cA ndano=o HBCA AMD «ie intervetion of super et and sabe ube AnA'=o as esecion cf Aandi completes ie et fr ulon operon. amaet + ropnty sh and 12a very weil for Bolen algtea a Bolen ere te ropersn afr i 7 es mum of leet ants complet ves maliplative Menyeemet ant funciona and complemen gs aie en element Aa orion of supe set nd abet supe et Hence SURO, then ANB = Band AUB=A EEA Carainatty of Finite Sot 6 ACAUBiboRCAUB ania of et uber ft eer in he et BiNABE Able AOTER Caray of et Ai ete 0A 0A 8 AQBEAC AUB ind ANBEBC AUD a in And Bat AnD is Saket stand AU t's ingest — ‘A consis A Band A i contained in AU 4 An B65) Simily B contins An and B i contin in AUB. nuyerlal=4 2 MANDA 2 An teten cto = Anbu A=A rope st A= 6456789) jae? and (ANB) A= (AM B)[ubat) 1 AtAcAUB AN GUR) = Alsubnt eon had ment AG QUE) = AU BL superset] TEMA AROE. ine Scanned by CamScannery a a “Theowem (A and B are ny 12 fie = 1Ael9 roo A and Beeps tes/A) « 2,40 = [vB > [Av = [ale]o) ince roves. [Now kt A and Bae nm empty tt a A038). The ome * show A tod Bhave ome element, my A has ky elements and B has ky Am layin a3 024) B= Buby by big) , Ae a got 41 # by bray sie) tee = Munk of denen AUB be aly + ents MAUD ela = asi = alia) Hen pow Now let Ay AA 3, “Ay a Finte disjoint sets then IarwaauasunuAdl = [Adis |Aaleo]Ay] bibs big) afd + Buu [Now let Aand Bae fo en ely St Common emer fo A ane ze 7 [nber of elements whidh ae pret in A ony (notin B) wil be |A Bh ‘Number of elements a B nly wll be [B~Al and number of elements which art Common fers wil be| A.A "AUB na wen of(A~1, (A) an (AB) ss which ae pairvise jit ee |AUE| = [4-8] +/A00\+ |} "os vena ce at @-muanD =A - |A-B) [8] = [A) = IA-HAnal =A Sindy (ANB BA) = B lanpje[B-ay = | * Bea) = B=JAnH, AUB = LABIAL lana = TIN|-|AB t}9)=[A 01+ [408 = [Als |oh-1a8) ARNE aad TRO PORATION? An poate Scanned by CamScanner- ee ss ara Principle of Inclusion and Exclaston for Two Sots [auay = ale |ol-14n et Prell of Incuslon and Exclusion for Thee Sots A, B and ¢ | é (a oe, Fel AuBuc] lw wed Tren ely of Av ®VE) wl be ety of AUD, le [AUD] = 1A) 10}-[Ano) Nor D+ uc Hone P| + |B] . +181 +1e|~tanc] 1 BGI TC-lnc-lan eu OLE = AnBuiAng, 7 Motel C] = Hana +lAnc|-|AaBacll 1A #181 +1¢]~185¢]-|An8)-lAnc|+|ananc| EET Principle of inclusion and Exclusion for Four Sots Let A,B, Cand Dib four st Teen|AUBUCUD|=|A) +[8]+C)+/0) = [Ana +|Anc| +|AnD)+/BaC| +890) +[CoD)) sI[AnBnc]+ |AnBap| +]Ancadje|encn oi =|anancnd} Prof tet BUCUD = Ten |4UG} = 4\+16)= 1406} |e} [avcuD} = |0]+ [¢}+1D}-t)anc] |8n0| +{enDt + [tncno| ind [AnG| = [An@ucuD|, = |anmuanouann} =|And|sanc|+|anb) aiAB)ntAn) + (ANB) (ANDI +(ANOIAMDIL FlAnmnandncaDl [Ang] = [And] +|Anc]+/ AnD) =f[Aatac|+|AnBn | +|AnCaDIARBACAD] subnittg }O| = [BLEU ond] ANCIin| AUC} IA +lAnc|+|Ao01] sme nusvcvottao mela oi-[aastanste/Andl stananelanonnetanendt loner =|AnBacaD) omen NATE. mata Scanned by CamScannerseries | bap! sone en aa rs wl Tig 1s at 2,3, connate tbe ome, i. ic ee pe eo tne Sey comnts cat be formed, ig NB eadianet cee e ec, enbenan one fem ie AB ya tn dap ene oat ae eed et) yy at eed bx mite, tee Seanad. 2 fotnaysa)Nanbe of tate A Nanbeof 2a at ae = fy dn tanh anc nc Bs BLICnBL IAD tenenc, tune Barer, Bach ‘adnan ld oa ne ey A ANCA DH joe at st ate xe ced oh a a exe hn stag 2 hing lft 3S ae a ing en bf [Ag be 8 ne cliton of st. Then Mile [Aina Theor UIA As, FEU Aarne | Petts by dace. The thoren teem = 2, and Lt. eee eh ants 1 eoume the thor for (x = 3) Werwaauasynit als AYU ALUAS UAW Ag TIALEAZU AS VAR anal oo —__ oa eee (Beery nee i Bye hypothe [Awaz ole Sails Elana * santas [MOAI +E UP AALDAR Ane | Now|(A1VA2UA3 “Uy nag TAMARA AQU-UA. AOA {Boning “FIA Agm nde in Aa ® Ssbatsing enon and 9) tin we sin gun + Bua (Blas asl FOP A Arnal oie «sof ges fom 12250 Find hw may of theme ee Ailey} or Sor 77 Ase di ema ii y3 5 tno Sdation: Let A,B,C denote th ctf ietge ran 1 250 eve by Sor Se 7 1 a does ger part 6 33)- 8 Scanned by CamScannerae ba sat (RI ey rte 1 ov rien 7 2) er nel [3a] Solution: Supose se A deat th user of eeges eee 119 20 rile a1 ae ansoc|= [557] amore Set she number of htegen beteen 1 ad 200 dv by cami BARE HINMaPTAAERIREETET ON ee re ' sanenel 2D ean afar bore end ry 2 ial 2] = in) = Jou tet = [Je 7 tol» 92] =a (ana « [2] ean once mati tant « [28] =a [Ae a ig ray iano « [22] 10 [nee tng Taoal eave ane} = [2 oa Sern bs] oe no, = [83] = er rib eb ty leno = 2] Veonsctotel«-ton o taoone|« [a] tr de yet et ont) se tanseo) « [22] = lavtl-llancislenci-|antaciy be ives Ianen hee Si Inocnd|« -~__ Weenaiinad pnw Scanned by CamScanner= antnceo) « [55a] pam]? han ten dil yor Ser a7 ae/AVBUCUD} fro ete xn