Unit 5B    Exponentials
and Logarithms   (Book Chapter 8)
Learning Targets:

Exponential Models 1. I can apply exponential functions to real world situations.

2. I can graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph

Graphing transformations of exponential functions.
3. I can write equations for graphs of exponential functions.

4. I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithm form.

Logarithms 5. I can write and evaluate logarithmic expressions.
6. I can graph logarithmic equations.

7. I can use properties of exponents to multiply, divide, and exponentiate

Operations with
Logarithms
with logarithms.
8. I can simplify and expand expressions using logarithms properties.

9. I can solve exponential and logarithm equations.

Solving 10. I can apply solving exponential and logarithm equations to real world
situations.

11. I can apply my knowledge of exponential and logarithmic functions to

Understanding
solve new and non-routine problems.

 
NAME  _________________  PERIOD  ________  Teacher  __________
   2  
Exploring Exponential Models Name _________________________________
Date: ____________
After this lesson and practice, I will be able to …
¨ apply exponential functions to real world situations. (LT 1)
¨ graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph transformations of exponential
functions (LT 2a)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the M&M activity, you discovered the formula for ___________________________ functions. In
today’s lesson, we will continue our introduction of this important family of functions and explore how
exponential functions can be used to model many real-life scenarios.

Definition 1: Exponential Function – The general form of an exponential function is__________________

where ______ is the _______-intercept (the “starting value”) and _______ is the ______________ or

________factor.
Both exponential growth and decay are modeled by this equation.

- If b > ________, then the equation models exponential ____________.

- If b < _________ (but greater than ________), then the equation models exponential ____________.

Example 1: Graph each function.

x x
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
A) !y = 2
x
B) ! y = 3(2)
x
C) y = 20⎜ ⎟ D) y = 10⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
! !

Observe: An ________________ occurs at __________. An _______________ is a line a graph

approaches as x or y approach large absolute values.

  3  
Example 2: Most automobiles depreciate as they get older. Suppose an automobile that originally costs
$14,000 depreciates by one-fifth of its value every year. What is the value of the automobile after 4
years? After 5.5 years?
Use the formula:

- Notice, the value of the car after 5.5 years is not ______________ between the values for years 5 and 6.

This is because the function is____________________, not __________.

Oftentimes, rates of growth or decay are given in the form of ____________. When this is

the case, you can represent the growth or decay factor by _____________ if r is a percent

increase or ______________ if r is a percent decrease.

Example 3: Given the percent growth or decay (where + indicates growth, and – indicates decay), find r
(expressed as a decimal) and b, the growth/decay factor:

+30% –75% +2% +110% –3%

r = ______ r = ______ r = ______ r = ______ r = ______

b = ______ b = ______ b = ______ b = ______ b = ______

Example 4: Given the following equations, find the percent growth/decay:

x
⎛ 3⎞
( ) ( ) ()
x x x
y = 100 0.12 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!y = 30 1.67 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!y = 24 ⎜ ⎟ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!y = 4 5
! ⎝ 4⎠
- First, find r, by using b −1 .
!
r = ______ r = ______ r = ______ r = ______

- Now write the rate in percent form, and use + to indicate growth, and – to indicate decay.

_______ _______ _______ ______

Your Turn 1: The value of a video game depreciates exponentially over time. Suppose a video game
costs $60 when it is first released and loses 7% of its value every month after it is released.
a) Write an equation modeling the value of the video game after n months.
b) How much do you expect the video game to be worth after one year?

  4  
Your Turn 2: The population of Algebratown increases exponentially over time. Suppose the population
of Algebratown is currently 12,000 and is increasing by 3.6% each year.
a) Write an equation modeling the population of Algebratown after n years.
b) What do you expect the population of Algebratown to be after 20 years?

Activity: Representing Linear and Exponential Growth

Simple and Compound Interest Applications

In the above activity, you compared ____________ and __________________ functions through the
applications of ___________ and ________________ interest. Since compound interest, represented by
___________________ functions, can be calculated several different ways, you will learn today how to
solve investment problems involving several types of interest.

Simple Interest – Calculates a percentage of the ____________ investment and adds it on each year.

Example 5: You invest $2000 into an account that pays 4% simple interest per year. How much money
will your account have after 3 years?

Compound Interest – Calculates a percentage of the amount in the account and adds it on each time
interval (i.e. day, month, quarter). In essence, you earn interest on your ____________.
Use the formula: Compound Interest Terminology
Semi-annually
Quarterly
Monthly
Weekly
Daily
 

Example 6: $500 is deposited into an account that pays 9.5% annual interest. What is the balance in the
account after 3 years if the interest is compounded…
a) monthy? b) weekly?

  5  
Example 7: How much must you deposit into an account that pays 6.5% interest, compounded semi-
annually, to have a balance of $5000 in 15 years?

Continuously Compounded Interest – Calculates a percentage of the amount in the account and
continuously adds it on.
Use formula:

Important: ____ is a ___________. It is a number that frequently occurs in many real-life phenomena.

Example 6 continued! $500 is deposited into an account that pays 9.5% annual interest. What is the
balance in the account after 3 years if the interest is compounded continuously?

Example 8: How much must be deposited in order to attain $10,000 after 20 years in an account that
earns 10.5% annual interest, compounded continuously?

