STATE OF INDIAN HEALTHCARE

Indian cities through the lens of healthcare

2021
Preface
The COVID-19 pandemic is a massive humanitarian crisis, that As the public healthcare system in India is tiered-based – primary,
has led to more than 3.1 million deaths worldwide till now and secondary, and tertiary, (divided as per population) the services
brought the world economies to a screeching halt. As countries included become more comprehensive as per the hierarchy.
globally unite to flatten the curve, the second wave of this black Under this structure, large hospital systems both public and
swan pandemic that started in India in late February this year, is private providing curative care have come up in the larger cities
far more aggressive and devastating than what our country making them the healthcare nodes for the region. This,
endured last year. Though according to the finance ministry, centralisation of curative care and the increasing pressure on
the economic impact of the second wave is expected to these urban areas to accommodate the burgeoning many for
remain muted, the shattering surge is gravely compounded by economic opportunities has also subsequently put adverse
India’s limited healthcare infrastructure, that has brought to the pressure on their carrying capacity, in turn impacting their overall
forefront the economic and social ramifications of a health health parameters such as the air quality, water, and sanitisation
crisis of this magnitude for its 1.3 billion people. and most importantly, the availability of healthcare services for
the populace. The pressure on the urban nodes can be
Where developed countries such as the United States, the UK,
ascertained from the fact that 69 percent of the total hospital
Japan, Germany, and Canada expend nearly 10–18 percent of
beds in India are concentrated in urban areas.
their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare, India’s
spending on healthcare stands at a mere 3.5 percent of its GDP. The second wave has exposed gaps in the unbalanced
The differences in healthcare experiences offered by countries is development of our cities and the overall healthcare
measured by parameters such as health expenditure, number infrastructure. Our Housing.com’s City Health Card observes that
of hospital beds and doctors, life expectancy, and mortality rates residential development in the top eight cities is skewed, with the
of which India sits at the lowest end amidst the top economies. healthcare services not adequately complementing the scale and
direction of residential development.
The gravity of the long road to tread is manifested in the
not so encouraging statistics on the number of hospital beds To summarise, the pandemic will bring about significant changes
available per thousand people in India, which is abysmally across the socio-economic fabric of the country and reinforce the
lower than the global average of 3.2 beds per 1,000 people – importance of health and safety. In terms of the real estate sector,
where India only has a 0.5 bed available in public hospitals for changes will be seen across asset classes with work-from-home
every thousand of its people. Even with the addition of the guiding the residential and commercial segments design and
private hospitals this deficit fails to inch closer to the global offtake. Where retail will skew more towards experiential with
average. India also has the lowest number of healthcare emphasis on safe retailing and contactless delivery, warehousing
providers, 0.9 per 1,000 people, compared to other major will gain strength due to the e-commerce push and the rise in
economies where the doctor to people ratio ranges between 2– demand in small cities. Above all, considerations of health and
4 doctors per 1,000 population – thus highlighting the striking safety will remain paramount to instill confidence amongst people
gap in the adequacy of the health infrastructure.. None of across asset classes.
the larger states in India so far have managed to reach the
global average of 3.2 beds per 1,000 population or even the
2 bed per 1,000 population standard in public healthcare
delivery, as mentioned in the National Health Policy (2017). The
glaring paucity of beds today poses a shortfall of 2.4 million
beds (public + private) with Bihar, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh
having the least number of hospital beds.
CONTENTS
1 Healthcare – the linchpin of economic growth 01—02

2 Global picture 03—05

3 The daunting India story 06—15

4 Indian cities through the lens of healthcare 16—26

Housing.com City Health Card 18

• Pune 19

• Ahmedabad 20

• Bengaluru 21

• Mumbai 22

• Hyderabad 23

• Chennai 24

• Kolkata 25

• Delhi NCR 26
Healthcare – the linchpin
of economic growth
Health is not only the absence of illness but also Considering the substantial role of health in
one’s ability to develop one’s physical, mental and economic growth and an individual’s development,
emotional potential during their entire lives. It is an an entire ecosystem including healthcare providers,
asset which an individual possesses that has both pharmaceuticals, medical finance services, care
intrinsic and instrumental value. Instrumental in the management, and many more have developed with
sense that the health of people influences the partaking of governments and international
economic growth in varied ways. For example, the agencies such as WHO and private players.
workers' ill-health directly affects productivity, by
increasing absenteeism rates and the economic
burden of the illnesses. It was found in the United
Housing -a mainstay of
Kingdom (UK) that close to 131 million working a healthy population
days were lost to sickness absence every year. 1
While a World Health Organisation (WHO) study Over the years, the global economic landscape has
observed that loss of productivity due to mental undergone profound changes. Industrialisation and
health problems costs the global economy USD 1 urbanisation have changed the way we live by
trillion each year. The most recent example of a heavily altering the degree of access to resources,
health crisis affecting countries’ economies is the varying as per countries and regions. While health
on-going COVID-19 pandemic, that has brought the status is dependent on many factors such as the
world economies to a screeching halt. access to resources, healthcare, health

In 2020, economies across the globe experienced infrastructure, affordability, and socioeconomic and

severe headwinds due to the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental conditions, housing is at the centre

which is a massive humanitarian crisis leading to of it.2

more than 3.1 million deaths till date. During this As also recognised by WHO3, housing is one of the

exceptional year, the pandemic made us realise the mainstays of a healthy population. Its quality,

importance of health infrastructure and its location and environmental context are critical in

ramifications on the economy and the society. reducing health risks and improving access to the

While the countries around the globe are trying to healthcare facilities. Not only has the on-going

flatten the curve, India has been hit by the second global health crisis strongly reinforced the

wave of this black swan pandemic, overwhelming importance of access to healthcare, the ensuing

its health infrastructure and economy. lockdowns to control the virus spread restricted
people to stay at home, demonstrating the deep

1
Health matters: health and work, Government of the United Kingdom, 2019
General Health Care, WHO
2

3WHO Housing and Health Guidelines 2018

01
connection between health and housing. The The everchanging demographics and altering needs
lockdown, lack of access to quality living conditions for the services, the comparative trends of major
and healthcare facilities, have further exacerbated world economies show that countries face different
the impact of the pandemic. set of challenges in delivery of equitable,
affordable, and quality healthcare services
depending up on the level of economic
As the world will look to rebuild and recover development. The growing population is altering
from the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare and the demand for services everywhere and is
its underpinning services have and will take constantly putting pressure on the social and
centre-stage in the future narratives of physical infrastructure in any region. Nearly 68
economic growth across the globe. percent (6.7 billion) of the world population
is projected to live in urban areas by 2050.4

