CEE-211

Advanced survey Lab

ISO CEE- Rev. # 01 Date: 22 May 2019

9001:2008

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Lab Manual

For

Advanced survey Lab

Name Signature

Written by Group of students

Prepared by: from Batch-1 and compiled by
Osama Anjum

Reviewed by: Engr.Tafheem abbass

Approved by:
Dr. Abdul Ghafar
 COURSE NAME: Advanced survey CR: 0-1
COURSE CODE: CEE-211

REFERENCE MATERIAL:
1. Lab Manuals
2. Different books of plane as well as advanced survey

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The course is designed so that students will achieve the following PLOs:
 PLO-4: Investigation
 PLO-5: Modern Tool usage
 PLO-10: Communication

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 CLO-1: Train and investigate by conducting experiments to measure the fluid

mechanics properties to derive valid conclusions as per instructions. (P3-Guided
Response) (PLO-04)
 CLO2: Manipulate the appropriate techniques to analyze response of equipment to
applied data by utilizing modern engineering tools. (P4-Mechanism) (PLO-5)

 CLO-3: Accumulate lab reports and present them in an effective/organized way.

(A2-Communication) (PLO-10)

LAB COMMITMENT CHART:

Pre-Lab
Group 30 Minutes 130 Mins 10 Mins
(10 Mins)
Experiment Performance (Demonstration by
Lab Instructor) [10Mins]
Query
+
Attendance, Literature Session
Experiment Performance (by G1) [20Mins]
G1-G6 Assigned + (If any) +
+
Tasks Instruction next lab
In-Lab Evaluation (by Instructor) [20Mins]
discussion
+
Lab Report Preparation (by G2-G6 [80Mins]
 LECTURE PLAN:

Lab # job Name Week

To measure the horizontal angle by reiteration and repetition
I method. 1

To find the horizontal distance between two inaccessible points.

II 2
To plot an open traverse by included angle and deflection angle
III method. 3

To plot a close traverse by internal and external angle.

IV 4
Plotting of horizontal angle by deflection angle or Rankine
V method 5

VI Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from long cord 6

Setting out of circular curve by drawing perpendicular offset
VII 7-8
from tangent lines
To find the height of the building when base is inaccessible and
VIII 9-10
accessible
IX Setting out of compound curve by Rankine method 11-12
Building layout of CUI, Sahiwal campus with dimensions
X 13-14

XI Setting out of transition curve 15

Study of total station
XII 16
COURSE TARGETS:

PLO’s
CLO Teaching Methodology Assessment
Experiments To
No. Methodology
Target
Instruction +Discussion Lab Assignment
+Demonstration + + Lab Sessional 1
I-VI, XII 1 PLO-4
Experimental +
performance Lab Sessional 2
Instruction +Discussion Lab Assignment
+Demonstration + +
VII-XI 2 PLO-5
Experimental Lab Sessional 2 +
performance Final
Experimental PLO-
I-XII 3 Lab Report
performance 10

TEACHING METHODOLOGY:
In order to achieve the course learning objectives, demonstrations, discussions, lab reports,
queries and presentations will be utilized.

STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND ATTENDANCE POLICY:

 Attendance must be at least 80%.

 Students should make every effort to be in class on time

ASSESSMENT
Evaluation will be competency based and student grades will be based on the following
factors.
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Sr. Marks Distribution Total CU-Online Entity to

No. Marks Enter Marks
1 0.5*B + 0.5*A (Average Score of Labs before S1) 10 Lab Sessional 01
2 0.5*B + 0.5*A (Average Score of Labs after S1 and 15 Lab Sessional 02
3 beforeof
Score S2)
any Lab 25 Lab Assignments
4 0.5*B + 0.5*A (Average score of labs 2-
16) 50 Lab Terminal

Grand Total Lab Marks 100

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (1/3)

A: Marks break down for regular labs

B: Marks Breakdown for Lab Sessional 1, 2, and Lab-Terminal
B1: Item B at S. No. 4 of last table corresponds to rubric-based evaluation conducted in Lab Terminal slot.

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (2/3)

Marks Breakdown for Regular Labs (1-16)

A
Pre-Lab In-Lab Post-Lab Total
(1) (5) (4) Marks
OBE Written Report
Rubric Evaluation
Check In-Lab Tasks
e.g.,
Written report providing analysis
 Setting up the apparatus of the data supported by
Possible range of
Check Pre-Lab Tasks  Note down required appropriate figures and tables
activities for 10
+ readings (where applicable) and clearly
grading
Attendance  Plot graphs stated observations and
 Compare experimental calculations
and theoretical values

MARKING SCHEME FOR LAB (3/3)

Marks Break Down for Lab Sessional 1, 2 and Lab Terminal

B
In-Lab evaluation Only (OBE In-Lab Rubrics Based Total marks
Evaluation)

Performance of In-Lab Tasks given by instructor,

which are based on content so far covered in future, for
Possible range of example, 10
activities for grading  Calculate thermal conductivity of a given
material
 Viva
HARDWARE LAB RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE
P3-PLO4 (Investigation)
Does not meet
Exceeds expectation Meets expectation
Performance expectations Score
(5-4) (3-2)
(1)

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Analysis is organized and

well supported by Analysis is
equations, models etc. adequate, and the Analysis is inadequate,
Depth of
Proper interpretation reader is able to and the reader is unable
analysis
of the results along interpret the to interpret the results.
with the conclusion is results.
made.

Validate the Unable to validate the

Affectively utilizing the experiment by experiment by
engineering knowledge identifying the reason identifying the reason of
Investigation
to validate the of difference between difference between
experiment. experimental and experimental and
theoretical values theoretical values

HARDWARE LAB RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE

P4-PLO5 (Mechanism)

Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet

Performance expectations Score
(4-5) (2-3.99)
(1-1.99)

Student can identify Student can fully

new ways to set up and set up the
Set up of implement the experiment with Cannot set up the
experiment and experiment without successful experiment without
implementation assistance and with implementation assistance.
detailed understanding without
of each step. assistance.

Ability to follow
Student follows the Student followed
procedure Student had difficulty
procedure completely or instructions in the
and/or Design reading the procedure
develops alternate procedure with little
procedure for and following directions.
procedure. assistance.
experiment

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Able to explain
Able to explain most of Unable to explain or
fundamental concepts
Q and A the relevant fundamental answer relevant
correctly and provide
concepts. fundamental concepts.
alternative solutions.