Example 9: How long will it take to double $500 in an account that pays 3% annual interest? For now,
solve this question by graphing.

  6  
 Final Check: Exponential Models and Graphing LT 1 and LT 2a
LT 1. I can apply exponential functions to real world situations

1.       Without  graphing,  determine  whether  each  function  represents  exponential  growth  or  decay.    Then  give  
the  percent  increase  or  percent  decrease,  using  a  +  or  –  sign  to  indicate  increase  or  decrease.  
 
           b.     w (t ) = 25 (1.08 )                          d.     h (x ) = 0.05 (3.5 )  
t x
  a.     f ( x) = 5( 34 ) x      c.     y = 7.1x  
Circle  one:  Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay  
 
%  inc/dec:  _______     %  inc/dec:  _______   %  inc/dec:  _______   %  inc/dec:  _______    
 
2.   Your  parents  purchased  a  new  car  in  2004  for  $26,000.    If  the  value  of  the  car  depreciates  by  15%  each  year...  
 
a.    Write  an  exponential  decay  model  for  V,  the  value  of  the  car,  after  t  years.  
 
 
    V (t ) = ____________________  
 
 
b.    Use  the  model  to  find  the  value  of  the  car  in  2016.     ________________  
 
3.   A  certain  town  had  a  population  of  approximately  52,000  people  in  2000.    If  the  population  growth  is  about  
1.5%  per  year...  
 
a.    Write  an  exponential  growth  model  for  P,  the  population,  after  t  years,  where   t = 0      
         represents  the  year  2000.  
 
 
      P (t ) = _____________________  
 
    b.  What    is  the  expected  population  in  2018?  _____________  
 
 
   
  4.   For  each  percentage  rate  of    increase  or  decrease,  find  the  corresponding  growth  or  decay  factor    
(Hint:  First  find  r  by  taking  the  number  out  of  percent  form.)  
 
a.    +22%      b.    –3%                 c.    –0.5%     d.    +250%          e.    +0.8%  
 
 
 
 
 
_________              _________                        _________                _________                    _________  
Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay   Growth    or  decay  

  7  
For  #5-­‐8,  show  the  substitution  into  the  formula.  Find  the  money  values  to  the  nearest  cent.  
continuous  compounding  formula:   A = Pe rt     compound  interest  formula:     A = P (1 + n )
r nt
 
 
5.   If  $3,000  was  initially  deposited,  find  the  amount  of  money  in  an  account  after  10  years  of  earning  3.4%  interest  
compounded  quarterly.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.   Compute  the  minimum  principal  necessary  to  have  $50,000  in  18  years  in  an  account  that  compounds  monthly  
and  earns  4.5%  interest.      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.   If  $1,000  is  invested  into  an  account  earning  3.4%  interest,  compounded  continuously,  what  is  the  balance  in  the  
account  after  3  years?  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.   How  long  will  it  take  an  investment  to  triple  in  an  account  that  pays  8.5%  interest  compounded  continuously?    
Use  your  graphing  calculator.  

Practice Assignment

¨ Apply exponential functions to real world situations and graph parent exponential functions (LT 1-2a).
o Practice 8-1 Worksheet
o Worksheet LT1

8  
Practice  8-­‐1   Exploring  Exponential  Models  
Without  graphing,  determine  whether  each  equation  represents  exponential  growth  or  exponential  decay.  
x x
x x ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
   1.  y  =  72(1.6)      2.   y  =  24(0.8)      3.   y = 3 ⎜ ⎟      4.   y = 7 ⎜ ⎟  
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
Sketch  the  graph  of  each  function.  Identify  the  horizontal  asymptote.  
x
x x ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 x
   5.y  =  (0.3)      6.   y  =  3      7.   y = 2 ⎜ ⎟      8.   y = (3)  
⎝ 5 ⎠ 2

                                                             
y=_______________     y=_______________                y=_______________                y=_______________  
9.   A  new  car  that  sells  for  $18,000  depreciates  25%  each  year.  Write  a  function  that  models  the  value  of  the  
car.  Find  the  value  of  the  car  after  4  yr.  
 
 
10.   A  new  truck  that  sells  for  $29,000  depreciates  12%  each  year.  Write  a  function  that  models  the  value  of  the  
truck.  Find  the  value  of  the  truck  after  7  yr.  
 
 
11.   The  bear  population  increases  at  a  rate  of  2%  per  year.  There  are  1573  bears  this  year.  Write  a  function  that  
models  the  bear  population.  How  many  bears  will  there  be  in  10  yr?  
 
 
12.   An  investment  of  $75,000  increases  at  a  rate  of  12.5%  per  year.  Find  the  value  of  the  investment  after  30  yr.  
 
 
13.   The  population  of  an  endangered  bird  is  decreasing  at  a  rate  of  0.75%  per  year.  There  are  currently  about  
200,000  of  these  birds.  Write  a  function  that  models  the  bird  population.  How  many  birds  will  there  be  in  100  yr?  
 

For  each  annual  rate  of  change,  find  the  corresponding  growth  or  decay  factor.  

