Scribd
Upload
75 views9 pages

Elementary Signals Class

The document discusses various elementary signals used in signals and systems including exponential signals, complex exponential signals, sinusoidal signals, step functions, ramp functions, and impulse functions. It provides mathematical expressions to define continuous-time and discrete-time versions of these signals. Key properties of impulse functions are also summarized. The document is a study material on elementary signals for an Signals and Systems course.

Uploaded by

Ayushman Gohain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
75 views9 pages

Elementary Signals Class

The document discusses various elementary signals used in signals and systems including exponential signals, complex exponential signals, sinusoidal signals, step functions, ramp functions, and impulse functions. It provides mathematical expressions to define continuous-time and discrete-time versions of these signals. Key properties of impulse functions are also summarized. The document is a study material on elementary signals for an Signals and Systems course.

Uploaded by

Ayushman Gohain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Signals and Systems

EC205

Ananya Bonjyotsna
Tezpur University
Elementary Signals
Exponential Signals

Complex Exponential Signals

Sinusoidal signals

Step function

Ramp function

Impulse function

1 7
Exponential signals
A real exponential signal is written as
x(t) = Beat ,
where B, a are real parameters
B=amplitude of the exponential signal measured at time t=0.
If a is positive, the signal is a growing exponential.
If a is negative, the signal is a decaying exponential.
For discrete-time signals, it is written as
x[n] = Ban
If a > 1, the signal is a growing exponential.
If 0 > a > 1, the signal is a decaying exponential.
If a < −1, the signal is a double-sided growing exponential.
If −1 < a < 0, the signal is a double-sided decaying exponential.

2 7
Complex exponential signal
A continuous-time complex exponential signal is generally
written as
x(t) = Aejωt
A continuous-time complex exponential signal is periodic with
period T = 2π
ω

Sinusoidal signals
A continuous-time version of a sinusoidal signal in its most
general form may be written as
x(t) = Acos(ωt + ϕ)
where A= amplitude, ω is the frequency in radians/sec and ϕ is
the phase angle in radians.
2π
All sinusoidal signals are periodic signals with a period T = ω

3 7
contd...
A discrete-time version of a sinusoidal signal is written as
x[n] = Acos(ωn + ϕ)
This discrete-time signal may or may not be periodic. For it to be
periodic, it must satisfy x[n] = x[n + N] for which we require that
N = m 2π
ω
Also, the sum of two periodic signals x1 [n] and x2 [n] with periods
N1 and N2 is periodic if the ratio NN21 is a rational number.
Otherwise the sum is not periodic.

Step Function
The continuous-time unit-step
{ function is defined by
1 for t>=0
u(t) =
0 for t<0
The discrete-time version of unit-step
{ function is defined by
1 for n>=0
u(n) =
0 for4 n<0 7
Ramp Function
The continuous-time ramp function
{ is defined by
t for t>=0
r(t) =
0 for t<0
The discrete-time version of a{ramp function is defined by
n for n>=0
r(n) =
0 for n<0

5 7
Impulse Function
The impulse function or delta function denoted by δ(t) is an
extremely important function used for the analysis of
communication systems.
It is present only at t=0, and its width tends to 0 and its
amplitude at t=0 in infinitely large so that the area under the
pulse is unity. Due to its unit area, it is called as a unit impulse
function. {
1 for t = 0
δ(t) =
0 for t ̸= 0
The area under the unit impulse is given as,
∫∞
−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
The discrete-time of the unit{
impulse is defined as
1 for n = 0
δ(n) =
0 for n ̸= 0

6 7
Properties of Impulse function

1. Unit impulse function is an even function i.e.


δ(−t) = δ(t)

∫∞ ∫∞
2. −∞ x(t)δ(t − t0 )dt = x(t0 ) because −∞ x(t)δ(t)dt = x(0)

3. δ(at) = a1 δ(t), a > 0

7/7

You might also like