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING WRITTEN LABORATORY REPORT

A2-PLO10 (Communication)
Exceeds Does not meet
Meets Expectations
Criteria Expectations expectations Score
(2-3.99)
(4-5) (1-1.99)
Experimental data is poorly
Student demonstrates presented.
diligence in creating Experimental data is Graphs and tables are
a set of visually presented in appropriate poorly constructed with
Data Presentation appealing tables and format with only a few several of the following
graphs that minor errors or errors: data is missing or
effectively present omissions incorrect, units are not
the experimental data included, axis not labeled
or titles missing
Student has simply restated
Student has analyzed
what type of data was taken
Student provides a the data, observed
with no attempt to interpret
very accurate and trends and compared
trends, explain
focused analysis of experimental results
discrepancies or evaluate
Data Analysis data. All observations with theoretical results.
the validity of data in terms
are stated well and Any discrepancies are
of relevant theory.
clearly supported by adequately addressed
Student lacks understanding
the data. All expected
of the importance of the
observations are made.
results.
Lab report has several
Lab report has very few spelling or grammatical
Lab report has no
spelling or grammatical errors.
spelling or
errors. Student rarely uses
grammatical errors.
The sentence flow is technical terms or uses
Writing Style All sections of the
smooth. them incorrectly and too
report are well-
Student uses technical often resorts to jargon or
written and
terms effectively. clichés.
technically accurate.

Health & Safety Regulations

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Users of advanced survey Laboratory must comply with the following safety instructions. At
the beginning of the course the instructor should brief the students about health and safety. The
students should know where the fire exits, fire extinguisher, fire alarm and the assembly point
are in case of emergency such as fire or earthquake etc.

• No experiments should be conducted in the absence of Lab engineer and technician.

• Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the Lab.

• There should be no over-crowding. Only one person should operate one machine. In
case, the experiment needs more than one person for the operation, other group mates
would join.

• Before operating any machine, you must be aware of the following:

a. Location of fire extinguishers, fire blanket and the outside exits.

b. How to turn off the machine in case of damages.

• Do not run inside the lab and concentrate on the present task.

• When moving heavy equipment or gas cylinders, use carts.

• Always use the right tools for the given task.

• Handle the tools and equipment with extreme care and return the tools to their proper
places.

• Please leave the Lab clean and tidy at end of experiment.

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Introduction of Advanced survey Lab

The fundamental knowledge of survey demonstrated in the survey laboratory and site with
state-of-the-art and technical imported equipment. Here students can see measure the horizontal
angle, horizontal distance, height of building, draw simple circular curves, draw compound
curve and the study of total stations. Here students can perform these experiments. Students
grasp comprehensive knowledge of theodolite and its use to perform experiments and a general
introduction of total station. They are able to differentiate between these experiments

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LAB MANUAL

Advanced survey lab

List of jobs
Job no. objectives
I To measure the horizontal angle by Reiteration method

II To measure the horizontal angle by Repetition method.

III To find the horizontal distance between two inaccessible points.

IV To plot an open traverse by included angle method.

V To plot an open traverse by deflection angle method.

VI To plot a close traverse (exterior angle) by clockwise method.

VII To plot a close traverse (interior angle) by anticlockwise method.

VIII Plotting of horizontal angle by deflection angle or Rankine method

IX Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from long cord

X Setting out of circular curve by drawing perpendicular offset from tangent

lines
XI To find the height of the building when base is accessible

XII To find the height of the building when base is inaccessible

XIII
Setting out of compound curve by Rankine method

XIV Building layout of CUI, Sahiwal campus with dimensions

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XV Setting out of transition curve

XVI Study of total station

Laboratory of

Advanced
survey

Job No. 01

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Title:

To determine horizontal angle by Reiteration method

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:
06 february,2019

objective:

To calculate horizontal angle of different objects from a single station point

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) wooden pegs

(ii) theodolite
(iii) tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rod
(v) hammer

Related Theory:
Theodolite:
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles. Theodolites are used mainly
for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like
metrology and rocket launch technology
Theodolite surveying:
A theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring angles both horizontally and
vertically.

Types of theodolite surveying:

There are two types of theodolite surveying

(i) Transit theodolite
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(ii) Non-transit theodolite

Transit theodolite:
In the transit theodolite, the telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its
horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
Non-transit theodolite:
The telescope cannot be revolved through a complete revolution in the vertical plane.

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below

i. First, select a station ‘O’ and place the theodolite on tripod stand and carry out a general
startup procedure (centering, levelling and focusing).
ii. Take another points A, B, C, D and E in the circle form.
iii. Now intersect point A through left face and set theodolite to zero now change face and
note the angle.
iv. Now intersect point B with left face and note the reading after that note the angle with
right face.
v. Repeat same procedure for point C, D and E.
vi. Apply check sum of all angle must be approximately equal to 360 degree.

Diagram:

Figure 1: Reiteration method

Observations & Calculations

;

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Instrument Angle name Face Observe Mean Angle

Station
O A L 0°

R 180° 0' 38"

L 79° 26' 44"
∠AOB 79° 22' 28" 79° 22' 28"
R 79° 18' 12"
L 174° 58' 29"
∠BOC 174° 52' 37" 174° 52' 37"
R 174° 46' 45"

L 103° 30' 45"

∠COD 103°34' 26.5" 103°34' 26.5"
R 103° 45' 30"

L 359° 26' 25"

∠DOA
R 180° 20' 56"

Sum of all angles =79° 22' 28"+174° 52' 37"+103°34' 26.5"

=357°49' 31.5"≈ 360°

Results:

Sum of all angles are approximately equal to 360 degree

comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find angle of different objects from a single station
point.

Job No. 02

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Title:

To determine horizontal angle by Repetition method

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:
12 february,2019

objective:

To calculate horizontal angle of different objects from a single station point

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) wooden pegs

(ii) theodolite
(iii) tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rod
(v) hammer

Related Theory:
Theodolite:
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles. Theodolites are used mainly
for surveying applications and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like
metrology and rocket launch technology.

Types of theodolite:

There are two types of theodolite surveying

(vi) Transit theodolite
(vii) Non-transit theodolite
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Transit theodolite:
In the transit theodolite, the telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its
horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
Non-transit theodolite:
The telescope cannot be revolved through a complete revolution in the vertical plane
Repetition method:
By this method an angle is measured two (or) more time by allowed the Vernier to remain
clamped each time at the end of each measurement of the previous station. Thus,
an angle reading is mechanically repetitions. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by
dividing the final reading by number of repetitions

Procedure:

The procedure of this experiment is given below

(i) First, select a station ‘O’ and three other points A, B and C.
(ii) carry out a general startup procedure (centering, levelling and focusing) at point O
(iii) Now intersect point A with left face and set theodolite to zero
(iv) Now rotate theodolite, intersect point B and note the angle. Now press hold and rotate
theodolite towards A and intersect it.
(v) Now unhold and intersect point B again.
(vi) Now press hold and intersect A.
(vii) Now press unhold and intersect point B and note the angle.
(viii) Repeat same procedure with right face.
(ix) Repeat complete procedure for angle BC.