17.      +45%   18.   –10%   19.   –40%   20.   +200%  

For  each  function,  find  the  annual  percent  increase  or  decrease  that  the  function  models.  
x
⎛ 5 ⎞
21.   y  =  1700(0.75)x   22.   y = 30.698 ⎜ ⎟   23.   y  =  984.5(1.73)x  
⎝ 8 ⎠
9  
 24.   The  value  of  a  piece  of  equipment  has  a  decay  factor  of  0.80  per  year.  After  5  yr,  the  equipment  is  worth  
$98,304.What  was  the  original  value  of  the  equipment?  
 

CPA2 Worksheet LT1

LT 1: 1. I can apply exponential functions to real world situations

1-6 Find the amount in each account for the given conditions:
1. 1. Principal: $2000 2. 2. Principal: $2000
Annual interest: 5.1% Annual interest: 5.1%
Compound monthly for 3 years Compound continuously for 3 years

3. 3. Principal: $400 4. 4. Principal: $400

Annual interest: 7.6% Annual interest: 7.6%
Compound quarterly for 1.5 years Compound continuously for 1.5 years

5. 5. Principal: $950 6. 6. Principal: $950

Annual interest: 6.5% Annual interest: 6.5%
Compound semi-annually for 10 years Compound continuously for 10 years

10  
7. A student wants to save for college in 5 8. How long would it take to double your
years. How much should be put into an account principal at annual interest rate of 7%
that earns 5.1% annual interest compounded compounded continuously?
continuously?

9. Suppose you invest $1000 at an annual 10. An account that was neglected for 6 years
interest rate compounded monthly. has all $550 withdrawn. If it eared 3.5% annual
a) How much would you have in the account interest compounded quarterly, how much was
after 4 years? the initial deposit?

b) How much more would you have in the

interest were compounded continuously?

CPAlg2 Worksheet LT1 Answers

1) $2329.89
2) $2330.65
3) $447.82
4) $448.30
5) $1801.05
6) $1819.76
7) $7749.16
8) 9.902 years
9) a) $1245.45
b) $1246.07 - $1245.45 = $0.63
10) $448.89

11  
  

Graphs of Exponential Functions Name ________________________________

Date: ____________
After this lesson and practice, I will be able to …
¨ graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph transformations of exponential functions.
(LT 2)
¨ write equations for graphs of exponential functions. (LT 3)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the major themes throughout this course has been applying ________________________ to graphs of
parent functions. In today’s lesson, you will learn how to graph transformations of ________________________
functions.

The graph of the parent exponential function, ________, will depend on the ______ of the power.

Example 1: Graph each exponential function. (no calc) State the equation of the asymptote.
x
⎛ 1⎞
a) !y = 2
x
ASY:________________ b) y=⎜ ⎟ ASY:________________
⎝ 2⎠
!

Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions

1) Plot the parent exponential functions by making a table of values. Use x = ______________ for __________

or x = ___________ for ________________.

2) If your graph has a vertical shift up or down, draw the ________________ at the vertical shift.
3) Apply any vertical ______________ or _______________. You may want to change your y-scale.
4) Apply all vertical and horizontal ___________________.
 

Example 2: Graph each function. (no calc). State the equation of the asymptote.

( )
x−1
a) ! y = 2⋅3x−1 − 4 b) y = −10 0.5 +2
!

12  
Your Turn 1: Graph each function. Sketch the parent function using a dashed line and then graph the
transformation function using a solid line. Include the transformations of at least three “key points.” Change
the y-scale if necessary. (no calc). State the equation of the asymptote.
x−4
⎛ 1⎞
a) ! y = −2
x+3
+6 b) y = −6 ⎜ ⎟ −3
⎝ 3⎠
!

Example 3: The parent function for each graph below is of the form ! y = ab x . Write the parent function. (no
calc)
Steps: Find the y-intercept. a=_____. Find another point and find the ratio of the growth/decay. b=_

a) b) _

13  
Extension: Writing Equations from data points.
Write an exponential equation in the form ! y = ab x that passes through the points (2, 4) and (3, 16).
- Write two equations in general form, one using Point 1 and the other using Point 2.

- Set the equations equal to each other and solve for b.

- Substitute your b value back into one of the original equations to solve for a.

- Write your final equation using your values for a and b.

Your Turn 2: Write an exponential equation in the form ! y = ab x that passes through the points
(4, 8) and (6, 32).

14  
Final Check: Graphing LT 2 and 3
LT2. I can graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph transformations of
exponential functions.

For  #  1-­‐4,  graph  the  parent  function  on  the  left-­‐hand  grid.    Graph  the  two  transformed  functions  on  the  right-­‐hand  
grid,  being  sure  to  label  them  with  their  capital  letter.    List  the  transformations  below  the  equations.    Include  the  
asymptotes  as  dashed  lines.    Plot  at  least  two  points  per  graph  -­‐  preferably  more  if  they  fit  on  the  graph  paper.    Fill  
in  each  scale.      
 
                   parent  
1.)    parent:     y = 2  
x

 
x   y  
     
   
 
 
 
 
A)     y = 2 − 5  
x

 
 
( x + 6)
B)     y = 2      
  asy:  ____________   A)  asy:____________  
   
  B)  asy:____________  
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                               parent  
2.)    parent:     y = (13 )  
x
 
 
      x   y  
   
 
 
 
 
C)     y = − (13 )  
x

 
 

( )  
x
D)     y = −3 1
3    
  asy:  ____________   C)  asy:____________  
   
  D)  asy:____________  
 
 
 