ope jaunucud] «AM BHICH] images in BCE: A corsame elements of B have suze preimage in A, 18a one w one func frm AB hen we we Ga} EE Many to One Mapping aAtsAaB ‘er fis many Yo one fincon a) 23 bul (ay) =f(ag) be #6 meny tone funetin if two (r moce han two) sting element fA have te sam Fmages ix B. example 1: A= 25,4), Be eye) 1 #2 but i) = 2) " sf any tebe EXE i ppg wae ten fis into mapping from A B if 3 ot Jen one element in B whichis not ‘image of any clement of A, In this se rage a fis «proper subset of codemsin st. ie (ADCS. ‘Thus in ‘ino! mapping a let ome ele of the so-domain 8 ls It uncovered by ‘nage ofthe domain Baamplet Aw (28,4 Be ley 28 L eabcsuy: Scanned by CamScannerferal sarge 142 (L234 gotcy Fe 218 vey sent of 8 8 age at stove cement ofA Bence £35 ont! fg Hace reg of = codeine npg ia low wwe facto (ra stjection) £6 an gg sarc oa A Bien e Wee fA SB, EXE hcy One nto Mapping UE: AB is may om magag ind alo Fi into map * okt ha may cme mapping then fail wy Hine fis nay int ppg 10) aj)» Mag atop. 2) 3a anor ene selena et te ago ayant 6A ’ a velinng rene nares a ample ASUL234, Betexenal A) = =) but e263 Sof is many one functhn. Alo 32, p, 9 In wt B which are not Fimage of any clement of set A. Hence fi into mapping therfore many ene ino mapping EEE Many One Onto Mapping Ef: A ~> Bis many one mapping and sso {8 onto mapping then {ld to be many one eto mappig, Hence Fis maay one onto mapping 1) For some a 423% ay) = fa3) fay) = Maa) but ayaay 2) Every element of st B i mage fat leat on element of set A sa. range of f= codomaln set B «Mae example 1 A= 2.4.6 8), B= le 9.2 ati Pg. 217 {84 many one mapping, alo ont» mapping so £4 many ene onto mapping. ‘One One Into Mapping ‘A mapping £2 A. 18 one one into mapping i 18 both one fo one and ako to mapping. Hence Fis one one into mapping, 10 fay)» May) ay = an, Vanage i 3at leat one element in set B which Is not the image of any element of et A (or ange offi proper subset of co-dbman st B) eNO ALGO moma Scanned by CamScanneri penne cael ees TY pene ry nae ai bed EE loverse Function (Mapping) Wf; A+B an on oe oto (ect) ot re) maine thn Se 1 ch soit 1 ene! be Bethe ogee «A vst Bat) * 6 ae hehe Wet bi ude «Aa bl) +b tcc 19 3° 40) = f= ene pinged (= ene) a ipepeniet 8.2464 0K wrt age fay gy, ne r tng YA ine ne ey te i he [EEE one one Ont Mapeig or Bljocve Nappleg 2 ot ee my ei fo Ani A Bod woe al tl ey 9 BBA snot caren with any det of A Bene" Hoc ie neo ‘ Rape fag)= aye ag (orayeny 9 fa) fa) 1 ry lent ct Bis Figeo let one element of et A C e231 4 Fer p=¥2 Z-+¥, 256 Zin ot commoponding with any met of Y and sy avin wo diferent imap a your % S 5 ie 232 fae Ponte dc fn, ene 5"! dos rte a RCRD aS —aarrannd meron Scanned by CamScanner— Ta vg 0 tnt 4 oy naan Ages BS montane aa = _ ak me Se 88 eee sem apnoatnmement MRA, uacnaaiienmigimnes 2 fetes ‘ort ch) at eng Tesh + Bisex one cot ice) TAPPING Et AN~ ASSET akan ora ‘ni maine: Fi 223 el i freee ee aa, = i) VayareA Fig 225 fa) = fans ten gf compote of and gis function fram At C. nyversea a = 16 we) la Teper toe nt we vaea woe brad b DDonain of gofis set A and codomain go bot = Fey said lba = ein 6 Hw ii on 9 flr Now 1b) * f'b2) fs) = W485 eee Se cos 2 / moras ‘fiay) = flay) [asf is well defined) Find holgo) and (hog. Are they eral ? = sent Bt 20s hen = ite ete Aa iene = gto lye Dts) me bes = hfos P45 Soetts sm cos? (278-1 also Phoglof (x) = traglea?+ 5 = hlg@P +5 = hfow O45 $ret nmr Scanned by CamScannery oto tt defo and fg gfaed wwpgard stato 0 50) = a) «gen oe sont ea-t “7” fo = Ht (tata = 14) +209 +1 “3 eta) = ebaeny Barney lass + aasgitng seme 1 og 2) “fsa ye tga gh oo 1 DED = PBL PU i po fad gd by fa) 2+ La ‘ wy (OEM) 2 font fot ' = woes —_———*§ rou orm meen = teen? 9 = Pst = towed = mets | fain ok dt by ate +1 and fererioa Pit Dadiesd Dear? vps sta 2) = atte = srarsen = 5@e7 Tent a tert fogs = £1649 = tee! = Fete = airaene a aloes bao) = 11g = 68-1) = £@-2 + @) 2a te AER en foie Vi Tm Fe (1, 3, 29 8.5) 2 99 pe ees fi Mario. Scanned by CamScanner—— yes 3 1 0 ° p1 009 : 2 3| sloorod 8292S ex- 2K) wr fr x 9 whee Sis the sted er Fn 0, f(a hog, 1 ft ag Set 9 PO» shen egtcaay rene 60)» te +103 Cc) « oa = 6-002 ot) = F601 =f a orner axe og 0) = batt heal 2300-2) 596 (9 = gs = 56-3 9-2 wee fon 0) = f 8 =e mers ot 6) = ND] = hbo = 3he+21 fot0g (6) = fo ig) = foh f=} = hoa = 100-2) = 100-6 = 642 Scanned by CamScannerfeos Isc - Coops o tons satay asodative property but does up ou ort ~ | DED some Propet of Compost of Mappings Teco t 116 AB be one xa to mapping then fe adres 2b voew Fa Fe 228 row = Mo =ety Homer Phot = ty ME: AB and g:B-+.C be two oe one onto functon then gal: A+ C i alse oe one onto and oot = Proot : Scanned by CamScannerae a oon pave ~ oak = ot) ait og= em Ng soy = e an gu= sll <— ocd $2) 7 by = by bsg ome ome penit 7 lew > Kay) = Hea) ce ppt eee con) moet eccron te To Siw Hat gt eo Kc, iy, Comite et in tance sent Shy taviacy® gb anchor) Be boga Sa naing ton BC Thor BOB = ea « mt en (og an ig both mapig ne de fs Ato ‘Ape nan ct ton Fos Ato B therefore 32.6 A, such tat web + /\+f/\ Baveeciae A a ee tia in fc Th toe onto facto dap Sj re 231 (7 muppieg tC Aalo (fis one one ento mapping. agin) = Hee Ot = he) = bison he oa ete 0) = Aigo = hie toon er = hig 0 itt “se chy Hence a.