Diagram:

Figure 1: Repetition method

Observations & Calculations

Statio Face Angle Repeat Object Reading Mean Angle Check

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left ∠AO 1 A 0° 79° 20' 52" 79° 20' 52"

O B 
B 79° 20' 52"

2 A 79° 20' 52" 79° 29' 36" 79° 29' 36" 

B 158° 20' 58"

3 A 158° 22' 28" 79° 16' 28" 79° 16' 28" 

B 238° 06' 56"

Right ∠AO 1 A 180° 79° 20' 53" 79° 20' 53" 

B
B 259° 20' 53"

2 A 259° 20' 53" 79° 13' 03" 79° 13' 03" 

B 338° 33' 56"

3 A 338° 33' 56" 79° 15' 19" 79° 15' 19" 

B 417° 49' 05"

Left ∠BOC 1 A 0° 95° 34' 13" 95° 34' 13" 

O
B 95° 34' 13"

2 A 95° 34' 13" 96° 54' 14" 96° 54' 14" 

B 192° 28' 27"

3 A 192° 28' 27" 95° 33' 20" 95° 33' 20" 

B 288° 33' 20"

Righ ∠BOC 1 A 179° 58' 27" 95° 34' 27" 95° 34' 27" 
t
B 275° 33' 54"

2 A 275° 33' 54" 95°5' 0" 95°5' 0" 

B 180°

3 A 180° 95° 95° 

B 275°

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Results:

Difference of AB first and second time is approximately same e.g. 79° 20' 52" and 79° 29' 36"
respectively

comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find angle of different objects from a single station
point.

Job No. 03

Title:
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To find the horizontal distance between two inaccessible points.

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

students of Batch-1

Observer:

Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:

18 february,2019

objective:

To calculate horizontal distance between two inaccessible points.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) wooden pegs

(ii) theodolite
(iii) tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rod
(v) hammer

Related Theory:

Theodolite:
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles.

Theodolite surveying:

A theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring angles both horizontally and vertically.

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE:
In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance.

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Law of sine:
The Law of Sines is the relationship between the sides and angles of non-right (oblique)
triangles. Simply, it states that the ratio of the length of a side of a triangle to the sine of the
angle opposite that side is the same for all sides and angles in a given triangle.

AB BC
=
Sinα Sinβ

Law of cosine:
Defined as the square of a side of a plane triangle equals the sum of the squares of the
remaining sides minus twice the product of those sides and the cosine of the angle between
them
c2 = a2+b2﹣2ab cos γ

Procedure

(Suppose two points far away are not in our access or are on the other side of the river, canal
or other hurdles so name two points i.e. C, D on the inaccessible side)

i. Take two points ‘A’ & ‘B’ on the accessible land to form a base line and measure the
distance between these points with the help of a measuring tape.
ii. Set the theodolite at point ‘A’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
iii. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘B’ and set the reading at zero.
iv. Rotate the telescope towards ‘D’ and intersect the crosshairs at ‘D’ and note down the
angle.
v. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘C’ and intersect the crosshairs at ‘C’ and note down
the angle.
vi. Now shift the telescope at ‘B’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
vii. Bring the telescope at ‘A’ and set the reading at zero.
viii. Rotate the telescope towards ‘C’ and intersect the crosshairs at ‘C’ and note down the
angle.
ix. Rotate the telescope towards ‘D’ and intersect the crosshairs at ‘D’ and note down the
angle.
x. Now you can calculate the distance between point ‘C’ & ‘D’ by putting the obtained
values into law of sine and law of cosine.

Diagram:

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Observations & Calculations

;

Station Angle Point Right face Left face Mean

(Angle - 180)
B 0°5’60’’ 0°
A α1 D 56°16’45’’ 55°51’0’’ 56°03’52.5’’
α2 C 77°37’25’’ 77°13’0’’ 77°25’12.5’’
A 179°59’55’’ 0°
B α4 D 20°30’10’’ 20°01’28’’ 20°15’49’’
α3 C 53°39’58’’ 53°41’47’’ 53°40’52.5’’

Calculations:

α 5=180−¿( α 1+ α 2 +α 3 )
= -7°9’57.5’’
α 6=180−¿( α 2+ α 5 )
= 109°44’45’’

By using Law of sine

AB
BD
sin(α ¿ ¿ 6)= ¿
sin(α ¿¿ 1) ¿

BD=52.88 ft

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AB
sin ¿ ¿¿
BC=348.98 ft

By using Law of cosine

CD2 = CB2+BD2﹣2(CB)(BD) cos(α ¿¿ 4)¿

CD=299.93 ft

Results:

The distance between point ‘C’ & ‘D’ is 299.93 ft.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can find the distance between two inaccessible points.

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Job No. 4

Title:

To draw an open traverse by included angle.

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:

Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:

24 february,2019

objective:

 To place the survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously
surveyed points as a base for the next point.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(vi) Wooden pegs

(vii) Theodolite
(viii) Tripod stand
(ix) Ranging rod
(x) Hammer
(xi) Trough compass

Related Theory:

Traverse:

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Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.

Types of traverse:
There are two types of traverse;
I. Open traverse:
A surveying traverse that fails to terminate where it began and
therefore does not completely enclose a polygon

II. Closed traverse:

A surveying traverse that starts and terminates upon the same station or
upon a station of known position.

Traversing by Included Angle:

An included angle at a station is either of the two angles
formed by two survey lines meeting there and these angles should be measured clockwise. The method
consists simply in measuring each angle directly from a back sight on the preceding station.
.

Procedure
i. Take a point ‘P’ and form an open traverse PQRST from this point ‘P’.
ii. Set the theodolite at point ‘P’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
iii. Now place the trough compass in the space below the telescope and locate the north by rotation
the theodolite.
iv. Fix the theodolite in north direction and set its value at zero.
v. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘Q’ and note down the angle ‘PQ’.
vi. Set the theodolite at point ‘Q’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
vii. Now intersect point ‘P’ from ‘Q’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero.
viii. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘R’ and note down the angle ‘QR’.
ix. Set the theodolite at point ‘R’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
x. Now intersect point ‘Q’ from ‘R’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero.
xi. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘S’ and note down the angle ‘RS’.
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xii. Now set the theodolite at point ‘S’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
xiii. Now intersect point ‘R’ from ‘S’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero.
xiv. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘T’ and note down the angle ‘ST’.

Diagram:

Observations & Calculations:

Face
Station Sight to Angle L R Mean Hz.
Angle
P N 0° 0° 137°13’12’ 137°13’12’’
Q PQ 137°10’45’’ 137°15’19’’ ’
Q P 0 0 67°9’36’’ 67°9’36’’
R QR 67°10’30’’ 69°18’58’’
R Q 0 0 69°2’7’’ 69°2’7’’
S RS 69°2’7’’ 69°2’7’’
S R 0 0 65°18’41’’ 65°18’41’’
T ST 65°15’7’’ 65°22’15’’

Results:

So, the included angle PQ, QR, RS and ST are 137°13’12’’, 67°9’36’’, 69°2’7’’ and
65°18’41’’
respectively.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can form a control network of station points.

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Job No. 5

Title:

To draw an open traverse by deflection angle.

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:

Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:

24 february,2019

objective:

 To place the survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously
surveyed points as a base for the next point.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) Wooden pegs

(ii) Theodolite
(iii) Tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rod
(v) Hammer
(vi) Trough compass

Related Theory:

Traverse:

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Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.