15  
                  parent    
3.)    parent:     y = ( 1 x
2 )  
 
      x   y  
   
 
 
 
 
E)     y = 100 ( 12 )  
x

 
 
(x − 3)
F)     y = 100 ( 12 ) − 200   x-­‐scl=_______    y-­‐scl=_______   x-­‐scl=  1                    y-­‐scl=_______  
     
  asy:  ____________   E)  asy:____________  
   
  F)  asy:  ____________  
 
   
 
 
 
 
               parent    
4.)    parent:     y = (4 )  
x
 
 
      x   y  
   
 
 
 
 
(x + 5 )
G)     y = 1 (4 )  
2
 
 
     
  asy:  ____________   G)  asy:____________  
()  
(x)
H)     y = − 4 + 3  
H)  asy:____________  
 
 
 

16  
LT 3. I can write equations for graphs of exponential functions.

5.   Write  an  exponential  function  for  a  graph:  

a)                   b)  

                                                                               
 
 
y=  ________________________           y=___________________  

c)                   d)    

         
 
y=  ________________________           y=___________________  

e)                   f)    includes  points  (-­‐1,.25)  and  (2,  6.75)  

 
 
y=  ________________________           y=___________________  
Practice Assignment
¨ I can graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph transformations of exponential
functions. (LT 2)
¨ I can write equations for graphs of exponential functions. (LT 3)
o Worksheet LT2 and 3

17  
CPA2 Worksheet LT2 and 3
LT 2. I can graph parent exponential functions and describe and graph transformations of
exponential functions.

18  
LT 3. I can write equations for graphs of exponential functions.

19  
9.  Write  an  exponential  function  y  =  abx  for  a  graph  that  includes  the  given  points.  

a)   (0,  2),  (1,  1.3)    b.   (–1,  12.5),  (4,  4.096)      c.   (1,  0.84),  (2,  1.008)  

Answers Worksheet LT2 and 3

1) 2) 3) 4)
Vertical Stretch 5 Vertical Stretch 2 Vertical Stretch 2 Vertical Stretch 4
Base 2 (growth) Base ⅓ (decay) Reflect over x axis Down 1
Asymptote y = 0 Base ½ (decay) Right 2
Asymptote: y = 0
Points: Asymptote y = -2 Base 2
Points: (-2,18) Points: Asymptote y = -1
(-1,2.5) (-1,6) (-1,10) Points:
(0,5) (0,2) (0,-6) (0,-¼)
(1,10) (1,⅔) (1,-4) (1,½ )
(2,20) (2,-3) (2,2)
(3,5)
(4,11)

5) 6) 7) 8)
Vertical Stretch 5 Vertical Stretch 5 Decay Growth
Reflect over x-axis Right 1 (0,5) and (-1,10) Reflection over x axis
Left 2 Up 1 (1,-1) and (2,-2)
Up 2 Base ½ y=a(b)x
Base 2 Asymptote y = 1 -1=ab1
0
Asymptote y = 2 Points 5=ab a= -1/b
Points: (-1,21) a=5
(0,-18) (0,11) -2=ab2
-1
(-1,-8) (1,6) 10=ab 10=5b-1
(-2,-3) (2,3.5) 10=5b-1 a = -2/b2
(-3,½ ) b=½
-1/b=-2/b2
x
y=5(½ ) -b2 = -2b
b=2
a = -½

y = -½ (2)x

9a) y=2(.65) x 9b) y=10(0.8) x 9c) y=.7(1.2)x

20  
Logarithmic Functions as Inverses  

After this lesson and practice, I will be able to…

• Rewrite expressions between exponential and logarithmic form. (LT 4)
• Write and evaluate logarithmic expressions. (LT 5)
 
 
Warm Up:
 
Solve each equation.
 
1. 8 = 𝑥 !       2.       𝑥 !/! = 2       3.       4! = 2 !  
 
 
 
 
 
 
             4.                  Philth E. Rich invested $12,000 in an account that paid monthly compound interest 10
years ago. Today the account is worth $17,890. What interest rate did he earn over the 10
years of his investment?

Now suppose you invest $10,000 in an account that pays an annual interest rate of 7%,
how long would it take to double your money?

At this point, you could use your graphing calculator to answer questions like these. In this lesson
you will learn about the function that can be used to solve __________________equations.

Exponential functions are one-to-one. Therefore exponential functions have an inverse function. The inverse
of an exponential function is the ________________ ______________.

I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithmic form. (LT 4)

Definition:

If 𝑦 = 𝑎 ! , then log ! 𝑦 = 𝑥, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑎 > 0

NOTE: The positive number 𝑎 raised to any power x cannot equal a number y less then or equal to zero.
Therefore, the logarithm of a negative number or zero is undefined.
 
21  
The expression log a x is called a logarithm and is read as “the base 𝑎  logarithm of x”. The function
f ( x ) = log a x is the logarithmic function with base a.
 
The solution to the equation ______________________, or _______ is the power to which 𝑎 must be raised to

produce _______.
• The most important thing to remember is that logarithms are exponents.
• log ! 𝑦 = 𝑥 is just another way of saying 𝑎 raised to the 𝑥 equals 𝑦.

Writing in Logarithmic Form

Example: Write each in logarithmic form

1. 25 = 5! 2. 8 = 2! 3. 81 = 3!