€ Atop! (a) = Rego () heme Chop bleh Flag Gare overt re reererraneed Scanned by CamScanneroma SR nee ses BI compart om oun nt ACBOEBEA. Bona g onpane 1A , enya ot tot A se ca aot set Bad BS fe ha, sate reopee {BBE ore one coropondence ep aenee 3a mpg fom A WB uh Dt Long, a oon AaB at Oops eS te then (A) = 0) fe number ra nt ein ene csp then A) = al sa desee bef one ‘etal BD ceriaty Exahatot S08 ‘reat Amd whe ans an plaedin one on comepond ay coma eit mes ‘woterwerds if 3a mapig {A+ B nhc ene ene nto (iectve then a eet heya ected by A= sanie A=0218 Beg, eae AB eet, have A=, Wein cue) risBseey Silas aso elbjet Pa 233 goo enc REET A Scanned by CamScannerCounting Syllabus The Basics of Counting, The Pigeonhole Principle, P. inations, Binomial Coefficients, Generalized Pe iple, Permutations and Combinations, rmutations and Combinations, Generating Permutations and Combinations. Contents 3.1 Countable Sets 3.2 Pigeon Hole Principio 3.3 introduction to Permutation and Combination 3.4 Permutations 3.5 Combinations 3.6 — Generation of Permutations and Combinations 3.7 Binomial Coefficients and Combinational Identities (@-1) Scanned by CamScannerBB counable 02 BED enumerate Set hn nie ts ee dee to tl mie se at teow pig {fe tA sae Aino wcenenble ach compet dt itn et own edema, ERED countia Sots ‘Ave white eapy oft odenumerbie scaled countable set. coun Ss ‘Ase ich nondenamarbe called ws encoun set aia 1 etcanntit wilo}=0 2 Asia hc dlinculent and = 4 3 Resta igs oanble otra) ‘Asset mpi ean cme mad iow. tt i i Pes 4s facta fon ch at fo) = amt misyaive \ (0) = Beit ept orem i. en poco senate seston ements be Pato S Sich that one one ang ny sa conte Pe th he tf al edo i a To tw Oa sto oa nantes in] cele, we et sae oe hacen Hiv JoN- Sch ile mee De rina runes of ene ced ang emis We 1234 ™ wong ea ese as Hace the set is couiable (EER ce ret ute i 3 toe ett Any ral mbes Between [I in be wien nh owing twsgue dein for 4 Awame fat the et A of al a ben Whe ay ay of te digs 0, 2.2 ‘20031 cot. Then the elements ofA canbe ween na segue These j A= byte ded REA Now ec ¢ 4 cam be wrten in decal fom a saree in sy = Oantn an 4+ agape ‘tonic aod are Scanned by CamScannerPo wp eoantate — i i me paam moi oo inet = sedans bean, Bye as 1 rag hong yx sce ies fo ya he it cal place 1 # x sie tle ren athe second decimal place sd a geoeal 7 # Sei ran 8 place iterating = 88,4 Pit seen 0 and and i ferent fom e ‘aoe natn lament fA. ta our aur a A cai, oe is at oie = porte inert [BBE Froperon of Countabe Sets a Urcounabe Seta 1 Asubset of courtable st count. 2 Asupe set of an encounabe sete uncountable 4. Union of countable ets countable Le. A and Bare curable ts then AUB fs aso counibe 4 Cretan prec f countable nee coustabl. a HA and 8 are couriale sets then A xB ao countable 4 Union of countable colecton ef comabe sets ountble. to) Ax oumbtoh w nii marks ¢ 1, Set of esl amber i 1] an uncourabe set ence super st of (9 HL Le fal mumber acti alsoancoustable set. 2 Set of eatin munbers i unounble 4.7 (NY rower st ata eens acura EE Pigeon Hole Principle Frenne pile sys tt if ere ae nuny’ pgs and few igen obs, teen thot must be meget oles cp by toe ee pS. Tet A and B be ft ms and [As hn foray fnctn fom At B seyaneA sich at Fa) = fa) ample 1 112 shoes are sete fom 10 pas of sows hee must ea prof matched shoes among te selection ‘ere 1 hoes ae the gens and the 10 pars ar th pigs len [Remark Pigeon le principle ao own 1 te shoe ox argu EERE tne exonded Pigeon Hote Principle 1 there ae pigeon tle nore thn 3m pigens then or more pigeons wil ‘py atleast one of the pigon le. In gene! Ue ruber of pipers & sich Ite tan the mum of pig hols, he pigeonhole pence canbe extend a, Scanned by CamScannerSevier me ae il ‘Sin yeaa! rnc ce =e oe 1 Sta we cae ee, Sw fae Salmon Tos fom 801 ar ses thet of te Moh Aveo does 43°81 Ages, 3 few tee | MHS} As eS aL Ag =, 7) wee acteg oe St SEES mich that the Sata een ree he ee fo mes ———— oa | [BEI irsoduction © Permutation end Continaion ler we fal Goce sone rey cae eg eto, a poe weirs oe ele! fc Pee es ACD rece was Bam Be oes pom em, (A9¢ ACD. ABD, BCD. 4 fees selaccns ae pole ‘Now sik Und Uae gen eres erp of std ses. ete Sst pep ABC “Dee ee Hie Ti cn be gt flowing age ABGACBSAGBCACABCBA Le 6c are sot (ABD, ACD sod BCD wl have Gitte fr ging rks 1 md The tal mabe of sch ways = ax6=28 {a the oes cate, te oder of he slain nat eae, When he secre ce seis pote 1a he fit cite, we select « grup and tn second case we aang the ements in ete. ‘The selection of objet witout consent of he orter oftheir section called crabination ‘The selection of abet with consideration ofthe oder is ced the permutation. Le. ‘emetation stn arrangerest Of eject and combination i lectin of fe. 1 Rule of Product 1f one experiment ha m posite oucomas and another experiment is n poste coucomes, thn there are min posible oucones when both of these experiments te ace 1 Rata of Som 1 one exyeriment has m ponte comes and anaes expernent his n pose cutcome, ten Were ase ni +m panble ones when excly ce of these ‘cpernents kes place cmd meme Scanned by CamScannercunt mit ni, ‘ea lcd by aes 3 Eb Permutations win wap * 1 Consider the 5 My books w a Sage ek The ewe 2 cts wi a be (Sringel 92! ways le ach of ae ancgesra, de By bots an Sargel mong betecro Soaps Hee the rae of areas 992 (EETEND ee roy et CANE a tee ne yt rt al ov ae otetion The word “ORGANEE has 6 leaen, of ime 4 a vowels nd 4 ae —_ Th te emngemet of hse § Kets he macion eat he $n sl be (oe objet canbe aranged iy ‘Now we bave Slt Le. ¢ conan and one congo leer canatg a4 owes The tl member of ways of amangg then sy = 8 Hence, the foal numberof sangeet f the tes fhe word ORGANISE, dh a he wv ete come together = ase tet dei ow gl ms ei ap ped a mba toe whem tee me eo my den me 8 ‘Mier nd oem tafe eb es he pent bl so ned arg ea TT pcb eh ye pa er ore em Soi mine tang ete ney Ha nnd ae Scanned by CamScannertone sae hls Fan, 28 so 8 Tem ott ls ae ml " i Namer ef ways = Srl Hal es i her fas pit 15 fi 9th af hw be 3 en pote i ei whe. Sean: Tl aber peur ._8 ware (CEE ie ie tr persis nl by engi lets of a TOMBRATION Seti uf! Ito. Ne te ts opened 2 es ‘oc eal mnber lease rf mt Fide Lo of ri bt ct fred fom Seton Tel aber ete ADA eal be in arn ar 5 in which Ais ropnte tke psc tora os noe toal number of dtc arangemens 0 3 (GEIR Daten the mar ap wich Stes i the wd RONEER Be aap ht to Edy gre folate Toa are wd can be anangd in St ways and foreach Seetteagnrnt te to By en coy my oor cy poe jelsend oom 26st =m | How many distinguishable permutations ofthe letters in the word BANANA” oe ssc abe ftp poms ee en a od SANNA’ we hs le A cs 3 tne, heh 3! wy wh eo be nang theo in ees WY een 3 Gey Roce re 2 We cee ee ote rere nny cet A manor eS ANA a pet ema of permutation ol enn Ae, wh uh een may Be penser ens yee tse then ce uy be led pn way, he nd pla ay ao be ne oe et Be eT cent na ac mao Skene ples be i ERIE) be eter Dr A seg nt D Ramer te. bm ys ha ein ith ad ines poker fn 2 8) a2 a 86 came 1 Sac he to and st ro i fn, Le 1 ig seen ater oF Mowe hel be fs ee <<. Scanned by CamScannerpts cb made Fech He om % ris AA nthe seienes ome OOPHel in 25, siete De eo My om ‘= 0x10 1010 = 10 ways mnt etn sii nn = whet! cet fine i ember i Bal 28 po Hace ni rll ex eas png on HEP CAN ey egg sks 106 ven sed sod ne agin the are 6 choles fr the fae appearing ie a card old fet tae ene eed rr of asf fc appeningon tp is = x6c6x6 o EEE 10s wt ef my rte Salton ach ith as 2 owe psitons on ot a tons we have olf, Pacing a 2 in each oft 2+ stv CD ay Seen eres eaten Ketel Yeti ae alioa ? = chen, and we ar allowed to ave repens 2526-25 = 159 pl te word, in fans De enh pt te ca Siem Fost in Away the cond can be posed fn 4? oe eae ay eae ee ._——__ = cmt er i, — cots Mapes ________2.ff__owy Tere ae 10 rafie quotes on «tt and S mate destin wit om ewes How many diferent choles fr ance ie 15 gusto ? olson if be sent steps (© aover al the quo, § mulple hace Setcora can be answered in way and 1 m/e quoi can be arawered in Seay Hens the tal nade of coe for eawerg he S qoso (EEE rei ee ed fps tee merle bys must be sated i fe if seats? {) No no Bytom ested nether? fn oka wad Mary mut be aed nghor 7 soltion : i) sac al the boys must beset the ve Ito sea thes boys can be Sted i$! ways. Also girls must be seated in the rights! seats and gs an Dees in 5 ayn ‘Hence total amber of ways in which they canbe seal in is wy = 5. 