Types of traverse:
There are two types of traverse;
III. Open traverse:
A surveying traverse that fails to terminate where it began and
therefore does not completely enclose a polygon

IV. Closed traverse:

A surveying traverse that starts and terminates upon the same station or
upon a station of known position.

Traverse by Deflection Angles:

A deflection angle is an angle in which a survey line makes with the prolongation of the preceding
line. It is designated as right (R) or left (L) as it is measured clockwise or anti-clockwise from the
prolongation of the previous line. This type of traversing is more suitable for the survey of roads,
railways, pipe-lines, etc where the survey lines make small deflection angles.

Procedure
xv. Take a point ‘P’ and form an open traverse PQRST from this point ‘P’.
xvi. Set the theodolite at point ‘P’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
xvii. Now place the trough compass in the space below the telescope and locate the north by rotation
the theodolite.
xviii. Fix the theodolite in north direction and set its value at zero.
xix. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘Q’ and note down the angle ‘PQ’.
xx. Set the theodolite at point ‘Q’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
xxi. Now intersect point ‘P’ from ‘Q’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero. Now
rotate the telescope at 180° and extend the point ‘Q’ and set theodolite at zero.
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xxii. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘R’ and note down the angle ‘QR’. subtract this angle from
the previous angle ‘PR’, we’ll obtain included angle.
xxiii. Set the theodolite at point ‘R’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
xxiv. Now intersect point ‘Q’ from ‘R’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero. Now
rotate the telescope at 180° and extend the point ‘R’ and set theodolite at zero.
xxv. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘S’ and note down the angle ‘RS’. Subtract this angle from
the previous angle, we’ll obtain included angle.
xxvi. Now set the theodolite at point ‘S’ and carry out the general startup procedure.
xxvii. Now intersect point ‘R’ from ‘S’ through the cross hairs of telescope and set it at zero. Now
rotate the telescope at 180° and extend the point ‘S’ and set theodolite at zero.
xxviii. Now rotate the telescope towards ‘T’ and note down the angle ‘ST’. Subtract this angle from
the previous angle, we’ll obtain included angle.

Diagram:

Observations & Calculations

Face
Station Sight to Angle L R Mean Hz.
Angle
P N 0° 0° 137°13’12’ 137°13’12’’
Q PQ 137°10’45’’ 137°15’19’’ ’
Q P 0 0 67°9’36’’ 67°9’36’’
R QR 67°10’30’’ 69°18’58’’
R Q 0 0 69°2’7’’ 69°2’7’’
S RS 69°2’7’’ 69°2’7’’
S R 0 0 65°18’41’’ 65°18’41’’
T ST 65°15’7’’ 65°22’15’’

Calculations:

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So,
Included angle=previous angle ± Deflection angle
(C.C.W –ve) (C.W +ve)

PQ & QR =PQ-QR
=70°3’36’’

QR & RS =QR+RS
=139°5’43’’

RS & ST=RS-ST
=73°47’2’’

Results:

So, the included angles are 70°3’36’’, 139°5’43’’ and 73°47’2’’ respectively.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can form a control network of station points.

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Job No.06

Title:
To plot the closed traverse by (Exterior Angle) Clockwise method.

Location:

Cs Ground

Surveyor:

Student of Batch-1

Observer:

Engr. Tafheem Abbas

Date of Survey:

30 february,2019

Objective:

To Plot the closed traverse by (Exterior angle) clockwise method.

Instruments Required:

(i) Theodolite
(ii) Ranging Rod
(iii) Peg
(iv)Measuring tape

Theory:

Traverse:
Traverse may be defined as, “the type of survey in which number of connected survey
lines form the framework and direction and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the
help of an angle measuring instruments and tape and chain respectively is known as traverse.”

Types of Traverse Surveying

There are two types of traverse surveying. They are following
1) Closed Traverse
2) Open Traverse

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Closed Traverse:
It may be defined as, “It is the type of the traverse when the lines form a circuit
which ends the starting point is known as closed Traverse.”

Fig 6.1. Closed Traverse

Open Traverse:
It may be defined as, “The type of Traverse survey in which the lines form a
circuit ends elsewhere except starting point is known as the open traverse.”

Fig 6.2. Open traverse

Procedure:
(i) First, chose the land where to make the closed traverse.
(ii) Now make a closed traverse by ranging rod.
(iii) The theodolite is set up and centered over at the corner of the start point. The plate
bubble is levelled. Now start point is at 00 and previous point is at 1800. The upper
clamp is fixed.
(iv) The telescope is oriented along the north line with the help of tubular compass fitted to
the instruments then the magnetic bearing of first line is measured.
(v) Now again set the start point at 00 and upper clamp is kept fixed.
(vi) The lower clamp is loosened and ranging rod of next point is bisect by turning
Clockwise. And the progress of shifting of the instrument is also clockwise. The
reading is noted. If the exterior Angle is greater than the 1800 than 180 is subtracted
from the measured angle. If it is less than the 1800 than the 180 is added in the
measured angle. In this the angle of start point is obtained.
(vii) The face of the instruments is changed and the reading of first point again and note the
reading. The mean of the both observations gives the correct value of start point.
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(viii) Similarly, the other angles are measured by centering the theodolite on different points
of the traverse.
(ix) The arithmetical check is applied
(x) (2n+4) ×900 = Sum of Exterior Angles

Observations and Calculations:

Station Angle Face
point Sight Name Mean Remarks
Left Right
p U ∠UPQ 00 1800 259030’15’’
Q 259026’20’’ 259034’10”
Q P ∠PQR 00 00 229031’33’’
R 229028’15’’ 229034’50’’
R Q ∠QRS 00 1800 226024’13’’
S 226029’20’’ 226019’05’’
S R ∠RST 00 1800 267045’35’’
T 267049’10’’ 267042’00’’
T S ∠STU 00 1800 226042’03’’
U 226038’35’’ 226045’30’’
U T ∠UTP 00 1800 230027’10’’
P 230023’30’’ 230030’50’’
The sum of the exterior Angle is that =1440020’49’’
The theoretical value (n+2)180=14400

Results:

We calculate the value of the exterior angle by clockwise method which is 1440020’49’’
Comment:

We learnt in this job how to calculate the exterior angle by clockwise method by using
theodolite.

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Job No.07

Title:
To plot the closed traverse by (interior Angle) Anticlockwise method.

Location:

CS ground
Surveyor:

Student of Batch-1

Observer:

Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of Survey:

7 march,2019

Instruments Required:
(i) Theodolite
(ii) Ranging Rod
(iii) Peg
(iv) Measuring Tape

Objective:

To Plot the closed traverse by (Interior Angle) Anti-clockwise method.

Theory:

Interior angle of Traverse:

An interior angle of a Traverse is an angle inside the at one of its
vertices. Angle Q is an interior angle of quadrilateral traverse QUAD.
Exterior angle of Traverse:
An exterior angle of traverse is an angle outside the traverse formed by one of its
sides and the extension of an adjacent side.