Your Turn:

4. 125 = 5! 5. 32 = 2! 6. 216 = 6!

I can write and evaluate logarithmic expressions. (LT 5)

To evaluate _______________, you can write them in _________________ __________.

Strategies for Evaluating Logarithms:

1. Set the expression equal to _____________

2. Rewrite the equations in _____________form.

3. Write each side of the equation with the same _____________

4. Set the _____________equal to each other and solve for x.

Example: Evaluate the following.

7. log ! 16 8. log ! 27 9. log!" 100

Your turn:

!
10. log ! 25 11. log ! 3 12. log !
!

22  
Although the base of a logarithm can be any number, there are two bases for logarithms that are used
frequently.

The two bases for logarithms that are used most frequently are ___________, referred to as the

_________ _________ and___________, referred to as the _____________ _______ or ____.

Finding a common (base 10) or natural (base e) logarithm

Evaluate each logarithm

a. log 1000 b. ln 𝑒 c. log 10

! !
d. log e. ln 1 f. ln
!" !

Final Check: Logs

LT 4. I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithm form.
LT 5. I can write and evaluate logarithmic expressions.

Learning Target 4: I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithm form.
1. Translate each logarithm equation into an equivalent exponential equation.

a) log 9 c = b _______________ b)!logh = j _______________ c) ln8 = 3 y  ___________

!

2. Translate each exponential equation into an equivalent logarithm equation.

a) !10w = m ______________ b) !p f = v _______________ c) e5x = 12  __________  or  ___________

Learning Target 5: I can write and evaluate logarithmic expressions.

3. Evaluate each logarithm. Show all work.

!
a) log 2 64 _______________ b) log 1 27 _______________ c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! _______________
! ! 3
!"

!
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! _______________ e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 5 _______________ f) log 1 _______________
!

23  
Practice Assignment:
• I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithm form. (LT 4)
• I can write and evaluate logarithmic equations. (LT 5)

Worksheet: Logarithms as Inverses

CPA2 Worksheet LT4 and 5 Logs as Inverses

LT 4. I can rewrite equations between exponential and logarithm form.
LT 5. I can write and evaluate logarithmic expressions.

Rewrite each equation in Logarithmic Form:

1. 152 = 225 2. 192 = 361 3. 3a = b

!" !
4. 321/5 = 2 5. yx = 6 6. =𝑥
!"

Rewrite each equation in exponential form.

7. log289 17 = ½ 8. log648 = ½ 9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ! b = a
!!

10. logv84=u 11. log16u=v 12. log7b=a

Evaluate each expression.

13. log525 14. log24 15. log636 16. log28 17. log464

!
18. log2¼ 19. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 20. log33 21. log7343 22. log5125
!"

Use a calculator to approximate each to the nearest thousandth.

23. log 23 24. ln 8 25. ln 23 26. log 1.7 27. ln 4.8

28. log 54 29. log 30 30. log 19

ANSWERS:

24  
Graphing Logarithmic Equations
 
After  this  lesson  and  practice,  I  will  be  able  to…  
• Graph  logarithmic  equations.  (LT  6)  
 
 
In order to use logarithms to help solve ________________________ equations, it is important to observe and
important relationship between logarithms and exponential functions.

Investigation:

1. Find the inverse of each of the following, algebraically.

a.) 𝑦 = log ! 𝑥 b.) 𝑦 = 6! c.) 𝑦 = log!/! 𝑥

2. Use the above answers to predict the inverses of y = log 8 x and ! y = 0.7 x .
!

As you observed from the investigation, a logarithm function is the _______________ of an ________________

function. Thus, you can apply what you know about graphing ____________ _______
to graph logarithm functions.

Graphing Logarithmic Functions (LT 6)

Graphing the Parent Logarithmic Function

1) Plot the parent _______________ function using familiar techniques.

2) Draw the line of __________ ( ________ ). Reflect the parent function points across this line.
Example 1: Graph each logarithm function. State the equation of the asymptote.
a) y = log 2 x b) y = log 3 x
! !

25  
Notice, all parent _________________ functions have an _________________ at _______.

Graphing Transformations Parent Logarithmic Functions

1) Plot the parent _______________ function using the above techniques.
2) If your graph has a horizontal shift up or down, draw the ______________ at the horizontal shift.
3) Apply any vertical ______________ or _______________.
4) Apply all vertical and horizontal ___________________.

Example 2: Graph each logarithm function. State the equation of the asymptote.
a) y = log 6 (x − 2)+ 3 b) y = 2log 3(x +1)− 2
! !

Consider the general shapes of the graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions. Find the domain and
range of a parent exponential and logarithmic function, using ! y = 2x and y = log 2x

Exponential : Logarithmic:

Domain Domain:

Range: Range:

Example 3: Without graphing, find the domain and range of the following.

A) y = log 3 x B) y = log 3 (x − 2) C) y = log 3 (x + 4) − 1

Domain: ______________ Domain: ______________ Domain: ___________

Range: ______________ Range: ______________ Range: _____________

26  
Final Check: Graphing Logs
LT 6. I can graph logarithmic equations.
1. Graph each function. Sketch the parent logarithm function using a dashed line and then graph the
transformation function using a solid line. Include the transformations of at least two “key points.”
Sketch and label the asymptote of the transformed function. List the ordered pairs of your
transformed key points. Then find the domain and range
a) y = 2log 6 (x + 3)−5
!