4 Fint let the gos be seated, This rangement canbe done i $1 ay. Now So Ek auch waning arrangement the wil be ~ 1) = 4 gaps beeen ‘Shake pat of gin addin tothe 2 gap atte exrene rds, Hence the i gaya have to be SENS rangement of the Boys shuld be such that these ‘led nb ways so that 20 gap shoud be assigned to more than one toy, TAS BS pe done m PC 8) way. Hence the nezber of ways of senting the boy, $0 That no two are seed adjcent is 5 °F = aways uyLet we conse Jot and Marya single ey. Tiny can be seated together tu i 8, (69) and 4.2) and 2% positon, 0 3, 3,8. 9.0 & 1 7-8. Pe ton. m9 poses and Joe and Mary among themselves canbe tested in 2! ways. ‘Hence Jou ac May cn be eget in 2869 wa [Now dhe remaining 8 pepe cn be ated in 8 ways dec the nul naber of ways in which he Dap and gi ae snd 2 Sat [Jah and Mary are seated togeber = 8:08) ee Facet aioe Scanned by CamScannerprs isso SRG Neto stinarow oe cee ase 2 See T te leit i eet fe cers ipres tte os eee ft et go tae cuipesrascuaagernace’ Fata catetane wet nairear err acai cas Seb se bree tenia, ‘ets 7 Picnics ae of me pts St cen be fd = recs eoei ia Fe petted cn ty 09s be wt Gd ca yn nal peer of way = 10587 new = 500 fel muster of waytn Wi ed an ry par «10! and eae ge ae nw my pee eater ok ope Wn ae ps ars en = 00 a (CSE 0 Bre ney tee pt tes oe te? SI nyt gt metes we ow ic ee ne tah? Tr) We hve file plas wih we is Te tsps amet Be = ‘we can choose the first digit in 9 ways We can choose second and Sind Sane acticin el taba ol wp oidiniig sagem = pancero ma! Ino Gn he mer of writ aes ah wt 7 hw St god the maaber of 3 digit robes wit no 7 then anf the sitet 8 Se (fe Ge foul namberef3 dig members “To tnd he umber of 3 igt mb wih no 7in then she Ent digit arnct be 9 ce 7. Tomefere, we chou fist digt i 8 ways, the scan oe fod dis ewes be 7, ene hee can he chosen i 9 eae ach Hee munber of3 dg maxbes witout gt 7 = x$x9 = 688 ‘Thevlre, totmmber of3 digt embers with asst ene 7 hen =m RD oe ey 52 mtr fe tt ec thee wo “7 Sekt : For manber be even # mit nd 024 Ser Th to ene cms. 1 The number ends fn 0, hen ace ane 9 poms er Se it ig en hE Poss for Se secret rer sop can De pet Hien thee ae Sy0i= 7. ow di mes Sat ed 2 The number doesnot end in 0, es Sere ov des br ela Se 5) Wen tie cig w spect, Som Sone tp ce 8 poms Se Se Sgt See the mamber comet eps WoO Featy, ee ae 8 Gees x Se Second dig and tnendors tee we By xd = 25h cor Sa ds mk Tow emnad name Scanned by CamScannersoi oS en ch we gy ben Wh m7 Or, CD. Eand Fare shown Fa. 92 Fad nhs many wag a yr go fom cy A to city Fin cy B? 1 aw nay yea you ge fm il Ate ly Fin ly C7 Find ett murder of wes yp cn go fm yA tty B. ‘Seloton We an go fom Ato Bin 1 way, fom B to D in 3 ways and fom D iy inva Hence mumbrof ways fom Ato F via B= Lak = 12 ways 4) We cn gp kom A to Cin 1 way, from Co Fin 3 ways and from Eto Fia voy Hone urbe of way oe to via © = be ares 1) Tat mumbe f ways from A to 2146 - (EEE ny a ee ONY et ht ‘Selon: Out o7 tte, thre ae 5 conan and 2 nen et teat ite tte, now BO PCE BFE ped a ast ter pecan be Hed a Bech TS ba cata as see 1 ee teak ota mamber of WAYS #554.3:21-2 Hesee = 120 ways Haw many one 10 ome fin rt Be fm et th 5 eet ot oT ee in comin te oe tao onan et ara 3, n,m Tae ae? sss ie he vie cin a Bo wp or my acd 2008 on ata ef, the number fon oe uncon eprvngntvd = 29 re ce oe 6 6 te Kino’ fo 7 ae we 8 anes} HA combinations ‘ee enmting etd ix whi oer ute row a PS ee ceuntng meth im wih ot Gow mt me en cts inion O54 ueton of e fs chen fm ot of ct denen led # Festina. _. " cooing § mages fo 1 ese eng ete 1 te an ete in whic Sma onbe doen ST Fal the inangyes ace (dena then acodng t re of peruion tera way » FE 3 ti mange 1 genera the numberof ways of choosing rms este - wl Se LLL Tomato memanne Scanned by CamScanner22 penne 2 $9] «ata eR 2 oe MC; fot of choot ean gs emttv cn 7G I afcaec free tare | °C Het ‘eatin between "1, ad "Cre Mean a ——— * on eC Cesar arangerants bat cor at 4 ei A.B, and D ae sting aun «ous ike Daapeata heads ean ptt Gey compe Fig. a3 er oy genses ot en ey on a mer enC Soran ene nett = s eee a 2 Beet an wn fat Argent ns fan a Te St pen ie pe alae ae We sane The et he pees cn ow St on SY a person in (8-3) ways, es sarin nh erin oma ik et oe aon et sl ln er pe fh eh ver Rowers a. gala Here eo permaons wil be cout 3s ens neclae Sor 2 ene wl bland ih Fee nen pein iw = ME cule me ? a commit of 12sec 3 reer fo fst ye $ rere S fon id yr. Ot of 12 sd, 3 9 te on emi yen ie Wa heer at og 3 diet ise ape nes a1 lg cr as Teg toma Ss atom Among 12 stadt 3 are ce, Menke hn 1 fen oe an ely fe wa hang erent dase Heme, Chances = *Cr"*C1"*C1 = 045 = wap ot da ty te cs at 2 eT i mend yrrer2 bon 1 ate tet yet et aad So petan hom 1 year 2 3 yaa em 2" rescy tes cy etca Perrtepeter heute) = 346049) 110060 ' = asm = 00a A) belong to tame dass then {LS rom tied clase es ro r tera 3 om 1 ds a3 om ns so Scanned by CamScannereat Soy = eyes #865 a 1aen = Bap Sh my ete pt ce male ch ecg ‘ern tes fle! by reife sigs, Sobe the probes ft it cay, eo. Staion podton ee and enc ca be selected fom 2 tes = cya 4 ponte is bo a leer bt fist fom 1 eter can be selected fom 2 leten, = Fa wap } Now indi, 1 FF postr a be ected rm 0 gts i 10 poten cn be tel from 9 gt a irent am 1 dit = Fy aye at tin cb lee om 8 pa te ne exudes se = SM ct en te nt Di pniscioe easton nn ‘ ee Snead es tin ‘Hence, total number of auty license plates ™ vias TONSA wha wane ze, te — ee Zee ree heen ia dager 8 BMMEG BY ABE fing vets nes sing 0 VENES 8 PEE = Niner caer es a=) 7 eto) ute hee S55? tes tte em Be toe pn ee TEE i yr we ee To make a rectangle, we fed foveal Ls ad wo zn es roar there a9 vera Ines ard 9 hoz tam. These. te = 1396 ho many ys em yu eS wih et 2 et fw Pel pak f cls Seton Fae conn Sends with xt 2 For ti to ace we have C2) ‘us 3) ponies. The card te Silly fx 3a we ave CH 3 pos es Hece be Sarde with 3968 0 8 ts canbe dmsen fC 4) U8, 187 Hensal unter of Wa Ct, B.C, 4 RRR ese 12 pots in lef i$ a pared marae post ad for he dew Bt hn (2,648, 3 sand te Zar C82 “down nl 9c 2 9924 prcas, 2901 91 9 vaccine, Fd oe Scanned by CamScanner28 rc sooo that the remaining cigar it eens 7 i, si Se enstes can form CU 3) = Lo ap cnn rire nd en cae Fu nf ig ei pat pnt or ag“ a cg CB, C2) = 70+ HS = TS wing, eee ep 4 eal aber ae 254175 =210 EERE 4 st ie 4 5 0 fr Som 2 Se ee jena Sng be onthe coir? ac sy at bw on Hh coment hn 1 ENS We rey, | shah we ave woe | Hoc umber of a8 | he 15 ngs and you want eke 4 CD of 18 ost ma eine per xs Bo my Aerts ul uma? Seti Oat of songs, weave to ose 18 sng. 113 partir ngs must be the CO, then otf somaring 42 emg, we ht choose 15 songs, which can be seleced in &Cyg ways. (DERI Pe ri pres end 8 ets ging on «shoal ip, Teo gin ge ew 3 ses end Spree all rp 1 uso | Semis 1 ny ft epi ep ca fr el gra? sy ge nt det be en fr hal, Sr hint mut in tesa group ? esa ‘Solation a) Out of 8 parents, 3 caz be chosen in °C ways Bg | ‘ 1) Sac Salla, Sais and Chi des 3 dey ca be nen in 8S nay?” hence out of remaining # cuore (EEE ie ations Pe ca hon oy Cw mg mae en eer Grom ¢ ate + esi 3 | == ia 3 ord by | rete setation For BOP A, of ous Slt mat et? es gce numberof yet et 2 cuss *C, arty op ono ray iit a dt 2 Hence sumer of ways = 7Cz ad for group C, 1 couse out of 3 has to set, which ean be done is °C, ways ence ttl number of ys = fete Rey ebtaets amr pele Boe fo i of et 7 ee EE il comes nb oat Somer 7 emit? Soke sient 3 women se te comet, ht ee we a Seer with 9 women & wanencl 5 we ) 3 women ein comin in Pere fr ote fey a 28S, fs Feyetcy a6 1 14 women ae in comestee en be way come reyetey =2SS4—0 2 eqetey = 2S 4-00 m 4) 105 women ein ceive hen ater ofwayn= 765 == 7 Hence if aleast 3 women aren consi he tal amber of = ost eat =m From «deck of 2d 1 Set Te formed thre are sis! 2 ees? end isa Ho may et ed on ee Scanned by CamScannertact cb bead a BCS ABC HAC Ca¥ mach ef rl oe orm fom 10 eis 5p Tenens ed 1 eet Hos ry to Be ment Bax Seams. 04 dts bit ecommiss} (nts? Senate? Bolts steam) Ata may have & chit ed} nomcemist or all 6 che. 5 ES Sr canis in Cy ayn and 1 noncherst can seca tc 9 80 bn 2) nomen to BC ny Hace aber erway = Cx Cy ‘Anco yar a6 eis ad numb of way ths election = se ta aba of wy nich el 5 het a slaced = Bey cy Cy 2 Seco ced at 48 4 ay aig 3. ced etl (0 5-19 8 emememit in PC, ways cr mde evayn = Cy 25 cei cn be ced at » popes paren aa Hoel manta eway 3c, 8 Tt minder oat adc 6 people om pope = Cy, io toga i cactlfor 2 pod her a at et A ae ce rm el ea mena ae OF cnmete canta tana eee BG PC ser of wa 19st est 2 Yass ec a OT cg +s Be) a ean be selected out of 8 in "Cy ways and 2 blogiss can be selected re oad ramber of mays = 8Cu"*C2 eg nono r tent Sa te cut, we ety? dn oT oe at tt Spat aca any cy Nowe On ge orca meted canbe dat win wo wa an be ch rt nen Ts WE a andy 2 forthe seed and 0 en By sloping th is for "TE, Gn theese of no candy eng selected ot rena? 1 ways of sdeing oor are ct. EHH combination with Ruption ow, we all oie the case where we doo tow pte 1 =H tample: A = fy biodidandP=6 Then (ab, A dB BG OW rer to mae, bot wi (6 66 60) a contin wth ptt fens nae & Tie con oper ch coins by nena of bo wi pi a baad) enh i ior Bancge a pe// bocce a io e ae wed ah ping and ae ety 6 pi a om ach cans of 1 pct i ene $1 tits ae 8st ne poe a stint — eran momen Scanned by CamScanneraN cn ad inl tin cy 6 910 yy Ferd he are pes a le wih lash. Perr we en tin any cebition BY