Health and economy share a symbiotic relationship

Decreased Improved Improved Increased

economic lifestyle productivity consumption
burden of illness

Maximise healthy
life years
HEALTH ECONOMIC
DRIVES GROWTH

Healthy Access to Reinvestment Increased

living quality housing in health investments

Source: Housing Research

4
United Nations

02
Global picture
Healthcare across the globe is highly dependent on Developing countries such as Brazil, China, and
the demography and socio-economic development India face their own set of challenges, including
which leads to varying degrees of success inequitable access to healthcare, lower public
in delivery and experience. The differences healthcare spending, and inadequate infrastructure.
in healthcare experience offered by countries For instance, compared to developed countries,
are reflected in the parameters such as India and China spent a mere 3.5 percent and 5.4
health expenditure, number of hospital beds and percent, respectively, of their Gross Domestic
doctors, life expectancy, and mortality rates. Product (GDP) on healthcare. It is to be noted that
this expenditure includes both public expenditure
Developed countries such as the United States, the
and out-of-pocket expenses on healthcare.
UK, Japan, Germany, and Canada expend nearly
10–18 percent of their Gross Domestic Product The gaps in the delivery of healthcare through
(GDP) on healthcare. Some of the key drivers public sources manifest themselves in the
behind higher spending on healthcare in developed high out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE). Such
economies include the ageing population, rising expenses range between 45–70 percent in
incomes and innovative technologies.5 The countries such as Brazil, China and India,
widened access to quality healthcare and compared to 15–30 percent spent in other major
improving lifestyles have led to higher life developed economies from the total expenditure
expectancy in these major economies. on health.

India and China spent a mere 3.5 percent and

5.4 percent, respectively, of their Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare
(includes both public expenditure and
out-of-pocket expenses on healthcare).

5
Health Care Spending Issues In Advanced Economies, International Monetary Fund

03
India sits at the bottom - lowest spending on
healthcare
India spends the least on its healthcare and has the lowest number of beds (public hospitals)
per 1,000 population (0.5). This means that only half a bed is available for 1,000 people in a
public hospital in India.

10 2.5 2.8

16.9 2.9 2.6

11.4 8.0 4.3

10.8 2.6 2.8 5.4 4.3 2.0

11.3 5.9 3.3

8.7 3.1 4.0 11 3.1 2.5

9.5 2.1 2.2

3.5 0.5 0.9

Total health expenditure in GDP

Number of beds per 1,000 population** Number of doctors per 1,000 population
(% of GDP) 2018*

Sr. No Country Total health GDP Estimated Mortality rate Ageing Life expectancy
expenditure in (USD Population (per 1,000 population% — age in years
GDP (% of GDP) trillion) (in millions) people) above 65 years (2015—2020)
2018 2018 2019 2019 (2019)

1 US 16.9 20.6 329 8.8 16.2 80

2 Germany 11.4 4.0 84 11.3 21.6 81

3 France 11.3 2.8 65 9.4 20.4 82

4 Japan 11.0 5.0 127 10.7 28.0 84

5 Canada 10.8 1.7 37 7.8 17.6 82

6 UK 10.0 2.9 68 9.4 18.5 81

7 Brazil 9.5 1.9 211 6.5 9.3 76

8 Italy 8.7 2.1 61 10.6 23.0 83

9 China 5.4 13.9 1,434 7.3 11.5 77

10 India 3.5 2.7 1,333 7.3 6.4 69

Source: World Bank, World Health Organisation (WHO), Housing Research

*The total health expenditure includes public healthcare expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure
**Number of beds considered are for public hospitals only 04
Not only does India spend the least on its However, lack of equitable access, high out-of-
healthcare infrastructure and has the lowest pocket expenditure and low life expectancy reflect
number of beds (0.5 per 1,000 population), but it in the Human Development Ind ex (2019)6 with Ind ia
also has the lowest number of doctors (0.9) per scoring the lowest among the top economies.
1,000 population.

After the inclusion of private hospitals, the India has the lowest number of doctors (0.9
estimated total number of hospital beds (1.4) per per 1,000 population) compared to other
1,000 population still does not meet the major economies where the doctor to
benchmarks set by the major economies. Similarly, population ratio ranges between 2–4 doctors
with only 0.86 doctors per 1,000 people, India has per 1,000 population.
the lowest number of healthcare providers
compared to other major economies where the
As a country which is home to nearly 18 percent (1.3
doctor to population ratio ranges between 2–4
billion) of the world ’s population, Ind ia faces a
doctors for every 1,000 people. Despite being on
massive challenge in build ing its healthcare
the lower end in terms of important indicators, India
infrastructure and has to take long strid es in
has the lowest mortality rate, concurring with the
red ucing the d ichotomy of curative versus
fact that it has the lowest percentage of ageing
preventive and urban versus rural, in the delivery of
population (above 65 years) among the top
healthcare services.
economies.

Globally India is at the lowest end on healthcare parameters

Expenditure on healthcare as % of GDP* Human Development Index

16.9%

1.0
0.9

0.9

0.9
0.2
0.9
0.9
11.0%
10.0%

11.4%
11.3%

0.7
0.7
10.8%

0.6
9.5%
8.7%
5.4%
3.5%
India

China

Italy

Brazil

UK

Canada

Japan

France

Germany

US

India

China

Brazil

Italy

Japan

Canada
France

US

UK

Germany

Number of doctors per 1,000 population Number of beds per 1,000 population **
13.0
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.8
2.8

8.0
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.0

5.9
4.3
3.1
2.9
0.9

2.6
2.5
2.1
0.5
India

Brazil

UK

Canada

US

Italy

China

France

Germany

Japan
India

China

Brazil

Japan

US

Canada

UK

France

Italy

Germany

Source: World Bank, OECD Health statistics 2019, Housing Research

*The total health expenditure includes public healthcare expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure.
**The number of beds per 1,000 population include public hospital beds.