Key Points: ______________________________

Asy: ____________

Domain: ______________ Range: ________________

 
b) y = −log5(x)−3

Key Points: ______________________________

Asy: ____________

Domain: ______________ Range: ________________

 
 
c) y = 3log 2(x −1)

Key Points: ______________________________

Asy: ____________

Domain: ______________ Range: ________________

27  
Practice  Assignment:  
• Worksheet  LT  6  

CPA2 Worksheet LT6 Graphing

LT 6. I can graph logarithmic equations.

Sketch each graph and identify the domain and range. State the equation of the asymptote.

Asy: _______________________ Asy: _______________________

Domain: ___________________ Domain: ___________________

Range: ____________________ Range: ____________________

Asy: _______________________ Asy: _______________________

Domain: ___________________ Domain: ___________________

Range: ____________________ Range: ____________________

28  
Asy: _______________________ Asy: _______________________

Domain: ___________________ Domain: ___________________

Range: ____________________ Range: ____________________

Asy: _______________________ Asy: _______________________

Domain: ___________________ Domain: ___________________

Range: ____________________ Range: ____________________

29  
Operations with Logarithms Name _________________________________
Date: ____________
After this lesson and practice, I will be able to …
¨ use properties of exponents to multiply, divide, an exponentiate with logarithms. (LT 7)
¨ simplify and expand expressions using logarithms. (LT 8)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before you can use logarithms to solve _____________________ equations, it is important that you first learn
several helpful properties of logarithms.

Investigation: Properties of Logarithms Decimal

Log Form
Form
1. Use your calculator to fill in the table. Round to three decimal places.
!log2
2. Using the values from the table, attempt to find two logarithms whose sum
is another logarithm on the table. For example, what is !log2+ log4 equal to? !log3
Does it match another logarithm from the table? Write your statements in the
!log4
form !log___+ log___ = log___ . !log5

!log6

!log8

!log9

3. Complete the conjecture: !log M + log N = log_______ . !log10

4. Using the values from the table, attempt to find two logarithms whose !log12
difference is another logarithm on the table. For example, what is
!log15
!log8 − log2 equal to? Does it match another logarithm from the table? Write
your statements in the form log_____− log_____ = log_____ . !log18

!log20

5. Complete the conjecture: !log M − log N = log_______ .

6. Using the values from the table, attempt to find an integer and a logarithm from your table whose product
is another logarithm on the table. For example, what is !3⋅log2 equal to? Does it match another logarithm
from the table? Write your statements in the form ______log______ = log______ .

7. Complete the conjecture: !x log M = log_______ .

30  
Let’s summarize the properties you discovered in this activity!

Property 1: Log of a Product–

Property 2: Log of a Quotient –

Property 3: Log of a Power –

You can use these properties to rewrite logarithm expressions, which will be helpful in solving logarithm
equations.

Example 1: Rewrite each expression as a single logarithm.

A) log 2 8 − log 2 4 B) log 4 7 + log 4 10 C) 2log 3 x + 4log 3 y

Your Turn 1: Rewrite each expression as a single logarithm. Write in simplest form.
A) 2log5 3+ log5 4 B) log 4 64 − log 4 16 C) 6log n m − 3log n p

Example 2: Express each expression as sum or difference of logarithms.

x
A) log 9
y

B) log5x 4

2x
C) log
! y

Your Turn 2: Rewrite each expression as a single logarithm.

A) log5 xyz 2

a 2 b5
B) log
c 3d

3 x
C) log 2
3
y
!
31  
Final Check: Operations with Logs LT 7 and LT 8
LT 7. I can use properties of exponents to multiply, divide, and exponentiate with logarithms.
LT 8. I can simplify and expand expressions using logarithms properties.  

1. Rewrite the expression as a single logarithm and simplify completely. Rewrite all rational exponents
as radicals.

1
a) log x − log 2 − 7 log m b) 3log a 2 − 4log a p + 5log a d − 2log a w
2

1
c) log a − 2log 3+ log b − log10 d) −log a 2 − 4log a m + 3log a 5− 2log a p
3

2. Expand completely to express the expression as sum or difference of logarithms. Your answer
should not include any exponents.

⎛ x⎞
6
a) log 5 ⎜ 3⎟
b) log 4x 5
⎝ 5y ⎠
!

2
! 5 $
log # 3zx & 6b
c) # 10 y & d) log ac
" %

! a3 $
e) ln ## && f) lne 3 2
" 56 b %

Practice Assignment
¨ I can use properties of exponents to multiply, divide, an exponentiate with logarithms. (LT 7)
¨ I can simplify and expand expressions using logarithms. (LT 8)
o Worksheet LT 7 and 8

32  
CPA2 Worksheet LT 7 and 8 Operations with Logs
LT 7. I can use properties of exponents to multiply, divide, and exponentiate with logarithms.
LT 8. I can simplify and expand expressions using logarithms properties.

33  
ANSWERS LT 7 and LT 8:

34  
Solving Name _________________________________
Date: ____________
After this lesson and practice, I will be able to …
¨ solve exponential and logarithm equations. (LT 9)
¨ apply solving exponential and logarithm equations to real world situations. (LT 10)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Having learned about logarithms and various properties of logarithms, you are finally prepared to solve
exponential equations ______________________.