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Fig7.1 Interior and exterior angle

Method of Traversing

Following are the method of Traversing

(i) By deflection Angle
(ii) By Included Angle
(iii) By clockwise and Anti clockwise
(iv)By Fast needle
(v) By chain Traversing
Here explain the clockwise and anticlockwise method

Closed traverse by Clockwise

This method is consist simply measuring each angle directly from a back sight on the
proceeding station. The Angle may also be measured by repetition. The Angle measured from
back station may be interior or exterior depending upon the direction of the progress.

If the direction of progress is clockwise and the angle measured clockwise are the exterior
Angles.

Closed Traverse by Anticlockwise Method:

This method is consist simply measuring each angle directly from a back sight on the
proceeding station. The Angle may also be measured by repetition. The Angle measured from
back station may be interior depending upon the direction of the progress.

If the direction of the progress is Anti-clockwise and the angle measured clockwise are the
interior Angles.

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Procedure:
(i) First, chose the land where to make the closed traverse.
(ii) Now make a closed traverse by ranging rod.
(iii) The theodolite is set up and centered over at the corner of the start point. The plate
bubble is levelled. Now start point is at 00 and previous point is at 1800. The upper
clamp is fixed.
(iv) The telescope is oriented along the north line with the help of tubular compass fitted to
the instruments then the magnetic bearing of first line is measured.
(v) Now again set the start point at 00 and upper clamp is kept fixed.
(vi) The lower clamp is loosened and ranging rod of next point is bisect by turning
clockwise. And the shifting the Instrument is Anti-clockwise. The reading is noted. In
this the angle of start point is obtained.
(vii) The face of the instruments is changed and the reading of first point again and note the
reading. The mean of the both observations gives the correct value of start point.
(viii) Similarly, the other angles are measured by centering the theodolite on different points
of the traverse.
(xi) The arithmetical check is applied
(ix) (2n-4) ×900 = Sum of interior Angles

Observations and calculations

Station Sight Angle Face Mean

point Name Remarks
Left Right
p U ∠UPQ 00 1800 129032’8’’
Q 129036’13’’ 129028’00”
Q P ∠PQR 00 1800 133016’55’’
R 133020’05’’ 133013’45’’
R Q ∠QRS 00 1800 92014’43’’
S 92011’20’’ 92018’05’’
S R ∠RST 00 1800 133048’23’’
T 133028’25’’ 13408’20’’
T S ∠STU 00 1800 130028’23’’
U 130029’25’’ 130027’20’’
U T ∠UTP 00 1800 100022’53’’
P 100033’40’’ 100012’5’’

The sum of interior Angle=719043’25’’

And the theoretical value (n-2)180=7200

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Results:

We calculate the value of interior angle which is that 719043’25’’

Comment:

We learnt in this lab how to calculate the interior angle in the traverse & also calculate the
interior angle.

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Job No. 08

Title:
Plotting of horizontal curve by deflection angle or Rankine method

Location:
CS ground

surveyor:
Students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:
21 march,2019

objective:
To calculate horizontal angle of different objects from a single station point

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(xii) wooden pegs

(xiii) theodolite
(xiv) tripod stand
(xv) Ranging rod
(xvi) hammer
(xvii) Measuring Tape

Related Theory:
Introduction:
In this method a tape is used for making linear measurements and a theodolite is used from
making angular measurements. This method is also known as Rankins method, the tangential

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angle method (or) deflection angle method. The method gives accurate setting out and is
generally used for railways and important highways
Horizontal curve:

This curve has the shape of a circular arc. It is connecting the two tangents at an intersection. It
has constant radius throughout the length. Degree of curve, D is termed as central angle that
will be subtended by an arc for one station.

To setup the simple circular curve, use the three known elements like point of
intersection PI station and Intersection I angle. Generally, it is used for the case of large radius
curves, where the vehicles need to slow down. It is designed either by degree or curvature or
radius of curve.

 
Elements of simple curve are as given below.

• Curve length,

• Tangent length,

• Long cord length,

• External distance and

• Mid-ordinate.

1) Back tangent or First Tangent ‐ AT₁

– Pervious to the curve

2) Forward Tangent or Second tangent‐ B T₂

‐ Following the curve.

3) Point of Intersection (P.I.) or Vertex. (v)

If the tangents AT₁ and BT₂. are produced they

will meet in a point called the pointt of

intersection

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4)Point of curve (P.C.) –Beginning Point T₁ of a

curve. Alignment changes from a tangent to

curve.

5) Point of Tangency ‐ PT

– End point of curve (T₂) is called.

6) Intersection Angle (Ø)

‐ The Angle AVB between tangent AV and tangent VB is

called.

7) Deflection Angle (∆)

The angle at P.I. between tangent AV and VB is called.

8)Tangent Distance –

It is the distance between P.C. and P.I.

9) External Distance – CI

The distance from the mid point of the curve to P.I.

It is also called the apex distance.

10) Length of curve – l

It is the total hieght of curve from P.C. to P.T.

11) Long Chord

– It is the chord joining P.C. to P.T., T₁ T₂ is a long chord.

12) Normal Chord:

A chord between two successive regular station on a curve is

called normal chord. Normally, the length of normal chord is 1

chain (2o mt).

13) Sub chord

The chord shorter than normal chord (shorter than 20 mt) is

called sub chord)

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14) Versed sine – Distance CD

The distance between mid point of long chord (D) and the apex

point C, is called versed sine. It is also called mid‐ ordinate (M).

15) Right hand curve:

If the curve deflects to the right of the direction of the progress

of survey.

16) Left hand curve

If the curve deFlects to the l ft e of the directt on of the progress

of survey

Let T1GT2 be the circular curve that has been provided between the tangents AV and VC. The
deflection angle,  between the tangents is measured in the field. The radius of curvature is the
design value as per requirement of the route operation and field topography. The line joining O
and V bisects the internal angles at V and at O, the chord T1T2 and arc T1GT2. It is
perpendicular to the chord T1T2 at F. From the RT1 O T2 =  and

To compute the elements of a circular curve, consider the radius of the curve OT1 = OT2 = R.
Further, it is known that the RVT1 O = RVT2 O = 90° (since the tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency). The elements of a circular curve required
to lay it out in the field with reference to are as follows:

Length of Curve,

l = T1 GT2

Tangent Length,

T = length T1 V = length T2 V

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Chainages of tangent point: The chainage of the point of intersection (V) is generally known.
Thus,

Chainage of T1 = Chainage of V - tangent length (T)

Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + length of curve (l)

Length of the long chord (L): Length of the long chord,

L = length T1 FT2

External distance (E):

E = length VG

= VO - GO

Mid-ordinate (M):

M = length GF = OG-OF

Procedure:

The procedure of this experiment is given below

1. Set up the theodolite at the point of curvature T1 and level it.
2. Set the theodolite at zero and sight the intersection point ‘V’ using theodolite. Now the line
of sight is in the line of rear tangent T, V and reads zero.
3. Release the theodolite and set the deflection angle ∆1. The line of sight is now directed along
the chord T, A.