6
Human Development Index is an index developed by the United Nations which measures the achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long
and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living incorporating the parameters like life expectancy, education, and purchase power parity, indicating the
gaps in current social and physical infrastructure.
05
The daunting India story
Inception
The foundation of India’s public healthcare system The economic liberalisation, which began in 1991,
is based on the recommend ations of the ‘Health further gave a fillip to the private players providing
Survey and Development Committee’, also known quality healthcare services in India, driving focus
as ‘Bhore Committee’ from 1946. As specified in the away from public services. Moreover, the public
report, the public healthcare service in Ind ia is expenditure on healthcare has been in the doldrums
tiered -based – primary, second ary, and tertiary, until recent years. Its share from total GDP, which
d ivid ed as per population and the list of services was 1.0 percent in 2015, has reached 1.6 percent in
become more comprehensive as per hierarchy. Over 2019, showing a mere increase of 0.6 percent in the
the years, large hospital systems both public and last four years, leading to no significant
private providing curative care have come up in the improvement in outcomes such as the number of
bigger cities, vis-à-vis preventive services provided beds, mortality rates or life expectancy. It is to be
in the rural areas through d isease control noted that the total expenditure on healthcare
programmes. in India including OOPE was 3.5 percent in 2018,
which is significantly low than major economies
None of the larger states today have reached
like the US, the UK and France, among others.
the global average of 3.2 beds per 1,000
population or even the 2 beds per 1,000
population standard in public healthcare
delivery, as mentioned in the National Health
Policy (2017).

Government expenditure on public healthcare abysmally low

Average spending as low as 1.3 percent of total GDP
Public expenditure on Estimated No. of public
Total GDP Mortality Life expectancy
Year health as percentage population hospital beds per
(USD trillion) rate (%) (age in years)
of GDP (%) (in millions) 1,000 people*

2014 0.9 2.0 1,258 0.5 7.2 68

2015 1.0 2.1 1,274 0.6 7.2 68

2016 1.2 2.3 1,290 0.5 7.2 69

2017 1.3 2.6 1,304 0.5 7.2 69

2018 1.5 2.7 1,318 0.5 7.2 69

2019 1.6 2.9 1,332 0.5 7.3 69

Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Census of India, National Health Profile (2019), World Bank, Housing Research
Note: Excludes out-of-pocket expenditure 06
Glaring paucity of hospital beds in India

Global average* 3.2 HOSPITAL BEDS

PER 1,000 POPULATION

INDIA
Public Hospitals

0.5 3.5
SHORTFALL

MN
HOSPITAL BEDS PER HOSPITAL BEDS
1,000 POPULATION

Public + Private Hospitals

1.4 2.4
SHORTFALL

MN
HOSPITAL BEDS PER HOSPITAL BEDS
1,000 POPULATION

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Population Projection for India and States – Census of India, 2019,
Housing Research
*Average calculated based on data of hospital beds available for 173 countries in the World Bank database. Refer to Annexure 2 for list of countries.
07
Karnataka has maximum number of
hospital beds; Bihar the least

Karnataka,
Telangana,
Kerala
Have maximum number of
hospital beds (public+private)

Bihar,
Odisha,
Chhattisgarh
Have the least number of
hospital beds (public+private)

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Population Projection for India and States – Census of India, 2019,
Housing Research

08
Private dominance Centre versus state
The reckoning of available public hospital bed s Constitutionally, the central government oversees
suggests that Ind ia is still far from the global d efining of the healthcare policies, provid ing
average7 of 3.2 bed s per 1,000 population, falling financial resources and med ical ed ucation in the
short of nearly 3.5 million bed s. Although well country, the states are responsible for the delivery
below the average, the shortfall red uces to 2.4 of these services to the people through various
million with inclusion of private bed s, highlighting channels. This decentralisation has its pros and cons
the overarching presence of private healthcare and d oes cause incongruity in the quality and
services in India. coverage of healthcare services amongst the states.
The prevalence of private healthcare in provid ing For instance, larger states such as Karnataka,
quality services is congruent with the high share of Telangana and Kerala had the maximum number of
out-of-pocket expend iture. As per the National public and private bed s per 1,000 population in
Health Profile (NHP) 2018, Ind ia is among the 2019. However, the NITI Aayog’s Health Index (2019)
countries with the least public health spending and which takes into account the quality and delivery of
high out-of-pocket expend iture (OOPE). Also, the services, as well as the health outcomes, had the
health financing profile (2017) by WHO shows states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra
nearly 67 percent of total expenditure on health in ranked on top, thus emphasising the importance of
Ind ia was paid out of pocket, while the world both quality and reach of healthcare services.
average is just 18.2 percent. The flow of resources
and services in case of public healthcare is also
responsible for wid ening gaps and inequitable
access to healthcare services.

Private healthcare overarches public healthcare in India

65 percent of the total hospitalisation cases

in urban areas belong to private hospitals

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Housing Research

World Bank (refer Annexure 2 for list of countries considered for estimating the global average)
7

Source: Ministry of health and family welfare, Census of India, National Health Profile (2019), World Bank 09
Only half a bed is available for every
1,000 people in public hospitals
State-wise number of public beds per 1,000 population (2019)

0.5 INDIA

0.6

0.4
1.7

0.8
0.5 Public hospital
beds per 1,000
population

1.2
1.6
2.3
0.6 0.3 0.5 0.9
0.1 1.4
0.5

0.3 0.8 1.1 1.7

0.3 0.4

0.3
0.4
0.4

0.6
Highest*
Himachal Pradesh: 1.7
2.0
Kerala: 1.1
1.1 0.4
Karnataka: 1.1

Lowest*
Bihar: 0.1
1.0 Jharkhand: 0.3
1.1 Gujarat: 0.3

Public hospital beds/1,000 population (2019)

0.1 4.4

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Population Projection for India
and States – Census of India, 2019, Housing Research
*Only states with population more than 50 lakhs are considered for assessing the highest and lowest ranks.
10
Even with the addition of private hospital
beds, India remains in deficit
State-wise number of public + private hospital beds per 1,000 population (2019)

INDIA

1.4
0.7

Public + private
2.3 hospital beds per
1,000 population
2.0
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.7
3.3
1.2 1.3 0.8 1.5
0.3 2.4
0.6

1.3 1.2 2.2

1.0 0.7
0.8

0.7
0.7
2.2

2.9
Highest*
Karnataka: 5.3
2.9
Telengana: 2.9
5.3 1.5
Kerala: 2.9

Lowest*
Bihar: 0.3
2.1 Odisha: 0.7
2.9 Chattisgarh: 0.7

Public + private hospital beds/1,000 population (2019)

0.3 6.0

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Population Projection for
India and States – Census of India, 2019, Housing Research
*Only states with population more than 50 lakhs are considered for assessing the highest and lowest ranks.
11
Healthcare only an urban privilege
State-wise share of public + private hospital beds in urban area from total beds (2019)