Summary of Logarithm Properties Common Logarithms

If !10 = y , then ________________. !log10 = !log1 =
x

In general, logb a = x is equivalent to ___________________. log b = log 1 =

! b ! b
Logarithms are ___________________.

Solving Exponential Equations

Example 1: Solve algebraically.
() Solving  Exponential  Equations  
5x
A) 5x = 96 B) 3 7 − 2 = 148
METHOD  1  
1)  Isolate  the  exponential  term.  
2)  Take  the  _________        or  
____________log    of  both  sides.  
3)  Solve  for  x.  

Your Turn 1: Solve algebraically.

()
x+4
A) 6 x−5 = 73 B) 5 3 = 100

There exists another method for solving exponential equations that

Logarithm Change-of-Base Formula
involves evaluating a logarithm of ______ base.
where .
Example 2: Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate each
logarithm.
A) log 9 20 B) log 3 12 C) log 4 2016
!

35  
Example 3: Solve algebraically using the change-of-base formula.
Solving  Exponential  Equations  
()
x+7
A) 12 x = 702 B) 0.5 4 + 13 = 208 METHOD  2  
1)  Isolate  the  exponential  term.  
2)  Rewrite  the  equation  into  
_____________________  form.  
3)  Solve  for  x  using  the  change-­‐
of-­‐base  formula.  

Your Turn 2: Solve algebraically using the change-of-base formula. 67 x + 3 = 74

Solving Logarithmic Equations with a Single Logarithm

Example 4: Solve algebraically. Solving  Logarithmic  Equations  
A) log(5x − 2) = 4 B) 4log5 3x − 7 = 10 1)  Isolate  the  logarithmic  term.  
2)  Rewrite  the  equation  into  
_____________________  form.  
3)  Solve  for  x.  

Your Turn 3: Solve algebraically.

A) 2 log(2x − 1) = −1 B) 5log8 (4x + 9) − 12 = −4

36  
Solving Logarithmic Equations with a Multiple Logarithms
Solving  Logarithmic  Equations  
Example 5: Solve algebraically.
1)   ____________   logarithm  
A) 2 log x − log 3 = 2 B) log 3 21 = log 3 7 + log 3 x
expressions  if  necessary.  
2)  Isolate  the  logarithm  
3a)   If  the   logarithm  is  equal  to  a  
number,  solve  as  before.  
3b)   If   the   logarithm   is   equal   to  
another   logarithm,   you   may  
_______________________   the  
logarithms  and  solve  for  x.  

Your Turn 4: Solve algebraically.

3 2
A) log5 3− log5 x = log5 B) log x = log 4 16
4 3 4

Applying Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Example 6: Suppose you invest $5000 at 4.25% annual interest, compounded weekly. How long will it take to
double your money?

37  
Final Check: Operations with Logs LT 9 and LT 10
LT 9. I can solve exponential and logarithm equations.
LT 10. I can apply solving exponential and logarithm equations to real world situations.

1.   Use  the  change  of  base  formula  to  evaluate  each  expression.    
  Round  to  four  decimal  places.  Show  your  work.  
a)     log 2 61       b)     log 5 90       c)       log11 136       d)    log  11  ½     e)      ln  12  
 
 
 
 
_______________          _______________   _____________     _______________   _____________    
 
2.   Solve  each  equation  algebraically.  Round  to  four  decimal  places  if  necessary.  Show  all  work.  
   
a)     510x = 20           b)     12log(3x −1) = 36       i) 15 ln(8x) = 38

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_______________       _______________       ________________  
 

( )
2x+1
c)     −2 1.6 = −10         d)     4log5(x −1)−3 = 9       f) lnx + ln 2 = 7
!
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_______________       _______________       ________________  
 
e)     ln(2x −3) = 4         f)     log16 (8x −2) = log16 (3x +13)     g)   e x+3 = 30  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_______________       _______________       ________________  
38  
    
h)   log 3(x +1)− log 3 2 = 3         k) ln ! x + 2 $ = 9
#" 5 &%

_______________           ________________

3x −2
l) 4 − 2e x = −23 m) 12e = 8  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_______________           ________________    

Practice Assignment

¨ I can solve exponential and logarithm equations. (LT 9)

o Worksheet LT 9
¨ I can apply solving exponential and logarithm equations to real world situations. (LT 10)
o Worksheet LT 10
CPA2 Worksheet LT 9 Solving
LT 9. I can solve exponential and logarithm equations.

Solve each equation algebraically. Give the exact answer or round to 4 decimal places if necessary.

39  
40  
CPA2 Worksheet LT 10 Solving (real world)
LT 10. I can apply solving exponential and logarithm equations to real world situations.

1. Suppose you invest $10,000 at 5.1% annual interest, compounded weekly. How long will it take to double
your money?

2. A parent raises a child’s allowance by 20% each year. If the allowance is $8 now, when will it reach $20?

3. Protactinium-234m, a toxic radioactive metal with no known use, has a half-life of 1.17 minutes. How
long does sit take for a 10-mg sample to decay to 2 mg?

4. As Algebratown gets smaller, the population of its high school decreases by 12% each year. The student
body has 125 students now. In how many years will it have about 75 years?  