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4.One will hold the zero and of tape pinned at T1. The other holding an arrow a mark equal to
first chord length ‘C1’ on the tape. One will swing the tape around T1 till the arrow is bisected
by the line of sight. Fix the first peg at A.
5. Unclamp the theodolite and set it to ‘A’ to be deflection angle ∆2. The line at sight is now
directed along T, B.
6. With the zero end of the tape at A and arrow at a mark on the tape equal to second chord
length C2, ask the assistant to swing the tape around A until arrow is bisected with the line of
sight. Fix the second peg at point B & arrow point. It may be noted that deflection angles are
measured from tangent point T1 and chord lengths are measured from the preceding point. The
chord length swings are interdunal, not commutative.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 till the last point is reached. The last point so located must coincide
with tangent point T2 already fixed from the point of intersection. If the discrepancy is large
repeat the work of setting out. If the discrepancy is small, adjust the last few pegs.

Diagram:

Figure 1: Deflection angle or Rankine’s method

Observations & Calculations

Given Data: -
Deflection angle=Φ= 45°
Radius=R= 20m
Given formulas: -
Φ
Tangent length=T =Rtan
2
Φ
Length of Long Chord= L=2 Rsin
2
πR Φ
Length of curve=
180
45
Tangent Length=T =20 tan =8.28m
2
45
Length of Long Chord= L=2(20) sin =15.31m
2

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π (20)(45)
Length of curve= =15.71m
180
Peg interval=length of curve/no. of pegs=15.71/8=1.96
1718.9∗l
Deflection angles formula= 60∗R In degree
1718.9∗1.96
Deflection angle 1= =2 ° 48° ° 27 ° ° °
60∗20
1718.9∗3.92
Deflection angle 2= =5 °36 ° ° 26 ° °°
60∗20
1718.9∗5.88
Deflection angle 3= =8 ° 25° ° 21° °°
60∗20
1718.9∗7.84
Deflection angle 4= =11 ° 13 ° ° 48 ° ° °
60∗20
1718.9∗9.8
Deflection angle 5= =14 ° 2° ° 15 ° ° °
60∗20
1718.9∗11.76
Deflection angle 6= =16 ° 50 ° ° 42° °°
60∗20
1718.9∗13.72
Deflection angle 7= =19 ° 39 ° °9 ° ° °
60∗20
1718.9∗15.71
Deflection angle 8= =22 ° 30 ° ° 11 ° ° °
60∗20

Results:

Hence the required curve is obtained by Rankine’s method.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find all measurements required for setting out
curve from a station point.

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Job No. 09

Title:

Setting out simple circular curve by offsets/ordinates from long chord.

Location:

CS ground

Surveyor:

students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of survey:
28 march,2019

Objective:

To set out simple circular curve by offsets/ordinates from long chord.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) Wooden pegs

(ii) Theodolite
(iii) Tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rods
(v) Hammer
(vi) Measuring Tape

Related Theory:
Simple Circular Curve:
A simple circular curve consists of a single arc connecting two straights or tangents.

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Offsets:
A short distance measured perpendicularly from a main survey line also called offset line.

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below

(i) Select a station and set theodolite at this station. Now extent the center line of the cross roads i.e.,
extend the two straights, fix the point of intersection V.
(ii) Measure the intersection angle Ø with the help of theodolite. Then deflection angle is calculated
by Ø = 180 - θ
(iii) Choose the suitable radius of curvature R.
(iv) Then fix the points, point of curve T on back tangent and point tangency T on forward tangent by
fixing the distance R tan Ø /2
(v) To calculate the length of the long chord from the formula L = 2R sin Ø/2
(vi) Then the length of the curve is equal to πRØ/180.
(vii) To get the change point T1, deduct the length of tangent distance of back tangent from the chainage
of intersection point V.
(viii) To get the chainage of point T2, add the length of curve to chainage of point T 1.
(ix) To find midpoint of Long Chord divide length of long chord by 2.i.e L/2.
(x) Then from this midpoint of long chord, fix the midpoint of curve, by fixing the mid ordinate length
using formula O 0=R-√ ¿ ¿
(xi) Divide the length of half chord by no. of offsets you want on either side of long chord.
(xii) Fix the other points on the curve on either side of the mid ordinate by fixing the corresponding
length using formula O x =√¿ ¿ from the long chord. Where x is the distance of corresponding
offsets/ordinates from the mid ordinate. O0 is the length of the mid ordinate.

Diagram:

Figure 1: Simple Circular Curve with Offsets

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Observations & Calculations

;
R=20m, θ = 45
Length of Long Chord= L = 2R sin Ø/2=15.707m
Mid of Long Chord=L/2=7.85
No. Of Offsets/ordinate=5
Mid-ordinate=O0= R-√ ¿ ¿=1.607
Other Ordinates = O x =√ ¿ ¿
O1=1.54
O2 =1.35
O3 =1.04
O 4 = 0.59
O5 =0

Results:

The check is accurate, and all ordinates are correct.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely set out a curve from long chord.

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Job No. 10

Title:

Setting out of circular curve by drawing perpendicular offsets/ordinates from tangent lines.

Location:

CS ground

Surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of survey:

07 April,2019

Objective:

To set out circular curve by drawing perpendicular offsets/ordinates from tangent lines.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) Wooden pegs

(ii) Theodolite
(iii) Tripod stand
(iv) Ranging rods
(v) Hammer
(vi) Measuring Tape
(vii) Rope

Related Theory:

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Circular Curve:
A circular curve consists of a single arc connecting two straights or tangents.

Offsets:
A short distance measured perpendicularly from a main survey line also called offset line.

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below:

(i) Set the theodolite at point A and carry out the general startup procedure (centering, leveling,
focusing).
(ii) Calculate the tangent length using formula R tan Ø /2.
(iii) Set out tangent T 1using theodolite and place ranging rod at the end of tangent.
(iv) Now using this formula O x =√¿ ¿ calculate offsets and draw them on ground and represent
them on ground with pegs. Offsets for T 1 will be formed.
(v) To find the interval between offsets divide the tangent length by no of offsets required.
(vi) Now extend T 1and place the theodolite at point B and set the theodolite to zero by intersecting
the extended T 1.
(vii) Now rotate the theodolite to given angle and place the ranging rod on the end of tangent length.
T 2 will be produced.
(viii) Now using this formula O x =√ ¿ ¿ calculate offsets and draw them on ground and represent
them on ground with pegs. Offsets for T 2 will be formed.
(ix) To find the interval between offsets divide the tangent length by no of offsets required.
(x) Now join all the offsets with a rope. A curve will be formed.

Diagram:

Figure 1: Simple Circular Curve with Offsets

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Observations & Calculations

;
R= 25m, Ø=60
Tangent Length= R Tan Ø /2=14.4m
Offsets: O x =R−√ ¿ ¿
01 =0.16m
02 =0.67m
03 =1.54m
0 4=2.80m
05 =4.56

Results:

Calculated Offsets are given above.