INDIA

69%
86%
of total hospital
beds in India are
56% concentrated in
urban areas
68%
74%
55%
100% 11%
85%
74% 53% 48% 76%
57% 73%
53%

50% 58%
58% 69% 79% 75%

58%
72%
82%

71%
Highest*
Maharashtra: 82%
63% Karnataka: 81%
81% 68%
West Bengal: 79%

Lowest*
Assam: 48%
56% Jharkhand: 50%
58% Uttar Pradesh: 53%

Share of hospital beds in urban areas from total beds

0% 100%

Source: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, NSS Round 75th, National Health Profile 2019, Population Projection for
India and States – Census of India, 2019, Housing Research
*Only states with population more than 50 lakhs are considered for assessing the highest and lowest ranks.
12
Karnataka, Telangana and Kerala have the glaring gaps are openly highlighted in the

maximum number of beds per 1,000 current dire times, with India having the second
population (of public and private hospitals), highest COVID-19 caseload in the world. In the
but in terms of quality, delivery of services and face of this adversity and ensuing large-scale
health outcomes, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and vaccination drive, the estimated budget outlay in
Maharashtra top the NITI Aayog’s National
FY 2021 for health and well-being has been
Health Index (2019).
increased 137 percent compared to previous
year — INR 94,452 crore (USD 1.2 billion) to INR
None of the larger states today have even reached
the 2 bed per 1,000 population standards in public 2,23,846 crore (USD 3 billion).

healthcare d elivery, as mentioned in the National

Health Policy (2017). Even with private bed s
inclu
dd e , Karnataka, Telangana, Kerala, Is India ready for the future?
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nad u, and Punjab manage to reach the d esired To face similar challenges in the future,
standard with maximum (> 60 percent) number of India’s healthcare financing and infrastructure
beds concentrated in urban areas only. needs to improve significantly to adequately
cater to the population which is expected to

Slow pace of healthcare reach 1.47 billion by 2031. Moreover,

demographics are shifting, share of population
as the

initiatives above 60 years of age is projected to grow

from 10.1 percent in 2021 to 13.1 percent (0.2
Over the years, several healthcare initiatives have
been taken up by the Ind ian government to billion).8 The dire need to spruce up our
overcome the inad equacies of the current system healthcare infrastructure and pay close
but much needs to be done to address the glaring attention to the growing cities is apparent
gaps. The National Health Policy (NHP) (2017) also from the fact that of the total population
recommends increasing healthcare expenditure up nearly 38 percent or 0.5 billion people will be
to 2.5 percent of GDP (currently it stand s at 1.6
residing in cities by 2031.
percent of the total GDP) and significantly reducing
OOPE by 2025. Some of the recent initiatives, like
One in three people in India
Ayushman Bharat – a health insurance scheme,
expected to cover approximately 500 million poor will be living in cities by 2031
and vulnerable beneficiaries with coverage up to
INR 0.5 million per family per year for second ary
and tertiary care hospitalisation – have been steps
in the right d irection but implementation at the
grass root level only will guarantee success. In the backdrop of the growing population in urban
It is a matter of great concern that d espite an areas, increasing share of aging population and
impressive economic growth trajectory and healthcare taking centre place in the current
healthcare initiatives, In
d ia continues to pand emic, it becomes imperative to und erstand
und erperform compared to other countries. The how equipped are our cities in terms of basic
skewed and unsatisfactory healthcare delivery and healthcare infrastructure.

8
Population Projection for India and States – Census of India, 2019
13
Pune outranks other cities on health
parameters; Delhi NCR sits at the bottom

1 st
PUNE

HOUSING.COM'S CITY HEALTH CARD

is the healthiest city amongst the top
eight cities, with parameters such as
number of hospital beds, ease of living, water
quality, and local bod y performance backing
the rank.

8 th
DELHI NCR
ranks the lowest, as inadequate number
of hospital bed s, poor air quality and low
score on the livability ind ex pulls d own the
city’s ranking.

14
Water scarcity looms large for Chennai;
inadequate hospital beds concerns Mumbai

2nd scores the highest on sanitation and solid waste

Rank Ahmedabad management and the lowest on water quality and
availability

HOUSING.COM'S CITY HEALTH CARD

3rd has the highest number of hospital beds, as
Rank Bengaluru compared to other top eight cities, but scores low on
air quality and municipal performance

4th
Rank Mumbai number of hospital beds, air quality and livability index
pull down the financial capital’s ranking

5th scores low on number of hospital beds and ease of

Rank Hyderabad living, but fared well in air quality, sanitation and solid
waste management

6th POOR

Rank Chennai
MODERATE
topped in air quality, looming water scarcity pulls VERY POOR

down the overall rank GOOD

SEVERE
0 500
AQI

7th sits at the lower end due to inadequate hospital beds

Rank Kolkata and ease of living, but fared well in air quality and
water availability

Source: Housing Research

15
Indian cities
through the lens of healthcare
Cities are the engines of growth for any country. Abuzz with However, buckling under the pressure of growing
economic activity, urban populace, the cities tell a story of a population, the infrastructure in the major cities is constantly
country’s growth trajectory. In India, maximum being tested leading to increase in problems related to air
socio-economic activity is concentrated in the top eight cities quality, water supply, sanitation, waste management,
of Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi NCR, Hyderabad, etc. affecting the quality of life and consequently the
Kolkata, Mumbai (MMR), and Pune. health of its citizens. Moreover, with the healthcare
scenario primarily dominated by private players, the OOPE in
As of 2020, 101 million lived in the top eight cities, these cities is also very high for the public.
which had an average density of 3,000 persons per
sq km, which meant only 4 sq ft space per person. We looked at our top eight cities through the lens
of healthcare to understand the livability in our metros that

As per the Census of India projections, as of 2020, it is are engines of economic growth for our country, not only

estimated that nearly a quarter of the total urban population for real estate but across sectors. Gauging the city from a

was concentrated in these top eight cities. With the healthcare perspective a ‘Housing.com City Health Card’ has

burgeoning office and commercial activity, the population in been prepared by benchmarking the top eight

these major urban areas is only expected to grow and in fact, cities against important parameters such as number of

cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Pune are hospital beds, air quality, water quality, sanitation,

among the top 50 cities expected to see maximum livability index, among others.

population growth till 2030.9 Although, it is to be noted that most of the private hospitals

In response to the growing population and gaps in public as well as tertiary public healthcare services are

services, many private hospitals, both small and big, have concentrated in these major urban centres. This pushes

proliferated these cities. Over time, the quality healthcare the average of number of beds significantly higher as

provided by private players has seen even the regional compared to the national average in these cities —
again

population being dependent on these services. Excellent highlighting the grave lopsided health infrastructure.

international connectivity and comparatively lower cost has

turned major cities such as Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and
Bengaluru into prominent medical tourism spots in India.