ANSWERS:
1.About 13.6 years 2. About 5 years (5.0257) 3. About 2.72 minutes 4. About 4 years

41  
 Understanding Name _________________________________
Date: ____________
After this lesson and practice, I will be able to …
¨ apply my knowledge of exponential and logarithmic functions to solve new and non-routine
problems. (LT 11)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME  OF  DEATH  
 
T −S
Newton’s Law of Cooling kt = ln
T0 − S
T0 =  initial  body  temperature     T  =  second  body  temperature  
S  =  environment  temperature     t=  time  passed     k  =  constant  
 

€ A dead body of found in a hotel room at midnight.

The temperature in the room was 60 degrees F. €
The body temperature at that time was 80 degrees F.
At 2 am the same morning the body temperature was 75 degrees.
Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees F.

Find the time of death using Newton’s Law of Cooling.

Step 1: Substitute given information to find k.

t=2 T = 75 T0 = 80 S = 60 k=?

Step 2: Substitute given information, normal body temp and k to find new t.

t=? T = 80 T0 = 98.6 S = 60 k = ___________

Step 3: Use calculated t and time the body was found to estimate time of death. (Estimate to
hours and minutes)

42  
2.  Spread  of  a  Virus  
 
 On  a  college  campus  of  5000  students,  one  student  returned  from  a  vacation  with  a  contagious  three-­‐day  
flu  virus.    The  spread  of  the  virus  through  the  student  body  can  be  modeled  by:  
5000
y=  
1 + 4.999e −.8t
 
Where  y  is  the  total  number  infected  after  t  days.    How  many  students  will  have  been  infected  by  the  end  
of  five  days?    Sketch  a  graph  of  this  function.    Make  a  table  of  values  for  this  function.    What  happens  “in  
the  long  run”?  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.  Median  Age  of  First  Marriages  
 
For  1970  through  1990,  the  median  age,  A,  of  Americans  at  their  first  marriage  can  be  modeled  by  the  two  
equations  for  below  for  women  and  men  respectively:  
 
3.1
y = 20.4 +
1 + 43e −0.36t  
3.1
y = 22.4 +
1 + 63e −0.36t
 
where  t  =  0  represents  1970.    Find  the  median  age  of  women  and  men  at  their  first  marriage  in  :  
(a)  1970         (b)  1980         (c)  1990  

4. The number N of bacteria present in a culture at time t (in hours) obeys the equation
N = 1000e 0.01t . After how many hours will the population equal 1500? 2000?

43  
 5.

T −S
kt = ln
T0 − S

6. A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 7.7 km/s. The formula for a
rocket’s maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v = −0.0098t + c lnR . The booster rocket fires for
t seconds, and the velocity of the exhaust is c km/s. The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass
without fuel is R.

a) Suppose a rocket used to propel a spacecraft has a mass ratio of 25, an exhaust velocity of 2.8 km/s, and a firing
time of 100 s. Can the spacecraft obtain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth?

b) Suppose a booster rocket’s mass ratio is 15, the exhaust velocity is 2.1 km/s, and the firing time is 30 s. Find the
maximum velocity of the spacecraft. Can it achieve a stable orbit 300 km above Earth?

7. You make an investment of $5000 into an account that will pay 8% interest, compounded
quarterly. How much time must pass before you have $6000 in the account?

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

44  
8.  The  population  of  bighorn  sheep  in  Mexico  was  approximately  6,200  in  1971.    By  1999,  about  2,300  remained.    
Assume  this  data  fits  an  exponential  model  and  use  your  calculator  to  determine  when  only  750  bighorn  sheep  
remain  in  Mexico.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Recall that the Richter scale is a measure of earthquake magnitude. The energy released in an
M
earthquake of magnitude M is Ei30 . An earthquake in Alaska of magnitude 9.2 released 164
times the energy of a quake in California. Find the magnitude of the CA quake.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.  Sound  INTENSITY:  
!I$
Recall  that  loudness,  measured  in  decibels  (dB)  is   L = 10log # &  where  I  is  the  intensity  of  the  sound,  and  I0  
" I0 %
is  the  threshold  of  sound,  at  10–12  W/m2.  
 
A  conversation  measures  60  dB.    Find  the  intensity  of  this  sound  in  W/m2.      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A  jazz  concert  measures  90  dB.    Find  the  intensity  of  this  sound  in  W/m2.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
How  many  times  as  intense  is  the  jazz  concert  compared  to  the  conversation?  
 
 
 
 
       

45  
11.    
 
A detective is called to the scene of a crime where a dead body has just been found.
She arrives on the scene at 10:23 pm and begins her investigation. Immediately, the
temperature of the body is taken and is found to be 80o F. The detective checks the
programmable thermostat and finds that the room has been kept at a constant 68o F
for the past 3 days.

After evidence from the crime scene is collected, the temperature of the body is taken once more and found to be
78.5o F. This last temperature reading was taken exactly one hour after the first one. The next day the detective is
asked by another investigator, “What time did our victim die?” Assuming that the victim’s body temperature was
normal (98.6o F) prior to death, what is her answer to this question? Newton's Law of Cooling can be used to
determine a victim's time of death.

T −S
T (t) = Te + (T0 − Te ) e , OR - kt kt = ln
T0 − S

 
  €
 

46