Comments:

Curve can also be set using tangents without using long chord.

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Job No. 11

Title:

To find the height of the building when base is accessible.

Location:

CS ground

Surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of survey:
15 April, 2019

Objective:

To measure the height of the building when base is accessible.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) Wooden peg

(ii) Theodolite
(iii) Tripod Stand
(iv) Hammer
(v) Measuring Tape
(vi) Staff Rod

Related Theory:
Formula Derivation when base is accessible:

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h'
tan α=
d
d tan α =h '

h ' =d tan α → 1

Using eq. (1) we can find the value of (h’) which is required to find the remaining height of
building
Total Vertical Height (H) is equal to: -
H=h+h ' →2
Where h is known vertical distance, which is taken from staff rod and nearly equal to height of
instrument, when base is assumed to be flat and the level of theodolite and Building is same,
and H total vertical height from base to the top of the building.

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below

(i) First, select a suitable station where the base and the whole building is clearly visible and
place the theodolite on tripod stand and carry out a general startup procedure (centering,
levelling and focusing).
(ii) Now set the theodolite vertically zero and bisects the staff rod and note down the
reading.
(iii) Now tilt the theodolite vertically and bisect the top of the building and note down the
angle.
(iv) Now take the horizontal distance from the center of the tripod stand to the base of the
building with the help of measuring tape.
(v) Apply formula and find out the total vertical height of the building.

Diagram:

Figure 1: When base is accessible

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Observations & Calculations

;

Given data
Horizontal distance = d = 55’-8” = 55.67’
Angle = α = 40°15’05”
Vertical distance (HI) = h = 1.39’

Given Formula
h'
tan α=
d

h '=dtan α

h ' =¿ 55.67 x tan(40°15’05”)

h '=¿ 55.67 x 0.8466041035

h ' =¿ 47.13’=47’-2”

Total vertical height H is given below:

H=h+h ' = 1.39’+47.13’=48.52’=48’-3”

Results:

The total height is equal to the actual height of the building.

Comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find the total vertical height of the building when
base is accessible.

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Job No. 12

Title:

To find the height of the building when base is inaccessible.

Location:

CS ground

Surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of survey:
, 2019

Objective:

To measure the height of the building when base is inaccessible.

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i) Wooden peg

(ii) Theodolite
(iii) Tripod Stand
(iv) Hammer
(v) Measuring Tape
(vi) Staff Rod

Related Theory:
Formula Derivation when base is inaccessible:

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h҆
tan α=
b+ d
tan α ( b+d ) =h ҆
h ҆ =btan α+ dtan α → 1
h҆
tan β=
d
d tan β=h ҆ →2
Put the value of eq. 2 in 1, we get
d tan β=btan α+ dtanα
dtan β −dtanα =btan α
d ( tan β−tanα )=btan α
d ( tan β−tanα ) btan α
=
( tan β−tanα ) ( tan β−tanα )
btanα
d= →3
( tan β −tanα )
From eq. 3 we can find the inaccessible horizontal distance (d)
Total Horizontal Distance (D) is equal to: -
D=b+d → 4
Where D is the total horizontal distance from theodolite position one to the base of building
which is equal to (b+d).
Now, Put the value of eq. 3 in eq.2, we get

btanα tan β
h҆ = →5
( tan β−tanα )
From eq. 5 we can find the value of (h’) which is required to find the remaining height of
building.

Similarly, Total Vertical Height (H) is equal to: -

H=h+h ҆ → 6

Where h is known vertical distance, which is taken from staff rod and nearly equal to height of
instrument, when base is assumed to be flat and the level of theodolite and Building is same,
and H is total vertical height from base to the top of the building.

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below

(i) First, select a suitable station where the whole building is clearly visible and place the
theodolite on tripod stand and carry out a general startup procedure (centering, levelling and
focusing).
(ii) Now choose two stations A and B suitable on a level ground so that they lie in a
vertical plane passing through the object in line with the object and measure the
distance between them accurately.
(iii) Now at station A set the theodolite vertically zero and bisects the staff rod and note
down the reading.
(iv) Now tilt the theodolite vertically and bisect the top of the building from station A and
note down the angle.
(v) Now shift the instrument on station B and take similar observation as at A.
(vi) Apply formula and find out the total vertical height of the building.

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Diagram:

Figure 1: When base is inaccessible

Observations & Calculations

;
Given Data:
Horizontal distance = b= 16’-3” = 16.208’
Angle = α = 9°02’40”
Angle = β = 9°42’35”
Vertical distance (HI) = h = 2.28’

Given Formula

btan α
d=
( tan β −tanα )
16.208 tan( 9 ° 02 ’ 40”)
d=
( tan (9 ° 42 ’ 35 ”)−tan (9° 02 ’ 40 ”) )

d=216.30’
Total horizontal distance D is given below
D=b+d
D=232.508’

btanα tan β
h҆ =
( tan β−tanα )

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16.208 tan( 9 ° 02 ’ 40”)tan (9 ° 42 ’ 35 ”)

h҆ =
( tan(9 ° 42 ’ 35 ”)−tan ⁡(9 ° 02 ’ 40 ”) )

h ҆ =37.01 ’
Total horizontal distance H is given below
H=h+h ’
H=39. 29 ’

Results:

The total height is equal to the actual height of the building.

Comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find the total vertical height of the building when
base is inaccessible.

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Job No. 13

Title:

Setting out of compound curve by Rankine method

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem

Date of survey:
29 April ,2019

objective:

To calculate the necessary data for setting a compound curve by Rankine method

Instrument required:

Instruments are given below

(i)wooden pegs

(ii)theodolite

(iii)tripod stand

(iv)Ranging rod

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(v)Hammer

(vi)tape

Related Theory:

In this method a tape is used for making linear measurements and a theodolite is used from
making angular measurements. This method is also known as Rankins method, the tangential
angle method (or) deflection angle method. The method gives accurate setting out and is
generally used for railways and important highways.

Compound curve:
A curve made up of two or more circular arcs of successively shorter or longer radii, joined
tangentially without reversal of curvature, and used on some railroad tracks and highways as an
easement curve to provide a less abrupt transition from tangent to full curve or vice versa

In the case of the compound curve, the total tangent lengths T 1 I and T 2 I are found as follows:

and
R 1 tan? 1/2 = T 1 t 1 = t 1 t R 2 tan? 2/2 = T 2 t 2 = t 2 t, as t 1 t 2 = t 1 t + t 2 t

then triangle t 1 It 2 may be solved for lengths t 1 I and t 2 I which, if added to the known

lengths T 1 t 1 and T 2 t 2respectively, give the total tangent lengths.

In setting out this curve, the first curve R 1 is set out in the usual way to point t. The theodolite is moved to t and
back sighted to T 1, with the horizontal circle reading (180 -? 1/2). Set the instrument to read zero and it will then
be pointing to t 2. Thus, the instrument is now oriented and reading zero, prior to setting out curve R 2.