Oxford Economics
9

16
What is Housing.com’s Housing.com City
City Health Card? Health Card summary
Housing.com’s City Health Card is a comparative assessment As per Housing.com’s City Health Card, Pune is ranked on the
of the top eight cities of Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, top amongst all the cities, scoring significantly high on
Delhi NCR, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune, parameters such as the number of beds, ease of living, water
considering several parameters such as the number of quality and also performance and sustainable initiatives taken
hospital beds, air quality, water quality, ease of living, by its local government. On the other hand, Delhi NCR, which
sanitation, waste management, performance and sustainable is an agglomeration of NCT of Delhi and the cities of
initiatives taken by the local government which influence Gurugram, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad,
the health scenario, and hence, the basic livability was ranked the lowest. The main reasons for Delhi NCR to
conditions of a city. be at the bottom of the list are deteriorating air quality,
especially during winters, water quality and inadequate
Each parameter is assigned a substantial weight depending
water supply. In fact, the cities of Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater
upon the criticality of the parameter. The final arrived scores
Noida and Delhi NCT were ranked amongst the top 10 most
are used to determine the rank of a city.
polluted cities in the world.10

Mumbai, the financial capital of India, and its metropolitan

Why is it important?
region, which is also the largest residential real estate market
in the country with a transactional value of USD 2.5 billion in

The need for the health card arises from limited or segregated the first quarter of 2021, was ranked fourth on

information on the important health parameters of a city that the Housing.com City Health Card. Parameters such

make it ideal for living and mirrors its socio-economic growth. as the number of beds, air quality, and livability pulled

Currently, there is a glaring disconnect between down the city’s overall score. Similarly, Bengaluru is ranked

the socio-economic growth and the basic livability third despite a high number of hospital beds per 1,000

parameters of our top cities. population and the top rank in ease of living index. The
city scored low on air quality, water quality, sanitation
and performance of the municipal body.

10
World Air Quality Report (2019), IQAir – technology partner of UNEP and United Nations

17
 Housing.com City Health Card
Water
City No. of hospital Sanitation & Ease of Municipal
Air quality Sustainable
health City beds/1,000 solid waste Living Index Performance
quality and initiatives
rank population management (2020) Index (2020)
availability

1 Pune

2 Ahmedabad

3 Bengaluru

4 Mumbai

5 Hyderabad

6 Chennai

7 Kolkata

8 Delhi NCR

Ranking for individual parameters

Low High

Source: Housing Research (refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

Note: Public and private hospitals with more than 100 beds are considered. The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis
for COVID-19 have not been considered.

18
PUNE RANK 1 v Pune, a well-known IT and education hub of India, ranks the
highest on the City Health Card as it has the edge over other

Population metros regarding the number of beds, water quality and

availability, salubrious climate, adoption of digital initiatives
2020 5.6 million through e-governance and ease of living index.
2030E 6.1 million
v The city’s proximity to Mumbai and excellent regional and
international connectivity has acted as a catalyst in making it an
Area (sq km)* attractive commercial and residential centre. The city is also one of
7,256 the best performing residential markets among the top eight
metros.

Hospital beds v In response to the growing number of residents and global tech
(Public + Private)** companies, many leading private hospital services have come up
(2020) in Pune. Not only this, but the city is also becoming a hub for
No. of beds / health tech startups due to the presence of a talent pool from
3.5
1,000 population high-quality medical and engineering institutes.

State average 2.2 v Having said that, however, the city still struggles with public
healthcare delivery, as is highlighted by the fact that Pune is one of
Total beds 18,000–20,000
the cities with high COVID-19 caseload.

Unsold inventory***
v
Currently, the city’s healthcare facilities are concentrated in
(2020) central areas and eastern areas. Although, the northern regions,
such as the IT hub of Hinjewadi and Ravet, see significant
1,31,870 residential traction, very few hospitals are located here.
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Healthcare services concentrated in the central and eastern suburbs of Pune

RAVET

PIMPRI -CHINCHWAD

PUNE CENTRAL
HINJEWADI

KHARADI

LEGEND HADAPSAR
Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds PUNE -MUMBAI BYPASS

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

19
AHMEDABAD RANK 2

v Ahmedabad, the largest city of Gujarat, has seen

significant economic growth in the last decade, due to the

Population thriving textile, manufacturing, and chemical and

petrochemicals industries.
2020 7.1 million
With its focus on inclusive and sustainable development, the
2030E 7.7 million v

city is taking strides in initiatives related to transport, solid

waste management and sanitation. Ahmedabad stood at
Area (sq km)* the third position in the ‘Ease of Living Index 2020’.

2,254 v Currently, the commercial development is also

concentrated in the western region, while industrial areas
Hospital beds are mainly located in the eastern side.
(Public + Private)**
(2020) v In line with this, the density of hospitals is more in
the western and central suburbs compared to other
No. of beds / 3.2
regions. The city has nearly 3.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people.
1,000 population
v However, albeit sparse, the healthcare services have also
State average 1.0
come up in other localities such as Chandkheda, Nava

Total beds 21,000–23,000 Naroda and Vatva, which are also prominent residential
hubs.

Unsold inventory***
(2020)

38,610
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Includes area under Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority and Gandhinagar Development Authority
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Low density of hospitals in the prominent localities of north and south Ahmedabad

GANDHINAGAR

CHANDKHEDA
NAVA NARODA
SG HIGHWAY
BOPAL

LEGEND
CENTRAL AHMEDABAD
Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)
VATVA
SHELA
Hospital > 100 beds

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

20
BENGALURU RANK 3

• Bengaluru, colloquially known as India’s IT capital, has the highest

number of beds (3.6) per 1,000 population among the metros,

Population aligning with the overall scenario of the state of Karnataka having
the maximum number of beds vis-à-vis the state’s population.
2020 9.5 million
• Over the years, the city has attracted a large-scale white collar
2030E 10.2 million
migrant population with high spending propensity, leading to
many prominent private healthcare providers setting up hospitals
Area (sq km)* with world-class services. The city has also developed into a

8,005 medical tourism hub due to robust international connectivity.

• Although the city has recently topped the charts in the Ease of
Hospital beds Living Index (2020), the burgeoning population, over the years,
(Public + Private)** has led to significant pressure on the water supply, environment,
(2020) and transport infrastructure of the city.