morng Ne our sa aay fe 0 ples | ver be perl ce, he rt he sould Oy any ef yy psitens Hens the a marke way o do ths s Cnt r=1, n=, Teron: he mani of wee tO # cl fom n cng Wh sept cheruadner Lath Alo (GED ays oe ling 10 ofc, ‘Bert pf only? a Selon Hea = 1 So th ae C0 430-1 100 = e119) wt A Attra fil the box (IID nt 10 ow mys hf =m 0m tai | pay ee, momenne coun-im = oom ‘edu f (00-50 at we have fo select tt pg * ora fret ways to te box petition requirements 1 conbintin ‘which help ws ne eee lines” STE the slot fled in by only seeder a * "BD hoe on so than a 1 ‘How many non hegae nee sation are eet tn this cise, We cod have 1003850 ssn nh that sts ar 100 and we are angi ove: & ees” “terefor thre are ‘cago 4-141) = C1004 4 103, ios equtionasbsesde tt O18 A nd 2 ee ee We set 1 0) 2 (Ch) =n 9) Nonegativevolutins 2+ Bee d= 100, Integer Solutions with Restrictions | Hew may inte sete hee ten a2 3,2 O,¢2 2and 217 Solution: Now sslaon “mag ae abies, where te a,b, cd are the remaking namben of ech caxgury to fil inthe sma soo. However, the aumber of os hs efciely ben luce! 9 ser aountng fo total of 6 restctens. Moce intogor Solusons and Resions SEER too ny intestine Deeed=I5 When 92-3, 920, cR-Dan 2-17 . Solution : Tn this ease, we aber the rsisins nd gue 0 tt the mains > away’ To do ts, we need each rotcion = 0 ad ance he amber of ecotingy Hence 22-363, b20,¢2-2¢2andd2-141 Teemu rca? wee Scanned by CamScanner| su beeen OL +a Bosom rt ena wen gennes aytentantont inst 203 bes rebyebam ba “bah Tae 2 arene wap lt ings fom meeps WN tt rei, erty cneeieb eb) can: The mabe way to st ings fromm catgores with alest 1 hg | chatneny is (Op, +-8) ft bead EEA Generaton of Permutations and Combinations Wwe wan eye donne permustons of n distinct objets, then fr 2 = x3 ot eu ht wh mare fc to Hnep tack of wt we vette down and mie sue we sal write down all the ermulatons wih | ‘isis or etn | = 2e eetg pole is fda gptemateprcedue for generating a fe! ‘rin een eens wth no onions oF pens Sez fom te tl ert 1, 2 cede peed, : eR Sn nc Sn oer att A Femi Tn m5 “panple 3: Lets = 6 Aarane wear grt te pert met go ois t)= 4 Te net persian i 586 me arate wet in bis mee We Gretel Shen peruano, 23 ab the permutation of [1,212.3 po th 2s foe isis doe. Bexiaing with , we cba te pert pacing? on eer side ol 1. Ne nthe pertain <1, we pla 3a ene an betwen 1 (hd 2 tp obnin he permutation cl 255 13 41D, ‘Sina from 2 1> we cbain 213,23, 32. receding in tls mane we hn pera 123 — 9 = 1 an ha inweing at bots the ends and isthe + ~'2 pape betwen We cba all i persons off 2a ‘or example uppone we want to ger lth 24 pematatns of 2,3 ‘Tye aque process, by wih the permanant shows bdo eb aban; 239,<1,32, 01B,215,a9 2,021 4236, 1243, 42,4129; 1326, <1342,d43 D/A 15D; 0120,.0182, 41/4912) 136, a14d, 241.4215) 2316, 234b, ais b.a2id 8216, 024», gta Adit 5 by szxeely 1 ate, Generate all subsets of 2,3 =n week me perenne ieee al Scanned by CamScannerWw iN -— ~% elements in a Kesubset fa, a ‘We may aways arrange the a 8 ong cone, Hence the fist een! ay Sn I he second element 2 "48) in ‘eke ay Sm~Ké the as element ay = k+k “AA Wer met deste let oul vale ay wh Procedure: Nex combination. 4. Given a suet la, Assume 23 623 <<, 2 The numb notin the kasaet te dented a8 as 244 3, 5 Sean om ight lft Find he fst m such that ay 4n2- 18n+8 = = 2 a 5 on? -9n+4 = . (2n- 1) (n-4) = => se But "* Hence nt (n-3)! n(n - 1) (n= 2) 6(n = 1) (n - 2) g(n- 1) (n- 2) 5(n? - 3nt 2) ° NIB NIF Oo o ~ goo Scanned by CamScanner‘Syllabus Definition, Statements & Notation, Truth Values, Connectives, Statement Formulas Tables, Wel formed Formulas, Tawologies, Equivalence of Formulas, Duality Lav, Tanto Implications, Examples Contents 41 Logic 42 Statements (or Propositions) 43. Open Statement 44 Truth Value of 2 Statement 45 Truth Table 46 Logical Connectives 47 Teutology 4.8 Contradiction 4.9 Precedence Rule 4.10 Logical Equivalence 4.11 Nomal Forms‘of sentences which we have to use to conv statement or proposition if itis possible to say . by the sentence is true or false: FI scence of whic az aennetil 010Y Wests Hee oth is called a statement oF P! ‘We denote statements by letter® Pr qt se 1, Pune is capital of India. 2, Mars is @ planet. 