Length of Curve,

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l = T1 GT2

Tangent Length,

T = length T1 V = length T2 V

Procedure

The procedure of this experiment is given below

(i) In figure AB is the rear tangent, BC the forward tangent and DE the common tangent.
(ii) Tangent lengths BT1 and BT3 are calculated and so are the curve lengths between T 1 and T2,
and T2 and T3.
(iii) The chainages of T1, T2 and T3 are found out, and set out on the ground.
(iv) The deflection angles for the short curve and long curves are calculated, and the
setting out table is prepared.
(v) The theodolite is centered over T1 and levelled properly. Then the deflection angles
for the chords of the short curve are set out serially and points P1, P2, ……., are
marked until the tangent point T2 is reached.
(vi) The theodolite is shifted and centered over T2. Then the deflection angles for the
chords of long curve re set out serially and points P4, P5, ……., are marked until the
tangent point T3 is reached.
(vii) All the points then joined to get the shape of the curve.
Angle T1 T2 T3 is measured; it should be equal to (180-)

Diagram:

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Figure 1: Compound Curve

Observations & Calculations

;
Φ
Tangent length=T =Rtan
2
Φ
Length of Long Chord= L=2 Rsin
2
πR Φ
Length of curve=
180
30
Tangent Length=T1 =200 tan =53.58m
2
40
Tangent Length=T2 =300 tan =109.19m
2

DE=T1+T2=53.58+109.19=162.77m
Using law of sine
DB=111.34m
BE=86.61m
BT1=111.34+53.58=164.92m
BT3=86.61+109.19=195.8m
Chainage of T1=950-164.92=785.08m
π (200)( 30)
Length of curve 1= =104.72m
180
Chainage of T2=785.08+104.72=889.80m
π (300)( 4 0)
Curve length 2= =209.44m
180
Chainage of T3=889.80+209.44=1099.24m

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Results:

Hence the required curve is obtained by Rankine’s method.

comments:

By doing this experiment we can precisely find all measurements required for setting out
curve from a station point.

Job No:14

Tittle:

Building Layout of CUI Sahiwal Campus with dimensions.

Location:

Comsats University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus.

Surveyor:
Student of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr. Tafheem Abbas

Date of Survey:

08 may,2109

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Objective:
To draw the building layout by using different method of drawing with dimensions.

Instrument Required:
(i) Measuring tape
(ii) Drawing sheet
(iii) Material related to drawing

Theory:

Layout of Buildings
Layout:
Layout of the buildings or a structure shows the plan of its foundation on the ground
surface according to its drawings, so that excavation can be carried out exactly where required
and position orientation of the buildings is exactly specified. It is set out according to the
foundation plan drawings and specification provided by the engineer or an architect. To
understand the layout or setting out of the building.
Following are the main components of the Layout of the buildings
Baseline:
A base line is a straight reference line with respect to which corners of the
buildings are located on the ground. It may be outer boundary of the buildings.

Horizontal Controls:
Horizontal control is the points that have the known co-ordinates with
respect to specific points. These points are then used to locate the other points such as the
corner of the layouts etc.
Vertical Control:
In order that design points on the works can be positioned at their correct
level vertical control points are Established.

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Fig14.1 Building layout

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Procedure:
1) First, take an overview of the building for layout.
2) After this, start measuring the dimension of building from boundary wall.
3) And all this dimension writes on drawing sheet.
4) After taking boundary wall now take inside the all data that is necessary for drawing like column
dimensions, room dimensions & door dimensions and draw this on sheet by adjustment of scale.

Results:

We draw the building layout of the CUI Sahiwal Campus that is shown above.
Comment:

In this job we learnt that how tom draw the building lay out different type of drawing that is
used in the building plan view.

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Job No. 15

Title:

Setting Out Transition Curve

Location:

CS ground

surveyor:

Students of Batch-1

Observer:
Engr.Tafheem Abbas

Date of survey:
20 may ,2019

Objective:

To set out transition curve.

Instruments Required:

Instruments are given below:

(i) Theodolite
(ii) Ranging Rods
(iii) Chain or Tape

Related Theory:
Transition Curve:
Transition curve is a curve in plan which is provided to change the horizontal alignment from straight to
circular curve gradually means the radius of transition curve varies between infinity to R or R to infinity .
Ideal Transition Curve:
The fundamental requirement of a transition curve is that its radius of curvature ‘r’ at any point
shall vary inversely as the distance from the beginning of the curve. Such a curve is known as
the ideal transition curve.

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Objectives For Providing Transition Curve:

i. For the gradual introduction Centrifugal force
ii. To introduce super elevation gradually
iii. To introduce extra widening gradually
iv. To provide comfort for the driver that is to enable smooth vehicle operation on road.
v. To enhance aesthetics of highways.
Types of Transition Curves:

There are following three types of transition curves:

i. Spiral or clothoid
ii. Cubic parabola
iii. Lemniscate

Diagram:

Figure 1: Transition Curve

Comments:

I gained info about transition curve and its practical implementation.

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Job No. 16

Title:

Study of Total Station

Objective:

To study the Total Station and know about its parts and functions.

Date:
06 June ,2019

Related Theory:
Total Station:
Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring
Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data
collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measuring of slant distances,
horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument and
elevations in topographic and geodetic works, tachometric surveys, as well as for solution of
application geodetic tasks.
Important Operations of Total Station:

(i) Distance measurement

(ii) Angle measurement
(iii) Data Processing
(iv) Display
(v) Electronic Book

Uses of Total Station:

(i) Measuring distances, including both vertical and horizontal azimuths, to record a
3d point in space
(ii) They can store data internally to download later (no need to physically write down
each measurement
(iii) much quicker to do a survey compared to manually writing down azimuth,
distance, vertical angle, etc, and doing calculations later

Advantages of Total Station:

The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the conventional
surveying instruments:
(iv) Field work is carried out very fast.

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(v) Accuracy of measurement is high.

(vi) Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
(vii) Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature
and pressure are automatically made.
(viii) Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections. Contour
intervals and scales can be changed in no time
Working of total station:
The internal mechanism is in the same way an EDM works with a laser and a sensor. For
example; when the total station has been set up to ensure it is plumb, a known point will be
located, and a prism will be positioned over that known point.
Using the total station, one is to reference the coordinates of this known point (station) into the
software and using the eye piece position the cross-hairs through the centre of the prism.
The total station will then fire a laser beam directly into the prism and the time that is taken for
it to reach back to the total station (which has an in-built sensor) can gauge the distance very
accurately if all the conditions are correct.
The position of the total station is then calculated by the software by means of triangulation
when this process is repeated at a different coordinated station. Any error will be distributed
between the two known points to ensure that accuracy is maintained.

Diagram:

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Figure 1: Total Station and its parts

Comments:

By doing this experiment we learn about Total Station and about its parts and functions.

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