No. of beds / 3.6 • Currently, healthcare facilities are concentrated in the central and
1,000 population key IT hubs of western localities, with very few healthcare facilities
in the north and south regions. Contrary to this, most of the
State average 5.3
residential stock is available in the northern and southern micro
Total beds 33,000–35,000 markets.

Unsold inventory***
(2020)

71,200
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Healthcare services sparse in the prominent housing clusters in north and south Bengaluru

BENGALURU NORTH

BENGALURU CENTRAL

WHITEFIELD

VARTHUR

LEGEND
Unsold inventory BENGALURU SOUTH
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds ELECTRONIC CITY

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

21
MUMBAI RANK 4

• Mumbai, the financial capital of India, is the second-most

populous city in the country after Delhi.

Population • The city has witnessed tremendous growth in economic activity

over the years due to excellent national and international
2020 20.5 million
connectivity, attracting global service sector firms and working
2030E 22.2 million
population along with it.

• The increasing population, lack of space and high capital values in

Area (sq km)* the mainland of Mumbai has seen the residential activity move
6,640 towards the suburbs of Thane, Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivli,
etc.
Hospital beds • However, the public healthcare services have not been able to
(Public + Private)**
keep up with the changing demographics, which are still primarily
(2020)
concentrated in the central business district areas of Mumbai.
No. of beds / 2.2
• To cater to the demand of people residing in suburbs, many small
1,000 population
private hospitals and allied services have mushroomed over the
State average 2.2 years. Also, these suburbs have seen large healthcare companies
setting up their multispecialty hospitals in response to the
Total beds 43,000–45,000
demand.

Unsold inventory***
(2020)

2,63,990

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020
Note: Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) includes Mumbai, Navi Mumbai and Thane

Satellite cities to Mumbai falling behind in healthcare services

MIRA BHAYANDAR

THANE KALYAN -DOMBIVLI

MUMBAI
NAVI MUMBAI
LEGEND
Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

22
HYDERABAD RANK 5

• Hyderabad is ranked sixth in the City Health Card and the 24th
best city to live in among 111 cities from the country, as per the

Population Ease of Living Index (2020).

• The city also gained prominence as a global pharmaceutical hub

2020 8.6 million
in the on-going pandemic due to the presence of major firms
2030E 9.2 million
developing a vaccine and international connectivity for export of
the same.
Area (sq km)* • Along with pharmaceuticals, the IT industry has witnessed rapid
7,257 growth in Hyderabad due to business-friendly policy initiatives
such as the establishment of Telangana State Industrial

Hospital beds Infrastructure Corporation Limited (TSIICL) and TS-iPass offering

(Public + Private)** single-window clearances.

(2020) • As the office activity is mainly concentrated in the western
No. of beds / 2.9 suburbs, this region has seen tremendous commercial and
1,000 population residential growth compared to other areas.

State average 2.9 • In terms of healthcare, most of the city's health infrastructure
follows the residential footprints, with prominent services
Total beds 24,000 – 26,000
concentrated in the western and central suburbs.

• Although the city fares better than other metros in terms of air
Unsold inventory***
(2020) quality, sanitation and waste management, however, the rapid
influx of population has added stress over the water supply, with
39,300 demand exceeding the supply leading to water shortage.

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Healthcare services follow residential footprints in Hyderabad

BACHUPALLY

KONDAPUR HYDERABAD EAST

SECUNDARABAD

HYDERABAD CENTRAL
KOKAPET

LEGEND HYDERABAD
WEST
Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds HYDERABAD SOUTH

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

23
CHENNAI RANK 6

• Though in the Ease of Living Index, Chennai jumped to fourth rank

in 2020 from 14th in 2018, our assessment of the various

Population parameters placed the city in the sixth spot, due to poor
sanitation, solid waste management and water supply.
2020 9.6 million
2030E 10.4 million • The city, albeit only once, had reached ‘Day Zero’ – a state where
no water is left in the main reservoirs, in 2019, and is still suffering
from acute water shortage.
Area (sq km)*
• However, it is to be noted that Chennai currently has nearly three
1189 beds per 1,000 people, well above the national average of 1.4
beds.
Hospital beds • Over the years, Chennai has seen significant growth in the
(Public + Private)** automobile and service sector, especially IT, amassing the
(2020) working population from all over the country.
No. of beds / 3.0
• It is also base for many prominent healthcare service providers
1,000 population
and coupled with international connectivity; the city has become
State average 2.1 a desired place for medical tourism.

Total beds 28,000–30,000 • Currently, most of the hospitals are located in the eastern suburbs.
However, southern and western suburbs with dynamic IT,

Unsold inventory*** commercial and residential activity still fall short when it comes to
(2020) multispecialty and super specialty healthcare services.

36,610
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Low concentration of healthcare facilities in prominent residential localities of OMR and GST

CHENNAI NORTH

CHENNAI
WEST

CHENNAI CENTRAL
GST

LEGEND CHENNAI SOUTH

Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds

OMR

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

24
KOLKATA RANK 7

• Kolkata lags in terms of delivery of healthcare services, sanitation

and solid waste management compared to other cities putting it

Population in the seventh spot.

• The city, which currently has a population of 15.7 million, has

2020 15.7 million
two beds per 1,000 people and requires an upgrade to cater
2030E 17.0 million
to the growing population, estimated to reach 17 million by 2030.

• The hospital services are currently located in the central, eastern

Area (sq km)* and southern areas of the city.
1,851
• The planned satellite areas of New Town and Salt Lake City in the
east and upcoming IT hubs of Behala and Joka in the south also
Hospital beds see maximum commercial and residential activity.
(Public + Private)**
• However, no major healthcare services are currently located in the
(2020)
western and northern areas of the city.
No. of beds /
1,000 population 2.0

State average 1.3

Total beds 32,000–34,000

Unsold inventory***
(2020)

30,210
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Metropolitan area
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020

Healthcare services are mainly located in the central, eastern and southern suburbs in Kolkata

BARRACKPORE

HOWRAH

RAJARHAT

SALT LAKE CITY

LEGEND NEW TOWN

Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)
BEHALA
Hospital > 100 beds
JOKA

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

25
DELHI NCR RANK 8

• Being the capital of India, the National Capital Territory (NCT) of

Delhi has several prominent public healthcare institutes such as

Population the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). It is also a major
hub of medical tourism due to leading super specialty and
2020 24.3 million multispecialty private hospitals.
2030E 26.3 million
• However, Delhi (NCT & NCR) is ranked the lowest among the top
eight cities of India as per our City Health Card due to factors such
Area (sq km)* as deteriorating air quality, water supply, and poor solid waste

3,381 management and sanitation.