3.9> 13. ayr8=i2 5.6€ (1,234) 6xeA. 7, There are 12 months in 2 Examples (2) and & are true statements. Bxamples'd, @, © are false statements. In example 4, if we vite 4 in plac of st becomes a mae sentence and ify is not then it is a false sentence. Similarly in (6 | cannot say whether this sentence is true oF not unless we are told what are the elenerg_ of A. ‘Thus only those sen true or false. year. tences are statements about which we can say whether these ap Definition A statement is a declarative sentence wil Hee @, @, 3, ©, Z ate statements @ is not a statement since its truth value depends on the value of y. If y is 4 ‘sentence is true, if y #4 then the sentence is false. ‘Also@) is not a statement since its truth value depends on set A, ifA= ye then ) is true but if A = (1, 2, 3, 4) then (6s false. ith a definite truth value. | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up thrust for knowledgele @ above if we put y= 4, it becomes a true sta becomes false. Such statements are open statements, ‘sentence is neither true nor false it is called open sentence, Definition An open statement is a sentence that contains one or more variables such that wl certain values are substituted for the variables, we get statements, Examples Lxt7=9 2LxK+2>8 3.xEA Truth Value of a Statement Statement has a definite truth value which is denoted by (T) and false values are denoted by Truth Table is either true or false. True values are. ®). A table giving all possible truth values of a statement is called truth table. oe Exercise 4.1 | 1. Which of the following statements are true and which are false ? | a 9<12 b) 2 is a prime number. ©) 41 is @ composite number. 2+5=349 What type of the sentence is x+8=177 . For what value of x following sentences will become true statements ? M3x+9=15 b)x+6=8 Oxt1>5 d)x+2<8 )5x225 5x5 25 Which of the following open statements are true ? )x+4=6 when x=2 x45 #8 when x =3 0) 3x + 5y b) x 4426 when x =2 d) 2x + dy = 14 when x =1, y= 3 = when x =0,y=2 f) 5¢ (4, 2.x} when x= 5 2b5. Define the following and illustrate each by an example, 4@) Statement ) Open statement 1, a) True b) True) False) False Open statement. 3. a)x=2 b)x=2 x25 fxs5 d)x<6orxs5 0) x25 4 a) True b) False) False d) True ©) False _f) True. Logical Connectives ther true or false but not both. they can be combined to produce a new Every statement must be ei If 3 two or more statements, ‘These statements are called compound statements. To combine statements we use following symbols. Conjunction (‘a' or ‘and') If p and q are statements, the compound statement ‘pq’ is 'p and q' and is « conjunction q' or 'p meet q'- ‘a! denotes ‘and’ and is known as conjunction. Examples 1. Let us consider Pp : Shalaka is in senior K.G. q: Shalaka likes drawing, then p A q is the statement Shalaka is in senior K.G. and likes drawing. Definition When two or more statements are combined by the word ‘and’ statement is known as ‘conjunction’. the co Examples Let us consider the statements. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” - An up thust for knowieco@then p 0 q is the statement 3>2and 9 is an odd number. 3, p: 25's divisible by 5. q: Shalaka likes swimming, then p ” qis the statement 25 is divisible by 5 and Shalaka likes swimming, (Remark i If there is no connection between two statements still we can combine them in logic. ii, 'But' and ‘while’ are treated as equivalent words to ‘and’, iii, Conjunction is a binary connective as in conjunction we need atleast two statements to combine.] 1, Ifp is true and q is true then p » q means the resulting statement is true, 2. Ifp is false and q is false then p A q is false, 3. If p is false and q is true then p A q is false. 4. If p is true and q is false then p A q is false. Truth table for p .q P.4q is true only when both are true otherwise false. Disjunction (‘V’ or ‘or’) When two or mote statements are combined by the word ‘or, the Statement is known as ‘disjunction’. The symbol 'p v q' is read as 'p or q’ or ‘p disjunction q| or ‘p join q. ulLet us consider the statements. 1. p: I will purchase a dress. q: I will purchase a book, then p v q is the statement I will purchase a dress or I will purchase a book. is equal to 5. q: b is equal to 7, then p v q is the statement a is equal to 5 or b is equal to 7. 1. If pis true and q is true, then p vq is true. 2, If p is true and q is false, ) then p vq is true. 2 If pis false and q is true, then p vq is true. 4. If p is false and q is false, then p v q is false. Truth table for p vq Remark i. 'p vd is true if either p is true or q is true or both p and q are true andPY#) is false if both p and q are false. q ii, Disjunction is a binary connective. ii The exclusive disjunction or exclusive ‘OR’ of two propositions p and d ae statement. ‘Either p is true or q is true, but both are not true.’ Either p is true or q is true, but both are not true, we denote this by P@4 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? - An up thrust for nowledge