• The density of hospitals is lower in the Ghaziabad and Greater

Hospital beds Noida regions compared to Gurugram, Noida and Faridabad
(Public + Private)** which also have higher levels of service sectors, warehousing and
(2020) manufacturing activity.

No. of beds / • Even in Gurugram, Faridabad and Noida, the healthcare services
2.0
1,000 population mainly belong to the private sector, as public healthcare remains

1.5 a straggler.
State average
• In terms of residential market, all the cities of Delhi NCR,
Total beds 48,000–50,000
except Faridabad, hold almost equivalent volume of units.

Unsold inventory***
(2020)

1,06,690
Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)
*Area includes Delhi NCT, Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram and Faridabad
**The additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.
State average includes average bed density for Delhi NCT, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana
***Unsold inventory for apartment and villas available as of December 2020
Note: NCR includes Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram and Faridabad

Ghaziabad and Greater Noida lag in healthcare services in Delhi NCR

GHAZIABAD

DELHI

NOIDA

GURUGRAM GREATER NOIDA

LEGEND
FARIDABAD
Unsold inventory
(Size of circle represents the number of units)

Hospital > 100 beds

Source: Housing Research (Refer Annexure 1 for methodology)

26
Trends in real estate in post-
pandemic future
RESIDENTIAL

LARGER HOMES
Work-from-home altering the homebuyer’s preference

TOWNSHIPS ONLINE
SENIOR LIVING

with all amenities under one roof to be favoured

HOMEBUYING
to increase multi-fold
HEALTHY LIVING
now one of the top priority
gets a boost

TIE-UPs HOMETOWNS
between RWAs, hospitals and remote working to make smaller cities
pharmacies more attractive

OFFICE
HYBRID FLEXIBLE
MODEL Spaces to offtake over traditional formats
DOWNWARD

combination of remote working

and working from office to be
preferred SMART Technological augmentation of
office space to maintain touchless
OFFICE surfaces and social distancing
pressure on RENTS

RETHINKING
DESIGN HEALTH of employees to
more focus on design of office spaces & SAFETY be paramount
to accommodate standards and norms

27
Trends in real estate in post-
pandemic future
RETAIL

OMNI-CHANNEL
Retailers to shift to hybrid format of online and brick-and-mortar stores

FOCUS on
DIGITAL ‘SAFE’ RETAILING
safety considerations to motivate home-bound

EXPERIENCE consumers

RELOOK at
PRODUCT MIX
MALLS
to become
EXPERIENTIAL
CONTACTLESS
TRANSACTIONS

WAREHOUSING

E-COMMERCE PUSH
Robust development to meet sudden rise in e-commerce

AUTOMATION
to reduce human dependency
DECENTRALISE
to enhance last-mile connectivity

INCREASE EXPAND
CAPACITY
to keep up with the
FOOTPRINT
to SMALLER CITIES to meet the demand
increasing demand

28
Key takeaways
Global benchmarks Struggling cities
� Advanced countries such as the United States, the UK, Japan, � 101 million people lived in the top eight cities in 2020, which had
Germany, and Canada spent nearly 10–18 percent of their GDP an average density of 3,000 persons per sq km, which meant
on healthcare in 2019. only 4 sq ft space per person.

� In comparison, developing countries such as India and China � The concentration of private hospitals and tertiary public
expended only 3.5 percent and 5.4 percent, respectively, from the healthcare centres in major urban areas has pushed its
total GDP on healthcare. This includes both the public hospital bed tally higher than the national average.
and out-of-pocket expenditure.
� In urban areas, 65 percent of the total hospitalisation cases
� The gaps in health infrastructure have manifested into high OOPE belong to private hospitals, thus creating significant pressure
in developed countries, such as Brazil, India and China, as on the healthcare infrastructure.
expenses ranged between 45–70 percent in these countries
compared to 15–30 percent spent in other major economies.
v The global average density of hospital beds is 3.2 beds per 1,000
people.
Housing.com City Health Card results
Daunting India story • Pune ranks the highest on the City Health Card, with the city
scoring high on parameters such as the number of beds, ease of
� On average, India has spent only 1.3 percent of its total GDP on living index, water quality, and performance and sustainable
public healthcare between 2014 to 2019. Even after including initiatives taken by its local government.
OOPE, the total expenditure, which was 3.5 percent in 2018, still • Delhi NCR ranks the lowest due to deteriorating air quality,
stands at the lowest end as compared to other major economies. especially during winters, water quality and inadequate water
• The National Health Policy (2017) recommends a standard of 2 supply.
beds per 1,000 population for public health services. • Mumbai, India’s financial capital and the largest residential

• India has an abysmally low 0.5 public hospital beds per 1,000 market, was ranked fourth with parameters such as the number of
population and mere 1.4 beds, including public and private beds, air quality, and livability pulling down the city’s score.

hospital beds per 1,000 persons. • Although Bengaluru was ranked the highest in the Ease of Living
Index (2020) and has a high number of hospital beds, the city
• The healthcare services in India face a shortfall of 3.5 million
secured the third rank due to low air quality, water quality,
hospital beds in terms of public hospitals. The shortfall is reduced
sanitation, and poor performance of the municipal body.
to 2.4 million beds with the inclusion of private hospitals.
• Ahmedabad secured second place in the City Health Card and
• The southern states of Karnataka, Telangana and Kerala have the
had significantly higher scores for the number of hospital beds,
maximum number of beds per 1,000 population (of public and
sanitation, ease of living and sustainable initiatives.
private hospitals).
• Hyderabad, which has a low number of hospital beds, was ranked
• On the other hand, states such as Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and fifth, although the city fared well in air quality, sanitation and solid
Jharkhand lag behind and rank the lowest in hospital beds. waste management.
• Whereas in terms of quality, delivery of services and health • Ranked sixth, Chennai scored lower due to poor quality of water
outcomes, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra top the NITI and inadequate water supply, as well as poor sanitation and solid
Aayog’s National Health Index (2019). waste management.

29
Annexure 1
City Health Card methodology
• The cities have been ranked among themselves as per • Water quality has been assessed by scoring cities as per
weighted scores for parameters like the number of beds weighted average as per the Bureau of Indian Standards
(public + private) / 1,000 population, air quality, water rankings (2019) and Water Stress Index (2019) by Versik
quality, sanitation and waste management, ease of living Maplecroft.
rank, municipal performance indicator and sustainable • Sanitation and waste management has been assessed as
initiatives. per the Swacch Sarvekshan Ranking of 2019.
• Hospitals with more than 100 beds have been considered. • The sustainable initiatives have been ranked as per point
The data available for each hospital has been taken from system for each initiative, which includes healthcare
government sources and/or official hospital websites. It has expenditure as per city budgets, open green space, waste
been assumed that 80 percent of data is covered for cities management and inclusive transport.
with the list of hospitals available for public/private
• Weights have been considered for calculating the final
hospitals through government sources. In case of cities
rank for individual cities for the City Health Card.
where data was tabulated from municipal websites,
medical tourism websit, official hospital websites • The population for each city has been projected as per the
and others relevant sources, it has been assumed Census of India (2011).
that 60 percent data is covered. It is to be noted that, the
additional bed infrastructure currently being augmented
on a daily basis for COVID-19 have not been considered.

• Air quality has been assessed taking an average of pre-

monsoon, post-monsoon and current AQI for each city as
available through the official website of the Central
Pollution Control Board.

30
Annexure 2
List of countries considered for estimating global
average for number of beds per 1,000 people
1 Afghanistan 44 Dominica 87 Korea, South 130 Russia
2 Albania 45 Dominican Republic 88 Kuwait 131 Saint Kitts and Nevis
3 Algeria 46 Ecuador 89 Kyrgyzstan 132 Saint Lucia
4 Andorra 47 Egypt 90 Laos 133 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5 Antigua and Barbuda 48 El Salvador 91 Latvia 134 San Marino
6 Argentina 49 Equatorial Guinea 92 Lebanon 135 Sao Tome and Principe
7 Armenia 50 Eritrea 93 Liberia 136 Saudi Arabia
8 Australia 51 Estonia 94 Libya 137 Senegal
9 Austria 52 Ethiopia 95 Lithuania 138 Serbia
10 Azerbaijan 53 Fiji 96 Luxembourg 139 Seychelles
11 Bahamas, The 54 Finland 97 Macedonia 140 Singapore
12 Bahrain 55 France 98 Madagascar 141 Slovakia
13 Bangladesh 56 Gabon 99 Malawi 142 Slovenia
14 Barbados 57 Gambia, The 100 Malaysia 143 Solomon Islands
15 Belarus 58 Georgia 101 Mali 144 Somalia
16 Belgium 59 Germany 102 Malta 145 South Africa
17 Belize 60 Ghana 103 Mauritius 146 Spain
18 Benin 61 Greece 104 Mexico 147 Sri Lanka
19 Bhutan 62 Greenland 105 Moldova 148 Sudan
20 Bolivia 63 Grenada 106 Monaco 149 Suriname
21 Bosnia and Herzegovina 64 Guatemala 107 Mongolia 150 Swaziland
22 Botswana 65 Guinea 108 Montenegro 151 Sweden
23 Brazil 66 Guinea-Bissau 109 Morocco 152 Switzerland
24 Brunei 67 Guyana 110 Mozambique 153 Syria
25 Bulgaria 68 Haiti 111 Namibia 154 Tajikistan
26 Burkina Faso 69 Honduras 112 Nauru 155 Tanzania
27 Burma 70 Hong Kong 113 Nepal 156 Thailand
28 Burundi 71 Hungary 114 Netherlands 157 Togo
29 Cambodia 72 Iceland 115 New Zealand 158 Tonga
30 Cameroon 73 India 116 Nicaragua 159 Trinidad and Tobago
31 Canada 74 Indonesia 117 Niger 160 Tunisia
32 Cape Verde 75 Iran 118 Norway 161 Turkey
33 Central African Republic 76 Iraq 119 Oman 162 Turkmenistan
34 Chile 77 Ireland 120 Pakistan 163 Uganda
35 China 78 Israel 121 Palau 164 Ukraine
36 Colombia 79 Italy 122 Panama 165 United Arab Emirates
37 Comoros 80 Jamaica 123 Paraguay 166 United Kingdom
38 Costa Rica 81 Japan 124 Peru 167 Uruguay
39 Croatia 82 Jordan 125 Philippines 168 Uzbekistan
40 Cuba 83 Kazakhstan 126 Poland 169 Venezuela
41 Czech Republic 84 Kenya 127 Portugal 170 Vietnam
42 Denmark 85 Kiribati 128 Qatar 171 Yemen
43 Djibouti 86 Korea, North 129 Romania 172 Zambia
173 Zimbabwe

31
HOUSING RESEARCH
Housing Research is part of Housing.com which is owned by Singapore-based Elara Technologies, which also owns Makaan.com
and PropTiger.com. The Group advises clients ranging from individual owners and buyers to major developers. Backed by strong
research and analytics, our experts provide comprehensive real estate services that cover advertising, marketing, mandating business
solutions for real estate stakeholders, negotiations, home loans, consulting and post-sales service. Headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana,
we have 14 offices across India. For further details about the Company, please visit www.housing.com.

BUSINESS ENQUIRIES HOUSING RESEARCH GRAPHICS

All India Biraj Dutta
Ankita Sood
Mani Rangarajan [email protected]
Director – Research | Growth & Marketing
Chief Operating Officer Deputy Creative Producer
Housing.com | PropTiger.com | Makaan.com
Housing.com | PropTiger.com | Makaan.com
[email protected]
[email protected]

Simmi Arora Renuka Kulkarni

[email protected] [email protected]
Deputy Manager Associate - Research

Click on the report below to download your copy

Real Insight Bricks to Clicks PropTech: The future

(Residential) Q1 2021 Smart Homes in India - of real estate in India
A Luxury No More

Important Notice: This report is published for general information only and not to be relied upon in any way.
Download our reports and presentations
Although high standards have been used in the preparation of the information, analysis, views and projections
at housing.com/research-reports
presented in this report, no responsibility or liability whatsoever can be accepted by Housing.com for any loss or
OR damage resultant from any use of, reliance on or reference to the contents of this document. As a general report, this
For more insights and trends reach material does not necessarily represent the views of Housing.com in relation to particular properties or projects.
out to [email protected] Reproduction of this report in whole or in part is not allowed without prior written approval of Housing.com
to the form and content within which it appears.

Head office: Echelon Square, Plot No-25, Sector - 32, Gurugram-122001 (Haryana) India 0124-4866700

FOLLOW US ON